A

SANSKRIT PRIMER:

BASED ON THE

LEITFADEN

FOR DEN ELEMENTAR - CURSUS DES SANSKRIT

or

PROFESSOR GEORG BUHLER or VIalNA

BY

EDWARD DELAVAN fERRY,

or COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW-YORL

GINN AND COMPANY

BOSTON - NEW YORK - CHICAGO - LONDON ATLANTA - DALLAS - COLUMBUS - SAN FRANCISCO

I'

f! I I • .I 1-.

I ,.. ;,..,

, .. /~ ;

,

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COPYRIGHT. 1885. 1913. BY EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY

AI.L RIGHTS RllSI!RVl!D

nIwnm OJ TRll VIfITED STA TEl 01' AMERICA

Compoaitlon by GBBRUDBR UNGBR ScHOitnBRGBR STlWlSB, '7 ...

. Baawc.SW.

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'>003-.2..91

Preface.

In the preface to &he .. ork- of .. bicla &he follo .. inl it .. reTilioo, Prof. BOSLBR writee ... follo .. e:

"The following lAitfathn ..... written lut winter [1881~ aod, printed in moueeripl form, w... ueecl in the inatroction of quite a large number of lCboIare. Ie ie bued .pon the parel, pnetieal metbod of Sanekrit inetruerioD, .. bich w ... iatroc1ueed at HAVG'e and my own i_lance into ibe Indian lIecooda"1 ec1aooI-. and b .. become eetablillbed there bymeaoe of R. G. BSAt'JJlBlWl'a &ot-boob. The attempt to tranefer tbie method to Europeaa am,.. Teniti. ie jUltified by tbe practical I8CC8II wbicll, ... my elIperienee abowl, ie to be gained thereby. For I bave found &hat beginnen muter the fint difficulties of Sanekrit very rapidly. and tbat learoers take tbe most lively and eontinued intereet in the Body, if opportonity for activity on tbeir o .. n part ie giTeD them. from the very first, IUId they are introdu.ced at once into the living language. Moreover, the qaeetion of economy of time ie made tbe more weighty by the fact that the elemente of Sanllkrit form an

- Leitfaden fiir den Elementarcorsoll deaSanakrit; mitUebnngeetiicken nnd zwei Glo88aren. Von GEORG BCSLU. Wieo, 1883. - I bave tranalated above a little freely.

important aid to atudents of Classical and Germanic Pbilology, yet to a large number of such are acceaaible ouly wben tbe subject can be mattered in a abort time. On the other band, the disadvantagea neceuarily entailed by tbe purely practical metbod may readily be removed later by a abort methodical exposition of the pmmar • • • • •• The venea in the exercises are taken cbie8y from BOKHTLJNol['a IrtdiIcluJa ~; the aenteocea are in part derived from vanoUl Sauakrit worb, or modelled after pasaagea ~ntained in them. To the last leuoDl no SaDlkril exerciaea baft been appended, aince· &he reading of the NGlG or of lOme other eay Saolkrit work may very well be beSUn at lOOn &I the formation of the perfect baa been learned."

After UlinS tbe IAitJadM for lOme time in the instruction of a clan, I W&l conYinced of ita pat merita &I a practical introdaction to .... language; wbile on the other .... d it aeemed very anfortonate tha& it held throapoat to the native ayatem of grammar, which, aince the appearance of Prof. WHITNEY'a work, we in America at leut bave learned to diatruat. Under theae circumatancea it aeemed aclviaabJe to attempt a combination of BUHuR'a practical es:erci8ea with WRITNEY'a tbeory; and to tbis end tbe book baa been really rewritten. AD introduction baa been added, giving a general view of the atractare of the language; the exerciaea have been praned here and .tbere, ebie8y to remove forma which aeemecl too anuaaal or doubtful to have a just claim on the besiDner'a memory; and the number of lel80na bas been redaced from forty-eigbl to forty-five, by condenaing tbe description, needlesaly fall for beginners, of the aorist, precative, and secondary conjugations. I have endeavored to retain nothing but wbat would supply the real wanta of tbose for wbom the book is de-

v

aigned; yet here and there, having in mind those who may take up this study without a teacher, I have added ezplanations which I should otherwise have left for oral communication by tbe instructor.

A detailed explanation of tbe changes in the grammatical part of the book would require too much space to be given here. They may be summarized in the statement that I have striven to remove all forms at present "non - quotable". In the explication of th" rules I bave sought to be brief, but never to the sacrifice of clearness. In very many cases not only the substance but also tbe .... ords of Prof. WHITNEY'S rules have been incorporated into those of the Primer, wbich was done witb his sanction. It seemed quite needless to designate an such borrowings by quotation-marks.

Many acknowledgments are due to those whose aid has made pouible the appearance of the work. Prof. BUHLER'S ready generosity in consenting to the rendering of his book into a very different form from that which he gave it deserves most grateful mention. To Prof. WHITNEY lowe deep gratitude for many valuable suggestions; he was kind enough to look over the work in manuscript, and, later, to put at my disposal the advance sheets of his invaluable collection of verb-forms. To Prof. LANMAN I am equally indebted; as well for many useful hints as for the arduous task of looking over proof-sheets, which he imposed on himself with characteristic readiness. My pupil, Mr. A. V. W. JACK.SON, assisted me not a little in the compilation of the Glossaries. My acknowledgments are also due to the printers, GEBR. UNGER (TH. GRII'II) of Berlin, for the careful manner in which their pal't of the work has been done.

From V. S. APTE'S "Guide to Sanskrit Composition" I have derived occasional examples.

The appeanuce of the book has been delayed coDSiderably beyoud the date origiDally planned for it. The printiug was began in NcmDDber laat, bat was interrupted by my illness, uul a nsulting stay of COD8iderable leDgt;h in the West Indie&.

I shall esteem. it a faYOr if aDy who may u.se thia book will DOIiify me of misprints or iDMeaneies of aDy sort which tbey may remark.

E. D. P.

Baar.u, AlJIIII&, 1886.

NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

In tibia edition errors haTe been corrected in the plates wherewer pouible, otherwiae DOted in a list of eomdiooa uul additiou at the end of the book. My thanks are due to Prof. L.&lnu.Jr uul Prof. H. 1'. BmrroB' of BocheAer for eomdiooa fumishecL

E. D. P.

lI_ YOaK, 8ept.ember, 1888.

NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

The reTiaion of the book for the new impression I owe to Dr. Louu H. Ga.&.Y, to whom I am glad to express my hean,. thanks for his kindnesa in undertaking aDd performing this irbome tuk.

E. D. P.

)lunCH, July, 11101.

Table of Contents,

in systematic grammatical ammgement.

Jatronetorr ngeatioaa, p. si.

r. AlpUbet u4 So_A

Characters, 1-20. - Classification of Soonda, and PrononclatioD, 21-47. - Light and Heavy Syllables, 48. - Accent, 51.

n Chaps of So .. 4.. Gu.,a ... VrtdllL

48-54.

m ... lea of Eupltoale e..blotlo ••

Roles of Vowel Combination, 105, lOa, 158-111, 114. - General Laws concerning Finals, 239-242. - Deupiration, 242. - Transferral of Aspiration, 244, 248, 428. - Surd and Sonant Assimilation, 147, 148, 288, 287. - Combinations of Pinal • and r, 95, 117-123, 129. - Conversion of. to f, p.27 (note"), III, 192, 342, 352. - Conversion of ft to tI, p. 82 (note .. ), 188. - Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals, 149, 150, p. 99 (note), 342. - Combinations of ft, p. 29 (note), 138-140, 184. - Cbange of ch to cch, p. 27 (note*), 185. - Combinations of tn, p.29 (note). - Final n [and tI] 184. - Final k, t, p, 288. - Final t, 148-151.

IV. Dee1eD8l0D.

Gender, Number, Case, 83-89. - Case-endings, 90, 91. - Pada-endings, 91, 241.

V. Substaattves ud AdJecthes.

V ow-el-stems:

Stems in a, m. n., lOS, III. - Stems in i, m., 113, 115; n., 114, 115.

viii

- Stems in u., m., 128; n., 136. 137. - Stems in i and u, f., 185-187. - Stems in 4, i, G: (a) Root-words. In ti, 212, 213; in i, 189, 212, 214; in 1i, 197, 212, 214. (b) Derivative Stems, f. 10 4, 162; in i, 183; in a. 198. - Stems in T, 201-205, 208. - Stems in Diphthongs: go, 209; ntJu., 211; rai, 277.

Consonant-stems:

General, 237-242. - (a) Root-atems, 243, 244, 246-250. - (b) Derivative Stems. In tU, i&, ..., 252-254. In _ (n, -n, t"tm), 265. - In in (m, -ira, ",,.), 251. - In CIftt (at, tII41It, "CIftt) 256-264. - Perfect Participles in ,,_, 268. - Comparativt's in yas, 255.

Irregular Nouns: 269-284. Comparison, 337-345.

Formation of Feminine-stems, 187, 251, 255, 262-264, 268.

TL NuaeraIa. 328-336.

m. ...... 0 ....

223-236, 285-288, 413.

TIlL CuJIIPiIOIL

Voice, Tense. Mode, Number, Person, 57-65. - Verhal Adjectives and Nouns, .-68. Secondary Conjugation, 69-70. - Mode and Tense-stems, 71.

IX. Preseat-SJBlea Conjugation Classes, 72-88..

First Conjugation.

GeDeraI,383-387.

L Root-clU8 (Hindu aecoDd or atl-clU8). 404-412. 414

-421.

II. Reduplicating Class (8. third or Au-clU8). 430-440. III. Nasal Class (H. seventh or nuJA.clU8), 441-446.

IV • .N. and ,,-CI&8888 (H. GAb and eighth, or 111 and t_elasses), 388-395.

V. Na-Clasa (8. ninth or lri-clU8), __ 413.

ix

Second, or a-Conjngation.

VI. a-Clsss CR. first or bhu-class), 92-94, 97-102, 134, 135, 152-'-154, 178-182, 188, 193-196, 199, 200, 206, 207, 210, 222, 260.

VII. Accented d-Class (Hindu sixth or tud-cla8s), 107-110, 152-154 etc. (as for a-<:Iass).

VIII. ya-Class (H. fourtb or div-class), 124-127, 131-134, 152-155 etc. (as for a-class).

IX. Accented yd-Class or Passive Conjngation, 168-176, 188, 199, 200, 210, 222.

[Causative and Denominative Conjugation (partly = H. tentb or cur-class), 141-146, 152-154 etc. (as for a-class); also 215-221.]

X. Perfect.Sfate .. 447-471,474.

Periphrastic Perfect, 472, 473.

XL Aorllt-Sfltem.

General, 486. - Simple Aorist: Root-aorist, 487; a-aorist, 488. - Reduplicated Aorist, 489, 490. - Sibilant Apris&: 8-aorist, 491; if-aorist, 492; &if-aorist, 493; &a-aorist, 494. - Aorist Passive, 495, 496.

XII. Fotue.S,.te ..

General, 475. - Simple Future, 478--481. - Conditional, 482. - Periphrastic Futare, 483-485.

xm. Verltal AdJeetlTea an. Substanthea: Partlel,les, IDftDltlYe,

QertUlf.

Passive Participle in ta or na, 289-301. - Past Active Participle in tavant or navant, 302, 303. - Gerunds: Absoluth'es, 304-313. - Infinitive, 314-322. - Future Passive Participles:

Gerundives, 323-327.

XIV. Derhatbe or SeeoDdarr CoDj1lgatlo •••

General, 497. - Passive, 498. - Causative, 507, 508. - Intensive, 499-502. - Desiderative, 503-516. - Denominative, 509, 510.

XV. Periphrastic CoDjugatlOL

Perfect, 472, 473. - Future, 483-485.

I.:

In TerItaI helix •• Abe ...... Pre ........ 81, 82, 187, 190. 385-397.

ITU. PenuU .. ., c.. ..... lite ...

Clusifica&ion, 348-353. - Copulative Compoands, 354-117. - Determinative Compounda, 358; Dependent, 358-381; Descriptive. 382-385. - Secondary Adjective Componnds, 368- 371; P088eII8ive, 371-377; with Govemed Final Member, 378. - Adjective Compounda as Nouna and Adverba, sao. 379-381. [DNtIdN-compoanda, p.1J6 (Dote); T~mpounda. p.l37 (note -); Kt.U'7lladAdrv6tHOmpoaDda, p.137 (DOte e); Dmp-eompounda, 380; .BaAwrIAi-compoancls, p. la (note); A"JdJI6Aa11acompound., 381.]

ITlIL 8)'1dae&1eal Jt1IleL

Poaition ofModifien, p. 85 (note). - Repetition of Word a, p. frl (note-). - Agreement of Adjectives. m. - Foree of Caaee, 1M, 112. - Preposition. with Cuea. 82, 130. - _ with Ia.tmmental (and Genitive), p. 89 (note). - Conatmction with Comparativea, 345. - Numerals" 333. - Pronoun., 225, 234 -238. - iti, p •• 7 (note). - Force of Tenaea: Present, II; Imperfect, 182; Perfect, 474; Aorist, 488. - Foree of Modes:

ImperatiYe. 194-1li; Optative, 207. - Call1&tive, 221. - Pusive, m. - Pu' Pusive Participle, 290. - Put Active Participle, 303. - Gemnd. 311-313. - loioitive, 320-322. - hare Puaive Pardeiple, 327.

ineMIs-

Bindu Nam. of Letters. - Modem BincJu AceeDtaation of 8aastrit.

L L

Suggestions for using the Primer.

The Primer caD be finished by earnest 8tudents in sixteen or seventeen weeks, reckoning three le8llOn8 per week, witb bere and there an hour for review. After tbat LANMAN'8 San8krit Reader. an introduction to which thi8 work is partly intended to be. 8bould be takeD up. Students are 8trongly recommended to provide themselyes with WHITNEY'8 San8krit Grammar at the outset.

It eeemed advisable to leave the Introduction undivided into leuon8, u ditferent tt-acbers may prefer to impart tbe alphabet, etc., to tbeir scbolars at ditferent rates of speed, Some of the exercise8 for tran81ation may be found ratber too long to be coqapleted in one le88on. In 8uch cases it will probably be better, after requiring tbe traD8lation of only 80 many sentences u the pupil may reasonably be expected to muter in the preparation of one da,'8 leason, to proceed directly to the next lesIOn in the following hour, leaving the ontran.lated 8entences for a review.

The vocabularie8 prefixed to each exerci8e are not exhau8tive, slnce words wbich have been treated of immediately before are sometime8 omitted from tbem. The glo88aries at the end of the book will, it is boped, be found complete for the exerci8es; bot tbe meaning of compound word8 mOlt in mo.t cases be learned from their elements; and proper name8 have often been omitted, their Sanskrit form8 being discernible from the tran8literation.

The table of contents in 8Y8tematic grammatical arrangement is designed to facilitate the finding of any desired article; it may also be found useful as an outline for a rapid grammatieal review • .lrru.pmat ., Veealnalarles. The vocabaIaries are arranged

xii

in strict alphabetic order (see below). All nouns, whether substantives or adjectIves, are given in the stem-form. All verb-forms are placed under the root; prepositional compounds of verbs likewise, and not in the alphabetic place of the preposition. Of verbal adjectives and nouns, some important ones have been given in their alphabetic places, but the meaning of most of them must be learned from their respective roots. Pronouns are given generally in the form of the nominative.

Alphabetic Order. The alphabetic order is that given in § I, but the following points are to be noticed here:

The vi8arga stands next after the vowels; but a tJi8arga regarded as equivalent to a sibilant and exchangeable with it has the alphabetic place of that sibilant.

The sign ri, representing "the anusviira of more independent origin", has its place before all the mutes etc.; thus darif and dan,1r4 stand before dakfa.

The sign m, representing an assimilated m, is placed according to its phonetic value. 1. If m, resulting from the assimilation of m to a semivowel, sibilant, or h, represent a nasal semivowel or antUviira, then its place is like that of rio Thus pums comes before p"'J.ya and 8afh9aya before 8f1krt. 2. But if m be the product of m assimilated to a mute, representing ft, n, 'J., fI, or m, then its place is that of the nasal so represented.

Introduction.

Alphabel

L S&D8bit is commonly written in what is called the DlJf1tJftagari alphabet. The characters of this, and the European characters which will be used in traoslitt'rating them, are as follows: .

VowelL
short long
.. a .... 4
palatal ~i ti
simple labial ,.v ••
lingual .r .. "
dental .,
diphtbongs { palatal "e ilJi
labial ~o .=tdu
Visarga : ~.
Ano8vira .:.. ti or m.
Conaonantl.
surd 8urd asp. sonant 80nant a8p. nasal
guttural 11k .kll 1fg • gil Wn
palatal 1fc 1( cA .. i ViA ~ft
Mutes lingual 'ZI 4t1A .4 .tIA ~tt
dental lit 11 tA ~d 'fdA lfft
labial 1(p 11 pA 1fb 11M 11111
PelT)', 8 ... ltrit Primer. 1 Introduction.

8emiyoweJa { palatal ~ ,

dental .' 8ibilaota: palatal 1( 9; liogDal .. f;

Alpiration , A.

2. The aboye order il that in wbich tbe. soundl are catalogaed 1»7 DatiYe srammariaoa; aocl European eeholars have adopted it AI the alphabetic order, for dictiooariee, etc. The writing ruDl from left to right.

liogaal ~ ..

labial .. ".

dental ...

s. The theory of the _GII4Jgarf mode of writing is syllabic and consonantal. That is, it reprdl as the written unit, Dot the simple sound, but the Iyllable; and further, it regards as the subltantial part of the Iyllable the consonant (or the consonanta) preceding the yowel - this latter being merely implied, as is the cue with sbort • G, except when initial, or, if written, being written by a lubordinate sign attached to the coneonant.

4. Hence fonow &heee two principles:

A. The forms of &he vowel-characters given above are used only when the vowel forml a synable by itself, or il not combined with a preceding consonant: that is, when it is initial, or preceded by another vowel. In combination witb a consonant, other modes of represent'\tion are ued.

B. If more than one consonant precede a vowel, forming with it a single syllable, thflir characters must be combined into a single character.

5. According to &he Hindu mode of dividing syllables, each syllable must end in a vowel, or ,,"MgG, or an"""4rG, except at the end of the word; and as ordinary Bindll lllage doel not divide the words of a sentence in writing, a final consonant is combined into one syllable with the initial vowel or consonant of the following word, so tbat a syllable ends in a consonant only at the end of the lentence.

Inb'Oduetion.

8

Tbu the llentenC8 .,.. .. ai.tt4blir ."uu. adbAir 6Jng_ ".,.,... - 'by the water which drops fro. &he douds upon the 6elda the crain pws tall' - would be coasidered as conaia&iDg of the syUables lq. ere fV Ii kt4 Hi ,..., gA4 fI4 fAG dblti .. cUa.1 .,.. FG rG tktIfA. Each of tIaeae syllable. would be indica&ecl by a aiDgle group of sigDa, without any referenee .. U&eYer to die eliYision of the word. composing the 1eJI&eD4le; uul the .,.Uablee are always written. iDClepeodeotJy, with lPOre or leu dOllelle8l of approach; either like this:

_ ~ 1 '" 1IT 11t if lit 11'1 1f flr '" iii 11 •• It - or tbu: "'"' r •• ,f"iN'if' .. ,.4, .. II ......

•. In Sanskrit works prioted in Europe, the COIPIPOD practice

il to separate tbe word. so far as. this C&D be done without .y alteration of the writteD form~ Thus, 1:'I(l1I 1Rt iftdrtlyO .. ",CIl,a; bat dMf'laf(.1t tilt st.nlitvr 'baret'YGIIJ, because the anal It ~ and l r are not written with their fall forms. But some few works have been printed, in which, by a free use of a SigD called fJir4mG (see below, § 8), the individual words are "parated. In tran.literated texts there is DO good reason for printing otherwise tbaD with all the words separated.

7. UDder.l. Vowels combined with preceding consonants are written aa follows:

1. a: Short IJ baa no written sign at all; the consonant-sign itself implies a following a, unless some· other vowel-sign is attached to it (or else the tJir4flla - see below, § 8). Thus the consonant-signs given above are really the ligns for ka, 1cIatl, CB, oAtI, etc . (as far as , 1(1).

i. 4: 111' ka. ttn c4. '1T dM. etc.

a. i and i: til ki. ~ pi. 1'1 dlIi. - .. ii. 1ft pi. ,ft did.

The hook above, turning to the left or to the right, is historically the essential part of the character, having been originally 1·

Introduction.

the' whole of' it; the hooks were only later prolonged, so as to reach all the way down beside the consonant. Observe that the i-hooks and the u-hooks, respectively above and below the line, are analogous in turning to the left for the short vowel and to the" right for the long.

4. u and u: • h ... cu. 11 bu. -11 ta ... eG. 11 bh1l. Owing

~ ~ .._, ~ ...

to the- nece8sitiesof combination, con80nant and vowel-sign

are 80metimes disguised; thus, 1 dII, 1: dfl; ~ ru, ~ nl; , or • Au, .. IIi.

5. rand f': ,kr. ~ pr. - 'I kf· 1 tf'. With the h-8ign, the vowel - hook is u8ually attached to the middle; thus,

,hr. 6. I: "kJ.

7. Diphthongs. e : it ke. "pe. it 11~. tJi:' k4i. 'dh4i. 0: • h. 'aft Mo. au: ~ k4u. "rau.

In some printed texts tho signs fpr 0 and 4u are separated, the .:::.. or .a. being placed over the consonant-sign, and not over the perpendicular stroke; thus, '" h. " k4u.

