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DISORDERS
Dr. Manoe Bernd P. SpKJ.MKes
References
1. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ.
Synopsis of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences /
Clinical Psychiatry, 8th ed. 1998
2. Andreasen NC, Black DW. Introductory
Textbook of Psychiatry, 2nd ed. 1995.
3. Ignacio LL, Tronco AT. Mental Health Care
in Community, 2000.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
1. The Basic Needs
2. General System Theory
3. The Human Life Cycle
4. Etiology of Mental Disorders
4.1 The Biological systems
4.2 The Psychological systems
4.3 The Social systems
Social Needs
Family
Community
Physical Needs
. Nutrition
Clothing & Shelter
Exercise & Sensory
stimulation
Protection from
bodily harm.
Psychological Needs
A Psychological problem
Mental disorder
THE ETIOLOGY OF MENTAL
DISORDER
Integrated systems approach behavior and
disease ( George Engel )
1. The brain
1.1 Anatomical brain Systems
1.2 Neurochemical brain Systems
2. Genetics
3. Endocrine
4. Psychoimmunology
5. Others.
The Brain
1.1 Anatomical brain Systems
The prefrontal, the limbic
the basal ganglia systems
interconnected work interactively
Brain Conditions
Injury Tumor
Lesion Toxin
Infection Atrophy
Bleeding Metabolism
disturbance
Neuron consist of :
a cell body surrounded by dendrites
1. Dopamine (DA)
2. Serotonin (5- hydroxytryptamine 5HT)
3. Norepinephrine (NE).
4. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA).
Dopamine (DA)
Schizophrenia : DA Positive Symptoms
DA some Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Serotonin (5HT)
5HT ++ Psychotc symptoms
Overactivity of 5HT Impulsive behavior
(Schizophrenia)
Adoption studies
Children who were born to parents
with a major mental illness
adopted at birth and reared by
parents without the disorder
The most difficult studies
A Combined genetic and environmental interaction :
Schizophrenia
Affective disorders
3. Endocrine Disorders
Nutrition :
Thiamine (B1) deficiency :
beri-beri + apathy, depression, irritability,
nervousness, concentration <<, severe
memory disorders.
Cobalamine (B12) deficiency :
apathy, depression, irritability,
moodiness delirium, hallucinations,
dementia sometimes paranoid
Toxins :
Environmental toxins serious threat to
phycical and mental health
Mercury depressions, irritability,
psychosis
Lead encephalopathy : dizziness,
clumsiness, ataxia, irritability,
restlessness, headache, insomnia
vomiting , visual dis -
turbance, convulsion
coma
Symptoms / Disorders
1. Socioeconomic factors
Peoples socioeconomic status (SES) based on :
income, education, occupation and life style
A positive correlation excists between SES and
mental health
Period of adaptation
+
Individual predisposition / vulnerability
Adjustment disorders
( Culture Shock )
( Kaplan, Sadock ; ICD - 10 )