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JAGADEESH.S.HANDIGANUR
And Co-guidance of
Dr. KUBER SANKH MD (AYU)
(AYU) professor and H.O.D, Dr. Kuber Sankh M D (AYU) Lecturer in Dravya
Date: (Jagadeesh.S.Handiganur)
Place: Gadag
D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE
Date: Date:
Date : (JAGADEESH.S.HANDIGANUR)
Place : Gadag
Professor and H.O.D Dept of dravyaguna and Dr. KUBER SANKH, MD (AYU) in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the post graduation degree of Ayurveda
Date: Date:
Place: GADAG Place: GADAG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my thanks & dedicate this work to my respected parents Smt. Neela
Research in Dravya guna , D.G.M.A.M.C., Gadag. He has been very kind to guide me
in research and for whose extraordinary efforts, tremendous encouragement and most
been very kind to guide me in research and for whose extraordinary efforts,
tremendous encouragement and most valuable advice made me to complete this work.
in Dravya Guna, PGARC, D.G.M. Ayurvedic medical college, Gadag, for patiently
going through the draft of thesis and correcting with precious remarks, which has
I am extremely thankful to our Principal Dr. G.B. Patil for providing all
Hallikeri,B S Patil, Suresh Hiremath & also remaining non teaching staff.
i
I am very much grateful to Dr. G. S. Hiremath H.O.D. of Dravya Guna and
Dr.Shankargouda.
& Manjunath for supporting me in preparing the dissertation right from beginning to
end.
ii
Dr.Krishna.Jigalur. Dr.Ashwini.Dev and all other post graduation branches for their
who have supported me very well to prepare this valuable research work.
who has very kind enough for the success of this research work.
Mr. S.B. Sureban and Shavi for providing me essential references in the study.
staff, and non-teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.
Date:
Place:
JAGADEESH.S.HANDIGANUR
iii
ABBREVIATIONS
iv
ABSTRACT
mana. This manas is dependent of Dhee, Dhrutia and Smruti any alteration in the
activities of these three leads to manasik rogas, which inturns leads to shareereek
rogas.
In the disease Apasmara are Epilepsy Smruti vibhramsha takes place. Here
Smruti vibhramsha refers to altered memory. It affects people of all the intelligency
like Alzheimers disease, HIV, senile dementia, Parkinsons disease, trauma, chronic
has been carried. The musta has been mentioned as Apasmarahar in all the
In this study alcoholic extract of Musta has been taken as testdrug. They are
(epileptic seizures) in rats. Epileptic seizures are induced by giving maximal electric
v
OBJECTIVES
rats.
METHODS
In this experimental study randomly 24 rats are selected and 6 rats per group,
150mg/kg body wt, effect is assessed with parameters like 1) Flexion 2) Extensor 3)
RESULTS
Both 3rd and 4th group showed significant results but 4th group showed more
CONCLUSION
In this experimental study the drug Musta has shown highly significant anti
KEYWORDS
Convulsiometer etc.
vi
CONTENTS
Chapters Page No
1. Introduction 01 - 04
2. Objectives 05
3. Review of Literature 06 - 68
4. Methodology 69 - 76
5. Results 77 - 99
8. Summary 106
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Sl No Title of the table Page No
1 MUSTA
1.1 Gana and Varga according to different authors 6
1.2 Synonyms according to different authors. 7
1.3 Gunas according to different authors 10
1.4 Karmas Prayoga according to different authors 11
1.5 Prayojya anga according to different authors 11
1.6 Prayoga according to different authors 11-12
1.7 Standard Physicochemical values of Musta 17
2 APASMARA
2.1 Types of Apasmara according to different authors. 34
2.2 Nidanas of Apasmara according to different authors 35
2.3 Lakshanas of vataj Apasmara according to different authors 43
2.4 Lakshanas of pittaj Apasmara according to different authors 43
2.5 Lakshanas of kaphaj Apasmara according to differentauthors 44
2.6 Upashaya & Anupashaya in Apasmara 46
2.7 Patya for Apasmara. 61
2.8 Apthya for Apasmara 61
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Concentration and doses before induction of epilepsy 76
4 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
4.1 The Physico chemical values of Musta 78
4.2 Results of Parameter 1st of all groups 80
4.3 Summary of data of parameter 1st of all groups 80
4.4 ANOVA table for Parameter 1st of all groups 80
4.5 Comparison for Parameter 1st between the groups 80
4.6 Results of Parameter 2nd of all groups 81
4.7 Summary of data of parameter 2nd of all groups 81
4.8 ANOVA table for Parameter 2nd of all groups 81
4.9 Comparison for Parameter 2nd between the group 81
4.10 Results of Parameter 3rd of all groups 82
4.11 Summary of data of parameter 3rd of all groups 82
4.12 ANOVA table for Parameter 3rd of all groups 82
4.13 Comparison for Parameter 3rd between the groups 82
4.14 Results of Parameter 4th of all groups 83
4.15 Summary of data of parameter 4th of all groups 83
4.16 ANOVA table for Parameter 4th of all groups 83
4.17 Comparison for Parameter 4th between the groups 83
4.18 The mean of all the groups for all the parameters 84
viii
LIST OF GRAPHS
Sl No Title of the Graph Page No
1 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of control group 90
2 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of standard group 90
3 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 91
4 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 91
5 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of control group 92
6 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of standard group 92
7 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 93
8 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 93
9 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of control group 94
10 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of standard group 94
11 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 95
12 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 95
13 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of control group 96
14 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of standard group 96
15 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 97
16 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 97
17 Mean flexion phase of all the groups 98
18 Mean extensor phase of all the groups 98
19 Mean clonus phase of all the groups 99
20 Mean stupor phase of all the groups 99
MASTER CHART
Sl No Title of the Master Chart Page No
1 Assessment of Parameter I II III & IV of all groups 79
LIST OF FIGURES
Sl No Title of the FIGURES Page No
1 Schematic representation of Apasmara samprapti 50
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Sl No Name of the Photograph
1 Musta plant
2 Musta plant in the field
3 Musta plant with kanda
4 Musta flower
5 Electro convulsiometer
6 Showing applying ear electrodes to albino rats
7 Showing flexion phase
8 Showing extensor phase
9 Showing clonus phase
10 Showing stupor phase
ix
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Herbal medicines are the oldest form of health care known to mankind. Herbs
had been used by cultures through out history. It was an integral part of the
great diversity of plant available to him. The plants provided food, clothing, shelter
and medicine. Much of the medicinal use of plants seems to have been developed
through observation of wild animals and by trial and error, as time went on each tribe
Practically every country develops its own medicinal system, which includes
civilization of China, Egypt and India. Thus the Indian medicinal system Ayurveda
came into existence. The raw materials for Ayurvedic medicine were mostly obtained
from plant sources in the form of crude drugs such as dried herbal powders or their
The WHO estimates that 4 billion people, 80%of world population presently
using herbal medicine for some aspects of primary health care. Major pharmaceutical
derived from the plant remains the bases for a large population of commercial
medications used today for the treatment of heart diseases, hypertension, pain, asthma
the clinics of many developed countries. This research oriented mainly in two
directions, firstly the active ingredients of plants that have been known for their
medicinal properties are been investigated. The second part of basic research has lead
to the discovery of new kinds of medicinal plants and new drugs from the more
___________________________________________________________ ____ 1
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Introduction
remote regions of the world where new species with unknown substance still remain
to be looked into.
pertaining to the Ayu have been explained. Yes exactly it is right because if we
studied the classics of Ayurveda not only the physical well being of an individual is
mentioned but also the things which to be done, should not to be done and which
experienced thoughts.
Since our classics have broadly classified three types of disease that is
Manasika.
In both the types manas has been included. This manas depends upon Dhee,
Dhruti and Smruti, any alteration in the activity of these three leads to Manasika rogas
things directly perceived heard and experienced earlier. It is one of the most essential
factors for attainment of salvation. When Rajo and Tamo gunas of the manas exploits
the Satva guna, Smruti Vibramsha takes place, which becomes main causative factor
for Manasika rogas. Treatment of these Manasika rogas is conducted under the
This apasmara may affect any individual without considering the criterias like
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Introduction
Apart from the mental problems the most of the metabolic disorder also lead
convulsions.
population.