8. A cousonaot-aign may be made to signify the soand of that consonaot alone, without an added vowel, by writing beneath it a stroke called the f1ir4ma (' rest', 'stop '); thus, ~ k, 1 h, ~ d. Strictly, the 1lir4ma should be used only at the end of a sentence; but it is often ued by scribes, or in print, in the middle of a word or sentence, to avoid awkward or difficult combinations; thus,

",,,fIl. lUJblliJ, flrQ Ii"".

I. UDder B. The combinations of consonants are in general not difficult. The perpendicular and horizontal Iine8 are common to almost all; and if two or more are to be combined, the following method is purslled. The characteristic part of a consonant-sign that is to be added to another is taken (to the exclusion of tbe perpendicular or of the horizontal framing -Iiae, or of both). and they are put together according to convenience, either side by side,

w.. .. -.

Introduction.

or one above the other: in some combinations either arrangement is allowed. The consonant to be pronounced first is set first in the one arrangement, and above in the other arrangement. Only the consonant at the right of a horizontal group, and that at the top of a perpendicular gronp, are written in full.

Examples of the horizontal arrangement are:

nr gga, ~ jia, 111 'Pya, .. nma, (1f ttAa, ~ bhya, ... aka, ,. ftUJ·

Examples of the perpendicular arrangement are: • kka, 1( cca, • kva, .. Rja, 11' pta, • tna.

10. In some combinations there is more or less abbreviation or disguise of the independent form of a consonant-sign.

Thas, of ~ k in 11 kla; and in ~ ktia, 1IiJ kya etc.; of·~ t in ~ tta;

of t d in ... dga, ~ dda, .. dd/aa, 1r dbha etc.;

of Jt m and 't 1/, when following other consonants thus, 1IiJ kya, ... kma, 'tl nma, 11' dma, • dya, ... hma, • hya, CII rhya, a 4hya;

of ~ ~, which generally becomes ~ when followed by a consonant; thus, .. {:ca, 11' pia, .. {lla, ~ Wa. The same change is usual when a vowel- sign is added below; thus, ., 9", ., {11'.

II. Other combinations, of not quite obvious value, are ~ tt!,a, • ffa, lJ ftha; and the compounds of l h, as .. htaD, lr hna.

12. In a case or two, no trace of the constituent letters is recognizable; thus, ~ kID, '" jiia.

13. The semivowel ~ r, in making combinations with other consonants, is treated in a wholly peculiar manner, analogous with that of the vowels .. 1. As the first of a group of consonants it is written with a hook above, opening to the right (like the subjoined sign of r); thuI, ... rk., li rpta. Wheu a compound consonant

6

Introduction.

&hal containing r as its fil'8t member is followed by one of the yowels i, I, e, 0, ai, au, with or without a nasal symbol, the reign malt stand at the extreme right; thos, iI rb, "rico, ~ rlcau, fii rlti, 1if r1cJ, 1i r1cam, 1ifflr r1caiali, 1ft rbhfm.

2. If pronounced after another CODsonant or consonants, r is indicated by a slanting stroke below, to the left; thus, • gra, 11 pra, .. wa, j{ Ma. And, with modifications of the preCt'ding consonantsign like those noted above, "If tra, ... f"a. In the middle of a group, r has the same sign as at the end; thus, Uf grya, ,. ,",IJ.

S. When ~ r is to be combined with a following • r, it is the vowel which is written in fall, with its initial character, and the consonant in subordination to it; thus, .. rr, ", .. ,If .. nir,ti.

14. Combinations of three, four, or even five consonants (this latter excessively rare) are made according to the same roles; thus, ',... twa, .. ddhya, 11 dvya, .. drya, ~ pBtJa, ~ tBya, ... f)cga, .. ,thya; ~ Mft'a, tJJ ,trga, ~ tsmya; ~ rttmya.

15. Both MSS. and type-fonts differ considerably in their management of consonant-combinations, but a little practice will enable one who is thoroughly familiar with the simple signs and witb tbe principles of combination to decipher, as well as to make for himself, all such groups.,

16. A sign (,) called the avagraha, or 'separator', is used in printed texts to mart the elision of initial a after final e or ° (see below, § 119, 158): thus 1l ~ te 'bruvan. But some texts, especially those printed in India, dispense with this sign.

In our transliteration this sign will be represented by the inverted comma, as in the example just given. In the MSS. the, is also used as a hypben, and sometimes as a mark of biatus.

17. The sign 0 is used to mart an omission of something easily understood (whether from the context, or from previoQ8 knowledge),

IDtroduction.

7

and thul becomes a mark of abbreviation; thUl, 1I1Rl ~ elttr gtIItII -tam -tlmD, i, e. fJGlMII !J4tlJftQ etc.

18. The only ligns of punctuation are I and lII. The numeral figures are

~~,~~,~~q~~~~~~,~~O~ In combination, to expre88 larger numbers, they are Uled precltely .. are European digita; tbUl, ,~ H, ~ (85, ~~'O 7m. This system 01 notation originated in India, aDd 11''' brought to Europe by the Arabi, who call it the Indian Iystem, .. we style it the Arabie.

20. In writing Sanskrit the Hindu generally begin at the left of the letter, and make the hOn.oDtal top-etroke lut; thUl, 1', .. , 1f; " 'I, 1(; I, ..... But often the horizontal Itroke il made fint, and the perpendienlar stroke added without railing the pen

,j .
. ,
t'
-- H.
gq "k
... from the paper; thUl, " -.; " _.

System of Sounds: Pronunciation.

21. The Sanskrit is used in India to this day very much ..

Latin was used in Europe in the previous century: it ill a 'common medium of communication between the learned, be their native tongues wbat they may, and it is not the vernacular of any district whatever. Hence it is not strange that the pronunciation of SanIkrit words varies greatly among scholars from different parta of India; and probably no one system represents the trne ancient mode of utterance with much exactness.

I. Vowell.

22. A. The a, i, and. u-Towels. These three occur both short and long, and are to be pronounced in the' Italian' manner - as in (fYI'-)gan and jGlMr, pin and pique, puU and nde,respectively. The

8

IotroductioD.

II- vowel stands in no relation of kindred with any of the claeeea of consonantal BOoods. But the i- vowel is distinctly palatal, and the u-vowel as distinctly labial.

23. B. TIle r ... 1- Tewe1l. Both of these are plainly the result of abbreviating syllables containing a l r or 1t I along with another vowel: r is to be sounded like the re in the English fibre, I like u in able.

24. C. The cllph1hq8. 1. The e and 0, which are always long, should receive the long e. and o-sounds of the English tlq and bone, without true diphthongal character. In their origin, both were doubtless in the main pure diphthongs (e = a + i, 0 = a + u); but they lost this character at a very early period.

2. The ai and au are spoken like the ai in English aule and au in German Baum (ou in English hou&e); that is, as pure diphthongs with long prior element. They were originally, doubde88, distinguished from , and 0 only by the length of the first element.

II. Consonants.

25. A..ate.. In each series of mutes tbere are two surd members, two sonants, and one nasal (also sonant); e. g., in the labial series, the surds p and ph, the 80nants band bh, and tbe sonant m.

26. The first and third members of each series are the ordinary corresponding surd and sonant mutes of European languages; thus, k and g, t and d, p and b.

27. Nor is the character of the nasal any more doubtful.

What m is to p and b, or ft is to t and d, that is also each other Dasal to its own series of mutes: a sonant expulsion of breath into and through the nose, while the mouth- organs are in the mutecontact.

28. The second and fourth of each series are aspirates; thuB,

Introduction.

9

belide the surd mute k we have the corresponding surd aspirate~.rJ..., ill, and beside the sonant g, the corresponding aspirate gA. It is

usual among European scholars to pronounce both classes of aspi-

rates as tbe corresponding non- aspirates with a very closely fol-

lowing A; e. g., tA nearly as in boathouse, ph as in haphazard, dh

as in madhoWle. This is inaccurate; but the question of the original pronunciation of this entire group of sounds is one of great di1Iiculty,

and still unsettled.

29. The aspirates are not double letters.

The several mute-series will now be taken up in detail.

30. 1. Gutturals: k, kA, g, gh, n. These are the ordinary English k and g (" hard ")-sounds, with their corresponding aspirates and nasal; the last, like fig in Biftging.

31. 2. Palatals: c, ch, ;. jA, n. This whole series is derivative, being generated by the corruption of original gutturals. (The palatal mute c and the sibilant 9 often represent two successive stages of corruption of k j the corresponding degrees of corruption of g are both represented by j.) For this reason the euphonic treatment of the palatals is in many respects peculiar. The palatal motes c and j are pronounced with the compound sounds of English cia and j, as in church and judge. See also § 28.

32. 3. LIDgaals: " tA. 4, tf/t, tJ. The lingual mutes are said

to be uttered with the tip of the tongue turned up and drawn back into the dome of the palate, somewhat as the English (or rather American) smooth r, e. g. in very is pronounced. In practice Europf'.an Sanskritists make no attempt to distinguish them from

the dentals : t is pronounced like t, 4 like d, and so on.

33. 4. Dentalsl t, tA, d, dh, n. These are practically the ,.11: '!!!:

equivalents of our so-called dentals t, d, n.. .2v .... ( .. e.~ ... t..s •• r .. c..~

• But the Hindus generally use linguals to represent the Euglish~ ... dentals; thus, .-.1f laflrJana = 'London.'

10

IBtroduction.

34. 5. Lalt .... : p, pA, b, bh, m. These are exactly the equivalenta of the English p, b, m.

35. B. 8udnwe1a: y, r, I, e. 1. The palatal semivowel 11 stands in tbe closest relationship with the vowel i (short or long): the two exchange with one another in cases innumerable. Very probably the Sanskrit 1/ had everywhere more of an i-eharacter thu our 1/.

38. 2. The r is clearly a lingual sound. It thus resembles the English smooth r, and like tbis seems to have been untriUed.

37. 3. The I is a sound of dental position, quite as in English.

38. 4. The labial v is pronounced as English or French v by

~,,: the modern Hindus - except when preceded by a consonant (except r) in the same syllable, when it souuds like English W; and European scholars follow the same practice (with or without the same exception). But strictly the v stands related to an IIvowel precisely as 1/ to an i-vowel: that is, it is a w-sound in the English sense, or perhaps more like the ou in French oui. The rules of Sanskrit euphony affecting this sound, and the name "semivowel", have no application except to such a w-sound: a v-sound (German w) is no semivowel, but a spirant, like the English tbsounds and /. (C:ctA.~)

39. C. 81ltflantsl f, " 8. 1. The 8 is of plain character: a dental, and exactly like tbe English 8 (as in leuon - never as in ease).

40. 2. The , is the sibilant pronoonced in the lingual position.

It is, therefore, a kind of 8h·souud, and by Europeaos is pronounced as ordinary English 8h, no attempt being made to give it ita proper lingual quality.

41. 3. The f is by all native authorities described as palatal.

It is the usual 8A- sound of English, tbough the Hindus are said

Introduction. 11

to speak it somewhat differently nowadays. By Europeans it is nriously pronounced - perhaps oftener as , tban as ,A.

42. All three sibilants are always surd.

43. D. ABplratlOD: A. This is usually pronounced like the

ordinary European IItWd aspiration h. But its true value in tbe :. it ... , ••. ~I euphony of the language is that of a sonant. It is not an original' ..... If .. j .. sound of the language, bnt comes in most cases from an older gh,S.'. j:.. ... , •. if

,<_e ... .-

in some few cases from dh or bla. It appears to include in itself .c....-..ut.

two stages of corruption of gA: one corresponding with that of k

to c, the other with that of k to f.

44. E. VIsarga: (t. The (t appears to be merely a surd breathing. a final A- sound (in the Europeau sense of h). uttered in the articulating position of the preceding vowel. The viBarga is not original, but always a mere substitute for final, or r,

45. F. AnllB.,arL The QnWJVilra, ti or in, is a nasal sound 1' •• ':") ... _ ... """' lacking that closure of the organs which is required to make a""' • ...,i..., AI

""",.,." nasal mute] in its utterance there is nasal resonance along with y.

some degree of openness of the mouth. European scholars give

the a11U1vilra the value of the nasal in the French -an, -011, -en, -in,

ete., which is a mere nasal coloring of the preceding vowel.

48. Two different signs, .!. and ~, are used in 'he MSS. to indicate the anUJJvtJra. Most commonly .:. is· employed; ~ will not often be met with in printed texts, except to mark the change of a nasal mute to anUIVilra before a following semivowel, particularly l; thus, WT( ~ til'lfl labdhtm. cr. § 139.

47. It is convenient in transliteration to distinguish the assimilated m (in all cases) by a special sign m, from the aflUlVilra of more independent origin, represented by ri.

12

l4Id" Healy Sfldll.1

41. For JDetriea1 pmp0ee5 syllables (DOt rowels) are en.tiapiebed as ''''''Y' aDd <Iipt'. A. syllable is 1aea"'Y if its ro .... el is ~ or abort aDd foIIo .... ed by .ore ..... ODe COII8ODaDt ("J~ by poaiboa j. V'_" aDd _ ...... we here a.abld as full ClOD-

IIOIIaDfL TIle upirated m.ta, of CIIMII'IIf'.. do DOt muat as cIoDle IeUen.

al,2 .. s-a YrML

41. The c:haages 10 .hidI bodl the ~o els aacl dae ."".."." ...

of s-.kri& we 8Dbjec:t are wry DIUIIeI'ODS. ~ dae roweldnanpe, the IIIOIIt regular aDd £requeut are the ao-c:aIIecl ,.., aacl .".-1dIti, wbieh are of mqaeot 0CICmTeIICle ia deri..aioa aacl iDIectioa.

... TIle foUo .... iDB table exhibits dteee c:haaces:
SUapIe "o ... els ... .. : 1: i ti I •• •• .,.
G.., ..... ~ "'~ '_'o ~fIr
I ...
F.:rddii 1JIl. t~ ..,. .. -.tT #r
... 51. TheoreIicalIy the ~ of f woald coiDc:ide willa dtoee of T. aDd the "f'dtIlti of I would ~ M; bat adaal eues of tbeee we q.ite unbowu. The ~ of Ii.,., (iast as tbat of,. is fir), .. it occ:an oaly iu ODe root, lIP- As will be &eeIl ia the aeqaeJ, the ~ eoiuc:ides with the resalt of the combiaa&iou of aD .. a with the simple "owd eon-espoudi.1o tbat .... ; thus, •• eombirws with a followi. ~ i or t i mao ,,~ .hich is also the ,... of 1: i aDd t i. The rrdd/ti, m like manDel', is ideatical with the resalt of eombiniag aD .. • with tbe c:orrespondiDK ,...; th.... .. a eombines with a foIIo.iag " • into l ..., the fI(tltIIti of ~ i aacl1: i. For the preseot the table is to be kamed

GBriPL

12. ha aD pnMin& pnCZlnl •• .._u. .......... - 01'.

Introduction.

13

as it is sometimes expressed, ,. (J is its own fJU1)a; .., a remains unchanged for both fJU'J.(J and ",dilhi.

53. The fJU'J.a-inerement does not, except in exceedingly rare instances, take place in a heavy syllable (see § 48) ending in a consonant: e. g., ~ cit may become ~ cet, and 1iT nf may become ~ ne; but ~ cint or ~ nind or ~ fit) may not

, , ,

become ~ cent or ~ nend or ill{. jev.

54. Other ehangea of vowels and eonsouante occur very frequently, in tbe making-up of single words from roots, by mean8 of suffixes and endings, and in the formation of compound words by the union of two or more stems - a precess of the very greatest frequency in Sanskrit. Furthermore, in the form in which the language is banded down to us by the literature, the words composing a sentence or paragraph are adapted to and combined with each other by nearly the same rulee as those which govern the making of compound8, so that it is impossible to take apart and undel'8tand the simplest sentence in Sanskrit without unde1'8tanding those rules. The m08t important of the rules for such combination will be given piecemeal in the lessons,

Roots and Stems.

55. A knowledge on the student's part of the meaning and application of the terms root, litem, personal ending, ete., is presupposed, The formative procesees by which both inflectional form8 and derivative stems are made, by the addition of endings to base8 and roots, are more regular and tran8parent in Sanskrit than in any other Indo-European language,"

In the present work, wbich aims preeminently to give tbe student considerable practical acquaintance with tbe language within a brief compass of lessons, not every given form will be explained by analysis. But wherever any explanation of forms is given, it will of course be according to this method.

14

Introduction.

Accent.

56. The phenomena of accent are, by the B"mdu grammarians of all ages alike, described and treated as depending on a variation of tone or pitch; of any difference of stress involved, they make no account. These accents are marked only in certain Vedic texts, and employed only in their recitation, whereas the accents used nowadays by Hindus in the pronunciation of Sanskrit (and left undenoted in writing) are mainly ictul-accents, i. e. variations of stre88. The principles of the latter system will be given in an appendix. The older system of accents bas great etymological importance; the latter none whatever; and only the older system will be referred to in the following. Here it will be enough to state that the primary tones or accent-pitches of the older system are two: a bigher, or acute; and a lower, or grave. A third, called ltJarita, is always of secondary origin, being ordinarily the resalt of actual combination of an acute vowel and a grave vowel into one syllable. It is uniformly defined as compound in pitch, a union of higher and lower tone witbin the limits of a single syllable. It is thus identical in physical cbaracter with the Greek and Latin circumflex, and fully entitled to be called by the same name. Whenever, in the sequel, accent is mentioned, without further definition, the acute accent is to be understood; and it will be designated by the ordinary acute sign.

Conjugation of Verbs.

57. The Sanskrit verb exhibits tbe closest analogy with that of Greek, being developed in tense-systems, as outgrowths of certain tense-stems. In the older stage of the language, i. e. in the socalled Vedic period, the modal ramifications of each tense - stem are as numerous as in Greek; but in the later stage, tbe Sanl!krit proper (also called the classical langnage), these outgrowths han

Introduction.

15

been lopped off to so very great an extent, that with· one insignificant exception, the preeative or aorist optative, only the presentsystem still retains any modal variety whatever.

58. There is a simple or ordinary conjugation of verbal roots, which we call primary; and there are certain more or less fully developed seeonclary or darbaUTe conjugations (§ 69).

59. Voices. There are two voices, active and middle, which extend throughout the whole system of conjugation. For the presentsystem alone there is a special passive inflection; the middle forms outside that system, and sometimes even within it, are liable to be used likewise in a passive sense. Au active form is called by the Hindu grammarians partJBmlJi padam 'word for another'; a middle form, 4tmane padam 'word for one's self.' Some verbs are conjugated in both voices, others in one only; sometimes some of the tenses are in8ected only in one voice, others only in the other voice, or in both; of a verb usually inflected in one voice sporadic forms of the other occur; and sometimes the voice differs as the verb is compounded with certain prepositions.

80. Panona and Numbers. There are three persons: first, second, and third; and, as with substantives, adjectives, and pronouns, three numbers: singular, dual, and plural. All these persons and numbers are made from every tense and mode-except that the first persons of the imperative are really subjunctive forms.

61. The native grammarians denote as the first person what we call the tbird; and a8 we are wont to speak of the verb ).i.yw, the verb lpx.opott.&, the verb amo, etc., so the Hindus use for instance l11ffiI bhd"ati (3rd sing. pres. indie. of 1/ Mil) to signify the whole syetem of verbal forms from that root, since ~ heads the list of forms in the native grammar, as iJ.yw, or ~P'X.o~rt." or amo, does in Greek or Latin. The Hindus even make substantives out of

16

IatroclacQoa.

aaeh catchword foJ'lD8, and ioftec, them according to the needs of expresaion.

62. In the following, the conjogation-cl888 of verbs will be indicated by the 3rd sing. pres. ind., placed in parenthesis after the root; thas, 11 bhii (~ bluifJata) •

..

63. Teues .... 04-. The scheme of ~ses and modes put

forth by the Hindus bolds good only for the later language, and even there utterly confounds the ideas of mode and tense.

64. The only logical arrangement of the modes and tenses in Sanskrit is sbown in the following table (which includes only the classical speech):

I. Preleat.S,..: .. Indicative. IJ. Imperfect. eo Imperative. de Optative. eo Participle.

II. Perfeet-S,.te.. .. Indicative. IJ. Participle.

III. A.orlst SJ"'" (of triple formation). .. Indicative ... 0ptative (sometimes = "Precative'').

IV. Fabre SJate.1I.

A. Sibilant Future ... Indicative. IJ. Preterit ( = "Conditional"). eo Participle.

B. Peripbrastic Future. .. Indlesdve,

65. Tbe teD8e8 bere distinguished as imperfect, perfect, and aorist receive those names from tbeir correspondence in mode of formation with tenses so called in other languages of tbe family, eapecially in Greek, and not at all from any differences of time designated by them. In no period of the Sanskrit language is there any expression of imperfect or plnperfect time - nor of perfect time, except in the older langnage, wbere tbe "aorist" has this value; in the later speech, imperfect, perfect, and aorist (of rare use) are so many undiscriminated past tensea or preterits.

Introduction.

17

Verbal Adjectives and Substantiv ...

66. Participles. The participles belonging to the tense-8ystems have been already indicated in the table at § 64. There i8, besides, a participle formed directly from the root of the verb, which is prevailingly of past and passin (sometimes neuter) meaning. Moreover, future passin participles, or gerandiTeIl, of several different formations , are made, but without connection with the future-stems.

67. IDftnitlTe. The clas8ical Sanskrit has a single infinitive.

It i8 really an accusative case of a verbal noun, having nothing whatever to do with the ten8e-8Y8tem8.

