5.5.

3 Results

The results shows that although the SWAC system requires high initial costs nearly about
seven times that for the VCS, its running cost is 15% of that for the VCS.
In addition to the less maintenance needed for running this system compared with the
conventional systems and the thermal energy storage that can be utilized from the
effluent cold sea water.

5.6 HYBRID SYSTEM

As mentioned before that the required chilled fresh water temperature entering the A/C
demands (Hotels) will be 8 C and will rise up to 14 C exiting the buildings. In order to
achieve this temperature a sea water pipeline must suck water of temperature 6 C from
the deep sea.

This study was based on the temperature-depth profile shown in Fig. (4-3) p.20. There
may by unfavorable temperature variations at the intake site; if the SWAC system fails
to provide this 7C sea water to the heat exchanger, the temperature of the chilled fresh
water exiting the heat exchanger will rise up and further chilling through an auxiliary
chiller should be needed. This may be solved by implementing a Hybrid system in which
part of the air conditioning load should be provided by the SWAC system and the rest
part by an auxiliary chiller which will be automatically operated by PLC taking a signal
from a temperature transmitter as shown in Fig. (5-3).

Depending on the temperature of the pumped out deep sea water, definite percentages of
the total AC demand for both the SWAC and the auxiliary chiller would be determined.
Table (5-20) and Fig. (5-4) show the result NPV for different scenarios of the Hybrid
system where the percentages are changed among the system.

70
 Building Building Building

Fig. (5-3) Hybrid system for Sahl Hasheesh

Table (5-20) NPV for Hybrid system

SCENARIO NPV
100% SWAC - 0 % VCS 143,078,435.76
90% SWAC - 10 % VCS 160,398,488.71
80% SWAC - 20 % VCS 173,259,641.65
70% SWAC - 30 % VCS 186,305,474.60
60% SWAC - 40 % VCS 198,981,948.00
50% SWAC - 50 % VCS 211,843,100.00
40% SWAC - 60 % VCS 224,704,253.00
30% SWAC - 70 % VCS 239,206,066.00
20% SWAC - 80 % VCS 250,426,599.00
10% SWAC - 90 % VCS 263,287,712.00
0% SWAC - 100 % VCS 193,453,329.47

71
 NPV for Hybrid system

300.00
Million $

263.29
250.00 250.43
239.21
224.70
211.84
200.00 198.98
193.45
186.31
173.26
160.40
150.00
143.08
N
P
V

100.00

50.00

0.00
100% SWAC 90% SWAC 80% SWAC 70% SWAC 60% SWAC 50% SWAC 40% SWAC 30% SWAC 20% SWAC 10% SWAC 0% SWAC -
- 0 % VCS - 10 % VCS - 20 % VCS - 30 % VCS - 40 % VCS - 50 % VCS - 60 % VCS - 70 % VCS - 80 % VCS - 90 % VCS 100 % VCS

Fig. (5-4) NPV for hybrid system scenarios

The calculations of the results of table (5-19) were done as follows:

For example, 90 % SWAC , 10 % VCS ( SWAC = 23850 TOR , VCS = 2650 TOR), the cooling
loads were given to the program which calculated the IC and RC for each system separately and
hence summing them to obtain the final IC and RC and the NPV as Shown in Appendix (C).

5.7 Economic Sensitivity:

5.7.1 Impact of electricity rate

Electricity rate is a major factor in determining the profitability of a SWAC system. For
this study 0.25 Egyptian pounds (0.045$) was assumed as a cost for the kWhr based on
year 2007 costs. Any variation in the electricity unit cost will result in changes in the
results. For example decreasing the electricity cost might be a result for the VCS to
become economical than the SWAC system but this option is unpredictable since the
continous rise in petroleum cost. On the contrast increasing the electricity cost shall make
the SWAC system much more economical than it is at the present value.

72
Table (5-21) and Fig. (5-5) illustrates the impact of the electricity rates on the net
present values for the SWAC and VCS systems.

Table (5-21) Impact of electricity rate on NPV

Electricity cost ($ /
NPV 'VCS' NPV 'SWAC'
Kw.hr)

0.01 93.7 117

0.02 122 124
0.03 150 132
0.04 178 140
0.045 193 143
0.05 207 147
0.06 235 154
0.07 263 162
0.08 292 169
0.09 320 177
0.1 349 184

Impact of Electricity Rate

400
350
300
on $'
'Milli

250
VCS
200
NP

150
V

SWAC
100
50
0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

$ / Kwhr

Fig. (5-5) Impact of electricity rate on NPV

73
5.7.2 Impact of life time

Thirty years was chosen as a project life time for the air conditioning system at SH and
which the author assumed that the life time shall exceeds this value since SH is a very
huge project and shall always require air conditioning for the hotels.
Increasing the project life time shall result in more economical SWAC system than VCS
as illustrated in table (5-22) and Fig. (5-6).