For treatment of disease 4 required pillers are being explained in our classics,
among these Dravya is one. In our classics so many medicines explained for the
some extent Medya drugs are also beneficial in such conditions. There are lots of
single and compound formulations have been explained in our classics in the contest
of Apasmar Chikitsadhyaya or Apasmara adhikara . But most of those are not retested
according to current research methodology, which is must in present scenario for the
In this present study Musta (Cyperus rotundus) is taken from the Ayurvedic
treasure of therapeutics having Kashaya Tikta Katu rasa, Katu vipaka and Sheet
Thrsnanigrahan etc properties. In Charak samhita chikitsa sthana 10th chapter Mustadi
There are so many drugs told in contemporary science, as Anti epileptics, still
there is always a search for newer molecules because of more demerits upon merits
___________________________________________________________ ____ 3
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Introduction
with high cost effect and increasing drug resistance. Usually Carbamazipine,
reestablish safe, naturally, and abundantly available Anti epileptic drug Musta
(Cyperus rotundus).
___________________________________________________________ ____ 4
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Objectives
OBJECTIVES:
_______________________________________________________ _________ 5
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Drug review
DRUG REVIEW:
Historical review of Musta1
Musta plant is mentioned in Atherva parisishta for the purpose of vashikaran
(A.P 35/2/9). It is also reported that Musta is described as Kyambu in the vedic
China- Tubers act on the lungs and liver. Their general action is tonic, stimulating
and stomachic.
Cylon- Decoction of the tuber is given in fever, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and stomach
complaints.
Sl
Author Gana Varga
No
1 Charak Samhita Stanyashodhan, Trushnanigrahan
Lekhaneeya, Truptighna, Kandughna
2 Sushrut Samhita Mustadivarga, Vachadivarga,
3 Astang Hriday Mustadigana, Tiktavarga
4 Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Karpuradivarga
5 Kaiyadev Nighantu Aushadhivarga
6 Raj Nighantu Pippalyadivarga
7 Dhanvantari Nighantu Guduchyadivarga
8 Madanapal Nighantu Abhayadivarga
9 Abhidana Ratnamal Kashaya dravya skanda
10 Amar kosha Vanoushadhivarga
11 Mahoushadhi Nighantu Chandnadivarga
12 Priya Nighantu Shatapuspadivarga
13 Nighantu adarsha Mustadivarga
14 Saligram Nighantu Karpuradivarga
15 Madhav Dravya Guna Vividoushadivarga
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Drug review
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Drug review
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Drug review
Jalamusta
Properties B19 D20 M21 R22 K23 Md24 N25 Mh26 S27
N N N N N G A N N
RASA
Tikta + + + + + + + + +
Katu + + + + + - + +
Kashaya + - + - + + + + +
GUNA
Laghu - - - - - - - - +
Ruksha - - - - - - - - +
VEERYA
Sheeta + + - + + - + + -
VIPAK
Katu - - - - - - + - -
DOSHAGHNATA
Pittashaman + + + + + - + + -
Kaphashaman + + + + + + + + -
Raktavikarahar + + + - + - - - -
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Drug review
Properties PV S Mh N BN NA
Kanda + + + +
Rasayan + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Jwara + + + + + + + + + + + - -
Raktapitta + + + - - - + - + - - - -
Gulma + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Prameha + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Kustha + + + - - - - + - - - - -
Rajayakshma + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apasmara + + - - - - - - - - - + +
Shotha + - + - - - - - - - - - -
Udar + - + - - - - - - - - - -
Grahani + - + - - - - - - - + - -
Pandu + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Hikka + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Shwasa + + + - - - - - - - - - -
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Drug review
Kasa + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Atisara + + + + - + - + + + - - -
Chardi + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Visarpa + + + - - - - + - - - - -
Visha + + + - - - - - - - - - -
Madatyaya + + - - - - - - - - - - -
Vrana + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Kantharoga + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Karnaroga + - + - - - - - - - - - -
Urusthambh + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Vaatavyadhi + + + - - - - + - - - - -
Vaatarakta + - + - - - - - - - - - -
Yoniroga - + - + - - - - - - - - -
pramehapidika - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Stanaroga - + - + - - - - - - - - -
Upadansha - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Vruddhi - + + - - - - - - - - - -
Sleepad - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Mukharoga - + + - - - - - - - - - -
Netraroga - + + + - - - + - + - - -
Pratishyaya - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Shiroroga - + + - - - - - - - - - -
Hridroga - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Arochak - + - - + + - + + - + - -
Unmad - + - - - - - - - - - - -
Formulations of Musta.
1. Shadangpaneeya
2. Kiratatiktadi choorna
3. Mustadi choorna
4. Kayastadi varti
5. Mustadi varti
6. Navayas choorna
7. Mandoor vatak
8. Yoshadya ghrita
9. Mustadi quath
10. Pushyanaga choorna
Controversy 47
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Drug review
After study of nighantus it appears that besides the two Cyperus species, that
a third kind of Musta that is called Kaivarthik Musta, which is generally considered to
Jalamusta, Dasapura, Paripelav, Vanya and Shaival, while Raj nighantu appears to
agree with it, but doesnot mention all the synonyms and properties like those of the
former. Bhavamishra also agrees fully but without mentioning Shaival as its
nighantus which mention still another drug giving almost all the synonym but which
Shaival/Kaivarthinustak.
Classification:
Family Cyperaceae:48
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Drug review
Perennial (rare annual) herbs with the habit of grasses, roots fibrous, stem
Leaves- Grass like (rarely 0) 3-ranked, mostly crowded at the base of the stem
with tubular sheath which are more or less closed or the lower split to the base,
blade.
Flower- minute 1-2 sexual in the axils of the glumes, Perianth 0,q of 2 or more
Stigma- 2-3
Seed- erect, free, embryo minute, within the base of the floury albumen
Total Genera-85
Species -2600.
Cyperus: 49
ovoid.
Leaves mostly towards the base of the stem occasionally reduced to sheath.
towards the base, sometimes with membranous wings derived from the persistant
glume bases. Glumes distichons the 2 lowest empty those above 2-sexual are
nearly equal, deciduous from below upwards, the Uppermost 1-3 sterile or empty,
Ovary compressed
Stigmas -2 or 3
Species-40
Cyperus rotundus50
tunicate black fragrant tubers 0.8-2.5 cm dia, root fibers clothed with flexuous hairs,
Stems- sub solitary 10-7.5cm long triquetrons at the top sometimes tuberous at the
base.
Leaves- shorter or longer than the stem narrowly linear 4-8 mm broad, finely
acuminate, flat 1-nerved, umbel, simple or compound, rays 2-8 the longest
reaching 7.5cm long bearing short spikes of 3-10 slender, spreading red brown
only one spikelets), bracts 3, variable in length, the longest reaching 15cm
long but sometimes abbreviated and much shorter than the head. Spikelets
variable in length 1.6-3.8cm 2.5 cm, linear, subacute, red brown 10-50
oblong obtuse or slightly apiculate back, reddish brown 3-7 nerved, sides,
Style-1.6mm long
Habitat: Common in rice fields, low lands waterlogged places, through out India
Chemical composition:51
The drug is rich in Cu, Fe, Mg and Ni, beta-sitosterol. The dichloro methane
extracts of tubers showed Sesquiterpenes, alpha- Cyperene, Cyperene, alpha and beta
unprecedented carbon skeleton were isolated. The structure of 1-3 was elucidated by
Physicochemical study:
matter, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value. Identity, purity
_______________________________________________________ ________ 16
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Drug review
1 Foreign matter 2%
2 Total ash 8%
3 Acid insoluble ash 4%
4 Alcohol soluble extractive 5%
5 Water soluble extractive 11 %
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
DISEASE REVIEW:
A brief review of earlier works would help in understanding not only the
concept of the disease as a whole but also the changing perspective about Apasmara
in modern times. Hence it would in a nutshell, give an idea about the long path
to epilepsy.52
The word Grahi has been mentioned in several Vedic scripts. Grahi means
to seize.53
3.Samhitha:
Charaka Samhita:
Sushruta Samhita:
Nidana, Rupa, Samprapti and Chikitsa have been described in detail in 61st
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
as Mahavyadhi. 55
Kashyapa Samhita:
Bhela Samhita:
Nidana, Rupa and Samprapti have been described in 8th chapter of Nidana
Sthana.