68. Garand. A so-called gernod, or abeoludve, i8 especially frequent, and i8, like the infinitive, a stereotyped case - form (in- 8trumental) of a derivative verbal noun. Its value is that of an indeclinable active participle, with indeterminate, but oftene8t paet, temporal force.

Secondary Conjugations.

69. The secondary conjugations are as fcllows : 1. PuslTeJ 2. IDtenshe; 3. Deslderathe. 4. Call8athe. In these, not the simple root, but a conjugation-stem, underlies the whole sY8tem of inflection8. Yet in them all is plainly visible the character of a pre8ent-8ystem, expanded into a more or less complete conjugation; the p888ive i8 palpably a present-system. Compare § 58-59.

70. Under the same general head belong: 5. DeDominatin conjugation, which resnlts from the conversion of noun-stems, both sub8tantive and adjective, into conjugation-stems j 6. Compound conjugation, resulting from the prefixion of prepositions to roots, or from the addition of auxiliary verbs to noun-stema ; and 7. Periphrastle conjugation, from the 1008er combination of auxiliaries with verbal nOUD8 and adjectives.

PIfty. IaUkru Primer.

2

18

Introduction.

71. The cluneteriatic of a proper (i. e. finite or personal) Yerb.form is ita perIOnal ending. By this alone is determiDed ita cbarader aa ..... penon and number, and in part also aa regards .ode and teD8e. Bat the diatinctioDS of mode and tenae are JDaioly made by the formation of mode and ten8e-8tema, to whidJ, iDatead of to the bare root, the pel'8Onal endiDgB are appended.

C8njuplien. CI.I.

72. Of the whole conjugation, the present. system is the im· portant and prominent part. Ita forms are very much more frequent than thoee of all tbe other systems together. As there i. also great yariety in the manner in which different roota form tbeir present-stems, this, aa being their most COD8picuo08 difference, is made the baais of their principal clauification; and a verb is said to be of tbis or that conjugation, or clase, according to the way in which its present-stem is made.

73. Of these conjugation.claases there are nine, including the pa88ive, which is really a present-system only. The first five exhibit coincidences enough to justify their inclusion into one conjugation, and the remaining four will compose likewise a second conjugation. The chief distinctions between the two groups are aa follows:

74. In the tlrst, ttie cla88es bave in common, &8 their funda· mental characteristic, a shift of accent: the tone is now upon the personal ending, now upon the root or the cl&88-8ign. Along with this goes a 'variation in the stem itllelf, which has a stronger, or fuller, form when the accent rests upon it, and a weaker, or briefer, form when the accent is on the ending. We distinguish these forms aa the strong and the weak stem-forms respectively.

75. In the secoDd COu,JugatlOD, on the contrary, the accent baa a fixed place, remaining always upon the same syllable of the

IntroductiOD.

19

Item, aDd Deyer being ehifted to the endings; and the dietinction of strong aDd weak forms is unknown. Moreover, the present-etem of every verb in the four claeees of this conjugation ends in .. cz. There are also other points of diiJerence.

76. Tbe claasification current among the Bindu, and hitherto among the European, grammarians comprises ten conjugationcluses, arranged according to no intelligible principle whatever. The native "tenth class" is really no preseut-clasa at all, but a causative, i. e. a derivative conjugation, which extends beyond the limits of the present-system. Probably the fact that by no meaDS all conjugation-stems formed by the causative eign had really a caaBative value induced the natives to adopt such a present- cl&88. The Hindu scheme also quite omits the paseive,

77. The Hindu firet, sixth, fourth, and tenth classes form the socalled firet conjugation of tbeir scbeme, which corresponds, except as regards the tenth class, with oar second conjugation. The remainder of the claMes form the natives' second conjugation, which agrees in the main with our first.

78. The claseee are then &8 followe:

Firat Conjugation.

I. Tbe root-clus (second or ad-class, of the Hindus); its present-stem is coincident witb the root itself; thus, "4IJ ad, 'eat'; 1: i, 'go'; ~ dv4, 'hate'.

II. The redupUeatlDg clus (tbird or '11~-class); the root is reduplicated to form tbe present-stem; thus, ~! juku from YJ hu, 'sacrifice'; W dada from Vila, 'give'.

III. The nasal 01&88 (seventh 01 rodh-class)j a nasal, extended to the syllable fIa (tla] in strong forms, is inserted before the final coosonant of the root; thus, ~, rundh (or ~lIJ'{ rUf!.adh) from ~ rvdk, 'binder'.

20

Introduction.

IV ... The ftU-eluB (fifth or BU- clasa); the syllable 'If flU is

..

added to the root; thus, n BUftIl from )', BU, 'press.'

b. A very small number of roots (only half-a-dozen) ending already in ~ n, and also one very common and irregularly inflected root not 80 ending (' /cr, 'make '), add ;r II alone to form the present-stem. This is the eighth or tan- class of the Hindu grammarians; it is best ranked as a sub-class, the w-class; thus, 111 tanll from V WI( tan, 'stretch.'

V. The neJ-eJass (ninth or hi-class); the syllable '1fT na (or, in weak forms, 1ft m) is added to the root; thus, 1ftlrT kri~ (or ~ bit") from Jl1ft bi, 'boy'. See note-, p. 32.

Seooad ConJUlaU.a.

VI. The a-elaas, or 1IJlaOeeDtecl a-cla88 (first or bhU-class); the added class-sign is a simply; and the root, which bears the accent, is strengthened by gut'" throughout, if it be capable of taking gut'" (see §§ 52-53); thos, lf1f bhdva (througb the intermediate stage bhtJ-a) from y' '- bhO., 'be.'

VII. The d- eJass, or aeeeated. a- cla88 (sixth or tud- class); the added class-sign is a, as in the preceding class; but it bas the accent, and the unaccented root is not strengthened by gut'" j thus, 1r.r tudd from .,' 1r.F tud, 'thrust.'

~~ ~~

VIII. The ya- class (fourth or div-class); ya is added to the root, which has tbe accent; thus, ~ dfvya from l/~ dfv (by the Hind os given as fi{If, div), 'play.'

IX. The pasaiTe conjugation is also properly a present-system only, having a class-sign which is not extended into the other systems; though it differs mar!c-edly from the remaining classes in having a specific meaning, and in being formable from all transitive verbs, but with endings of the middle voice only. It forme

t.

Introduction.

21

its stem by adding an accented yd to the root; thus, from y'~ ad, ... adyd; from y' ~ rodJi, "" rodJiyd.

79. Roots are not wholly limited, even in the later language, to one mode of formation of their present-stem, but are sometimes reckoned as belonging to two or more different conjugation-cla88es.

80. The verbs of our second conjugation show much greater simplicity of formation and inflection and are far more frequent and numerous than those of our first; their paradigms will therefore be given before those of our first.

Prepositions and Prepositional Prefixes.

81. Prepositions, or, more strictly speaking, adverbial prefixes, are used with verbs quite as frequently in Sanskrit as in Greek; and more than one may be prefixed. Thus when V~ inulh+., any is given in the vocabulary, this signifies that the preposition .., is prefixed to the proper verbal form; and the 3rd sing. pres. indo aet, of the verb would then be ~ anubodJiati; so dha

....

+ ~-~ (or~) Bam-a, 3rd sing. ~ Bamadadh4ti. The

rules prevailing in Greek for the prefixion of prepositions, ete., to verbal forms will be found to hold good in Sanskrit.

82. There is in Sanskrit no proper class of prepositions (in the modern sense of the term); no body of words having as their exclusive office the" government" of nouns. But many adverbial words are used with nouns in a way which approximates them to tbe more fully developed prepositions of other languages. Words are used prepositionally along with all the noun-cases, except the dative (and of course the nominative and vocative). But in general their office is directive only, determining more definitely, or Itrengthening, tbe proper case-use of the noun.

22

Introduction.

Declension.

83. The declension of substantives and tbat of adjectives correspond so closely that the two classes of words must be treated together. The pronouns and numerals, on the otber hand, exhibit here as in the kindred languages many striking peculiarities.

84. Numbers and GeDders. There are three numbers, singular, dual, and plural; and tbe usual three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. The dual is used much more extensively than in Greek, where it appears in a moribund state.

81t Cases. The cases are eight in number, given generally in the following order: nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative, and vocative. Tbe object sought in tbe arrangement is simply to set next to one another those eases which are to a greater or less extent, in oue number or another, identical in form; and, putting tbe nominative first, as leading ease, there is no other order by which that object could be attained.

For the uses of the cases in detail see Who §§ 267-305.

86. The stems of substantives and adjectives may for convenience be classified as follows: I. Stems in .. a. I1.Stems in 1: i and. u. III. Stems in ,., a, t i, and • u: namely, A. radical-stems, and a few others inflected like them; B. derivative stems. IV. Stems in • r (or .. y or). V. Stems in consonants.

87. Strong and weak eases. In stems ending in consonants, and those in • r (or ~ ar), there is seen a distinction of stemform in different eases. Sometimes the stem-forms are two, when they are called strong and weak respectively; sometimes three: strong, middle, and weakest. As is the ease with verbs, this variation of stem-form often goes hand-in-band with a shift of accent.

88. In the masculine and feminine, the strong cases are the nom. and ace., both sing. and dual, and the nom. pl. The rest

Introduction.

23

are weak ; or, if there be the distinction of three stem-forms, then the instr., dat., abl., gen., and loco sing., the gen. and loco du., and the gen. pl. (all of which take endings beginning with a vowel), are weakest; and the instr., dat., and abl. du., the instr., dat., abl., and loco pl. (whose endings begin with consonants), are middle.

89. In the neuter, the only strong eases are the nom. and ace. pI.; if there be the triple distinction, then the nom. and ace. sing. are middle, and the same cases in the dual are weakest. Otherwise the cases are classified as in the maaculine.

90. Cue.eDdiDgs. The normal scheme of case-endings, as recognized by the native grammarians (and conveniently to be assumed as the basis of special descriptions), is this:

Singular Dual Plural

m. f. n, m. f. n, m. f. n,

N. 8 m au I a, i
A. Gm 4u f a, i
I. 4 bhy4m bhi&
D. • bhy4m bAya&
Ab. a& bAy4m bAya&
G. a& 08 4m
L. i 08 8U It applies entire to consonant-stems, and to the radical division of i and ktems; and to other vowel-stems, with considerable varialions and modiftcation8. The endings which have almost or quite unbroken range, through stems of all classes, are bhytJm and 08 of the dual, and blM, bhYa8, lim, and 8U of the plural.

91. Pada-eDdlnp. The case-endings Myiim, Mil, bhyas, and 8U - i. e. those of the middle cases - are called pada (" word to} endings. The treatment of stem-ftnals before them is generally the laDle as in the combioationl of word, with one another.

24

Lesson I.

Lesson I.

92. Terbs. Present Indleatheaeth'e. Unaccented a-cla... A number-of roots conjugated in this class have medial short .. a. Inasmuch as " .. a is its own gfJ/taa", these roots merely add an .. a to form the present-stem; e. g., ~ vail, present-stem ~ vcida. The final .. a of the stem is lengthened in the three first persons.

Sing.

1. ~vad4mi

2. 1I4(flr fuJeiaBi S. ~ "ddati

Dual.

Cli(i .. , vdd4va& ~ vddatAa& ~ vaeiataB

Plural.

Cli(I'" vt.id41f1fJ8

~ vddalAa ~vddanti

93. The ending of the 8rd plur, is properly .,_ anti; it suffers abbreviation, however, by the loss of its .. a, ill verbs whose stem ends in .. a.

94. As a heavy syllable ending in a consonant cannot be gunated, a root like ~ }iv makes its 3rd sing. ~ }ivatij f1r1( nind makes fitiii(fti nineiati, etc. See § 53.

95. Euphonic rale. At the end of a word standing in the final position of a sentence, or alone, , 8 and ~ r always become "warga : l,l; and generally also before ... le, ~ leA, l{ p, ,ph, and before sibilants [~ f, , I, ~ 8], whether these stand in the saDIe word, or as initial in the following word; e. g. ~C{~ ~ vadata& punar becomes always '4'i(1r. !"= vadatal,l punal,l.

96. Force of the present. The present indicative signifies 1. Present time. 2. Immediate futurity. 3. Past time, in lively narration ("historical present").

Lesson I.

25

Vocabulary ••

Verb. to be eoujogated like lit "ad:

~ car (intr.) go, wander, graze 'q'i'( pat fall; fly.

(of cattle) ; (tr.) perform, commit. 1I't yaj sacrifice (c. ace. pers. et

~ if" live. if'l8tr. rei).

~ raklJ protect. q vad speak, say. ~ "as dwell.

111' vak (tr.) carry, bear; (intr.) flow, blow, proceed.

In ~afi8 praise.

~ tyaj leave, abandon. q dlJk barn.

'l11l dAlJ.v run.

~ nam (intr.) bow, bend one's self; (tr.) honor, reverence. 11"{ pac cook.

AdY~rbs and Conjunctions.
} hence ~W""l thence { whence
~atas therefore
~itas thereupon "l'R( yatas wherefore
~atra } here { there '" yatra { where
Uihtl hither ~ tatra thither whither
~ ittkam{ in this way 11111' tatha { in that way h fn whichway
~yat4
so so as
lcrJtas { whence1 T' kutra } wbere? ~ leatham how?
!R"( why 1 Ii h1a whither? ~ kada when?
~adhun4now ~ tacl4 then ~ yadiJ wben, if
... aclya to-day m sa""atra everywhere ~ 84do. always
~ evam so, thos 1:ftr in so, thus 11 tv bot, however
...
'R "(1 just, exactly ,... ca (poatpos.) -que ~ ptmar again, bat 26

Leason I. n,

Exercise I .

... "'ijlii. I q I ~ ~ I ~ I .. ~ I ~ I ~

""

~ 181 ~ ~ ~ 1IWlf I "I III ~f-fl41 n

~: I. I ,w: nftr I c I ."if .. ~ I C!. I !"= 1fIf11r.1 qo I ~ I qq I S"cfi(f4tl1 q~ I n ~ I q~ I m tilijfiflll q8 II

15. ·Todar they abandon'. 16. Nowl1/e go'. 17. Alwaysl I protect'. 18. We two bowl again'. 19. Whitherl runnest' thou? to. We aaeriflce. 21. They two cook. 2'2. Ye abandon. 23. He bUrDa. '" Nowl we live'. 25. Ye two praise. 26. Why' do 1/e bendt? 27. Therel tkeg 8y'. 28. Wherel do ye dwell'?

Lesson II.

f11. Terbt. Uueeente4 a- oIass, eot'.. Roots of this elass

.

which end in a vowel, and consonant - roots not forming heavy

ayllablet (f53), ,unate their vowels in forming their present-stems; eo g.,. ftI ji a~d 1ft flJ form 'je and it fie; r d71l and 11. bTl" form it dro aIId 1ft bAo; .~ 8f7Ir forms ~ smar; ~ cit and !'t budk form _ cet and 1ft'l. bodk; ~ vn forms 1fIi, var~.

98. With the class- sign ~ a, a final 'Q' e of the gunated root unitos to form ~ aya - see § 159; so ~ 0 with .. a becomes ~ aea] ~ ar with" a yields "'" ara. Thus, 111 ji, 3rd sing. dI1IftI jdya-ti; "bka l11Iftf bhdvati; .. 8mr ..uw 8f7Iaran.

99. Roots in consonants: !'t budk, 3rd sing. ~ Mdhan; f'I't cit, ~ cetati j ~ vr~, 1f~ vdr~ati.

• The superior figures indicate the position in the Sanskrit sentence of equivalents for the words so designated. By this indication is avoided the necessity of applying euphonic rules which have not yet been stated. The order of words in Sanskrit is very free, and rarely influences the meaning of the sentence. From the figures the number of words required in the Sanskrit sentence will readily be seen. Words in Italics are not to be translated.

~1l II.

"

__ n.e nND ~",. aM ~,..,. mak~ tbf' l'~t~ .......... ~~ -,

_ n.e root ..: ........ , makes dt. ~t~ ~ ...

n.e root " .-.. • PIe " .abs ,_.tW ,._

__ Srftnl roota in iDaI ... fu ... ~ .. p~t-$~ by a

pemIiu- proeeIIS of redaplieaOoll; th--. .,. -... 3M ~ ... '"'" 1iffNIi-; lit ,. ftPIfiI pilNIti; 1n gin ~ ~

... a "zm ... lf ........... .. 1Iaac:aIioe'S: ~ ~ 'pI"

Siaplar. 0_1.

N. ~ __ ~ tkNta

Ace. ~ __ Voc. ~ __

11

.. Neaten: ... pAala, • fruit'.

N. 1RI{pAalaa .. pllf'" (0+0 ~ pA"";

Ace.

• • •

Voc. ... plala ( c.t. . .h A t.~,d~ \

• As a rule, the grammarians do not allow l ol to .tand tI that form after a vowel, but require it to be doubled, becomlnl ... CcIa. An aspirate is doubled by prefixing the corl'tl8pondlnll D~-&8pirate. Cf. § 165 •

.. The dental sibilant ~ 8 is changed to the lingual, 't It immediately preceded by any vowel save .. a Rlld "'" II, or by ~ k or ! r - unless the ~ 8 be finRl, or followed by ~ r. 'rhuI, ~.f" tI-8tAa-ti becomes firwftr tiffhati (the change of .__ tit to l' th - a process of assimilation - will be explained below). 80 ~ agni-su becomes ~ a!J1li~; and ,....,.T dhanu,·4 hllCOlllll1I ~dhanUfiJ.

The nasalization of the alterant vowel, or in other wor(hl. It I being followed by anusv4ra, does not prevent it! altering !!W('et upon the sibilant; thoB, 11f\'f1I havJn~i. And the alteration takl'1 place iD the initial of an ending after the final 1l: ' of a Item, whedl!!r the latter be regarded as also changed to 'l1J or a8 converted Into tJi84rga j thuI, 1f1fs! havif-fU or tf1r:'! hatril)·fU inltel&d of ~ A4n1i8-su.

28 Lesson II.

104. Foree of eases. 1. Tbe nominative is casus wbjectif7U8. 2. The accusative is Ca8U8 objectivus, denoting chiefly the nearer or direct, sometimes bow ever the more remote, object; sometimes also the tmninus ad quem, and extent of time and space.

105. Euphonic combination of TOWels.

1. .. a or .... it + .. or • =.. e. g. 1IWT "lIII'ft gata apt = 1Ilf1'ft gata 'pi.

2. "or.+ 1: i or ti = lle. e.g.1IWT+'tjWiti= 1{iitfWgate'ti.

3. • or • + " u or W U = ... e, e. g. 1JWT + a uta = 'II'linI gato 'tao

4 ... or • + • r = ~ ar. e. g. 1111 maha + .tir. r~l} :::: 1I1'f1f: mahar~l}.

5. • or "lIlT + 1l e or l ai = l iii. e. g. 11m + l[1f eva = ~ gatiii 'va.

S ... or .... + ... 0 or ~ au = ~ au. e. g. 1IWT + ~ olJadhil} = 'lift teN: gatau 'fadhil}.

106. It will be the practice everywhere in tbis work to leparate independent words in transliteration, but not in the deoanagari text; and if an initial vowel of a following word has coalesced with a final of tbe preceding, this will be indicated by an apostrophe - single if the initial vowel be the sborter, double if it be the longer, of tbe two different initials which ill every case of combination yield the same result. To aid tbe beginner, a point. will sometimes be placed, in the devaniigari, under a long vowel formed by two coalescing vowels; thus, ~ii,O""1( agnina 'riQam.

Vocabulary II.

Terbs, a- c1all8 : 1Pt. gam (oacchati) go. In ukra (jigkrati) smell.

f'lji (tr.andintr.) conquer, win. ~ dru run.

1ft ni lead, guide.

Lesson II.

29

1fT p4 (pihan) drink. I ~ nara man (vir and homo).

,_ bha become, be, exist. 1J" nrpa king.

~ yam (ydcchati) furnish, give. i" putra son.

fl vTf rain, give rain; (fig.) shower down; overwhelm .

.. 8mr remember, think «!!:!.

.,. 8tha (til}fhata) stand (intr.).

8ub8t. )[as&: ~ gaja elephant.

~ gandha odor, perfume. 'V11I' grama village.

Neut.:

~ kflra milk.

'¥' grha house . Q jala water.

~ dana gift, present. ~ nagara city.

IDterJ.: '1 he 0, ho.

Exercise II.

~~ ~ 1 q 1,* .''''''.1 ~ I Qmftr~ I ~ 1 "n~181~1R'Tfir~141~~~141 ~~: 1 ~ l1f"f'll ~ I ~ I ~ 'ft~ I C!.I~~ r8lf4,r .. ~ I qo I ~ ~ I qq Ii" Vl'It .,.fett I q~ 1 if'( 1JllAlr. 1 q~ I m ,(, .. ,r .. ~ Ij%U q8 II

15. The manl drinks3 milk2. 16. The king31eads2 the elepham'.

17. Two houaes! falls. 18. The godS gives2 waterl• 19. Ye both think2 on (~) the two godsl (acCU8.). 20. The kingS wins2 the viIlagel. 21. The two elephants I smellS the perfume2• 22. They cook· fruitsl. 23. The mans reverences2 the gods'. 24. The two elephantsl Jive·. 25. The gods2 givel rain (l1t.).

• Final 1{ m is commonly written as a1lusvara if the following word begins with a consonant; but the Hindus pronounce it as 1{ m in such cases. At the end of a sentence a1lUSVara should not be written for 1{ m, though this is a habit common in the MSS.