Table (5-22) Impact of life time on NPV

Life time
NPV 'VCS' NPV 'SWAC' % SWAC / VCS
(Years)
10 90 87 97%
20 152 125 82%
30 193 143 74%
40 240 151 63%
50 263 156 59%

Impact of Project Life time

300

250
$

200
Mi
lli
o
n

VCS

150
NPV

100 SWAC

50

0
10 20 30 40 50

Years

Fig. (5-6) Impact of life time on NPV

74
 CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

75
 CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusions

This study does show that cold seawater air conditioning has merit over conventional
vapor compression air conditioning systems. This merit is for hotels located in regions
of the world where access to cold seawater is at a minimum and there is year-round high
humidity like in Sahl Hasheesh.

6.1.1 TECHNICAL CONCLUSIONS

SWAC is technically feasible in Sahl Hasheesh.

The major challenge is crossing the Marine Preserve.
If water below 8C is required, the flattening bathymetry suggests that auxiliary
chillers would be more cost-effective.
Bathymetry and site specific temperatures need to be collected; differences from
the values assumed could introduce unexpected challenges.

6.1.2 ECONOMICAL CONCLUSIONS

Greater Independence from Energy Price Escalation - In a world of rapidly increasing

energy prices, SWAC costs (which are capital dominated) are relatively flat compared
to that of energy intensive conventional AC systems. Users will have a known and
relatively flat future AC cost.
Short economic payback period.

6.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCLUSIONS

Reduction of electricity use

The SWAC system reduces the annual electric energy usage with 75% compared
to on-site chillers. At a peak demand of 26,500 tons of refrigeration (TOR) in SH
and 60% as a utilization factor the SWAC system will reduce the electric energy
usage by 138,745 MWH per year.

76
 Reduction of air pollution
Greenhouse gas emissions from power production will be reduced by the
following quantities shown in Table (6-1): [Marland, 2001]

Table (6-1) Green House gases emissions reductions

Pollutant
kg/kWhr kWhr Savings Reduction in Tons
Name
CO2 0.714 99,070

CO 0.000365 51

CH4 0.00168 233

NOX 0.00125
138,753,559 173

N2O 0.0000169 2

SOx 0.00379 526

Solid Waste 0.0863 11,974

Water and sewer reduction

A 26,500 ton SWAC system will reduce city water usage for cooling tower
evaporation and blow-down by about 1.6 million m3 per year and blow-down to
PP

sewer by about 575,000 m3 per year. [Harwell, 1999]

P
P

6.2 Recommendations for Future Work

Studying deployed pipe stresses study (Wave Current Forces) and heat transfer
Studying the optimum sea water deployed pipe route
Studying the economic utilization of pumps selection by applying the cooling
load variation
Studying the effect of multi sea water pipes in SWAC system
Conducting SWAC system for other Coastal areas
Effect of the water temperature change on marine ecology.

77
REFERENCES

78
Abdelmoneem Y., 2006; Hydrography - Navy forces, Personal Communication

ASHRAE, 1997. ASHRAE handbook-Fundamentals, Atlanta: American Society of

Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers, Inc. Chaps.

ASHRAE, 1999. ASHRAE handbook-HVAC Applications, Atlanta: American

Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers, Inc. Chaps.

Chevron Chemical Co., LLC, 1999."PE (polyethylene) Industrial Piping System

Pipe Data and Pressure Ratings"

Ciani,J. B., MAY 1980; "Sea/Lake Water Air Conditioning at Naval Facilities".

Cornell university site, 2001; "Lake source cooling at Cornell"

http://www .utilities.cornell.edu/utl_ldlsc.html
T T

Culotta S., Aglieri Riella, and Beccali M. (1996). The Egyptian Energy System
Statistical Study Of Energy And Economy Data. World Renewable Energy
Congress 1996. P. 2037-2040.

DBEDT, 2002 Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism Energy,;

"Sea water district cooling feasibility analysis for the state of Hawaii".

DeGarmo E. P., Sullivan W. G. and Bontadelli J. A., 1993; "Engineering

Economy,"9th ed., Macmillian Publishing Company, New York.

Down P. G., (1969); Heating and Cooling Load Calculations. Pergamon Press Ltd.
Oxford. UK

EEHC, 2007 'Egyptian electricity holding company'; Annual report 2006

EIA, April 2008; Energy information administration, official energy statistics

from the US government.
(http://tonto .eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=EG)
T T

Elkader Hany, 2007, Pyramisa hotel maintenance engineer, Sahl Hasheesh,

Personal communications.