Term Rasa Vega has been used and held responsible for manifestation of
Apasmara .58
Jvara.59
Harita Samhita:
Udana and Prana vata are vitiated along with other Doshas.
Sharngadhara Samhitha:
Madhava Nidana:
Bhava Prakasha:
Madhyama Khanda.
Gada Nigraha:
Khanda.
Yoga Ratnakara:
Ayurveda with its time tested principles and ancient wisdom has the
potential to come out with solutions where the modern science has failed to provide
answers. Some efforts have been done in this direction are as follows:
Thiruvanantapuram.
Bharangi, 1992, Dept.of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA,
Jamnagar.
and Brumhan Sneha in Apasmara 2004 Dept of Manas Roga SDM college of
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
CONCEPT OF APASMARA
Etymology of Apasmara:
The term Apasmara, which indicates the main clinical features of the Vyadhi,
Apa -
As prefix to verb -
Away from
Exclusion
As noun
Away from
as Smruti.64 The term Smara indicates Smruti which has been attributed many
meanings in the literature. But, its meaning in the context of Apasmara is as follows
as Smruti.65
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
Apasmara-
It consists of Apa Upasarga and Smr dhatu after adding Ghan Pratyaya,
Definition of Apasmara:
Dalhana describes it as the condition where the smruti is lost during attack.66
The two terms of Apasmara are elaborated that smruti signifies the facility of
recollecting or recalling the past sense perception and the prefix Apadenotes
deprivation. Therefore the disease in which the individual looses the facility of past
Concept of Smruti
Hence, an understanding of this term would give a vivid picture of the disease.
The term Smruti stands for many faculties of human intellect and is also used
recollecting the past experience. This statement is further substantiated by the fact that
Jnanendriyas.
Definition :
While explaining the qualities of Aptas, Smruti is the term used to indicate
prowess in Shastras.77
sciences. But these are not affected or lost in the patients of Apasmara.
consciousness is not lost in all types of Apasmara and at all times. Moreover, the term
Smruti is not used to denote consciousness generally. But the term Sanjna is used.
Indriyas and Manas. But Smarana is an introspective function and at this juncture,
does not require any relation to the sense organs. The deprivation of this faculty,
Smruti has been explained. When on account of the mind is being clouded with Rajas
and Tamas, the retention of true knowledge is destroyed, that is called Smruti
bramsha for indeed the memorable abides in the memory. Smruti bhramsa leads to
conditions.82
there is no derangement. The Smruti remains intact but there is a transient departure
from the original sense of awareness. So, the term-impaired consciousness is more
types of seizures, which do not involve loss of consciousness, can also be included
Concept of Manas
Human birth is very rare privilege; only Man has the possibility of living a
intelligence. All these may not happen without presence of Manasa (psyche) and
Atma (soul). In Ayurveda, Ayu is defined as the combined state of the Shareera
The Atma is the bearer of knowledge, with the virtue of the invisible past
actions are designated as life. Although this combination is momentary because of the
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
body it self-being momentary being fixed by some process of continuity, this is taken
In this way it is chiefly responsible for perceiving healthy life. Signs of good
One whose humors (Doshas) and metabolic state (Agni) are in equilibrium,
whose functional activities of the tissues and excretory systems are in balance and the
Mind transcends all the sense faculties that are responsible for the perception
of the external objects. Even though mind is also to be considered as a sense faculty
and it is responsible for experiencing happiness, etc. Still in this context, the other
sense faculties refer mind act as a controller of all the other sense faculties. They are
more so in relation to the mind which is much more subtle than the other sense
faculties.
The various functions of the mind are determined by its objects like happiness
etc; the objects motivate the mind by their proximity, this motivation further depends
up on the existence of the sentient Atma, which is in fact responsible for the
less affections and more centered, which contribute to more production of Kaama
(Desire), Krodha (anger) Lobha (greed), Bhaya (fear), Shoka (grief), Chinta (worry)
and Irsha (envy) etc like Manasa Vikaras. By this we can say that knowledge of
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
Etymology of manasa:-
The word Manah is derived from root Mana adding the suffix Asuna
Which perceives
Definition of manasa85, 86
A substance, which establishes the contact between the soul, body and
Mind is defined as the entity which even on contact with self, sense organs
attending respectively.
Synonyms of manasa87
Atindriya
Satva
Chetana
Charecteristic of manasa88
characteristics of the manasa. These are basic characters of the mind, if it were not so,
Object of manasa89
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
or purposeless manner.
Vicharya: The word Vichara (Vitchartyat) derived from root Vi adding suffix
Char and Yat which means a distinct analysis, which enough to direct the
Uhya: The word Uhya derived from root Uha it means Vikara or it is
distinct thing.
Chakrapani over Cha.Sha 1/21 stated that thinking upon perceived object for its
Functions of manasa90
Indriyabhigraha:
and send the impulse and impels to cognitive senses for sense for perception of
objects here Abhigraha means receiving of senses all over the body. Indhriabhigraha
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
Svasyanigraha:
desired objects and retraction from those after the purpose is fulfilled in Geetha in 6th
or Svasyanigraha.
Physiology of manasa
In this stage Indriya receives Artha if Manasa stimulates it. It is a key factor of
After the perception the procedure of actual analysis starts, these processes i.e.
chintya, vicharya uhya, dhyeya, sankalpa etc. highlight the various objects of mind
further necessary and desired actions are to be done by karmendriyas, which produces
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
knowledge.
Seat of manasa
1. Indefinite:
Mind is continuously active i.e. Chanchala, so it can not stay at one particular
2. Hridaya96
Many references are available in Charaka and Sushruta regarding the seat of
Manasa in Hridaya. Both Acharyas have mentioned that only Hridaya is the seat
of chetana in the body. It indicates that Hridaya is the actual seat of Manasa.
3. Shira;
In Charaka (Su.17/12), it has been explained that Prana and whole Indriyas are
situated in Uttamanga i.e. Shira. Among the Indriyas, Manasa is the supreme.
4. Sarva Shareera:
All the reference regarding the seat of Manasa which are mentioned above
indicates various places, but majority of Acharyas believe that the actual seat Manasa
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
Sanjnavaha Srotas unlike other Srotases does not have a definite anatomical
structure and there will be no Abhivahana of any gross drava. But in this context, the
term Abhivahana acquires a very broad meaning and has to be studied keeping in
Here, Abhivahana refers to the carrying of impulse from the site of stimulus
to the base. This term Sanjnavaha Srotas was used while explaining Vyadhi like
Apasmara, Mada, Murccha, and Sanyasa. Here more stress was given to the
Vahana.
sensory perception.98
Vijaya Raksita gave the most appropriate definition of this term. Any Sira,
Dhamani, Srotas can be termed as Sanjnavaha Nadi, if Mana gets through them to the
respective Indriya Desa. 99 Thus, Sanjnavaha Srotas stands for that pathway which is
responsible for Sanjna or Jnana. Hence, it does not stand for any gross anatomical
The Trigunas viz. Satva, Rajas & Tamas are used in the Indian metaphysics to
explain certain concepts regarding evolution. The theory of Trigunas of Sankhya has
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
The Trigunas are the ultimate components of the primordial matter i.e.
Prakruti. Seal as permanent features of the reals regarded the Trigunas. They
According to the ancient Indian views, all matters from the subtlest to the
grossest are characterised by the exhibition of the three Gunas or predicaments. The
functions of the Trigunas are to reveal, to make active & to suppress respectively.