Final radical 1{ m, in internal combination, is assimilated to • following mute Or spirant. In the former case it becomes the nasal of the same class with the mute; in the latter it becomes anusvara.Final radical W( n, in internal combination, becomes anusvara before a sibilant.

c- "I -: ~ '"",

30

Lesson III.

Lesson III.

107. Verbs. Aeeented d-elas8. Roots of this class form their present-stem by adding an accented ~ a to the root, which is not gunated. The inflection of these stems is precisely like that of stems belonging to the preceding class, except as to the position of the accent; thus, fif1l, lqip, present-stem m qipa, pres. indo ~ q I fit 1c~ptimi, ~ lqipdBi, ~ 1cfipdti, ete,

108. Several roots in .. r of this class (by the Hindus written with .. f) form stems in ~ ira; e. g., ,1cr, 'strew', fiIUif 1cirati. The roots in 1: i and .. u and ~ " change those vowels into 1:'(. ill and ~ Uti, respectively, before the class-sign; thus, ~ ¥, ~ 1cplIdti i ,BU, !"fir """ati i '1 db", ~ dbutldti.

109 •. For the root 1:" ... if, 'desire', 1:1( ich is regarded as a substitute in the present-stem; thus, ~ wchati (§ 100, note). Likewise, .. r makes its present •• rft rcchdti; and lIlf prach, sometimes given as 1JW prch, makes _.,. prcchdti.

cl -e l~'"

NO. A number of roots following this class are strengthened

in the present by a penultimate nasal; thus, ~ sic, present indo firVfW &incati. The nasel is always assimilated in class to the following consonant; thus 'Sf n is used before palatals, 1l n before

,

dentals, 1{ m before labials; and ~ 11 before sibilants and , h.

III. IueullDes and Neuters lD .. a, CIOnt'do a. Masculines:

Singular. Dual.

I. ~1f detlefla ~ dev4bhyam

D. ~1IT'l defJjjya" "

Ab. ~ devat " "

G. ~~ devasya ~qq">l« devayoB

L. ~deve " ,

Plural. ~ devais ~ detlebhyas

, "

1( q I II II{ devanam ~ deve(IJ

b. Neuters follow exactly the declension of masculines in the above cases; thus, ~ phaiefla, 1Pi'T1I' phalaya, etc.

Le880n III.

31

H2. Porce of eases. 1. The instrumental answers the questions wherewith? and whereby? and expresses accompaniment, agent, or means. 2. The dative denotes the remoter object, and direction. It is also nsed as diJtiVtUJ commodi; very frequently also to denote end or purpose. Sometimes (and oftenest with copula omitted) it is predicative, in the sense of 'makes for, tends toward '. 8. The ablative answers the question whence? and very frequently denotes cause. ,. The genitive is ca8U8 adjectiVtUJ, denoting all kinds of belonging (e. g. gen. BUbjectivUIJ, objectimu, partitiVtUJ). 5. The locative denotes the place where, or the time when, an action occurs. It is often used absolutely, in agreement with a participle expressed or understood, as the ablative is used in' Latin and the genitiTe in Greek ..

Vocabulary III.

Verbs, d-el&88: " / ;,.'.' 'jftrt{ sic (Biiicdti) drip, drop;

~ if (lCChdt.) wish, d~~i':e~ l ,~ , moisten.

1ft krf (kTfdti) plough. ,{.\.\ ...... > 1't qj (srjdti) let go; create.

I

"" kliP (kfipdti) hurl, cast, ~ (spn:dtl) touch; (in certain

throw. connections) wash.

~ dip (dipdtl) show, point out. lnfprach(prcchdti) ask, ask about. fint vip (vipdti) enter.

... guh (gahati. § 101) hide, conceal ",~

q Bad (sidati, § 101) sit.

a- ela88:

Sub8t. Iasc.: 1R: ka#a mat.

I .. hfJ8ta hand.

Neut.:

"" kunta spear. ~ k~etra field.

,

...,. bala child, boy. ~ dhana money, riches. ( ..

1I-rn marga road, way, street ... ' ~ lii,figala plough. .

~ megha cloud.:" ': '. t) • ,I I m vi~a poison. . .

~ para arrow. ~8ukhafortune,luck,happiness.

32

Lesson III. IV.

Exercise III.

~ 1Jl~ 1J"f1tfl q I'prpt ~ RiQ'ff!l ~ ,~~ 1(1'il ~ , ~ , ff,"ifcql. 1mi .,., ce: , y, ~ 1Jl ftm1f

~ , '4' • ~ h: I " 'iI~ t4iJr ... f1tt 1f'U: , ~, .~~fimr:,~,.m~'(!'I~1R~,qO' ~~ ~ ,qq, m~mw: ,q~, ~ 9~" 1Itif ~ , q~ , ~'J161r« ~ II qy II

15. The boy' asksB the menl about the road' (ace.). 16. The elouds! drop' waterS on the fields' (loc.). 17. The two men! go' by two roads' (instr.) into the citya. 18. The king· gives3 the two men! money'. 19. The mau'sl sons' sit' on matsB. 20. The gods' give3 the water' of the cloudsl. 21. We washB (we ~ both hands" with watert• 22. Both men! lead' their sons' (dual) homel <,,). 23. The two boysS point out' the road' to the cityl (gen.).

Lesson IV.

113. llaIIc1lliDe& ill 1: i. -.Rf agni, 'fire'.

Singular. Dual.

N. ~ agnis ~ agni

A. ~agnim ""

"

Plural. ~agnaya8 ~agnin ~agnibhis ~agnibhya8

I. ~agnin4 D. ~agnaye A. ~ agnea

G. " "

L. ~agn4u

V. ~ agne

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

""""'1( agnin4m ~agn~·

• See note to § 102 .

.. The dental nasalll n, when immediately followed by a vowel, or by II n or I( m or "- y or 1f.. v, is turned into the lingual ~ tI if preceded in the same word by the lingual sibilant or semivowel or vowels - i. e. by 1{. I, l r, .. r, or .. f: aDd this, Dot

Lesson IV.

33

114. Neuters ill '( i. 1J'1'ft: vari, 'water'.

Singnlar.

N. 1J'1'ft: viJri

Dnal.

q I f(4f\ VaN~i

Plural.

q I ('l flq varftti

A.

"

"

"

"

"

"

I. qlf< .. 1 VaNtI4· D. ~ ';aNt1B Ab. qlft ... \( VaNtuJ8

G. " "

L. qlf(f ... vari,i

V. m varB or 1I'1'ft: vaN

:It "

~ varibhi& ~varibhy(U

" "

" "

• •

ell ('l4l1i( v4rittam lf1'fq va,.

115. Masculine and neuter adjectives in '( i are declined like the snbstantives above. But neuter adjectives (never substantives) may, in the dat., abl., gen., and loco sing., and the gen. and loco dual, substitute the corresponding forms of masculines.

116. Euphonic c1langfs of l{, 8 and ~ r. These two sounds stand to each other in the practical relation, in e.xtsrnal combination, of corresponding snrd and sonantr in countless case8 l{,8 becomes ~ r in situations requiring or favoring the occurrence .of a sonant; and, less often, ~ r becomes l{, 8 where a surd is required. In internal combination the two are far less interchangeable. The 8 i8 extremely common as an etymological final, the r not common.

117. A. Final l{, 8. 1. Before a sonant, either vowel or consonant (except ~ r - see below), l{,8 is changed to the sonant! r - unless, indeed, it be preceded by .. a or -.T a; thus, ~

only if the altering letter stands immediately before the. nasal, but at whatever distance before the latter it may be found: unless, indeed, there intervene a palatal (except 11' y), a lingual, or a dental. Thus, ~ nagarefl.ll, ~ marge1)a, SlIqlf41 pu~a~i.

• See preceding note.

Perry, S .... krlt Primer.

3

34

Lesson IV .

..,. agnis atra becomes i1fq('I agnir atra; ~ ~ agni& dahati becomes .N~,", agnir dahati. See also § 95.

118. 2. Final ~ as, before any sonant consonant or before initial short ... a, is changed to ~ 0 - and the initial ... a is dropped; thus, ~ ~ fI'!Pas jayati becomes ~ ~ fI'!PO jayati; ~ ..,. n'!Pas atra = ~ A nrpo 'tra.

119. It is the practice in our system of transliteration to render the sign " which denotes this dropping of an initial ... a, by an inverted comma.

120. 3. Before any initial vowel other than short ... a, final ~ as loses its ~ 8, becoming simple ... aj and the biatus thus oeeasioned remains; tbus, ~ ~ flrpas .icchati becomes ~ ~ nrpa icchati; lIlR( ~ tatas udakam = lnI ~ tata udakam.

121. 4. Final ..-n{ liB before any sonant, wbether vowel or consonant, loses its ~ 8, becoming simply ~ a; and the hiatus thus occasioned remains; tbus, ~ ~,.. nrpli8 ioclumti = ,-en ~fitt nrpa icchanti; ~ ~ nrpli8 jallanti ="n 1I1ffift nrpa jayanti.

122. B. Final '!= r. 1. Final l r in general sbows the same form which ~ 8 would exhibit under tbe same conditiolls: thus ~ punar standing at tbe end of a sentence becomes uw: puflab;

... ... ~~ ..

1ftl glr, 1ft: gil). But original final l r, after ... a or ~ a, maintains itself before vowels and lonant consonants; thus, ~ punar atra, S .. 4 .. ffi ptmar jayati.

123. 2. A double 'J r is nowhere admitted: if such would

...

occur, either by retention of an original ,!::r or by conversion of ~ 8

...

to ~ r, the first'!:: r is omitted, and the preceding vowel, if short,

... "

is mad" long by compensation; tbus, S"'l ~ ptmar ramal) = S'IfT ~ puna rcimaQ; ~ ~ agnis rocate = ~ ~ agni rocate; ~ ~ dkenus rocate = '1", "U"I1t dkenA rocat ••

Lesson IV.

35

Vocabulary IV.

Verb8: q roh (rdhati) grow.

1f{. krt (krntdti) cut, cut off. ftr1{ lip (limpdti) smear.

~ muc (muiicdti) free, deliver, !"t lup (lumpdti) break to pieces,

release.

S.b8t.:

-.Rf agni, m., fire; (as proper

name) Agni, the god of fire. ~ an, m., enemy.

.tV asi, m., sword.

.til rfi, m., seer.

1Ifif kavi, m., poet.

~ girl, m., mountain.

1111 jana, m., man; (pI.) people . 1=. duJkha, n., mi8ery, mis-

fortune.

devastate, plunder.

1lTftr pa~i, m., hand. 'q11f papa, n., sin.

~ rama, m., nom. pr., name of a hero .

~ vrk,a, m., tree.

fir1r 9i"tJ, m., nom. pro name of a god.

.. ,atya, n., truth, righteou8neu. m karl, m., nom. pr., name of a god.

Exercise IV.

~ '(In .... ' .... f1tt 1fT1mt I fit I ~!fr • 1N'Ir. I ~ • .tiIf.~ ~ I ~ I ~ ~,:. 'q'11ft 'P'fir I g I 1II1f'h ~~ Iql~1I1fT'rt~ ~ I~I _11ft (abl.) qflr I ~ I 1(,foeA" ~I ~ I yet fiItt ~ I t..1....-..rr. !fr n 1fif fimr. I 'to I m: 1If'I1ri .:'''' M ~ I 'qCf • • fitaft (§ 123) '('11ft' 1RIfiI I fIt~ I .fiIi .. ,<l"f ~ ,-en ~ I q~ I 1ft ~ 1f4I1r. II qg II

15. Qival dwells' in the mountains'. 16. Both enemles' hurl' spears' at the king3 (dat.) 17. RAmal tooches' hU two sooS3 with his hands'. 18. {<'ire' burnsl the trees'. 19. Seers! speak2 the truth'. 20. Through rigbteonenese! happiness3 arises' (lJ) for mao-

• Modifiers generally precede the word which is modified.

S·

36

Lesson IV. V.

kind' (~, gen. pl.). 21. The seer'sl two hands' touch' water'. 22. Fruits! ares (UBe 1I!n) on the trees'. 23. People' rememberf Bari'. 24. Ramal hurls' the swordS from his hand' (abl.).

Lesson V.

124. Verbs. Unaccented lIa-cJ.ass. Roots of this class form their present-stem by adding 1f lIa to the root, which bears tbe accent. Thus from ~ nak is made the present-stem "'" ndhya j from ~ lubh, ~ lUbkya.

125. Tbe inflection of stems of this class follows the model of

11! "ad.

126. Certain -.r a-roots, because of their peculiar exebanges with 1: i and t i-forms, especially in the formation of the presentstem, are given by the Bindu grammarians &8 ending in 1{ e 01' " iJi or ~ 0 (d. § 132), and by tbem assigned to the 11 bhu, or H&8S. Thus lilT aha, 'suck' (Hindu 'l flhe), forms ~ ahdgati; 'the root t kG or ;J1 Avii (Hindu i h"e) forms ~ k"dyatij 1ft ga (Hindu 'gtA) makes ~ g/iyati.

127. For tbe root 'fit. dr{J. 'S88', is substituted in tbe presentsystem another root ""t pa{J, which makes 1PIIflr pdf:yati.

128. )[ascullnea in • u. ~ bhanu, 'sun'.

Singular. Dual.

N. ~ bhanUB llT11 bhanG

Plural.

A. ~ bhanum

..

I .. ~ bhliriuna

D. ~ bhana"6 Ab.~bh4no'

G. " "

L. 1fT1ft bhanau

V. 1fT1i\' bMno

"

•

~ bkOJna"as 1f1'I'( bhan1ln ~bh4nubhis ~bhc2nubhyas

..

~ bhanubhyam

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Lesson V.

37

Masculine adjectives in ~ u are similarly declined,

129. Eupbonic Changes of ~ 8, cont'd. 1. Final ~ 8, the dental sibilant, whether original or representing final ~ r, before the palatal surd mutes ["( c, ~ ch], is assimilated, becoming palatal ~~. Thus ~ ~ naraB carati becomes ""'I .. rtl nar~ car(Jti; ~ ~ naraB chalena becomes " .. x .... nara~ chalena. 2. Before a lingual surd mute ('~ t, ~ th], in like manner, it would become lingual 1Il._ " but the case almost never occurs. 3. Before the dental surd mutes [i{ t, 1{ th], since it is already of the same class with them, it of course remains unchanged; thus, ~ mftr r4mas tift/lati.

130. The preposition ,..-r 4 is sometimes used with the ablative (much less often with the accusative), in the sense of 'hither from', 'all the way from'; but far more usually to signify 'all the way to', • until '. As a prefix to verbs, ,..-r a means 'to', 'unto', 'at'.

Vocabulary V.

Verbs:

~ ruh (rohati) rise, spring up, grow.

~ aB (dsyati) throw, hurl. + ,..-r tJ (arohati) climb, mount,

~ lcup (1cUpyati - w. gen. or ascend.

dat.) be angry. ~ lilch (lilchdt,) scratch; write.

W't krudh (1cn'ulhyati - w. gen. ~ lubh (lubhyati - w. dat. or

or dat.) be angry.

~ gam + ,..-r tJ (lJgdcchati) come. ! tr (taran) cross over.

~ na~ (nd9yati) perish.

~ pa~ (pdwati) see.

Ioe.) desire, covet.

~ ... M (¢fyati) dry up.

NY snih (snihyati - w. gen. or

...

loe.) feel inclined to, love. l hfl. or ~ hva (hvdyati) caU.

... .

38

SBbllt.:

... anna, n., food, fodder.

,.. apva, m., horse. ~ udadhi, m., ocean. ~ guru, m., teacher.

qw pattra, n., leaf, letter. ~ par., m., axe. ~ p4da, m., foot;

ray, beam.

1111 bahu, m., arm. 1iP1 bindu, m., drop.

Lesson V.

I ~ bh4nu, m., sun.

i 1If1Ir matli, m., jewel • ~ ratna, n., jewel. ~ r/Jfi, m., heap. ~ vii'f/U, m., wind.

f1ra! ~u, m., nom. pro name of a god.

quarter; q ~atru, m., enemy.

I ~ ~khara, m., summit.

I ft(1Ir Ma, m., pupil, scholar. i ~ 8fllcta, n., Vedic hymn.

Exercise Y.

1Rfit ~ ~ I q I ltIIf1r. t,1Ilf1r 1nIflr I ~ I ~ ~....n: 'f'1I1'! I ~ I ,-.n ~ ~ I Y I .ftI~iIft flfI1if I q I q(~1I1 CJ~I"id" 141 .... f4llii(q1 11ft ~I 't) I~fiiitl6ifll ~1l:1 ~~."I(\'fl'lle.1 ~ q ~I qOI !'(1r. f1lflWQi f'iltlfitt I qq I ~ ~ mm- ~ I q~ I ~ ~ 'q'fJf ~ I q~ I ~ ~ (Itflr .. ,.f-a I qy I "'" fiA:~"1 mfiw I q" I ~ q 1I(le(fan I q41 ~r 1,[t ~ ~ I q't) I 1A: ~ ....,..,.. ltiif • "Q1I"fr. II ql: II

19. Now' the sun's1 rays" climb~ the mountains3. 20. A drop" of water1 falls' down from the clouds. 21. 01 men", we see' the city3. 22. Both kings1 lovel poets" (gen. or loe.). 23. The windl blows' ("") from the summits3 of the lJIountaiDsi• 24. The kingl hurls' spears3 at his enemiesll (dat. or loc.). 25. The scholar! bowss befor« his teacher" (ace.). 26. Two menl comes with their sons2 (instr.). 27. The two kings! desire' the poet'sll jewels3 (dat. or loc.). 28. 01 seer,1I we sacrifice' to Vi~".)1l3 (ace.). 29. The two

• Orthodox Hindus maintain that the Vedic hymns, etc., were revealed to their reputed authors, who thus • saw' tbem.

Lesson V. VI.

39

cook' foodl with fire'. 30. The seenl praise' Vi,~u' with hymnal. 81. 1ft tbe cityl the king' call.' m. enemiesl•

Lesson VI.

131. Verhs. ya-clau, eo.t'd. The roots of this clan which end in ~ a", lengthen their ... a in forming their present-stem; thus,

11'{ tam, 1mII'fir t4myati; 'f1{ bh,.a"" lf1'IIffiI bh,.timyati - but this .

last makes some forms with sbort ... a. Tbe root 1It ",ad baa ~.J. d ,

the sa":~'i:~b~ .. j;~· J.: -

<.~~

132. Certain a-roots (five - by the Hindus written with final 0)

make present-stems witb an accented yd i tbus, ~ d4, .nr dydti.

133. The root 1II't vyadh is abbreviated to ~ vidh in the present-system: f"1f1IIftf vidhyati.

134. The root 111{ /cram, said by tbe natives to form its preaent-stem according to this class, really forms it ooly according to tbe a:class, and the root-vowel is lengthened in the active voice, but not in the middle; tbas, 1IIIT1I'flf /crdmati, but middle 1Piit Icrd",ate.

135. Tbe root ~ ea"" used only witb the preposition ,..-r a, forms "III,cq,itfirr aed",ati.

136. Neuten iD • II. ~ ",ad"u, 'honey'.

Sing alar.

N. ~ mOOh"

Dual. ~madhuni

Plural. 1Nf1r madhfmi

..

A. "" "" ""

I. ...,-.n madhuna ~ madhtibhyd'" ~ madhtibhi'

D. ~ madhune " " ~ mOOhubhyaIJ

.Ab. ~ madhUflaIJ" " " "

G." " ~ madhuftOl ~ ",adhiin4rR

L. 1I1f'I madhuni " " ""ft madhUfU

V. q or 1I'tit

40

Lesson VI.

137. Neuter adjectives (but not substantives) in ~ u may take tbe forms proper to tbe masculine in tbe dat., abl.-gen., loe, sing., and gen.-Ioc. dual.

138. Changes or flnal 1l n. Before initial ~ j and ~ 9, . 1l n becomes ~ ii; thus, lI11l ~ tan janan becomes lITJ.. "'"1l tan janan; lI11l 1f1.'t ttin 9atrUn = 1'1 15'1( 1. i( tan ratnm. In ."" last case, however, • ch is almost always substituted for tbe initial ~ 9; thus, I'IISCI!,. .... tan chatrfln.

139. Finalll n, before an initial" I, is assimilated and becomes

....

nasalized I, which is written i.. WI, or (wbat is tbe same thing)

~ ft; thusll11l ~ ttin lok4n becomes lIT( ~ ta':l lok4n or 1ri ~ taft loktin.

140. Before the surd palatal, lingual, and dental mutes there is inserted after final 1l n a sibilant of eacb of those classes respectively, before which 1l n becomes anusv4ra; thus for lI11l ~ ttin ca we find m tati{: ca] for lI11l 'fI'1rT tan tatka, 1'1 i .. '" tlJtil tath4.*

Vocabulary VI.

Verbs I I ~ cam +,.,. a (tic4mati) sip,

"II r (rcchdti - § 109) go to; fall drink, rinse the mouth.

to one's lot, fall upon. 111\: tam (tamyati) be sad.

~ kram + ,.,. ti (akrcitnati) ~ ruf (tu,yati) rejoice, take

stride up to, attack. pleasure in (w. Instr.), J".

~ div (tlivyati) play.

• This rule really involves an historic survival, the large majority of cases of final 1l n in the language being for original "'. Practically, the rule applies only to 1l n before "l:. c and !t t, since eaIIes involving the other initials are excessively rare.