Fermback G., 1995; "District Cooling in Stockholm Using Sea Water" Economy
and business development in the business area of district cooling

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Globalis indicator, 2003
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T

ntry=EG T

Haaland, S.E. March 1983, Simple and explicit formulas for the friction factor in
turbulent pipe flow, Fluids Eng., as referenced in White, Frank. Fluid
Mechanics, 3rd ed. McGraw Hill, Inc.New York, 1994, p317

Harwell, Didcot and Oxford shire , 1999, "Good practice guide An introduction
to absorption cooling".

Hewitt, G.F, G.L. Shires, T.R.Bott. 1994. Process Heat Transfer, CRC Press:
Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo.

KN, 2007. Egypt national company for mechanical and electrical works- personal
communication.

MOE, 1994. Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc.. Seawater Air Conditioning for
Hawaii Phase 1: West Beach, Oahu, The State of Hawaii, Department of
Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Energy Division, Honolulu

Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres, 2001, Global, Regional, and National
CO2 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.

Moran, J.M., H. N. Shapiro. 1992. Fundamentals of Engineering

Thermodynamics, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.

NASA surface meteorology and solar energy, 01.2007

http://eosweb .larc.nasa.gov/sse/RETScreen/
T T

Papageorgiou K.P., D. Anastaselos and A.M. Papadopoulos, 2006. " District

cooling, a technology with great potential of application" , International Workshop
on Energy Performance and Environmental 1 Quality of Buildings, July 2006, Milos
island, Greece

Ranald V. Giles, Jack B. Evett, and Cheng Liu, McGraw-Hill, 1994 "Schaum's
Outline of Theory and Problems of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, 3rd P
P

edition"

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Sean, Dec 27 2007 The University of California San Diego
http://www .regeneration.org/2007/12/27/seawater-air-
T

conditioning-university-of-california-san-diego/ T

SH, Sahl hasheesh Site: http:/www. Sahlhasheesh .com

Shelton, S. V., Schaefer, L. A. (1998). The Economic Payoff for Global Warming
Emissions Reduction, Fourth International Conference on Greenhouse Gas
Control Technologies, Elsavier Science Ltd., Interlaken, Switzerland.

Smith J., Sept 2004; National Geographic news Article: The AC of Tomorrow,
tapping deep water cooling"
/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0910_040910_deeplake.
html

Song Y. H., Akashi Y., Jurng J. Y.,2006 ; "Effects of utilizing seawater as a cooling
source system in a commercial complex", Science Direct web page.

UNFCCCC, 2008, "Kyoto Protocol: Status of Ratification", United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change

Van Ryzin J., 2005; "A Technical and Economic Feasibility Assessment of a Deep
Sea Water District Cooling System at Tumon Bay, Guam"

Van Ryzin, Joseph, T. Leraand. 2000. Air Conditioning With Deep Seawater: A
Cost-Effective Alternative, Sea Technology.

Wigley T., 2006, "The effect of the Kyoto Protocol on global warming".

Wikipedia / Red_Sea http://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea

T T

Woodall J. F., Hauer C. R., 1999, "A technical and economic assessment of the
use of cold seawater for hotel air-conditioning"

81
APPENDICES

82
Appendix (A)
HVAC Program

For the ground floor, it consists of 80 rooms; the following loads were put for each room
as follows:

Equipments load:

Consists of the television and the refrigerator loads for each room

83
Equipments Loads:

1. Television

84
2. Refrigerator

85
People load:

86
Light load:

87
Infiltration load:

88
Load due to Floor:

Load due to North wall:

89
Load due to Roof:
TA was chosen for the ground and middle flat rooms but for the upper flat rooms
TOS was chosen

90
Appendix (B)
Excel Program Sheets

Givens:

1. Loads in TOR
2. Water specific heat
3. Densities of sea and fresh water
4. Heat exchanger efficiency
5. Recommended velocity in pipes
6. Distribution pipes route
7. Customers desired temperature
8. Temp-Depth profile or Length of deployed pipe
9. Cost of Pipes
10. Interest Rate
11. Project life time
12. Inflation rate for running costs
13. Sump depth
14. Heat exchanger loss in meters if available
15. Operating hours, utilization factors
16. Labor and maintenance costs

Outputs:

1. Sea water flow rate

2. Sea water pipe diameter
3. Distribution network
4. Reynolds, friction factor and head loss in distribution network
5. Initial costs for various AC systems
6. Running costs for various AC systems
7. NPV for AC systems
8. Hybrid system analysis
9. Green house gas emissions reduction