Rajas are dynamic where as Satva & Tamas can neither reveal nor suppress without
being rendered active by Rajas initially. Every matter is characterised by the three
Gunas viz. Satva, Rajas & Tamas. Accordingly we have Rajasika, Tamasika &
The Satva stands for the capacity of the matter to reflect Atma or
intelligence, Rajas for energy & Tamas for mass that offers resistance to Rajas. The
Tridoshas on the somatic side represent the condensation of these three qualities by
which the matter in its primordial state has been understood & described.
by Susruta100:
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passion and Tamas stand for inertia. The preponderance over the other two Gunas is
to be inferred from the normalcy of the mental state. On the contrary, the Rajas &
Tamas, which are susceptible to vitiation or imbalance, have been described as the
two-Manasika Doshas101
The philosophical principle of Trigunas had been found suitable for all applied
aspects of science of mind & therefore, Ayurvedists architectured the whole mansion
of their concept of Manas on the sound footings of Trigunas. All Gunas are obtained
in the same man but not at the same time (C.S.Sa.4/36). It was commented by
Chakrapani that the same man may be Satvika at a time, may be Rajasa when he is
The division of Manas into three parts depends upon three aspects i.e.
psychic factors are the energies or forms succeeded to Manas from the three
The Trigunas are opposite to and divergent from one another. Satva stands for
purity, theism, brightness, right conduct, faith, intelligence; Rajas stands for
talkativeness, ego, anger, vanity, jealousy and Tamas for fear, ignorance, sleep,
lethargy, depression.103
Besides the mutually suppressive nature, Sankhya Karika explains that the
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On this basis, the pathogenesis of Apasmara has been explained. Rajas and
Tamas obscure the Satva (Suddha amsha) of Manas. It indicates that Rajas and Tamas
in the state of pathogenesis restricting the Shuddha Amsha, keep it impeded. The
Ayurveda is also recognised almost in the same sense in terms of super-ego by the
psychoanalysts.
The concepts of metaphysics regarding Rajas and Tamas are too complex &
hard to follow. In understanding the applied aspects of these two factors, a simple
method has to be followed. In the context of evolution, Satva, Rajas and Tamas are
considered Gunas. While describing Manas, the latter two are described as Doshas. It
implies that during the process of evolution the antagonistic or contradictory forces
act in a constructive manner. Once the existence or creation takes place, there should
be a state of equilibrium. Later, these same principles act in a destructive way. Thus,
Rajas and Tamas may stand for the contradictory factors for any kind of process that
is kept in equilibrium by satva. But, they represent all the opposite entities that are
present at grosser or minute levels in both living & non-living organism. The factors
but it is missing under the subtypes of Apasmara. Chakrapani has clarified the reason
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describes that though there will be an Agantuja karana, but the symptoms will not be
manifested unless the occluded Doshas reaches Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana unlike
other diseases.108
Apasmara nidana
follows:
Those in whom the increased & vitiated Doshas have deviated from
Those who make use of in the manner forbidden by the dietetic rules,
In the above conditions, the morbific doshas lie in wait above the Hridaya and
Kama, Krodha, Lobha, Moha, Harsha, Shoka, Chinta & Udvega, they occlude the
Hridaya and Indriya Ayatanas and then the individual is possessed by Apasmara
Vega. Thus, Apasmara Vega is the outcome of interplay between the internal &
external environment. Hence, Upahata status of the Chetas play a key role in the
have a very high epileptic threshold, this provocation must be intense. While in
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Based on the nature of the disease, the Nidanas of Apasmara can be classified
I.Utpadaka Nidana:
1. Aharaja Nidana:
(i) Samala (C.S.Ni.8/4), Malina (S.S.Utt.61/4) - The food that becomes contaminated
(iii) Upahitani (C.S.Ni.8/4) The food that is mixed along with contaminated food
articles.
vitiation of Sharirika & Manasika Doshas. The Aharas contaminated with Mala may
not do the Poshana Karma. The Mala present may act as Gara Visha depending on its
contents. It can also vitiate Rajas or Tamas doshas according to its nature. Asuchi &
Upahita also have the same action on Agni & Doshas and Malina Ahara leads to
type of Samskara Viruddha Ahara, which results in Apasmara. One must not eat
Pauskara, Rohinika or Kapota mamsa fried in Sarsapa Taila. These should not be
eaten along with honey & milk. If done so, one would suffer from Shonitabhisyandha,
(v) Ahita Bhojana (S.S.Utt.61/5) The Ahita Ahara does not act at once results in
Dosha Prakopa, but in constant Nidana Sevana in a long run provides a fertile ground
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(vi) Ahara Vidhi (C.S.Ni.7/4) If one does not follow the proper Ahara Vidhi, it will
2. Viharaja Nidana:
Ratrijagarana or Ati Vyayama. This leads to Vata Prakopa, later vitiation of other
(B.S.Chi.9/2).
(ii) Malina Vihara Vishama Vihara also includes Vega Nigraha. This would also
lead to Vata Prakopa. Vega Nigraha has been mentioned specifically by Susruta as
one of the cause.(S.S.Utt.61/5). Among the various vega, Trishna nigraha results in
imbalance.
(iv) Madya (Alcohol) Apasmara is one of the vyadhis that results due to intake of
excess of Madya along with Moha, Bhaya, Shoka, Krodha, Murcha, Unmada,
Madya acts on Sanjnavaha Srotas & causes Smrti Vibhramsa. It also turns an
individual into Avara Satva. Thus Madya acts as both Utpadaka Nidana as well as
Vyanjaka Hetu.
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Kama, Krodha, Bhaya, Lobha, Moha, Harsha, Shoka, Chinta & Udvega may
act as precipitating factors of Apasmara Vega. The vitiated Doshas are present in
Hridaya & Indriya Ayatana in Linavastha. The onslaught of Kamadi etc. occludes the
Indriya Ayatana & Sanjnavaha Srotas causing Apasmara Vega. They also aggravate
the Doshas, which are already Udbranta and Bahu in nature. (C.S.Ni.8/4)
Kama, Shoka and Bhaya vitiate Vata while Krodha aggravates Pitta. The
person who is subjected to Utpadaka Nidana will be in Upahata stage of his Chetas.
Rajas & Tamas will cloud his Manas. Any trivial stimulation brings about Kama,
Krodha, Bhaya etc. which either aggravate Rajas or Tamas thus bringing down the
These Kama, Krodha etc. Bhavas have the potential of causing Smrti
2/62). But it is to be noted that the final outcome of Apasmara is Apagama of Smrti
Precipitating factors
of seizures carried out in 177 patients, felt tension, anxiety, restlessness or irritability
epilepsy.
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ii) Marmaghata
Apasmara has been enumerated as one of the Vyadhis from Hridaya Abhigata.
that Indriyartha refer Shabdadi Pancha Jnanendriya and Karmanam refers to Karmas
of Kaya, Vak & Manas. It may act as Utpadaka Hetu in the long run, but can act as
Purvaroopa
The Purvaroopas of Apasmara mentioned in the texts indicate that they are of
transient nature. They are not usually present throughout the course of the disease.
1. The features that are present for hours to days before the Vega.
Following are the Purvarupa, which may appear hours to days before onset of
attack
Anannabhilasha
Arochaka
Avipaka
Daurbalya
Asthibheda
Angamarda
Svapne Mada, Nartana, Vyadhana115
Nidranasha116
Svapne Tailasya Madyasya Panam Mehanam Cha117
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Apasmara, are also described & they are mainly visual auras but they have been
placed in the main clinical event. An individual with Vataja Apasmara experiences
the visual auras of Parusha, Aruna, Krshna Rupa. An individual of Pittaja Apasmara
experiences the Pita Asruk Rupa Darshana. The visual aura for Kaphaja Apasmara is
strange creature i.e. Krishna Vikruta satva is overcome by Vataja Apasmara Vega. An
individual with Pittaja Apasmara experiences the visual aura of being chased by Peeta
Vikruta Satva and the Kaphaja Apasmara brings about the visual aura of being chased
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Rupa
The cascade of events that take place during Apasmara Vega has been
summarized by Charaka.122 This clinical event is classified into four types on the basis
But still, it would be difficult to determine the clinical features & ascribe
them to specific doshas on the basis of the above-mentioned guidelines. The specific
features unique to each doshas are very subtle in nature & would require very keen
In order to remove this obstacle, an effort has been made. The help of
Sushruta gives two sets of specific clinical features, which are ascribed to each
doshas.124 Hrit Toda, Trit & Utkleda along with Pralapa, Kujana & Klesha belong to
Vataja, Pittaja & Kaphaja Apasmara respectively. But these features seem to be
The other clinical features, which guide in determining the Doshaja type, are
excessive physical activities, Vata gets vitiated & leads to Vataja Apasmara Mode of
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The unique feature of Apasmara that has fascinated and puzzled the
Acharyas is its paroxysmal nature. It was pondered over by Sushruta & a doubt has
Since this disease manifests without any cause, subsides even without any
treatment & some say that Apasmara is not due to Dosha & they are supported by
some authoritative texts144. The explanation for the doshic nature of Apasmara by
Sushruta is that the peculiar nature of the Vyadhi is due to the orderly derangement &
according to doshas.144 Further his stand on the doshaja nature of Apasmara has been
substantiated in a beautiful verse with a lucid explanation for its paroxysmal nature.