Lesson VI. 41

~ bhram (bhrdmyati - § 131) ~ pram (prdmyati) become

wander about. weary.

11( mad (mo'dyati) get drunk. • hT (harati) take away, steal,

~ vyadh (vidhyati) hit, pierce. plunder.

1(1{ fam (famyati) become quiet,

be extinguished, go out.

Subst.:

~ ak~a, m., die, dice.

~ adharma, m., injustice,

wrong.

-.ftr ali, m., bee. q tJ9I'U. n.. tear. ~ rk~a, m., bear. 1itq kopa. m., anger.

~ kl}atriya, m., warrior, man

of tbe second easte.

"J1'ftr nrpan, m., king. ~ netra, n., eye.

1fl:i( madhu, D., boney.

'"

~ mukha, n., mouth, face. ._.

1111 mrtyu, m., death.

lit Va8U, D., wealth, money.

Exercise VI.

~T1I'jit..,_. q I ~ Qlf1llil' •• ii' .. 'ii", I 't I ,-en ii'''", (lW4fifi I ~ I ~ ~ 1"11fU NihillriT f41tqf'tr I If I ~ 'CIf-4f4,;q"~iI!"liiM 14 I ~. fS1(_i. 1f~ I ~ I ~ 'I1IT1rt qf1r RfiIf 11: I ~ ii181iClW: I t..l

.... • cl-"

~ ~ ~ I qo I .. ,,!rq! 1('if4fit I qq I 1iA-

m ~ I q~ I ~ fir1IAf q, q, 'TI 'if4 fit I q~ I 1I'IT m lITT""'" I q .. I 1f1!1IT ~ ~ ~ ~ II qq II

16. Tbe warriorsl playS lor money' timtr.). 17. The king'''' horses8 become weary:' on the road' to-dayl. 18. The warriorl pierces' his eDemr with the spear'. 19. Bees! are fond of'" (~) hooey'. 20. ThB water' 01 hiB tearsl moistens' (~) his feets. 21. There' bees1 are flitting aboutS (lP{). 22. Two men! are cookiogS hooey' And' fruits'. 23. Whenl the teacher's' anger3 ceases', then:' the scholars' rejoices. 24. Tears1 stand' in tbe warrion"

42

Lesson VI. VII.

eyes8• 25. The enemiesl overwhelmt (~) the king2 with arrowsll• !6. A quarter' of the injusticel falls upon· (.) the kingS (acc.).

Lesson VII.

141. V.usathe Verhs ( .. the "cur-elass"). The Hindu grammarians describe a certain present-system which they assign to a so-celled "cur-class". This is, however, in fact no present-class at all, but a causative or secondary conjugation, which is not confined to the present-system. But many formations ofthis sort have no causative value; and it is chiefly these that are grouped by the Hindus in their cur-class, which also includes some denominatifJBstems in tiya, with causative accent. For practical purposes it is well enough to consider these verbs here.

142. The causative-stem is formed by adding ~ dya to the

.

root, which is usually strengthened; and the strengthening process

is in the main as follows:

143. 1. Medial or initial '( i, .. u, and .. r have the gtJ')ISstrengthening, if capable of it; thus, ~ cur, ."'(Clfit cortiyati;

._.,

11ft md, ~4C1flt fJBdtiyati; but ~ pfQ, cf\'iCifit pfQ.ayati.

144. 2. A final vowel has the vrddhi-strengthening; thus, , dhr, ~f(Clfit dhartiyati. Before ~aya, ltai and,ft au become ,.,.- ... ay and ~ av respectively; thus, ~ bhJ, lUClClfc'l bhaydyati; 11 bh1l, 111 q CI fft bhc'ifJdyati.

145. S. Medial or initial .. a in a metrically light syllable is sometimes lengthened, and sometimes remains unchanged; thus, ~ klJal, caus. ~IIiIClfft klJaldyati; but ~jan, caus. ~fiI janayati.

146. The inflection is the usual one of a-stems.

147. Rules ot euphonic combination. In external combination an initial sonant of whatever class (even a VOWE'1 or semivowel or Dasal) requires the conversion of a preceding final surd to a sonant.

Lesson VII.

43

148. Final 't r. 1. Final 't t becomes t d, before any initial sonant, e~t the palatals, the nasals, and "t 1: thus, it1lmt. ~ meghat atrabe~omes "\1c'ii(cii'11regk4d atraj ~ ~ piipat rak~ati or ~ bhramyati or ,,"'.qi*4fft"gopayati becomes 'qNT~ papad raqati or ~Ttf.fflf pap4d bhramy~tior, q i q i''''1 q i-

1ffW papad gopayati. "',

149. 2. Final't t is assimilated to an initial palatal, Il~J.~ •. ,~6 It':\'Cf.~·\l or ., I in the next word; thus it becomes "l: e before "l: e and ~lor.t \,0..'\ 1f ell, 't j before 't j, and ., 1 before W, I: e. s- ~ ... meuhat ea

becomes it1rnr meghlie ea; ~ ~ meghat jalam becomes

~Eii'diilil!if( meghaj ialamj ~ ~ papat Iok4t becomes

qiql.1.n( papal lokat.

150. 3. Before initial ~ f, final ~ t becomes "l: e, and the ~ f then becomes .. ell; thus, ~ 1(1: ftrpat fat"'~ becomes ~ql.~: ftrplie ehatru~.

151. 4. Before initial nasals 't t becomes "t ft: thus, ~ 'II1Iflr grhat ftayati becomes ,,1. *4fif grMft nayati. But the change into t d is also permitted, though hardly used; thus, ~'i. *4 fit urh4d ftayatl.,

Terlts:

Vocabulary VII.

"'" wi (toldyati) weigh.

'" '

~ OO'f)Q,aya (denom. - 00-

F)q.dyata) punish.

1ft + .T ni + a (andyati) bring. ~ piq. (piq.dyati) torment, vex. ~ paj (piljdyati) honor. \~,' ,t

~PT (par_) ov""om~ 'f1..:J.

1I1f'i kathaya (denom. stem

kathdyati) relate, tell: ~ kfal (qaldyati) wash.

1f1Il1{ gaf)aya (denom. - ga'f)dyati)

number, count.

n cur (eordyati) steal. qta4 (tlJ4dyati) strike, beat.

"t1"'t"·~ "1; .• ,

44

Lesson VII. VIII.

Subst.:

~ rupaka, n., gold-piece.

~janaka, m., father. m loka, m., world, people

~ daT)r/.a,m., stick j punishment. (sing. and pl.).

g18I' pUT)ya, D., merit. VT'J' Biidhu, m., holy man, saint.

~ phala, n., fruit; reward. !lI'lIf BUVarT)a, n., gold.

(''''f441 riimii.yaT)a, n., a noted lilt Bula, m., driver, charioteer .

....

poem. 'iitillitena, m., thief.

Adverb: ~ i~'a as, like (postpos.).

Exercise VII.

iit1r. ~ ~ ~t"'l(f4ntlql '9,f(C& .. ftreqi'd''If4fttl~1 vir 'iI,;:cf\'If4fi'll ~ 1 .114 .... ~ 'I ''If4ftt 1"1 41''''&1'''-

0..:. ..• ~ . ..; I)

rn ~ I '4 I ~ ~qCl'N 1I'QI'1Ilr. I~ I 'Jq''iClt4li ~

lRflIl ~ I ~ ~ ~ (, .. 'f44i 1I1(f:j'W: 1 ~ I 1lfii lfTfiIr- 1ri ffl4i!if4''': I C!. I ~ S." .... q,(iijlf4ftt 1 qo 1 i,,,."iI' ... , ... fift I qq 1 ~ vtft:.rtiI q'(f4fft 1 q~ I ~Cj,fit"

~~~lIq~1I

14. Thieves1 steal' the people's' moner. 15. The two bOy8l

wash3 their mouths'. 16. The father1 te1185 his sons' (dat.) the reward' of sinS. 17. The scholars1 honor3 andb reverence' their teacher'. 18. Ye both bring' fruitsl in your hands' ands count' them. 19. Meritl protectsa from misfortune' (abl.). 20. The charioteers1 strike' the horses' with sticks'. 21. In anger! (001.) the king' pierces5 the thief3 with a spear",

Lesson VIll.

152. Verba, a-conjugation. Present Indlcathe Illddle. The present indicative middle of verbs whose stems end in a is inflected as follows:

Lesson VIII.

45

Singular.

1. ~ vdde

2. ~ vddase

3. ~ vddate

Dual. ~vdd4Vahe ~ oddsth« ~ oddete

Plural.

cUt , .. i vdilamahe ~ t,ddarihve ~ vddante

153. The ending of the 3rd pI. is properly ~ ante (cf. fiir nn for 'tJII'fifr anti in the act.); before the 1[ e of the 1st sing. the stem-final is dropped. "etlle and "IlW ete are hard to explain.

1M. With verbs inflected in both voices, the chief force of the middle is this, that the action is performed for the benefit of the actor himself; thus, 1I1I'fif ydjati • he sacrifices' (for some one else); ~ ydjate 'he sacrifices for himself'. But many verbs are conjugated only in the middle, like the Latin and Greek deponents.

155. The verb 4! mr, 'die', makes ftr1rit mriydte in the present; and ~ jan, • give birth', substitutes as present mid . ..m jdyate, 'be born'.

156. Combination of Anal and lnltlal Towels. Two simple vowels, either or both of them short or long, coalesce and form the corresponding long vowel. For the a-vowels, see above, § 105. Thus: 1. 1: i or t i + 1: i or t i = t i; e. g. ~ 1JW gacchati iti becomes "'iiltcflf" gacchati 'ti. 2. 'V v or .. fi + 'V v or .. 0 = .. 0; e. g. 'VIY 'V1I1{ 84dhv uktam becomes ~ 8iJdh4 'laam·.

157. The i-vowels, the u-vowels, and,. r, before a dissimilar vowel or diphthong, are regularly converted each into its own corresponding semivowel, 1{. y or ~ .... v or ~ r, Thus, flIwfiI ..,. Ufthati atra becomes fit ..... t4thaty atra (four syUablea); 1I"(t..,. fladf tJtra becomes 'If1rII nady atra; 11"! .... madhu atra becomes 1I1irI madhv atra; 1Ij 1:' kartr iha becomes ~ kartr ina.

• And theoretically 3. ,. r + ,. r = "ill!" hut probably this haa DO occurrence.

46

Lesson VIII.

158. Final 1[ e and "'"' 0 remain unchanged before an initial short .. a, but the .. a. disappears. Thus, lIif ...,. vane atra becomes lIif A vane 'tra j ~,.,. Mano atra becomes ~ A bhano 'tra. By far the commonest case of final ~ 0 is where it represents final ~ as (see § 118).

159. The final 1: i or ." s-element of a diphthong is changed to its corresponding semivowel , y or '" v, before any vowel or diphthong, except when the rule of § 158 would apply. Thus, 1l. e becomes ~, ay, and l ai, ~ ay; "'"' 0 becomes ~ av, and ~ au, ~ avo Thus, in internal combination, ~- .. ne-a becomes 1I1f naya ; lff-" bho-a becomes l1lf bhaoa j so _-~ nai-aya yields ~ nay-alla, and lIT-'f1f bhlJu-aya yields ~ bhav-aya.

160. In ezternal combination, the resulting semivowel is in general dropped; and the resulting hiatus remains. Thus, 1fit 1:fW vane in becomes ~ '(ftf vana in (through the intermediate stage .. "fqftt vanay iti); 1n1il1:ftr Mano in becomes 1f1"f 1:ftr MiJna tti (through 11 I" fqfw bhanav in). The ease of final 1l. e is by far the more frequent. See also § 164.

161. Certain final vowels maintain themselves unchanged be .. fore any following vowel. Such are 1. t J, "G, and 1l. e as dual endings, both of declension and of conjugation; thus, fir6 1:t girl iha, ~ ...,. 8adhG atra; -qit ,.~ phals. atra. 2. The final, or only, vowel of an interjection; thus, , 1:1J( he indra, '1,.q he agM.

Verbs (deponents):

Vocabulary VIII.

spring up (mother in loc.). lmt bh4JJ (bh~ate) speak. 'J mr (mriydte) die.

~ yat(ydtate) strive for(w. dat.). !'il yudh (yUdhyate) fight (w. instr, of accompaniment).

~ arthaya (denom. - arthd-

yate) ask for (w. two aceus.), ~ iklJ (iklJate) see, behold. 1Pt kamp (kampate) tremble. ~ jan Uliyate) be born, arise,

Lesson VnI.

47

,~ rabh +.r 4 (4rdbhatB) take ~ vand (vdndatB) greet, honor.

hold on, begin. ftt1It 9ikf (~atB) learn.

~ruc(r6cate) please (dat., gen.). q Bah l8dhate) endure.

~ labh (ldbhatB) receive, take. ~ Bev (&kate) serve, honor.

Sabat.:

1f!'I manUfYa, m., man (hofIIO).

'IJIII'If1i anartha, m., misfortune. 1f1f yafoa, m., sacrifice.

;nn1J udyoga, m., diligence. If'f llana, n., woods, forest.

1I1IIT1II' kaly4t&a, n., advantage; 11Pr1r IIinaya, m., obedience.

salvation.

w.; taru, m., tree. ~ dvija, m., Aryan.

"" 1 f~ dvij4ti, m., Aryan.

~ lllei, m., wave.

1lm 9a&tra,n., scienee; text-book. "Iif {lGdra, m., man of the fourth

caste.

ddhanna,m.,right;law;virtue. f1w hita, n., advantage. W dh.IiirJJa, n., steadfastness.

1Pl II., m., beast.

Q bala, n., strength, might.

A.herb: 11' na, not.

Exercise VIII •

.. 1+4") ...... ~ ~ I q I "'~"t"'J(f(f~. ~ ,.n lJT'IiW I ~ I ~ (l'Ifhlqffl ...... +4i ~ I ~ I W (§161) ~ f'l'ilil .. , 1:ftr qit ,r(f4icsflt I g I ~. W11f« I It I f)( .. lijjj 11Pr1r 'd ......... ~ ~ I 4 I ~ 11' dN liit1t I ~ I fir.1it: (abl.) !.lit 1fI1ft mil: I ~-; ~it I ~ I 'III'4t td 1fTtr. I qO I ~ 1Pi.. ~ ~ I qq I ~.,u: 1IT(t 'I('Nf: ~ I q~ I Q ,.~ "~iII!. QI4Aifcnnr. I q~ I .. , m ~I qg I ~~ ~ Iq'4l ~ 1fI1ft

~ IIq411 "(;,~!

17. The two houses' yondt'r5 tremble'' by the powers (instr.)

• 1;fir, 'thus', is very commonly used as a particle of quotation, following tbe words quoted.

48

Lesson VIII. IX.

of the ocean's! waves2• 18. The father3 beholds' his son'sl face.2 19. "We strive3 after the advantage' of the seholars'}" thus' (1:ftr) speak" the teachers", 20. The children' ask' their father' for food3 (acCU8.). 21. In the forest! yonder' elephants3 are fightin~ with bears'. 22. The two Qiidras3 serve' the two Aryans1 here'. 23. Fruits1 pleaseS the children'. 24. Whence1 do ye receives money'? 25 .. No wi the two seers' begin' the sacrifice3•

Lesson IX.

162. Feminines in ..... 4, declined like rn 8ena, 'army.'

Singular.
N. rn 8ena
A. ~8en4m
I. ~8enay4
D. "'"' 8eniiyai Dual.

Vit 8en8 (a + i)

"

"

" "

A b. 'ij" I +.41 (( 8en4yas

G. " "

" "

. ..

" ... (( 8enayos

Plural. ~8enas

"

"

" II

." I" Ii( sen4ft4m .. rnv UniiBu

\II

L. ." 1+.4 Ii( senay4m II "

V. Vit 8ene

163. Adjectives in .. a are declined in the masc. like ~, in the fem. like rn, in the neuter like..... But often the fem. stem ends in t i, and is declined like 'ii'(t (in Lese. XI).

164. Final l ai and ~ au, according § 159, become -.rT1l 4y and ~ 4" respectively before any following vowel or dipbtbong. The , or , may then be dropped, leaving a hiatoa. The "{ is in fact always dropped, but the ,. ... not often. ThUB, V1f1tt ..r becomes, through the medium of ."1'41 ..... ~ ""'"' ..r; ~ ~ becomes --. .. , ......

165. Initial~, after short vowels, the preposition ... , and tbe

Lesson IX.

49

prohibitive particle 1ft, becomes .... : thos, ..,. ~ becomes ..,. ~; .r + ttlf(f4ftt = .'.'I(f4fft.

166. An initial W{, of a root generally becomes ~ after a verbal prefix containing~, either original or representing l{,; such 88 ~ 'between', fiIl{,,1R:T, etc. Thus, J441f4fft, r"Cf4ffl.

167. The following prefixes are often used before verbs: ~

..

'after, along, toward'; ~ 'down, off'; ~ 'up, up forth or out';

~ 'to, toward'; f1f 'down; in, into'; fill{, 'oot, forth'; 1R:T 'to a distance, away'; m 'round about, around'; 11 'forward, forth'; ~ 'along with, completely.'

Vocabulary IX.

AetiTe 'Verbs:

~ + 1R:T (par{jjdyat~) be con-

11'{ +"1( (avtJf}dcchan) onder- quered (rar~ly w. act. 8",,":

stand. I conquer).

1 + ~ (avatdrata) descend. I ~ + 11 (prapddyate.) flee for re-

'" + ~ (upm'tiyati) introduce, foge (acc.) to (acc. 0/ per8on).

consecrate. ~ (bha.qat~) beg, get by begging.

+ mCParittdyan) leadaboot; 1J1I1' (denom. - mrgdyat~) hunt

marry. for, seek.

1R{ + ~ (utpdtati) fly up. ~ (vdrlat~) exist, subsist, be,

q + ~ (avarohati) descend. become.

~ ((IObhat~) be brilliant, shine;

Deponents: 11'{ + ~ (8amgdcchate) come together, meet."'" \" ; ~~4 t\ {.)

"

be eminent.

Sabato:

11ITT ganga f., n. pr., the Ganges. I"" m., householder, head of I family.

q m., arrow.

1IPIfT f., daughter, maiden.

Perr}'. 8anakrlt Primer.

,

'.

bO

LeuoD IX.

1f11fT f., sbade. ~ D., protectiOD.

1I1I'11r m., ftOfA. pr., Prayiga (a ~ f., twiligbt.

city, AllabAbid). l!II1t m., beaven.

1111 D., fear.

1I11h I., wife, woman. 111111' I., speech, lugoage. mtf., aIms.

1P,J'IT f., ".pr., YamunA (a river,

the Jumna).

~ m., 0., battIe. ~ I., street.

~ f., knowledge, learning. f'I1Ir m., bird.

1IIN m., hunter.

~ D., heart.

AjJ.z

~, f . .,.,., blact.

11111, f. .,.,., bad, wicked.

1Pnf, f. ~ much, abundant; ..

pL many.

.ldT.Z

q togetber with ~, to. imtr.).

qlIT suddenly, quickly.

;." .

Exercise IX.

'gf "dtwr 4 .. .-«* I q I ~ fq1n 1iI!Illt 1fIIfiw ~ qVt~ I ~ I _ ms 4J'If.lifi ~: I ~ I ~: 1PIri 'UIf! m~ UII ftc&Q",". 1fI1f .... Ifat: 41C! .. iitft: 1'41 '@ft 111- ~ ~ClISlij(4Ii mw I ~ I ~ ~ ~, lift I ~ I ~ 1I1rT qrm ~ ~ ~ ~ Il: I ""1'41 (5164) U '4.1~~'tlflt.11f'I' .nr.'1.,!,f1tt 1qNT! ~,.. ftiiiitlqOI r.-, 1ft" f 1fT1ri W ~~ I qq I '1 fi(1In 1I1roI '(tII1! ~ ~.s. ~ .. ~ I q~ I ~ .1'41'41 ~ fqiilfcltratt I q~ I "r'4'4411 ClI4!lI,!N,q"f.lfit II qg II

15. The two sch~larsl beg' mucb' alms· from the wives· of the houeeholderst, 16. At Prayiga1 tbe Gange8' unite8' witb the YamunAs. 17. Bad! men' do not' reachs (~) beavens. 18. 0 Vi!lJ,.lut, to-dar Qiva' marries" GaegiS, Hari'8' daughterS. 19. In the battle1 the kingss figbt' with arrows' ands eonquerl tMir enemies·.

* "Birds of a feather dock together".

Leeson IX. X.

51

20. Here' in the streets the two kingsl dismount6 from tbftr bl.' horses'. 21. The seer's' two sonsa are eminent' in learning! (iMtr.). !2. From feara of the wicked1 hunWr8' (abl.) two birds' 8y Upl. 23. At twilightl (loc. du.) the seers' (§ 13, S) reverence' the godsl. M. In the street' of the villagel the teacherl and' the scholar' meet'. 25. We two sacrifice' to the godsl lor our8.""; we do not' sacrificel for Haris •.

Lesson X.

168. Terbs. PaulTe ld.eetioL A certain form of presentstem, inflected with middle endings, is used only with a passive meaning, and is formed from all roots for which there is occasion to make a passive conjugation. Its sign is an accented ~ yd added to the root, without any reference to the classes according to which the active and middle forms are made. The inflection is precisely like that of other a-stems. Thus, ~ tanyl, ~ tanyd86, 'ft'iIIfit tt.mydt6, etc.

169. Outside the present-system middle forms may be used in a passive sense; but there is a special form for the aor. p88S. in the 8rd sing.

170. The form of root to which the passive-sign is appended is usually a weak one. Thus a penultimate nasal is dropped; and certain abbreviations which are made in the weak forms of the perfect, or in the past passive participle, are found also in the passive present-system. E. g. from ~, pass. ~; from 1J1'I,'

1I1d.

171. In the roots ~, lff' ~, 1R{_, ~, and ~, the 1( "Il becomes 'V u in the pres.; thus, ~, ~, ~ (see note to § 102),~. Similarly, ~ makes~, and la, and 1I1f make ,..w and ~; ~ makes ftt'wiit.

52

Lesson X.

172. Final 1: and 'V of roots are generally lengthened; thus,

f'r,~j",~,

173. Final .. is in general changed to ~j thus, " 'fiI'dj but if preceded by two consonants it takes gUf)a; thus, 1f' ~. The roots in "variable T", which the natives write with .. f, change .. to ~ or, if a labial letter precede, to ~j thus, ,.

~j " 'strew', tft'ftj but 1, tft·

174. Final. of roots is usually changed to tj thus, ~,

~ j m, 1ftQ; ~,~. But'WfT makes Vf'T1iiitj and so some other roots in .....

175. The roots lI'l. and ~ usually form their passives from parallel roots in .rj thus, 1'I11iit. But 1!iIiit and ...m occur.

176. Verbs of causative inflection, and denominatives in ~, form their passive by adding 1( to the causative or denominative stem after ~ has been dropped; thus, ~ 'is stolen '; 1I.nt 'is counted'.

177. The personal passive construction, with the logical subject in the instrumental, is particularly common with transitive verbs; and not less so the impersonal passive construction, both with transitive and intransitive verbs. Thus, m ~ ~ 'Heaven is reached by the man'; iI.'I""I," 'one comes hither '; yqiit 'one sleeps'; ~ 'it is heard', i, e. 'they say'. The predicate to the instrumental subject of such a construction is of course also instrumental; thus, ~illiIfii1QT ~ 'Rama lives &8 a seer'.

Vocabulary X.

Verbs, with passlns, '1I1'(p.grhydte)take, receive,seise.

,(p. ,,"yate) make, do, perform. ~ (tki9ati; p. dawdte) bite .

• 1{.(khdnati; p.khIJydte,khanydte) ~ (dydti; p. diydte) cut.

dig. ~ (aivyati; p. divydfe) play.

WfT (f}4yati; p, giydte) sing. l~ (p. dhilldte) put, place.

~ (dhayati; p, dhiyate) suck. 1iIfT(dhyliyati; p, dhy4ydte) think,

ponder.

Ilff (p. ptydte) drink.

I, (Hindu "l; p. pflrydte) fill. ~ (p. badhydte) bind; entangle;

catch.

lln (p. ",iyate) measure. ~ (p. ucydte) speak.

Snlt8t.:

..nrr C., command.

~f., hope.

1ItW n., fagot; wood. 1ftlf n., song.

V m., pot, vessel.

~ n., melted butter; glue. '111If n., grain.

'q11( m., noose, cord, snare.

Lesson X.

53

~ (vapati; p.upydte) sow, scatter. 1fA( (p. fifydte) role; punish. ~ (p. t;rllyate) hear.

'!' (p. ,tvydte) praise.

~ (p. 8Upydte) sleep.

111 (p. hiydte) abandon, give up; neglect.

.. or ~(hvdylJti; p. hfiydte) calL + "" call, summon.

~ m., burden.

~ m., beggar, ascetic. 1JlIf m., servant.

1111111 C., garland.

~ n., kingdom.

f1("3If m., child.

'"

ri m., snake.

Adj.:

f1!(~, f. 0,,", obedient.

Exercise X.

~ S'iI.qili)qef\fiw 1:flf ~Wl"fq~QJ '1i ~ I ~ I 1R't ~ fIiit I ~ I fq1n: q I'~-" I g I '1_"" 4: ~ I '4 I l ftrvn ~",.q~ I. I ~: 1RT. ~ I ~ I 1If~ ~~I1:IlPF"~!l, •• ~~~ltl~1 ..00 1ftW mw I qo I .Shifl'i1i1i 1f! ~ I qq I q1ft ~ ~ ,qfctil. ~ I q~ 11 ~ ~ ~ ~ I q~ I 1{lIi1r ~ fil1ffiit I qg I 1I1f'! 1ITWPIi 1fTU ", .. ~ t4l I qq I ~ "" 'Ift1iit I q. I ~ ~ ftl1viW ;q. I q~ I iif'f ~ ~ I ql: I 4IWiI'.fd'''SOilf II q~ II

,-IH1 Go. •

54

Lesson X. XI.

(Uae passive Ctm8tructiom throughout.)

20. Grain:! js scattered! for the birdsl. 21. Garlandsl are twinedl (use l(if;l) by the maidens'. 22. Again2 Hal·jl is praised'

,

by Rimas• 28. Vi~J;lu1 drinks' waterS from his hand'. 24. 'Pleas-

antlyl (~) one sleepss in the shade:!'; so' say6 the people", 25. Both seers! sacrifice:!. 26. The fatherl sets' hopes:! on his child· (loc.). 27. The scholars neglects' the teacher's! command'. 28. The two scholars" thinkS about their text-book' (nom.). 29. Grain' is sowns in the flelds", SO. They play! with dicel (imper8. Pa88.).

31. The king'sl commands~ are received'' by the obedientS servants'.

32. The maul digsS in the field:!.

Lesson Xl.

178. Verbs. Imperfect A.ctive, a-eooJogatloL The imperfect is formed from the present-stem by prefixing the augment .. , and adding a set of secondary endings.

179. If the present-stem begin with a vowel, the augment unites with it to form always the vrddhi-vowel, not the gu,(&a: thus ~+1: or t or '1( = 1t; .. + ~ or W = ~; .. + .. = ~.

,

180. If a preposition be prefixed, the augment comes between preposition and verb, as in Grf'ek: thus, from "811-,", impf.-stem "q'iit.l, I, c. ~ + .. + 111(; fiI-1(t, impf.-stem ~.

181. The inflection in the active is as follows:

Sing. Dual. Plural. •
1. ~dvadam ~~ dvadiioa "'''i( 'it dvad4ma
2. ~dvada8 ""i("1t dvadatam ~dvadata
3. ~ dvadat "'''i("Tf( dvadatam ~dvadan 182. The imperfect is the tense of narration; it expresses past time simply, without any further implication;

183. Polysyllabic Feminines in t r, declined like ~, 'river.'

Lesson XI.

N. A. I. D. Ab. G.

Sing. ~nadi ~nadfm .....,natiya d nadyai 'If1m{, nadyi'i8

"

Dual. ~nadyau

"

55

"

Plural.

~ nadyas ~nadis ~nadJbhi& ~nadibhyas

"

~nadibhyam

"

q'p{nadyam 1ffc{ nadi

184. Final nasals. The nasals 'q(, ~, and W{" occurring as finals oIter a ahort vowel, are doubled before any initial vowel: thus, .... firv1( ~ becomes ""fir •• ",.

"

"

~ nady08

L.

"

v.

".

"

"

"

11(\111'( nadinam ~nadi,"

Vocabulary XL

Verbs: I f1nt + If (pravi9dti) enter.

~ + "'4f1f (avalcrntdh) cut oft' or + '611 seat oneself.

down. • + ~ (ahdrati, -til) fetch, bring.

~ (pdlhatl) recite, read.

...

Subst.:

_m., purpose; meaning; wealth.

~ m., nom. pr., the god Indra. ( .... '" f., no,,,. pr.; the goddess

Indril)i.

1ITiff n., poem.

Vi1II' m., literary work, book. ~ f., mother.

~ f., female slave, servant. ~ r, goddess, queeu. ~r., city.

~ f., woman, wife.

111ft r., wife, consort. ~ r., daughter.

~ n., book (manuscript). ~ m., flood, high water .

..

~ r., earth; ground.

1I1P m., priest, BrAhman • ~m., fish.

~1ft' r, cistern.

~ f., council, meeting.

"" f., army.

m n., song of praise.

66

Lesson XI. XII.

Exercise XI.

1qfft" .. ()· ''''i!4I1'4« I q I ~: ~ 1IliIll"jqdl( I ~ C ~ ~ifl"f41( I ~ I '_~liIi. tr\(terf4l( I at , .m: ~ ~ ~"lf41 ~I'" ~ if(@ll .. qtlllif '.' ~~ .f4.r_as: I ~ , 'II'iI"h ~ ~ , Co, ~ftrilll.

lOOn fq1n 'di(qtll(' ~, 1Jt 'IRIT. ll'iQ114ii, qo I ~

... -._, .

1I1R: .1 ... 1(' qq I 'f4'i(T fir1ft f'~ .. iltifqdtli ~~-

1f'fIm' , q~ I ftt1n ~ lf1'fcrllUqlfcuillii 1R"ft: !f1f-

~ " q~ II L (.:. . '; ~;:.,

14. Whenl ye b~o~ght' (~) the king' for protection· (ace.),

i,.')..~.;. : . -... ....

thenl ye "!.~~l (.,-) in misfortune'. 15. In the two riversl Gaiiga'

and' YamunA· it is' (~) high-water~. 16. The two women1 sant a song of praise· about Rima' (gen.). 17. 01 8eers', why· do ye both sacrifice'to the goddes8es' with melted butteri? 18. Thequeen's1 women-servants' brought6 jewels' andl precicns stoues'. 19. In angerl (abl.) the teacher' struck' the 8cholarl with his hand'•

20. The two 8ervantsl broogh~ water' from the cisternS in pots'.

21. Ye cut off' (imp/.) woodS from the tree82 with the axel. 22. The 8eerl praised6 IndrilJ.I', Indra'8' con80rtl, with hymns&.

Lesson XII.

185. Feminine Substanthes In 1: i ad ~ u are declined as in the paradigms on the next page. The two series of forms exhibit complete parallelism: where the one shows i, y, 6, or ay, the other shows respectively u, II, 0, or av; cf, §§ 50, 51. In the D., Ab.G., and L. sing., these stems sometimes follow ~; thus maty4i, -yiJ8, -yam j dhenvai, -viJ8, -lltim.

186. Feminines In 1: i ad 'V u: 1IfW 'opinion'; ~ 'cow'.

Sing.
N. 1IftA( matU
A. 1Iflp{ mati",
I. 11111' mat1l4
D. """ matage
Ab. ~matu
G. " "
L. 1fIft mat4u
V. 1I'it mate
N. ~ dAmfU
A. ~dMA&um
L ~ dAm,,4
D. ~dAenave
Ab. ~ dAfJft03
G. " "
L. ;.wt dAen4u
V. "'" dAfJtW Lesson XII.

Dual. 1I1it mati

" "

" "

"

"

"

b7

Plural. 1I1I1R{ matayaa ~ mati&

.. fitr~ matibhil 1I'fiIq, matibAyaa

"

"

"

"

" "

"

"

"

187. Adjectives in 1: i and 'V u are often in8ected in the feminine like 1Iftf and ",. But adjectives in • " preceded by one consonant often form a derivative feminine stem by adding t i. Tbu8, ~ 'mucb', N. masc. ~, f. ~, n. ~; ~ 'beavy', m. ~, f. ~, n.~. This fern. is tben declined like ~.

Vocabulary XIL

Ver.: ~ + 'V1f ("pa~dtl) teach, in-

1IJ,'t (kdlpate) be in order; tend struct.

or conduce to (10. dot.). ~ (vinddti, viflddte) acquire.

58

Lesson XII.

Sub8t.:

1Prt m., quarrel. 1ITiIr n., poem. 1ftfti f., glory.

1ft'q m., cowherd, guardian.

~ r., fiy, gnat.

~ r, salvation, deliverance. 1Ifit t; stick, staff.

W'If m., ray; rein.

shepherd; 'UfIr f., night. .. m., wound. 1(Tfift r., repose.

1fTflf f., birth; caste; kind.

'Jflr r, decision of courage.

~ m., prince.

character; ,.tw t; hearing; holy writ. ~ r., tradition; law- book. l!fR m., sleep; dream. "f., jaw.

".. t., prudence, intelligence. ~ f., devotion, honor.

11111" m., part, piece.

1Iftf r, prosperity, blessing. ..

1{fif t.; earth, ground, land.

A.dJ·:

~, f. o~, low.

,." f. 0..,-, principal, first • q m., f., n., or f. ov,ft, light.

Exercise XII.

~ N ... r4l,.rifl ~"r .. ,.fWI qlf1tcU!' ~ 44!1,f1t,.rttl 1tlrlftr .... fW1 ~ " q II

1tli(ii4q Q ~ I q I ¢ ~ ~ ,.. d ~lilt I ~ I ~ ~ 1f ~ I ~ I q:y lftftt 'fl'I'Jfffii('1cr fir. ,g I ~ WM ~ I ~ I ... r"'1",iI &F(6CfF4iQ'1QFt1. I ~ I ,""I ... t ~ qtij!C'iI'iqi( I ~ I '2cmj'8ll ... r~ql ... i ~ &1tltf.iC( I C I "l1:1 ... i ~ 1ftwcn ~ I t.1 f __ Itft"i lII'Tfir! Ii 1" ... 1 ~ Iqol '\l1it ~.n Iqq I .mn ~ ~ I q~ I ~ JIl""'lq!q'iltNlfflff! Iq~ I ...,. ,.~-

W. II qg II

15. Vi~9U8 rejoices' at the devotion' (in8tr.) of the pious! (pl.), ands gives7 deliverances. 16. Mens of many' castes' dwelts in the city'. 17. The birds' 'see3 the hunter', ands fly up6 from the ground'. 18. By the power!! of intelligence' we overcame' advers-

Lesson XII. XIII.

59

itt. 19. The cowherd1 guards' the cows3 in the wood'. 20. By Intelligenee! and3 diligence' ye acquireS much' glory", 21. The poem! tends' to the poet's' glory3 (two dative8). 22. For prosperity! we bow befores Qiva' (ace.). 23. The reins! are being fastened' (lfItl:) to the horse's' jaws· (Zoe.). 24. In the night" we both readS

,

(imp/.) holy writ'.

Lesson XIII.

188. Terbs, a-oouJugation. Imperfect Middle. The imperfect middle of verbs in a is as follows:

Sing. Dual. Plural.

1. "III1Il'il dlabhe (a + i) olf1'1fft dlabhavahi o~ dlabhamahi

2. ~ dlabhathas o~ dlabhetham o~ dlabhadhvam

3. ~ dlabhata o~ dlabhettlm o1f1ft dlabhanta

With ~ and 1fIfTJ( of the dual, cf. ~ and Vit of the pres. indo mid.

189. Boot • words lD t J are declined as follows:

Sing. Dual. Plural:
N. V. ~dhi8 N1h dhiyau ~ dhiyas
A. N'fP{ dhiyam " " " "
I. f\11n dhiytl ~ dhibhytlm ~ dhibhiB
D. Nit dhiye " " ~ dhibhya8
Abl. ~dhiyas " " " "
G. " " ~dhiyo8 ~dhiyam
L. f\1N dhiyi " " ~dhi§U I n the D., Ab. - Gen., and L. sing., and G. pl., these stems sometimes follow ~; thus, dhiytli, dhiyliB, dhiyam, dhintlm. Cf. t 185. Observe that where the case-ending begins with a vowel the stem-final J is split into 'iy.

60

Le880n XIII.

190. The following additional prefixes are nsed with verbs: ~ 'over, above, on '; "IIIfiI' unto, close upon ,.; ~ 'to, unto', , against ' (often with implied violence) ; 11f • down, into, in'; 1IfiI 'back to, against, in return' ; fir 'apart, a way, out'.

191. Both in verbal forms and in derivatives, the final 1: or .. of a prefix ordinarily lingualizes the initial ~ of a root to which it is prefixed; and, in a few cases, the lit remaius even after an interposed ~ of augment or reduplication; thus, from q + 11f,

"

fit4l4(fit; .-r +~, pres. pass. ~, impf. p&88. ~-

~.

192. The final ~ of prefixes in ~ and ~ becomes " before initial 11(. ~, 1{_, '1f; thus, from ~+ fiAt. fiI*4 .. l.

Vocabulary XIII.

Verbs I

111{ + ~ (atikramati, -krdmatlJ)

l1T"t + lIflr (pratibh4,atlJ) answer (w. ace. oj per,.).

p&88 beyond or by, transgress. lJ+1I arise; rule.

WI1{, + ~ (ujjdyatlJ) be born, ~ (racdyah) arrange, compose

arise from (abl.). (a literary work).

+ 1f arise, come into existence. ~ + lIflr(pratifidati} hold back;

'1T + "IIIfiI cover, keep shut. forbid.

~ + fir ("indfyati) disappear, n, +fiI(nif6vatlJ) dwell; devote

perish. oneself to; attend.

'1ft + ~ ( sa,;mdhyati) gird; .-r + ~ mount, stand above

equip. or over; rule, govern.

~ + fiAt (nifpddyatlJ) grow; '('( + lIflr binder; injure; offend. arise from (abl.).

• Sometimes, with the verbs 1IJ and '1T, abbreviated to fif; but in classical Skt. most commonly used as a conjunction: 'also', 'too'.

Sabato:

~ f., permission •

...

m m., god j lord.

..nw m., dove.

.. m., ear,

1ITIf m., love, desire. ~ n., reason, cause. m m., anger.

tIN n., net.

"" t, understanding, insight. 1111( m., destruction.

1RI m., D., lotus.

~ m., maD (homo).

.. ,,(," m., great king.

"" m., sage; asceUe.

Lesson XIII.

61

~ f., girdle. ~ m., infatuation. ~ m., wagon .

~ m., desire, avarice . ~ r., dwelling.

1ft" f., luck, fortune, riches; aI

nom. pr., goddess of fortune. q'i{' m., ocean.

,.,. t.; creation,

It f., modesty, bashfulness.

A.dJ·:

~, f .• ~, whole.

~ f .• , beautiful.

~. f .• ~, steadfast, brave. b, f .• ~, white.

Exercise XIII.

~ niiifft ~ A",,", I ~ ~ .mr. ~ .'(Qlf( II ~ II

'2qfft"'fil4I, qtq,rii.fililflf I q I ~ ~ ~~'I1"PIf I ~ I ~ ~. m: ~ ~iiilit I ~ I q'~iii.l .. i 111 ... ilihtif( III 1Ri fta-.n (gen.) qflr. I " I f\Ttn ~ ~ 1!tI1fiI q, (fifitl I 4 I W ~ '(lit1Ir I ~ I ~ hrtry- 1f\"at?r I C I ftr'1 ",_''iii ~ I (ll ~lIfif: I qO I !(\(~ilfll' 112 flriilUSq,fiiill"lf( I qq I ~fiI(\.(. ~ 1IfT'fI'flr I q~ I ~ 'lTiIf fi1C('*Iit I q~ I ~ ..... '·( .. fI~ ft(~ 9 •• ' fit f •• fiII II ~ II

15. -The goddess of fortune was born from the ocean. 16. Why

did ye hold your ears shut? (Pa88. COfI&tr.) 17. "The Qudras spoke

* As the principal euphonic rules have now been stated and

62

Lesson XIII. XIV.

the language of the Aryans": thus answered (imper8. Pa88.) the Brahmans. 18. By its cleverness the dove was freed from the net. 19. The teacher girded both boys with the girdle. 20. When the scholar's modesty disappeared, then the law was offended agaiMf.. 21. Whence did ye get (~.) the white cows? 22. The whole earth was ruled by the great king. 23. For prosperity (dat.) we took refuge with the king (R-'q'{). 24. Two law-books were composed by Vi~Qu. 25. The milk of the black: ellw is drunk by both children.

Lesson XIV.

193. Verbs, a-eoDjagatloD. Prfl8ent Imperathe .lethe. The inSection of this mode is as follows:

Sing. Dual. Plural.
1- ~ vdd4ni ~vddava ~"ddiima
2. ~ vada ~ vadatam ~ vadata
3. ~vddatu Cii(ti ..... vddat4m 1i'i(1!J vddantu ....... (I;

•• .1 •

194. The three first persons are properly subjunctive forms, and accordingly often express a wish or future action.

195. The second and third persons of the imperative express oftenest a command j sometimes a wish or future action. The negative used with the imv. is lIl.

196. A rare imv. form, either 2nd or Srd pers. sing. (or plur.), is made with the ending 'i'IlC{,; thus, ~. Its value is that of a posterior or future imv. (like the Latin forms j.n_~o and tote) •

. -' . .. .. - ~ --,.

197. Root·words In .. i, inflected like 11. f., 'earth'.

exemplified in the exercises, no further indication need be made, except in special instances, of the position of the words in the Sanskrit.

Lesson XIV. 63
Sing. Dual. Plural.
NV. ~ bhU8 ~ bh'UvlJu ~ bh'Uval
A. ~ bh'Uvam " " " "
I. ~ bhuvIJ ~ bhfJJJhy4m ~ bhfJJJkis
..
D. ~ bhuV6 " " ~ bhfdJhya.
Ab. ~ bh'Uval " " " "
G. " " ~ bhUV08 11f11( bhuv4m
L. 1Jf1I bhufJi " " 1f! bhf4U In tbe D., Ab .• G., and L. sing., and G. pl., these stems sometimes follow ~; tbus, bhufJlJi, bhufJiJ8, bkuvIJm, bhoo4m. CC. §§ 185, 189.

198. Polysyllabic Fellllnlnes In .. 6, inflected like ""J C., 'woman'.

Sing. Dual. Plural.
N. ~ vadkus 1f'ift vadkviiu ~ vadltva.
A. ~ vadhum " " ~ fJadltus
0-
I. 1I"in fJadltvIJ ~ vadltfJJJhyIJm ~ vadItfJJJhis
D. ~ vadltvlJi " " ~~ fJadhfJJJhyal
Ab. ~ vadltvlJB " " " "
G. " " ~ vadltvo. ~ vadltun4m
..
L. ~ vadltvIJm " " 1f'J! vadhf4U
V. 1fV fJadhu
,. Vocabulary XIV.

Verbs: ~ inpaB8. (dr~dte) seem, look.

q_ + ~ (abhydsyah) repeat, q_ + fir (nivdsah) inbabit; dwell.

study, learn. ~ + 11 (pravartate) get a-going,

+ 11 (prluyati) tbrow forward or break out, arise.

into. 1IJ"{ (~6cati) sorrow, grieve.

~ + ~ (iidifdti) command. q+fir (nilJidati) seat oneself.

Leeson XlV.

Sabato: 1IIfif f., song of praise; praise •

..

~ m., guest. ~ f., daughter-in-law. S;'.:_"_'L~

~ n., untruth. .1..,.1

~ m., Btudy; recitation. ~, f •• ~, lower; other.

~m.,eommand,prescription. ~, f •• ~, highest; other • ..,.wr n., seat, chair. 1(11, f .• ~, crooked, bent. !If f., spoon, esp, sacrificial ~, f. t, beautiful.

spoon.

11'10 m., lecture, leason. 1I'Il f., creature; subject. 'I f., earth, ground. 1fiI1' n., ornament.

11 f., eyebrow.

~ f., woman, wife . ..

~ f., altar.

.-1J f., mother-In-law .

..

.1th.:

~under, underneath(gm.). ~ long (of time).

~ far, afar.

111' prohibitive particle, like Greek "'~, Latin fie.

1fT (P08tpol.) or.

Fi!II1{ near by •

Exercise XIV. d~wyd.~"J~df(1

~ q"ff 111' F!t ~ q"ff .. !q(i( II • II

1Iq .. 'I(I .. r.( .... ~~lql~1(1Il(1t'f~ .... n fi1f1E1df( I ~ I f1I{1d (g6n.) -rft d 1ft I a I ~ "III'TEIit ~1! ~ ftr1n: III ."Ifit! q ~ ~ 'JITdw I It I, "'~"I. tifilfi ... cffl'11'd qlqI51(tlii( ..... ~"' ~ I 4 I .nrfif ~ 'U.rt ,-.r 1I1'1R ~ I • I ~ "'ql~"d. ,'11: Ilf'In: Nwll(fir. I fll qlaCiI""~ f1l .. lfll ... dlfiiffi !"(I1I1l I qO I ~ ,w lI'TCiT-

: .. ~~:~:~CII-: .. I .... I q~ I ~ 'Jlf mflIl q.1

15. The women sing the praises (singular) of Indrav.i (paBa.

COft8tr.). 16. "Study ye holy writ and the sciences, speak the

Lesson XIV. XV.

65

the truth, honor your teach en": thu8l i8 the pre8criptions of the text-books' for scholarA' (gen.). 17. Let kings protect their subjects and puni8h the wicked: thu8 is the law not offended (.-r paBI.). 18. 0 women, reverence your mothers-in-law. 19. Let not the coachman strike or torment the horses, 20. "Bring the jewels": thus the two maid-servants were commanded by the queen. 21. Let us with two spoons drop water on the altar. 22. "Let U8 play with dice for money" (instr.): thus spoke the two warriors (pass.). 23. "To-day let me initiate (imv.) my two 80n8": thu8 says the BrAhman. 24:. Let the men dig a cistern.

Lesson XV.

199. Verbs, a-eonJugatiOL Present Imperathe midle. The present imperative middle is in6ected thu8:

Sing. Dual . Plural.
.1. ...st IdbhiJi ~, ldbhooahtJi ~ IdbhamahtJi
2. ~ Idbha8tla ~ Idbheth4m ~ ldbhadhvam
3- .... "II( ldbhatam ~ ldbhetam ~ ldbhantam 200. The first persons are really subjunctive forma. The in- 6ection of the passive imv. is precisely similar; thus, flit, ~, f1I""II(, etc.

201. NeDDs In. r, These stems, like many belonging to the consonant-declension, exhibit in their inflection a difference of stem-form: strong, middle, and weak. (For the cases called strong, etc., see Introd., § 87). In the weak cases (except loco siag.) the stem-final is • r, which in the weakest cases is changed naturally to ~r. But as regards the strong cases, the stem8 of this declension fall into two elesses: in the one - which is much the larger, compri8ing all the nomina agentiB, and a few others - the • is vriddhied, becoming ~ ar; while in the other elses, containing

P8ITJ. 8aaa1r.rlt Primer.

66

Lesson XV.

most nouns of relationship, tbe • is gunated, becoming ~ ar, In both classes, the loco sing. has ~ ar as stem-final. The abl,« gen. sing. is of peculiar formation; and the final l r is dropped in tbe nominative singular.

202. Nomina agentis ID • r, like U m., 'doer'. "

Dual. Plural.

1Ilh'(t kartlir4u 4ft 1«(( kartlira.

" ".t't kartfn

~~ -trbhlliJm ~ kartrbhiB

" ,,~ kartrbhYaB

N.

Sing. 1Ilh karta

A. I.

qhi I (4( kart4ram 1I'h kartra

D.

~ kartre

Ab. ~ kartur (or -ru) G.

L. lfiiif~ kartari v. 1I1tt kartar

..

" "

" "

4~iQ Ii( kartft&4m

'lib kartr",

"

"

" "

..rf(( kartr08

203. Two nouns of relationship, ~f., "sister", and 11'11 m., • grandson', follow tbis declension; but l!f! makes the ace. pI. ~ 8vaBf-8.

204. The nouns of agency are sometimes used participially, or with adjective value. The corresponding feminine-stem is made in t I, and declined like ~; thus, ...,., kartN.

205. The grammarians prescribe a complete neuter declension also for bases in !. precisely analogous with that of 'q"ff( or 1fll' but such forms are rare.

Vocabulary XV.

Verbs: Ilf,!+ flJ(vivddats) dispute, argue.

1fi( + ~ (anugdcchati) follow. f1J + ~ (tlfrdllate) go for pro"'l+~-~(8amacdratl)commit, tection to, take refuge with

perform, do. (ace.).

Lesson XV.

61

Sabat.:

.1"'1. m., teacher.

lilt m., doer, maker, author; as ct

adj., doing, making.

~ n., step.

AIf4A1i1 n., penance, expiation. ri m., supporter, preserver j lord,

•

husband; master.

'lIAr m., time, ~ m., protector.

71ft r, graciousness, pity. ... q, I , m., trial, law-suit.

~ m., giver; as adj., generous. ~ m., punisher, governor. ~ m., scamp, rogue. q m., creator.

lf1 m., seer, author (of Vedic "I1n{ n., honor, glory (o/ten as

books); as adj., seeing. indecl., w. /oll'g dat.).

1lI11 m., creator.

~ m., decision; certainty. 1tJ m., leader.

~ m., learned man J pandit.

A.dJ·:

~. f .• ~, poor.

1f(, f .• ~, best, most excellent; better (w. /ol1:'g abl.).

Exercise XV. l~~m~lIif"lf~ I rif ~ 1I1iPI '!~ ~ ~* 11111

.1 ... 1. ~ AIf4f41i ."I'«or""qTCf f __ n'f4 .lfi(1(~'IICIi 41i1i1'" , ... f4I .. 1ftfil ~Ttf" ~qlf\"llJIf4I"'t ~ ~ 'Uil1fI1I1it ~ I ~ I ~ 1Iit ",q.till( I ~ I 'fit m- 11ft" tiP lI.-r ~ III ~ ~ql"'dllq'i dTfllftlR ~ ~1! 1ff1at: q fqqf(lqtl m 1111"41. S .... ir.t.f4: I Itl 'tP (dat.) t~: ¥- dt ~ 'iIi"11( I 4 I ~ 1I1JI11It mtilU , ... 1 .. 1 ~ 1(1.10 qlillflil( I ~ I 1(i(it4fllll qtf ..... tI "IfJf: I C I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1I1fi "IfJf! II (l II

. • Words are often repeated, to give an intensive, a distributive, or a repetitional meaning. So here: "at every step". The position of ~ is very unusual; it would naturally follow .....t. .

.. Loc. absol, - supply "being".

68

Lesson xv. XVI.

10. Let the wife love her husband. 11. Let the warriors follow th .. leaders and fight with the enemy (pl.). 12. At the river the boy is to meet his two sisters (ill8,r.). 13. The world was 'creeted by the creator. 14. In the houses of pious givers alms is given to ascetics. 15. King Bhoja was (mw) generous toward the author (loc.) of the eulogies. 16. Let servants always be useful to ~) their masters (ace.). 17. For protection" (ace.) betake yourselves$ to the godsS, the protectors' of the pious'. 18. Men live by the graciousness of the creator. 19. 0 generous one, the poor bend befor, 'hI,1 20. The man leads his sisters to the city (Pais. COfIItr.).

Lesson XVI.

206. Verbs, a-coDjugatiOD. Present OptatiTe A.ctiTe. The present optative is formed from the general present-stem by the addition of a mode-sign, after which are used secondary endings (in 8rd pl. act ..... us, in 1st sing. mid. ~ a, in 3rd pl. mid. ~ ran). After an a-stem, this mode-sign, in all voices, is t i, unaccented, which blends with the final a to l( , (accented, or not, according to the accent of the a): and the 1[ is maintained unchanged before a vowel-ending (~, .... , ."411(. ~) by means of an interposed euphonic ~1I' The inflection in the active voice is as follows:

1. 2.

Sing. Dual.

~ fJddegam ~ vddeva

1!1~ vddes ~ vddstam

m vddet ~"'I( vddet4m

Similarly. ""'41( vi~8yam, ~ cordy,yam, etc.

Plural. ~"ddlJma ~"ddtta ~ fJddeyus

ndhlleyam. "Ii (11'41(

3.

Lesson XVI.

69

207. The optative expresses: 1. wish or desire; 2. request or entreaty; 3. what is desirable or proper; 4. what mayor might, can or could be. It is also largely used in conditional sentences. The subject is often indefinite and unexpressed. The negative used with the opt. is 11 fIQ. Both the prescriptive and the prohibitive optative are very common.

208. The nouns of relationship in • (except ~, and ~see § 203) gunate • in the strong cases; thus, ~ m., 'father', 1fTW f.,' mother', declined as follows:

..

Sing. Dual.

N. f1mlfm flnr(l ~
A. ~1IT~ " "
I. ft;rr 1IT'iIl ~~
etc. etc.
V. fiml~ Plural.

etc.

209. The stem 1ft m., f., 'bull' or 'cow', is declined thus:

Sing. Dual. Plural.

NV. ~ giius 1Il1ft gaviiu ~ giiva8

"., ~ gas

~ gobhyiim ~ gobhi8

" " ~ gobhyal

A. 1IlI(gam
I. 111fT gava
D. ~gave
Ab. ~gO&
G. " "
L. mgavi "

~gavo8

" "

Vocabulary XVI.

Verbs:

1I1t (ma/nyate) think, suppose. ~ (mddate) rejoice.

~ (~arisati) proclaim (see also io Vocab. I.).

.. (Stndrati ; p. &maryate) remember; think of; teach, esp. in paBB. 'it is taugbt', i. e. 'traditional '.

"

"

"

~gav4m 1IT! gof'S

70

Lesson XVI.

Sabst.:

A4J.:

"III'N1I, f. .~, more, greater,

greatest.

41 .. , .. , f •• ~, granting wishes ; as r, 'c. ~, the fabulous Wonder-cow.

,GUS'" f. ~, badly arranged or osed.

'JI'!1I, f. .~, arranged, used. Q, f. ...-T, best.

meal and gifts to the Brib-

1ft m., f., bull, steer, cow; f., mane.

: ,. .~ . ~

speech.

1i\'tIIf n., ox-nature; stupidity. 1lf1V m., fodder, hay.

'f1"iI11 m., scn-in-Iaw. 1ft1 f., daughter.

~ n., mud, bog.

"' m., father; du., parents; pl.,

mane&.

111ft, m., user, arranger. ~ m., wise maD, sage. ~ m., brother.

'ill! t; mother.

lIN m., month.

'9"" n., pair.

ProL: .-r f., she, it.

AdT. ad CoDj.: ~if.

~ n., protection. fillIP( always, daily.

~ n., an oblation to the manes, ~ if.

aeeomplanied by a sacrificial ~ well, properly.

Exercise XVI.

M: 4,,,,"1- ~ 11'!"" ~,.. I 'iJI~"" !ij.m.t ~: ~lf 1ivfif II 'III

~~fqw(:~~ 1Iiift~C1lfW1tt ~ICIl1JT~-

1ti ~ ~ 1tCl"iftf f\<:iIl "*41 ~ I ~ I ~ 1I1ITIr ~"lf~M'q'IfMlfI.I~1I'N~~~111 411 ...... il."fflfft 1f1"ft'(t ~ I'll liT. ~ ftrri it1i(ittfft I ~ I .. I .. fit .. , cN~1fi1atI41 .. tti(ct I ~ I 1ft-

• Predicate. Play UpOD words throughout the verse.

Lesson XVI. XVII.

11