Just as the seeds sown in a field, remain dormant & sprout only in Sharat Ritu
in spite of earlier rains, so the doshas staying dormant inside the deha increase in
morbidity in due course of time, manifest the Vikara in many ways of their own
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nature.145
The process, which takes place from the time of Nidana Sevana to the time of
An explanation, which sheds some light on the nature of the Vyadhi has given
water is the source of life for the aquatic life forms, the Rasa Dhatu is the source for
individual experiences Apasmara vega. Thus people have periodic episodes once in a
The view regarding Grahas as factors responsible for Apasmara has also been
expressed. The individuals experience Vega when they become Rasopahata and free
from it during Rasa Praviveka Kala.147 Sushruta has given a similar explanation
comparing the Vega to tides in the context of Jvara Vega. The Vega nature is similar,
so it holds good for Apasmara also. As the sea swells up stimulated by the wind (at
the flow tide), similarly the doshas excited by Vata produce Vega. As during the flow
tide, water of the sea covers the shores, but during the web tide, they recide and merge
into the sea. Similarly when the vitiated doshas are highly agitated, the patient gets a
Vega and with the subsidence of the momentum of the vitiated doshas, the Vega
Chakrapani has explained the subsidence of Vegas without any reason. The
Vega itself is responsible for the alleviation of doshas. As in case of Vishama Jvara,
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Upashaya-anupashaya
Apasmara. That is the reason why Charaka has mentioned the utilization of Upashaya
and Anupashaya in the diagnosis of specific types of Apasmara. Charaka says that in
Vataja Apasmara, Vatahara Kriyas act as Upashaya & those procedures, which are
Vata Vardhaka acts as Anupashaya. This is true in case of Pittaja & Kaphaja
Apasmara also.150
Samprapti
while dealing with its samprapti. Since an individual afflicted with this disease is
apparently normal in between the vegas, there might be different processes, which
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Sthayi (Utpadaka) Samprapti: That which persists throughout the course of the
disease.
Vega Kalina (Vyanjaka) Samprapti: This is the transient process that takes
Sanchaya:
The Rajas and Tamas act on the Manas resulting in Upahata Chetas
Here, Rajas and Tamas gain dominance either through the inherent nature or
Prakopa:
The factors of Prakopa vary according to different Nidanas. They may act
Prasara :
factor like kala, ritu aid the further aggravation of the already vitiated doshas
Sthana Samsraya :
The prakupita doshas spread through the Rasavaha Srotas and when they
reach Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana i.e. Shiras, they settle down making them their
abode. They remain in linavastha until the vyanjaka nidana acts on them.
Vyakti :
any manifestation.
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Samprapti itself is not capable of causing Apasmara Roga. This statement is further
individual who acquires Upahata Satva by the action of Rajas & Tamas due to that
cause alone. He acquires Apasmara by the later vitiation of Vatadi Doshas thus
requiring Manasa and Sharirika Doshas for the causation of disease (Ga. on
C.S.Ni.8/2).
The term Vyakti in the context of this Samprapti refers to the stage, when
the vyadhi manifests itself but is not evident in between Vegas. This in turn plays as a
fertile ground for the precipitating factors to act upon the already established dusti.
The vyanjaka nidanas i.e. kama, krodha etc. exacerbate the already vitiated
doshas and agitate them. At this juncture, the Caya, Prakopa and Prasara phases occur
spontaneously.
Sthana Samsraya:
Among the vitiated and agitated doshas, Rajas and Tamas by the dint of the
subtleness occlude the Sanjnavaha Srotas. This results in Dhi & Satva Samplava.
Here, the term Samplava stands for derangement paving way to Apagama of Smruti.
Vyakti :
The Avasthika Samprapti repeats itself during each vega. But the Sthana
Samsraya at the level of Sanjnavaha Srotas is transient. Thus, there are no signs of
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Sanjnavaha sroto dusti in between the vegas. This Avasthika Samprapti may act as
Bheda :
1. Vataja Apasmara
2. Pittaja Apasmara
3. Kaphaja Apasmara
4. Sannipataja Apasmara
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S
CHAYA - RAJAS & TAMAS- UPAHATACHETAS
T
H
UTPADKA NIDANA SEVANA
A
Y
I
PRAKOPA
NIJA AGANTUJA
S
1.AHARA 1.MARMABHIGHATA
A
2.VIHARAJA 2.SHIRO ABHIGHATA
M
P
HRIDAYA & DASHA DHAMANI
R
PRASARA INDRIYA AYATANA
A
STHANA SAMSRAYA
P
T
VYANJAKA NIDANA
I
(MANASIKA NIDANA)
VYAKTI - APASMARA ROGA
A
V
A CHAYA
S PRAKOPA
T PRASARA ABHIGHATA
H
I (MARMABHIGHATA)
K
A STHANA SAMSRAYA - SANJNAVAHA SROTAS
S
A DHI SAMPLAVA
M SATVA SAMPLAVA
P
R
A SMRTI APAGAMA
P
T VYAKTI -
I APASMARA VEGA
Samprapti ghataka:
Dosha: The involvement of both the Shareerika and Manasika doshas is vital for the
samprapti.
Vata: Udana and Prana Vata are vitiated along with other doshas during Apasmara as
Udana Vata has its abode in the region of Urah. It is responsible for
Vakpravrrti, Prayatna (initiation of any voluntary work), Urja, Bala, Varna and Smruti
Prana Vata resides in Murdha & also traverses Urah and Kanta. It is
responsible for the Dharana of Buddhi, Hridaya, Indriya and Chitta.152 Since vitiated
Doshas lie in Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana, the vitiated Dosha is Prana Vayu.
Vyana Vata is seated in Hridaya & traverses the whole body with incredible
speed. It is responsible for all the movements. The motility required for any process in
the body is due to Vyana Vayu.153 Vyana Vayu is affected to some extend after the
sevana of utpadaka nidana. Its vitiation is further triggered by vyanjaka nidana and
during the manifestation of Apasmara Vega, the bibhatsa chesta that follows is mainly
involve the activities of higher mental faculties and emotional states with which
Sadhaka Pitta has been correlated. Ayurveda has presented in Sadhaka Pitta, a concept
which refers to some essential factors (or a factor complex) and which governs mental
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Sadhakagni describes it, in as much as its function is to enable one to achieve ones
aspiration.155 Dalhana observed that it enables one to achieve ones Mano Artha viz.
Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. This, it does by dispelling the Kapha and Tamas
of the Hridaya and thus enabling the Manas to perceive things clearly. The concept of
be inferred that Sadhaka Pitta plays a great role in the Samprapti of Apasmara.
The Buddhi Vaiseshika type of Alocaka Pitta is also vitiated since it is mainly
concerned with the intellectual faculties according to Bhela.156 As these faculties are
affected during the Vega, Buddhi Vaiseshika Alocaka Pitta may have a role in the
Kapha: Tarpaka Kapha resides in Shiras and does Sneha and Tarpana of Indriyas.157
The reference of Sneha and Tarpana has been interpreted by Dalhana as Sneha means
the Majja of the Mastaka and Tarpaka nourishes this structure & the Indriya with its
Snehana quality and enables them to perform their specific functions. Thus Tarpaka
Kapha takes part in both Sthayi and Avasthika Samprapti as it is present in the Indriya
Ayatana i.e. Shiras. It may be agitated to a greater extent in case of Shiro Abhighata.