~~~~~1rTf~~Il::I~ ~ ~ ~("'-9: I fll l' ~ rq4(ji' flfI': I ~ I ~t ~ WI lR't I qq I" ftr1r1r. fq1oijtf1lii ~ t.-

""' II q~ II

13. By ~tJabhadatta, son-in-law of Nabapana, many cattle and

villages and much money were given to the BrAhmans. 1'- Thou shah give the mother's jewels to the sisters (opt. or 'mt1.). 15. Let the coachman bring (~-~ fodder for the horses; let him not torment the horses. 16. Of the father'S property a greater part is to be given (imv.) to the eldest of the brothers. 17. "Children, bring wood and water into the house daily"; thus WtJI the father's command. 18. Let the cows graze in the forest. 19. Let both live on the milk (imtr.) of the black cow. 20. The wagon is drawn by two steers. 21. The seer rejoices over the pair (imtr.) of white steers. 22. Hari and Qiva marry two sisters, the daughters of Rama.

Lesson XVII.

210. Verbs, a- conjugation. Present Optathe 1Uddle. The optative middle (and passive) of a-stems, formed as shown in the preceding lesson, is inflected as follows:

Sing. DuaL Plural.

1. ~ ldbheya ~ ldbhsvahi ~ ldbhemahi

2. ~ ldbh,th& ~ IdbheyfJth4m ~ ldbhedhvam

3. 1Iinf ldbheta ~ IdbhegatfJm ~ ldbheran

Similarly ~ coryiya •........ 8amgaccheya, etc.

211. DeclensloDo The stem 1ft f., 'ship, boat', is entirely regular, taking throughout the normal endings, as given in § 90. Thus: ~, 1I11P{, 1fT1n', etc.; ~, ~, etc.; ~, ~,etc.

72

Lesson XVII.

212. The stems ending in long vowels (~, t, ~) fall into two well-marked classes: A. root-stems - mostly monosyllabic - and their compounds, witb a comparatively small number of others inflected like them; B. derbatbe feminine stems in ..-r and t, with a few in 'ef, inflected like ~, ~ and 1I'iI, Tbe stems

...

of class A take tbe normal endings throughout, with optional ex-

ceptions in dat., abl.-gen., and loco sing. fem., and with "l inserted before "JII11{ of the gen. pI. The simple words are as nouns with few exceptions fern.; as adjectives (rare), and in adjective compounds, they coincide in masc. and fem. forms. The declension of the simple words in t and 'ef bas been given (in §§ 189, 197); those in .... are 80 rare that it is not possible to make up a whole scheme of forms in actual use.

213. Wben any root in ..-r or t or 'ef is found as final member of a compound word, these root-finals are treated as follows: 1. Roots in ..-r lose that vowel before vowel-endings, except in the strong cases aud in tbe ace, pl., whicb is like the nominative. Thus, fq-"q'( m., t., 'ail-protecting':

Sing.

N.V. FflI1Iql(( -p48 A. Fct1lql"" -pam

Dual. ~-piiu f~

Plural. f",.ql(( -p48

. "

I.

f~etc.

214. 2. Roots in t and .. change their final vowel, before vowel-endings, into "{. and ~, if but one consonant precede the final vowel; but if two or more consonants precede, the change is into t:1l and ~,. Thus, ~-1ft m., f., 'corn-buying': nom.-voc. ~~, ace. qfllfilqf(; ..-11 m., f., 'street-sweeper': nom. sing •

..

~, ace. •• CCllf(.

Lesson XVII.

73

Vocabulary XVII.

Verbs:

~ (ramate) amuse oneself.

+ ftr(virdmati) cease from (abl.);

~ + lrftf (pratiklJate) expect. ~ + "III'fl:r (abhinandati, poet. cease. ~

-te) rf'joice in, greet with joy .-J+ ~ (anu~thati) follow out,

(ace.).

accomplish.

Sabat.:

~ n., garden. Jf1f f., agriculture. aitf1m n., life.

fiR n., friend. ~ n., battle.

q I fiji. n., trade. flrN m., rule; fate.

~ m., command. ~ m., father-in-law.

ql1ql. n., cattle-raising. A.dJ.:

!~f'n m., domestic priest, chap- lfS{, f .• ~, good, pleasant, dear;

lain. as n. BUbBt., fortune.

1tq n., eating. ~, f. .~, doubtful; un-

,...... m., servant. 11"(111' n., death.

steady.

Exercise XVII.

~~~~~I 414fitq ~W ~ ~ lAT· II ~ II

~~: .(I'I~"'(lql~~¥:~~~ ~ •• ('( I'U brr: ~ qlf_til" Ql1qtti'l 1fT mwt. I ~ I 4fi(nri ~ 'I!UC(( I H I ~ qT1lT qlr<f~ tv"" ~ ~ ~ I" I '11 .. ln(: .~(I'i"~ .ur~ ~ f1nr(t ~ 14 I ill,,'''I'''!i(RA 1ffihr •••• ,f'l'l Q(leril1I I Uir ~ 1I'I'T ~ I 1: I 1J1Ilft' ~- 1ft'{ 1411 ~ , ........ C(. qo. "1"I~iiillii (it"lnlt( II qq II

• RuJe for an ascetic, who is to put aside all earthly deairea and pasaions.

14

Lesson XVII. XVIII.

12. Let fodder be brought (..,.-~ (opt., imfJ.) by the brother for the horses of the all-protecting king. 13. May ye see good fortune (pl.); may ye acquire (~) glory. 14. The king with his warriors crossed the sea in a ship. 15. Tell (opt., imfJ.) where our friends may meet witb their brothers. 16. You may amuse yourselves in the garden, but cease eating (abl. of~) the fruits (JIm.). 17. Mayest thou be saved by the all-protector from thy misfortune. 18. To-day let the king's two sons be consecrated (opt., imv.) by the house - priest. 19. Ye both. shall greet (opt., imv.) your parents. 20. If we two should speak untruth, tben we should be punished by the king. 21. May I conquer the enemies with my brave warriors: thua is the king's wish (UBB ~ Pa8lJ.). 22. May we receive the reward of virtue.

Lesson XVIII.

215. Ca1l88tiTe. The chief points to be noticed in the formation of causative-stems have been given already (in Less. VII); some additional ones follow.

216. Most roots in ..,. and .. add It before the conjugationsign; thus, ~~ from l~T; ~l'f; 1J'Nf(ftf; ~~ from •• 1J(l makes "!II q'CI ftrj; "lIT and .-r, sometimes 'lfTlRlfiI, etc., sometimes 'II~, etc. Un,' drink', makes q''4'C1ftl <as though from 1ft). A few roots in 1: and t take the same It, witb various irregularities; tbus, ~ from ~-'(.

217. Medial or initial ~ in a light syllable is commonly lengthened, but sometimes remains unchanged. Thus, 'ij({_, Q'(f'4ftl; 1P(, .'item j "f1{, ""it '4 Ftl. But most roots in ~, and ~, ~, P" ~" with other rarer ones, generally keep the ~ sbort; thus, ~, ",it'4ftrj.

Lesson xvm.

75

218. Final vowels take vrddhi before .-eI; tbus, ~ "ICl4!I",; " ., (4!Ifft.

219. Some verbs of causative meaning are by formation de-

nominatives; thus QI4!l4!lfi't, 'protect', called causative to 211li 1ft~, to 1ft; 1fl"4!1"" to 1ft; '""q",, to 1'(.

220. For tbe passive of causatives, see Less. X.

221. Tbe causatives of intransitive verbs are transitive. The causutives of transitive verbs are construed sometimes (a) with two accusatives, sometimes (b) with an ace, of the object and an instrumental of the agent. Thus, "he causes the birds to eat the cakes" may be rendered either (a): ~'t NQiJiI'l 4Ih(4!I"" or (b) flI .... f-qo ~.

222. Participles. The general participial endings are '11ft .. (weak form 'V~) for the active, and ~ for the middle. But after a tense-stem in "II, the active suffix is virtually ~, one of the two Vs being lost i and the middle suffix is 1ff1I' (except "tIT1r sometimes in causative forms). Tbus, ~ bhdvant, ~i('ifl tuddnt, '(1C11l1l't aivyant, ",,,* (qitl .. corayant; ~ bhdvamana, etc. For the declension of tbe participles in 'V1ft' ... see below, Less. XXIII.

223. Pronoun of the Flnt Person. The pronominal declension exhibits some striking peeuliaritlee which are not easily explained. The pronoun of the first person is declined thus:

Sing. Dual. Plural.

N. ~ ~1l{ ~
A. 1111{, 1ft ~,~ ~,1Il(
I. 1RIT ~ ~
D. 1l1fJ{,. it " "'" ~.q
Ab. 1Rt " ~
G. 1(1f.it .IClf4lC.. ~ "~1R(
L. 1If1I " "'""' 76

Lesson XVIII.

224. The forms 1ft, it, ~, ~ are enclitic, and are never used at the beginning of a sentence, or before the particle!!;r,

",1fT.

225. In pronouns of the first and second persons the plural is often used for the singular. Pronouns (and other words as well) show in Sanskrit a curious tendency to agree in form with the predicate rather than with the subject to which they refer.

Vocabulary XVIII.

Verbs, with causathes: I, die; eaus. (marayati) kill. "tI"t eat; cans. (a~ayati) make ~, sacrifice; cans, (yajdyati)

eat; give to eat.

~ + ~ study, read; eaue. (adhyapayah) teach.

V in eaus, (kalpayati, -te) make; ordain, appoint.

~ in caus. (jandyah) beget. .", +"IJIIT in cans. (ajnapayati) command.

l~ give; cans. (dapagati) make give or pay.

111{ see; in cans. (dar~dyati) show. I111T + 11ft, in cans. ( dhapagati) make pnt on, clothe in(ttDO ace.). 1ft + ~ lead away (cans. apaMydyati).

lIlt in cans. (prathdyan) spread, proclaim.

make to sacrifice; offer sacrifice for (acc. *).

1f!+"'IIIflf in cans. (abhivadayati) greet.

flit know; cans. (vedayati) inform (dat.).

+ fir in eaus, inform (dat.) . ~ (fuirdhate) grow; eaus. (vardhayati, -te) make grow; bring up. ~ in cans. (v1lathayati) torment. ~ hear; in cans. fsr4vayati) make hear, i. e. recite, proclaim (acc.

0/ perB.).

.,. stand; in eans, (Bthltpayati) put, place; appoint; stop,

+ 1J (prat4fhate) start off; in caus. (prasth4payatl) send.

• The priest who performs sacrifice for tbe benefit of another person is said to .. make that person sacrifice", 88 tbough the latter (wbo is called .... iii .. ) were celebrating the saerlAce for himself.

Lesson XVIII.

77

Subst.:

~ m., slave, groom.

1:1' m., messenger, t'nvoy. q'Z"'9i1 n., nom. pr., the city

of Patni.

" .. 1(_ m., wish.

~ n",nectar.

IiiSq"qif n., initiation, investiture. ~ m., hand; trunk (of ele-

phant); ray; toll, tax.

CII,f"i('" m., nom. pr., a noted ~ n., garment.

poet. f1!fN m., Brahman (the deity).

1IT1ft f., nom. pr., the city of 'T' m., wolf.

Benares, ~ m., science, knowledge; esp.

~m., quality; excellent quality, sacred knowledge, holy writ.

excellence.

A.dJ·:

~ m., nom. pro (Rima's 'If'Iftwr, f. o~, new.

father). ~, f .• ~, own, one's own.

Exercise XVlIL

1l" l..,..-r ~ ~ 1 q 11It4! .. ,qqM ~ II ~ II ~(".,~'S",,,,,,,qC( 1 ~ 1 .,Ni('''. 1IT1fi 1rt ~ 1 II 1 ,., .... ('ii('q~'1q! 1 '41 IiiSq"qit iII'4I,,,cft"'N "(fUr ... ~-qq: I ~ 1 ~ ~1J'(: A'4tllqq'll ~ 1 ~ .,.,,,,,"fir 1I1i' ~ Il: 1 '"44"> ...... W("fi\' ,q,tt11f1 1 t I ~ 1f* ,(l4l,(qfitll qo I 1A1i\' ~ !JQj,.,.t4~9' tftAi 1'(~ft:fir q,~_f(td 1 qq I ~ Jnnit fft .... 'r" '(lIr. 1I11ri mfir I q~ 1 ...n ~ ~ ~ "(1it1Ir .. ~: • q, •

1" I cause a mat to be made (caUl. ptu8.). 15. Show me (datJ the books. 16. Let Brahmans teach us both and offer sacrifice for as. 17. The king determined (ordained) the taxes in Ii" kingdom. 18. I have my field ploughed by slaves. 19. Give me water and food. 20. They had the boy taken (led) away from me (abl.). 21. The kings sent envoys to Pitaliputra. 22. Thieves stole oar (gen.) cows, and wolves killed our* flocks. 28. The king made the

* The expression of possession, etc., on the part of pronoun.

78

Lesson XVIII. XIX.

poet recite ("" 4,,, .. fit) a eulogy of Vi~vu. M. We torment oar hearts with wishes. 25. Both scholars greet the teacher,

Lesson XIX.

226. PreBO •• of tile Se.,... Penoa. This pronoun (for which the natives assume tIIJ and 1JII'l as bases) is declined thus:

Singular. Dual. Plural.

N. l'fJ( 1J1'1'{ ~
A. l'm{, lin ~, 1fPl ~,~
I. "'" !cU""1( ~ .... ,r~
D. ~,W • .~ ~.~
...
Ab. lin( " ~
G. 1I~. 'it '! it +4'i4(. 1fPl '3i1it '41(, ~
L. litflr • ~ m. The forms lin. ~ 1fPl, ~ are enclitics, subject to the same rules as lIT, it. etc. (§ 224).

228. De Pro .... of tile TlIri PelMB (for which the natives
assume 11! as base - the base is really if) is declined as follows
(note nom. Bing., m. and f.):
JluealIae: Fealalae:
Sing. Dual. Plural. Sing. Dual. Plnral.
N. lit 'it -. lI14(
~ ~ 11'
A. lII( " 1fT't 1m{ " "
I. n 1fT ... 'I( ~ 1f1n' ~ ~
D. ~ " ~ '"' " 1mq,
Ab. ~ " " lNT4( " "
G. 1'RlI ~ .... ~ lmm{
111111{ •
L. ~ " 'if! ....... " ~ is made almost entirely by the genitive case, not by a derivative peesessive adjective. But often the unemphatic peesessive pronoun of the English is omitted in Sanskrit.

Lesson XIX.

79

Neuter:
Sing. Dual. Plural.
N. q it 'ft'Tf1I
A. " " "
I. 1t1f ~ ~ etc., as iD the maseullDe. 229. The nom. sing. masc. ~, and its compound ~, lose their final ~ before any consonant; before vowels, and at the end of a sentence, they follow the usual euphonic rules. Thus, ~ 1(-

-.fW, ~ fimW; V~; V't AIfif; 1I-.fW V:.

230. The third personal pronoun is used oftenest as a weak or indefinite demonstrative, especially as antecedent to a relative; and often like the English "definite article."

231. Like if are declined: (a) 'QW, 'this', formed by prt4i.xing 1[ to the forms of 1f, throughout; thus, nom. sing. m. ~, f.1[1I'I, n, 1[W!; (b) the relative pronoun (and adj.) "1', 'which, who'; (0) comparatives and superlatives from pronominal roots, such as 1IlR:, which (of the two)?' and ~ 'which (of the many)?' So "I'lR: and ~; l(1IlPf 'one of many'; .... 'other', with its comparative ~; and ~ 'different'. - Yet other words are so inflected, but with ~ instead of"1: in nom.-ace.-voc. sing. neut.: as, V1i, ~,'all';" 'one', in pI. 'some';~, f .• 1ft' (only sing. and pl.), 'both'.

232. The interrogative pronoun 11 (for which the Hindus give the base as f1IR:O follows precisely the declension of 1f, except nom-ace, sing. neut. ~;' nom. sing. m. 1R(, f. 111'.

233. A number of words follow the pronominal declension in some of their significations, or optionally; but in other senses, or without known rule, lapse into tbe adjective inflection. Such are comparatives and superlatives from prepositional stems, as ~ 'lower', ~ 'lowest'; lR: 'chief', -q1i 'earlier', ~ 'upper',

..

80

Lesson XIX.

'northern', ~ 'southern', etc. Occasional forms of the pronominal declension are met with from numeral adjectives, and from other words baving somewhat of a numeral character, 88 ~ 'few', d 'half', etc.

234. Peculiarities in tbe use of relatlTe proDoDDS, ete. The Sanskrit often puts the relative clause before the antecedent clause, and insel18 the substantive to which the relative refers into the same clause with the relative, instead of leaving it in the antecedent clause. In translating into Sanskrit, a relati ve clause is to be placed either before or after the whole antecedent clause; but not inserted into the antecedent clause, 88 is done in English. Thus, "the mountain which we saw yesterday is very high" would be in Sanskrit either: ~ m ~ 10' AIlfl1f ~ &li'A n:, or: 'V ~ &li'A u;t ~ 10' AIlfl1f; but not ~ ~ ~ 1f'i 10' AIlfl1f, etc., according to the English idiom.

235. The relative word may stand anywhere in its clause; thus, m .lf~l1t ~1fr. "the gods whose chief is Qiva". Sometimes relative OF demonstrative adverbs are used as equivalents of certain case-forms of relative or demonstrative pronouns; thus,

~ ~ = f4f41;qlt.

236. The repetition of the relative gives an indefinite meaning: • whosoever, whatevE'r'. The same result is much more commonly attained by adding to the relative the interrogative pronoun, with (or, less usually, without) one of the particles ... , "f1(, ~, .rtf, 1(1'. Sometimes the interrogative alone is used with these particles in a similar sense. Thus; f4.~"1 ""f4fir ., whatever this woman relates"; 'fit .... ~ ~ "whatever anyone's disposition may be"; d~ f'I • .,ftI "he gives to some one or other"; f4.IN.1 r. .. .-d "he takes from no one whatever".

Lesson XIX.

81

Vocabulary XIX.

Verbl: 1("( say, speak; name; in eans,

~ sit; in caus. (t28dyatl) place. (vacdyati) make (a written leaf) 1'qT dri ok ; in csus, (piJydyati) speak, i. e. read.

give to drink, water. ~ (Bdhate) endure.

2'qT protect; in callS. (paldyati) ~ (Bidhyah) succeed; in eaus,

protect.

1ft rejoice; in callI. (pri{'dyah) make rejoice, pleese.

1ft'fear; in caus. (bhilJdyate, bhaydyate) terrify, frighten.

Sabato:

1IT"l n., bllline88, concern. ,.. m., ft. pr., a god.

'111ft ... , f., ft. pro

1fflI f., gait; refuge. ~ m., n., foot, leg.

(BiJdhdyati) perform, acquire. l'{. kill; caus. (ghiJtdyati) have killed.

J[T call; in eeus, (hv4ydyah) have called.

I ~ m., companion, helper.

A.dJ·'

... other.

1'lR: other. fiR all (Vedic). dall.

~ n., umbrella. ~ sweet,

~ n., milk. Indeel.:

~f., ft. pr., Kn~'s mother. ~ also, even.

1J"ift f., earth. f1pn without (w. imtr. or ace.;

1ft'. al prefix to proper names, often POBtp08.).

hal the meaning 'famou8', 'honorable'.

Exercise XIX .

• , ,~" f1pn ~ 1IT1l f1Rfq ~ I ~ 'if (iii" ,fit 1fflI: ..... 1I1ffit II If) II

1IftI "f'f 'if' ~ Nt .. "! I ct I ~ 1Jf1A'f q'4ilf4fit ~ 'qT- 11k ...nl'tl .. ~..,.,. ~I ~ I ~""""'''If4f4C(IHI

6

82

Leeson XIX. xx.

1IT •• I,\atl qltitifWIm ~ "I""" 1 '41 '''' ... 1=. 11- ",",141 ~ ~ ql!t1i~1(~1I1Ir.1.' ~ ~ ~.I".4("' ••• ""(\""11( 11; 1 "4( .... 1( 1ft' N.mr. ~ 1 e. 11IT ~ "«,,. ~~ pn ,,"- 1IW 1 qo 1 1f1( ft~ q ~ .... 1,*,,1" • qq 1 '!'i Nf'4I 1':

Iftilllti .. ~ ..... q~ 1 ~ ~"I+liI1 ql4!if4iQ • q~ 1 ~~ 1IT~ 1If1r. ~ II qy II

15. Tbe bU8bands of that5 (gen.) Kiusalyi' (lo«), of whoml (loc./em.) Rimal W&8 born', i8 called8 D&9&ratha7• 16. The teacher' rejoicesS at thyl diligence' (abl.). 17. Why (~) 8peakest thou 80? 18. Others than we could not endure thi8 8uft'ering. 19. The teacher teaches·· U8 holy-writ and the law-boob. 20. May all8 those7 kings' whol protectS tk8ir 8ubjects5 according to' (q, p08tpo,.) the laws (ace.) be victorious'. 21. The fruits of all these trees are 8weet. 22. May the glory of all women, who honor their husbands, increase (im".). 23. In this kingdom the king'8 punishment terrifies the wicked. 24. Which of tbe two fruits do ye wish? 25. My father had gold given to me, cows to thee, to the other brother nothing.

Lesson XX.

237. DadaJUdon of Stems In CoJl8Onant80 All noun - stem8 in con80nants may well be classed together, since the peculiarities sbown by 80me concern only the stems themselves, and not the endings. Masculines and feminines of the same final are inflected precisely alike; and neuters are peculiar (as U8ually in (be other

• "Other tban tbon ", With~, &8 with comparatives, the ablative is used .

.. .. Make8 us read" (~-1:, caus.).

Lesson xx. 83

declensions) only in the nom.-aec.-voc. of all numbers. But the majority of consonantal stems form a special feminine stem by adding t (never ..-r) to the weak form of the masculine.

238. Variations, as between stronger and weaker forms, are very general in consonantal stems: either of strong and weak stems, or of strong, middle, and weakest. The endings are throughout the normal ones (Introd., § 90).

239. The general law concerning final consonants is as follows: 1. The more usual etymological final!' are ~, 1:, I{, wt, 'ft., '\, 1(,,~; sporadic are ~, ~, ~ as finals.

2. In general, only one consonant, of whatever kind, is allowed to stand at the end of a word; if two or more would etymologically occur there, the last is dropped, and again the last, until but one remains.

3. Of the non-nasal mutes, only the first in each series, the Don-aspirate surd, is allowed as final; the others - surd asp., and both sonants - are regularly converted into this, wherever they would etymologically oeear,

4. A final palatal, or _, becomes either '\, or (less often) ~; but _ in a very few cases (where it represents original "l_) becomes 'ft..

240. According to 239. 2, the ~ of the nom. sing., m. and f., is always lost; and irregularities of treatment of the stem-final, in this case, are not infrequent.

241. Before the pada-endings, Wft1{, ~, ~ and t, a stemfinal is treated as in external combination.

242. An aspirate mute is changed to its corresponding nonaspirate before another non - nasal mute or a sibilant; it stands unaltered only before a vowel or semivowel or nasal. Hence such a mute is doubled by prefixing its own corresponding non-aspirate.

243. COBSOUIlt·.tems 01 one term in ~,t, ~ and 11,' Be- 6·

84

Lesson XX.

fore suffixal '1(" both it and, as stem-finals become {; '¥(. aa stem - final becomes~: Examples: ~ m., • wind'; ~ f., 'misfortune'; 1f1Rt n., 'the world'.

Sing.

Plural.

N.V. ~ 1 "«'T'1R{ 1 ~ II

~ 1 'IJIIl~ 1 ~ II

A. I. D.

~ 1 ... ,qi(i(I~ II ~ , 'IJIIltIi(T' 'I1mT II ~'~Imll

"

"

"

",f .. (( 1 ",qr .. (( I _ .. r.,.(( II "U1(( 1 ",q«l(( 1 _ .. «1(( II

Ab. ~I'lJllqi(((I~1I G.

"

"

"

"

"

"

"'"Ii( 1 'IJIlqi('i( 1 1II""'i( II

L. ~'~I'f1Iftf1l ~I~I~II

Dual.

N.A.V . ..w 1 ~ 11I1flfl' II I.D.Ab. ",«I Ii( 1 'IJIlq«lli( 1111 .. «1 'I(II

GL .. ~ ..

.. "'fu(( 1 ",q 1((' 111 .. ",(( II

For Lhe 1l inserted in nom.-ace. pI. neuter, cf. phaltlni, fII(JdhfJ,ni, etc.

244. In a few roots, when a final sonant aspirate <.__, '\l... 1\.; also " representing 1if) loses its aspiration according to §§ 239. 8, 242, the initial sonant consonant (1{_, t, 01' 1{) becomes aspirate; thus, !V" nom-vee, sing.~;~,~.

245. Agreement of a4jeetlTes. If the same adjective qualify two or more substantives, it will be used in their combined number; if the substantives are masculine and feminine, the adj. will be masc.; but in a combination of mase. or feme subjects with neuter, the adjective will be neuter.

Lesson XX.

85

Vocabulary XX.

Yerbs: ~, in eaus. (lambluillah'*) make

"grow; caus, (rohdyati or ro- receive or take; give.

payati) make rise or grow;

plant.

IUIt.:

1(W n., a hundred.

'iqfi1 .. « f., name of certain Vedic ~ t; autumn; year.

writings. ~ f., fagot.

~ n., sacred cord (worn by ~ f., river.

the three higher castes). !Q m., friend.

~ t; lightning. A.dJ.:

'!'II f •• stone. ~, f •• ~, skilled, learned.

~f •• contentment, happiness. ~ m., f., n., threefold, triple. ~ m., supporter, maintainer. ~, f. .~, hard to fiod or

~ m., king; mountain. reach; difficult.

~ m., wind; as pl., n. pr., Q, f .• -.T. devoted, true.

the Storm-gods. IndeeI. :

~ m., wind. ~ also; even.

~ m., tmst, confidence. ~ b~bind (w. gen.).

". m., n. pr., a demon, V rtr&.

Exercise XX.

li !1fT it l\iu"a •. 'V finn ~ ~: I "lIfiI~ ~ fit •••• .-r 1lTtiT "" f1rifW: 111: II

1 ftr1vf ~ .... n{I" I q I 'iqf .... i4J ~ihh4 ~- 1I1t I ~ I ~ ~ '4liI;Q.iiIi=-'S: I ~ I f~ •• i ~ lim

• If a nasal is ever taken in any of the strong forms of • root, it usually appears in the causal .

•• See § 225; ~ = ~ and ~; see § 235, end.

86

Lesson XX. XXI.

~r.~4C1Ift11( I II I .. r .. r .. ,Ri ~lf I ~ 1 ~ ~ ~: 1 ~ I lit m ~: 1llP{ I ~ 1 ~: (gen.) fi(lrt ""'"1(1"" ~ 11:: I etllfq~r(C": ~ ~"flflJ: ~: eal'iCtift I @. 1 ~ ltf""i('." I ctO I 1f1Il: ~ &*'11"4.-/1 ~f1ft I ctct 1 ~ ~ " .. , ,tC 1- ~1ft 1 ct~ 1 ~ CI'!N~r(1 ~~ I ct~ 1

14:. Indra, with the Maruts as his companions, killed Vrtra.

15. Without a companion no one can perform a difficult business.

16. One (e:x:preu in pl.) should plant trees on all the roads, for the sake of the shade. 17. Those friends who are true in misfortune are hard to find in the three worlds. 18. The girdle and the sacred cord of Aryans are to be made threefold (neut. dual). 19. Put (.-r cau8.) this stone behind the fire. 20. The ocean is called by the poets the husband of rivers. 21. All subjects must be protected (imv.) by their kings. 2'1. Some of these BrAhmans are learned in the Upanieeda, others in the law-books.

Lesson XXI.

246. Declension of Consonant.stems, cont'd. Stems In palatals, etc. 1. Final 1i{ of a stem reverts to the original guttural when it comes to stand as word-final, and before the pada-endings, becoming - when final, and before V, and 11 before 1I. 2. Final

~ ~,"

.... is oftenest treated exactly like 'i( - for cases of other treat-

ment, see below. 3. In the roots" ~, 't'U ... and ~, the ~ is treated in the same way. 4. The ZI' of 'ZI' becomes l( after 11.

'''- ~ " "

* In classical Sanskrit not many root-stems are used as independent substantives; but they are frequently employed, with adjective or (present) participial value, as final element of a compound word.

Lesson XXI.

87

&bus, .,.. E. g. 111'1( f., 'speech, 'Word'; ~"f., 'illness'; ~ f., 'direction, point of &be compass':

Sing.

N.V.~I~I~II

A. ~I~I~II

I. ~I~I~II

L. ~1~1~lr

Plural.

~I~I~II

"

"

"

~I~I~II ~lql~1I

Dual.

~1~1ft:tft1l ~I~I~II ~I~I~II

247. 1. Final It of a stem regularly becomes the lingual mute (~ or l) before.ll.. and t, and when word-final. For exceptions, see § 248, 3. 2. The final. of the root-stems TTW, 'rule', 1IW,

" ,.~"

, sacrifice', and as, with others; and 3. the final J: of a number

4~ ~

of roots, are treated like ~ above. Thus, ~ m., 'enemy';

f1Pf, m. pl., 'people', the'Vii9ya-easte'; f1rI m., f., (adj.)

'"

'licking'.

Sing.

Plural.

N.V.~I~II

A. ~ I ftq1{ II

I. ~I~II L. ~ I firft II

~I~II~II

"

"

"

~I~I~II ~I~!I~II

Dual. ~I~II ~I~II

"

~I~II

248. But ~ m., 'priest', though containing the root "'''to