Manasika dosha: The Ahara and Vihara, which vitiate the respective Sharirika
doshas, are also responsible for the vitiation of the Manasika doshas viz. Rajas and
Tamas. In fact these two doshas play an important role in reducing the threshold of an
individual by rendering him with Upahata Chetas. All the precipitating factors like
Kama, Krodha, Lobha, Shoka, the individual who is affected by either Rajas or Tamas
experiences Udvega.
it is a paroxysmal disease and involves the Sanjnavaha Srotas with a subtle pathway
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in its own sense. But for the manifestation of the Vyadhi or Vega to be precise,
The Dushya involved during the course of the disease may be different from
that which is involved during the Vega Kala. Bhela has held Rasa Vega responsible
for the manifestation of Apasmara Vega. Whenever Rasa Vega afflicts an individual,
he experiences Apasmara Vega.158 But the Rasa Dusti may be transient and confined
Throughout the course of the disease, Majja Dhatu present in the Shiras may
bear the brunt of the Vegas. Since it is where the initiation of the Vegas takes place
even though the stimulus caused by vyanjaka nidana may lie elsewhere. The
Srotas:The vitiated Doshas, which are in Linavastha, are seated in Hridaya.159 While
explaining the Samprapti, the term Dhamani is used by Charaka.160 This has clarified
by Chakrapani that the Dhamani originate from Hridaya obviously refer to the Dasha
Dhamani.
Hridaya and Dasha Dhamani are the Mula of Rasavaha Srotas.161 It has been
clearly explained by Bhela that the vitiated Doshas go up and reach Hridaya and
Dasha Dhamani.162
Thus Rasavaha Srotas can be considered as the Srotas involved. Bhela has
referred to Jalavaha Nadi while describing the Samprapti.163 It might be the synonym
of Rasavaha Srotas. The Srotas involved during the Vega is Sanjnavaha Srotas.164 But
Sroto Dusti: The vitiated Doshas occlude Hridaya, Dasha Dhamani and Indriya
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The already morbid Rajas and Tamas doshas are exacerbated due to the
precipitating factors like Kama, Krodha etc. and occlude Sanjnavaha Srotas resulting
in Apasmara Vega. The Sanga is the type of Dusti, which occurs in this Vyadhi.
Agni & Ama:The Agni involved depends on the cause. Thus, Jataragni, Dhatvagni
Sthana Samsraya:
needs some critical analysis, while the advances in medical science point the site of
origin of the disease towards the brain, our texts have clearly stated Hridaya as the
seat of vitiated doshas. Some points remain to be clarified in order to nullify the
discrepancies between these two stands. The following features become obvious after
There was no doubt regarding the term Hridaya among Acharyas when it was
mentioned as the seat of Vikruta dosha in Apasmara. Both Shiras & Hridaya have
Shiras has not been left out by the Acharyas while describing the Samprapti.
The term Indriya Ayatana refers to Shiras in particular.166 Bhela has mentioned Shiras
The concept of Marma Abhighata is worth discussing here. The Vyadhis that
etc. Those, which occur as a result of Shiro Abhighata, are Manyasthambha, Ardita,
Muka, Gadgada etc. The diseases, which are related to nerve and cortex purely, are
considered under the Shiro Abhighataja disorders. Those in which Manasika Doshas
are involved are considered under Hridaya Abhighataja disorders. There are further
evidence regarding the fact that Shiras was not considered as the main site of
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Nasya Karma is beneficial, Apasmara has been included in this group by Vagbhata.167
Arunadatta clarifies that though Apasmara is not a urdhva jatrugata vadhi, it yields to
(consciousness). 168,169,170
However, Susruta held the opinion that diseases involving Manasa doshas
unmada, bhaya, chittanasha etc. occur due to Abhighata of Simanta Marma. Thus, he
has shown the relationship of Manasa Vikaras with Shiras. But mentioning of
Sushruta regards Hridaya as the abode of Trigunas viz. Satva, Rajas and
By going through the above references, we can say that there is a urgent need
to look at Hridaya and Shiras as systems which have close link with each other than as
The description of Sadhaka Pitta by Bhela gives us a new insight into the close
relationship between Hridaya and Shiras. Sadhaka is that which enables the reception
Ayurveda never means that the psychological functions are totally related to
Hridaya. Charaka regards that Sparshanendriya pervades all the senses and Manas are
unknown. Whatever recent advances have taken place in the existing knowledge are
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confined to the mechanism that takes place during the episodes of epileptic seizures or
the factors that precipitate the seizures. So, it can be inferred that the knowledge of
modern medical science is limited to Vega kalina Samprapti. Thus, there is a need to
look beyond and ponder over the Samprapti that takes prior to the transient
pathogenesis. A fresh approach towards Hridaya as the site of Sthana Samsraya may
Sapeksha nidana
There are many conditions, which are similar to that of Apasmara, and
Murcha:
Mada:
present.
Sanysa:
Apatanaka, Apatantraka:
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Skandapasmara:
Agantuja nidana.
Yoshapasmara:
The patient protects herself during fall and tongue bite is not present
Sadhya Asadhyata
they are of acute origin. Where as the fourth type i.e. Sannipataja Apasmara is
considered to be Asadhya.
If the patient is emaciated and the disease is chronic, then even the Eka
Arista Lakshanas
If one, in his wakeful state sees darkness where there is no darkness and
listens to all types of sounds even though there are no such sounds, he succumbs to
Apasmara.
Apasmara. Patients suffering from Vata Vyadhi, Apasmara, Kusta, Shota, Udara,
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diminution of Bala and Mamsa. Similarly the physician should also discard other
1. Anjana
2. Varti
3. Dhuma
4. Nasya
5. Lepa etc.
Anjana:
Varti:
Karanjadi Varti
Mustadi Varti
Dhuma:
Nasya:
Lepa:
Palankasadi lepa.
Vegantara Kala Chikitsa: It includes all the three methods of treatment i.e.
Satvavajaya Chikitsa
Shastra Pranidana
Shodana:
Ghrita
Choorna
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Kashaya
Asava/Arista
Rasoushadi
Rasayana Prayoga
Ekamoolika:
Ghrita:
Kashaya:
Asava/Arista:
Rasoushadi:
Smruti Sagar Rasa, Bhutabhairava Rasa, Indra Brahmi Rasa, Trilohadi Rasa,
Rasayana Prayoga:
Abhyanga
Taila etc.
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Satvavajaya Chikitsa:
The Apasmari as well as the Unmadi should be specially protected from water,
fire and trees, mountains and irregular surfaces, since these may become the cause of
immediate death to such persons; Vagbhata has sounded the same opinion.
Pathya Apathya
The Pathya and Apathya mentioned in various Ayurvedic texts for Apasmara
are as follows:
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Definitions of epilepsy
Epilepsy is most easily defined in physiological term being the name for
Matter.180
rather than disease itself. A single seizure is not epilepsy but an indication for
182
investigation.
184
Seizures and epilepsy
A seizure (from Latin sacire to take the possession of) is paroxysmal event
of CNS neurons.
underlying process.
Epilepsy refers to a phenomenon rather than a disease entity, since there are
Classification of epilepsy185
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during the seizures and has impaired recollection or awareness of the ictel
phase.
and less abrupt in onset and cessession, accompanied with more obvious
motor signs
Atonic seizures
Myoclonic seizures
Unclassified seizures
Neonatal seizures
Infantile spasms
Epilepsy syndromes
Idiopathic (primary) a) Benign neonatal convulsions
b) Juvenile myoclonic convulsions
Symptomatic (secondary) a)Leumox gastant syndrome
b) Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy syndrome
186
Causative /precipitating factors for epilepsy
Emotional stress
Sleep deprivation
Fever (hyperpyrexia)
_______________________________________________ ________ 63
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
uremia etc.
Cerebral hypoxia
Head injury
pyridoxine deficiency)
Drug withdrawal
Developmental disorders
Genetic disorders
_______________________________________________ ________ 64
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
Febrile seizures
Genetic disorders
CNS infections
Developmental disorders
Trauma
Idiopathic
Trauma
Genetic disorders
Infections
Brain tumors
Idiopathic
Trauma
Alcohol withdrawal
Brain tumors
Idiopathic
Cerebro-vascular diseases
_______________________________________________ ________ 65
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
Pathophysiology188
A seizure threshold that varies from person to person the same person from
time to time is postulated to explain why some people get seizures and others do not
Electrical changes:
mechanism is disturbed at the cellular or the synaptic level. At the cellular level,
currents.
+
dependent at their onset and Ca (Calcium) ion dependent at the end. During the
+
seizers of almost all the type the extra cellular concentration of Ca ion drops
+
significantly. Extra cellular K (Pottacium) raises after a brief delay in comparison
++
with the drop in Ca ion. The extra cellular Na+ falls moderately with a smaller raise
-
in extra cellular Cl . (Clorin)
like glutamate and inhibitory ones like Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) and
Glycine.
Spread of seizures:
During seizures many neurons fire synchronously and this activity spreads
_______________________________________________ ________ 66
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Disease review
discharges helped by ionic charges like a high K+ or low Mg++. Factors that decrease
Syncopal attacks:
Attacks are due to transient global reduction in cerebral perfusion. The loss of
consciousness is brief and recovery rapid. Most of the times the cause is vasovagal
syncope.
Syncope resulting from bradycardia and asystole often develops suddenly and
can be associated with injury. Recovery is usually swift, initial pallor being followed
by flushing with recovery. some clonic movements may be seen. frank epileptic
Hyperventilation
Panic attacks
autonomic symptom and some times even loss of consciousness, episodes often
191
Status epilepticus
Status epilepticus exists when a series of seizures occur without the patient
regaining awareness between the attacks. Most commonly this refers to recurrent
tonic clonic seizure and is life threatening medical emergency. Partial motor status is
obvious clinically but complex partial status and absence status may be difficult to
diagnose because the patient may merely present in a dazed, confused state. Status is
never the presenting feature of idiopathic epilepsy but may be precipitated by abrupt
withdrawal of lesion or acute metabolic disturbance, and tends to more common with
applied to the patients with epilepsy in order to derive the most benefit, appropriate
and to be cost effective It is essential not to order investigations blindly but to answer
specific questions.
Objectives:
_______________________________________________ ________ 68
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Methodology
METHODOLOGY:
from Hebsur store M.G.Market Hubli, Botanist and other experts verified the
Preparation of drug:
The rhizomes were dried completely under shade to obtain dry rhizomes and
Powdering:
The dried tubers of Musta were subjected to size reduction, coarse powder is
obtained around 450 gms of powder was subjected to Sauxhlet extraction with ethyle
alcohol, after the effective solvent were concentrated at room temperature in reduced
pressure using a rotary evaporator and extraction obtained was weighed its percentage
was calculated. The color and consistency of the extract was noted.
induced Epilepsy.
Place of work:
___________________________________________________________ _____ 69
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Methodology
Source of animals:
enterprises No. 4303, 13th main 2nd cross subrahmanya Nagar Blore 21. The rats
and dark cycles. The standard laboratory diet was given with an unlimited supply of
drinking water.
Preparation of animals:
identification and kept in their cages for one week prior to dosing to allow for
Administration of doses:
___________________________________________________________ _____ 70
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Methodology
195
Preliminary phytochemical investigation of extracts:
(Cyperus rotundus) to identify the various phyto constituents. The various tests and
Molischs test:
alcohol. Shaken and added conc H2SO4 from side of the test tube and observed for
Barfoeds test:
Equal volume of Barfoeds reagent and test solution added. Heated for 1-2
min in boiling water bath and cooled, observed for red precipitate.
Xanthoprotic test:
precipitate
Millions test:
3ml of extract was mixed with 5ml of Millions reagent white precipitate
obtained. Precipitate warmed turns brick red precipitate dissolves giving red colour
was observed.
A test solution is observed for yellow to orange color with sodium picrate
___________________________________________________________ _____ 71
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Methodology
Foam test:
The extract shaken vigorously with water persistent foam was observed.
Test solution added with few drops of ferric chloride solution, observed for
To a small quantity of lead acetate extract was added, observed for yellow
color precipitate.
Mayers test:
2-3 ml of extract was mixed with Heyers reagent, observed for yellow
precipitate.
Wagners test:
2-3 ml of extract was mixed with few drops of Wagners reagent, observed for
In vivo Animal species like mice, rats, guinea pigs, gerbils, cats, dogs,
___________________________________________________________ _____ 72
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Methodology
PICROTOXIN Androgenic
PENCILLIN
MES Method:
strength is 50 mA in mice or 150mA in rats for 0.2 seconds is used .The stimulus is
applied via corneal or ear clip electrodes. MES seizures remain the primary screening
THRESHOLD TEST:
The ability of drug to alter the seizure threshold for tonic hind limb extension
is determined as the current or voltage inducing hind limb extension in 50% of the
animals.
KINDLING:
seizures.
___________________________________________________________ _____ 73
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Methodology
PTZ induced:
clonic and in higher doses tonic seizures after different routes if administration i.e.
Objective:
Principle:
type of convulsion in man. These are two procedures used to study convulsions and to
stimulation cortical excitation is produced. The MES convulsion are divided into five
___________________________________________________________ _____ 74
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Methodology
phases such as 1) tonic flexion 2) tonic extensor c) clonic convulsion d) stupor and e)
reduces or abolishes the extensor phase of MES convulsions this procedure may be
Requirement:
Animals - Rats (110-180 mg)
Drugs - Phenytoin (25 mg/ kg)
Prepare stock solution of the test drug containing 5mg/ml of the drug and give it.
Procedure
1. Weigh and number the animals. Divide them into four groups each consisting
of 6 rats first group is used as control and the for second drug phenytoin as a
standard to be given, for group third and forth minimum and maximum dose
2. Hold the animal properly, place corneal or ear electrodes on the cornea or ear
pinna and apply the prescribed current, note different stages of convulsion.i.e
recovery or death. Note the time in seconds spent by the animal in each phase
extract to third and forth group respectively orally. Wait for 30 min and
Time of admini
Route of
Group Drug or Extract Dose stration prior to
administration
induce MES
Control (Dw+1% tween 20) 1 ml /rat Orally 30 min
___________________________________________________________ _____ 76
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
All the datas about the parameters considered for the study.
The dried tubers of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) were black in color with
characteristic of aromatic odour. 2kg of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) was taken out of
that we obtained 1.9 kg of dried Musta (Cyperus rotundus). The dried tubers were
subjected to powdering in the pulverizer. The final yield of coarse powder was about
1.8 kg .
alcoholic extract (10 %.) The alcoholic extract was dark brown in colour with
aromatic odour. When mixed with distilled water the alcoholic extract gave light
Alcoholic extract was taken in mortar and pistil, triturate with 1% tween 20, so
that it readily dissolve in distil water. Such dissolved solution is administered orally
_______________________________________________________ _________ 77
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
_______________________________________________________ _________ 78
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
MASTER CHART
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 79
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Sl.no. G1 G2 G3 G4
1 2.96sec 0.20sec 2.60sec 1.83sec
2 3.10sec 0.00sec 1.96sec 1.56sec
3 2.85sec 0.35sec 2.10sec 0.89sec
4 3.45sec 0.20sec 2.60sec 1.10sec
5 2.96sec 0.00sec 2.40sec 1.20sec
6 2.87sec 0.00sec 2.36sec 1.53sec
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 80
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Sl
Control Std 100mg/kg 150mg/kg
No
1 13.52sec 0.00sec 5.23sec 4.23sec
2 12.36sec 0.00sec 8.63sec 3.23sec
3 11.96sec 0.10sec 7.23sec 4.56sec
4 13.10sec 0.20sec 6.93sec 4.78sec
5 13.00sec 0.00sec 6.53sec 4.36sec
6 12.30sec 0.00sec 7.35sec 3.59sec
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 81
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 82
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Table No 4.18 Mean of all the groups for all the parameters
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 83
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
In control group:
Parameter 1 (flexion) 1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat
from 1-6 nbs. They showed tonic flexion phase for 2.96, 3.10, 2.85, 3.45, 2.96, 2.87
secs respectively.
Parameter 2(Extensor) --1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat
from 1-6 nbs. They showed tonic extensor phase for 13.52, 12.36, 11.96, 13.10, 13.00,
12.30secs respectively.
Parameter 3(Clonus) - (1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat
from 1-6 nbs. They showed clonus phase for 2.60, 3.10, 2.59, 3.10, 2.86, 2.56secs
respectively.
Parameter 4(Stupor) -1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat
In standard group:
administered intrapritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed flexion phase for
been administered intra pritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed extensor
phase for 0.00, 0.0, 0.10, 0.20, 0., 00, 0.00secs respectively.
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 84
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
administered intrapritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed clonus phase for
administered intrapritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed stupor phase for 8,
In group third:
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed flexion phase for 2.6, 1.96,
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed extensor phase for
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed clous phase for 1.95, 2.10,
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed stupor phase for 98, 110,
In group 4
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 85
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no. They showed flexion phase for1.83,
1.56,0.89,1.10,1.20,1.53secs respectively.
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed extensoe phase for
4.23,3.23,4.56,4.78,4.36,3.59secs respectively.
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no. They showed clonus phase for
1.25,1.64,1.56,1.84,1.31,1.42secs respectively.
administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no. They showed stupor phase for
85,110,100,96,94,92secs respectively.
Parameter 1 (flexion):
When the results of the study was compared in respect to the parameter1,
flexion by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and
results drawn.
Between control and minimum dose group - the mean value in secs for flexion
phase was significantly lower in minimum dose group i.e 2.33secs when compare to
Between control and maximum dose group- the mean value in secs for flexion
phase was significantly lower in maximum dose group i.e 1.35secs when compared to
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 86
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Parameter 2 (extensor)
When the results of the study were compared in respect to the parameter2
extensor by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and
results drawn.
Between control and minimum dose group- the mean value in secs for extensor
phase was significantly lower in minimum dose group i.e 6.9sec 8sec when compared
Between control and maximum dose group- The mean value in secs for extensor
phase was higly significantly lower in maximum dose group that is 4.12secs when
Parameter 3 (clonus)
When the results of the study were compared in respect to the parameter 3
clonus by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and results
drawn.
Between control and minimum dose group- the mean value in secs for clonus
phase was little bit lower in minimum dose group i.e 2.123sec when compared to
Between control and maximum dose group- the mean value in secs for clonus
phase was very much lower in maximum dose group i.e 1.503secs when compared to
Parameter 4 (stupor)
When the results of the study were compared in respect to the parameter 4 stupors
by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and results drawn.
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 87
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Between control and minimum dose group- the mean value in secs for stupor
phase was much lower in minimum dose group i.e 114.33secs when compared to
Between control and maximum dose group- the mean value in secs for stupor
phase was very much lower in maximum dose group i.e 96.16secs when compared to
When the small result of the study was compared in respect to the all
parameter by the rats amongst untreated and treated group at different doses the
Between control and minimum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the flexion phase in the group third that is
Between control and maximum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the flexion phase in the group fourth that is
Between control and minimum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the extensor phase in the group third that is
Between control and maximum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the extensor phase in the group fourth that is
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 88
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Between control and minimum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the clonus phase in the group third that is
Between control and maximum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the clonus phase in the group fourth that is
Between control and minimum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the stupor phase in the group third that is
Between control and maximum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen
that the mean seconds observed for the stupor phase in the group fourth that is
_____________________________________________ ___________________ 89
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Flexion
4
3
Sec
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Flexion
0.4
0.3
Sec
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
___________________________________________________________ _____ 90
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Flexion
3
2.5
2
Sec
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Flexion
2
1.5
Sec
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
___________________________________________________________ _____ 91
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Extensor
14
13.5
13
Sec
12.5
12
11.5
11
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Extensor
0.25
0.2
0.15
Sec
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
___________________________________________________________ _____ 92
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Extensor
10
8
6
sec
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Extensor
6
5
4
sec
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
___________________________________________________________ _____ 93
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Clonus
4
3
sec
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Clonus
0.4
0.3
sec
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
___________________________________________________________ _____ 94
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Clonus
2
sec
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Clonus
2
1.5
sec
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
___________________________________________________________ _____ 95
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Stupor
200
150
sec
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Stupor
50
40
30
sec
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
___________________________________________________________ _____ 96
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Stupor
150
100
sec
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
Stupor
150
100
sec
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rat
___________________________________________________________ _____ 97
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Flexon
4
3
Sec
2
1
0
Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext 150 mg
Group
Extensor
15
10
Sec
5
0
Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext 150
mg
Group
___________________________________________________________ _____ 98
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Results
Clonus
3
2
Sec
1
0
Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext 150
mg
Group
Stupor
150
100
Sec
50
0
Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext 150
mg
Group
___________________________________________________________ _____ 99
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Discussion
DISCUSSION
method to induce the epileptic seizures, by applying a 50mA current for 0.2
convulsiometer.
This method is simple, convenient, and accurate and we can correlate with
Grandmal Epilepsy.
In this we have taken 4 groups 1st group is control, 2nd group is standard drug
treated group, third group extract given in minimum dose that is 100mg/kg
body wt and 4th group extract given in maximum dose that is 150mg/kg body
wt.
Therapeutic dose of alcoholic extract of Musta was taken from the Indian
have taken maximum dose as 150mg of alcoholic extract to get the good
therapeutic effect.
psychosomatic problems.
The drug, which is used for promotion and management of mental status, are
Literally Medya means which are beneficial for the improvement of Dhe,
After screening of Samhita and Nighantu we find many drugs having the
In the same way for the management of mental disorder i e Manasika rogas
they are grouped under the heading of Sanjnastapan, Apasmarahar, and Medya
etc.
As such Musta (Cyperus rotundus) is not included in any above said group but
reference says that it is very beneficial in case of common mental disorder like
Epilepsy.
Musta (Cyperus rotundus) posses Katu, Tikta, Kashayarasa, Katu vipak, laghu
By seeing the previous research works on Apasmara one can come to know
that more research works are done on noted Medya drugs like Vacha, Bramhi
and Shankpushpi etc. But there are very less research work on Musta (Cyperus
We have used 1% tween 20 for dissolving the extract in distill water. Now
question arises can we use this agents or not? So for the 1st group we have
given 1% tween 20 +1 ml water per rat to rule out any anti epileptic effect of
the same.
All the parameters in treated group showed highly significant results, this
Epilepsy.
The therapeutic effect of the drug in the entire study, test drug treated was
Mode of action -To act on Sanjnavaha srotas the drug should be explained
under the heading of Medya, Sanjnastapana etc and this Medya and
Sanjnastapan actions are attributed to the Prabhav of the drug .So in this study
also Musta has not explained under any Medya or Sanjnastapan group. So this
Medya action of any drug is Prabhav janya because some drugs have Madhur
rasa Madhur vipak and Sheetaveerya where some have titka katu rasa katu
tamodosha which is a cause for Smruti nash. This tamodosha vitiates because
Even the Musta has the rasayan property as we know the resultant of rasayan
At last we can say that the mode of action of all Apasmarahar or Sajnastapan
By the present study one can say that Musta is having Apasmarahar or anti
properties
Musta possess katu titka kashaya rasa, katu vipak, but sheethveerya, which
vipak it does kapharan and Pittaharan instead of kapha prakopa and Pitta
prakopa respectively.
CONCLUSION
9 Screening anti epileptic drug is very rare from Ayurvedic faculty till now only
9 Musta is having katu tikta kashaya rasa katu vipak and sheetveerya.
9 The coarse powder was extracted with ethyl alcohol by soxhlet extraction.
saponins, Alkaloids, flavonoids and proteins are present in the alcoholic extract.
9 Alcoholic extract 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg body wt was given to third and
fourth group respectively. Therapeutic effect for Epilepsy was observed in both
the groups
9 Musta in higher dose showed highly significant result for the treatment for
Epilepsy?
study
The study was conducted with one paradigm, i e MES method, other paradigm
The 3rd level research can be carried out to evaluate the effect of Musta as an
Aqueos extract and other Ayurvedic formulations like kwath etc of Musta to
SUMMARY
Very commonly available Musta has been taken for very common disorder
electro convulsiometer.
The results were statistically analyzed and significance was elicited using
ANOVA by t test.
Both the test group showed effective results in respect to the 4 parameters
Flexion
Extensor
Clonus
Stupor
Higher dose of Musta extract was more effective than normal dose.
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____________________________________________ ___________
Anti epileptic effect of Musta
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119
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Anti epileptic effect of Musta
Annexure
Annexure
Slokas of Musta
Slokas of Apasmar