91
 Program Layout

Hybrid
HVAC Loads
Conventional
Bathymetry
AC Systems

Hydraulic GHG Reduction

Design

Economic
Analysis Economic
Sensitivity
Prices

92
Sea Water Pipe and Chilled Network Data

Hydraulics Result

93
Initial and Running Costs

Conventional Systems

94
NPV for VCS, VAS and SWAC

Hybrid System

95
Appendix (C): Hybrid system Calculations (90% SWAC 10% VCS)
SWAC AC SYSTEM VCS HYBRID
IC CONV RC CONV
Year IC RC A/C A/C IC RC DC Dep DK NPV
1 101,808,978 2,634,407 6,194,650 847,832 108,003,628 3,482,239 0.10608 11,456,944 14,939,182 13,581,075
2 2,766,127 890,223 0 3,656,351 0.10608 15,113,294 12,490,326
3 2,904,434 934,734 0 3,839,168 0.10608 15,296,112 11,492,195
4 3,049,656 981,471 0 4,031,127 0.10608 15,488,070 10,578,560
5 3,202,138 1,030,545 0 4,232,683 0.10608 15,689,627 9,742,024
6 3,362,245 1,082,072 0 4,444,317 0.10608 15,901,261 8,975,847
7 3,530,357 1,136,176 0 4,666,533 0.10608 16,123,477 8,273,893
8 3,706,875 1,335,600 1,192,984 1,335,600 4,899,860 0.10608 16,356,803 7,630,569
9 3,892,219 1,252,634 0 5,144,853 0.10608 16,601,796 7,040,782
10 4,086,830 1,315,265 0 5,402,095 0.10608 16,859,039 6,499,889
11 4,291,172 1,381,029 0 5,672,200 0.10608 17,129,144 6,003,660
12 4,505,730 1,450,080 0 5,955,810 0.10608 17,412,754 5,548,240
13 4,731,017 1,522,584 0 6,253,601 0.10608 17,710,544 5,130,114
14 4,967,567 1,598,713 0 6,566,281 0.10608 18,023,224 4,746,078
15 5,215,946 1,678,649 0 6,894,595 0.10608 18,351,538 4,393,212
16 5,476,743 13,886,000 1,762,581 13,886,000 7,239,324 0.10608 18,696,268 4,068,853
17 5,750,580 1,850,710 0 7,601,291 0.10608 19,058,234 3,770,570
18 6,038,109 1,943,246 0 7,981,355 0.10608 19,438,299 3,496,149
19 6,340,015 2,040,408 0 8,380,423 0.10608 19,837,367 3,243,568
20 6,657,016 2,142,429 0 8,799,444 0.10608 20,256,388 3,010,983
21 6,989,866 2,249,550 0 9,239,416 0.10608 20,696,360 2,796,711
22 7,339,360 2,362,027 0 9,701,387 0.10608 21,158,331 2,599,216
23 7,706,328 2,480,129 0 10,186,456 0.10608 21,643,400 2,417,095
24 8,091,644 10,684,800 2,604,135 10,684,800 10,695,779 0.10608 22,152,723 2,249,068
25 8,496,226 2,734,342 0 11,230,568 0.10608 22,687,512 2,093,967
26 8,921,037 2,871,059 0 11,792,097 0.10608 23,249,040 1,950,721
27 9,367,089 3,014,612 0 12,381,701 0.10608 23,838,645 1,818,357
28 9,835,444 3,165,343 0 13,000,787 0.10608 24,457,730 1,695,981
29 10,327,216 3,323,610 0 13,650,826 0.10608 25,107,769 1,582,779
30 10,843,577 3,489,790 0 14,333,367 0.10608 25,790,311 1,478,005
NPV OVER 30 YEARS 160,398,489

96
Hybrid system Calculations (80% SWAC 20% VCS)
SWAC AC SYSTEM VCS HYBRID
IC CONV RC CONV
Year IC RC A/C A/C IC RC DC Dep DK NPV
1 100,177,638 2,634,407 7,930,400 1,695,663 108,108,038 4,330,071 0.10608 11,468,019 15,798,090 14,361,900
2 2,766,127 1,780,447 0 4,546,574 0.10608 16,014,593 13,235,201
3 2,904,434 1,869,469 0 4,773,903 0.10608 16,241,922 12,202,796
4 3,049,656 1,962,942 0 5,012,598 0.10608 16,480,617 11,256,483
5 3,202,138 2,061,090 0 5,263,228 0.10608 16,731,247 10,388,788
6 3,362,245 2,164,144 0 5,526,389 0.10608 16,994,409 9,592,901
7 3,530,357 2,272,351 0 5,802,709 0.10608 17,270,728 8,862,614
8 3,706,875 2,671,200 2,385,969 2,671,200 6,092,844 0.10608 17,560,863 8,192,272
9 3,892,219 2,505,267 0 6,397,486 0.10608 17,865,506 7,576,718
10 4,086,830 2,630,531 0 6,717,361 0.10608 18,185,380 7,011,251
11 4,291,172 2,762,057 0 7,053,229 0.10608 18,521,248 6,491,584
12 4,505,730 2,900,160 0 7,405,890 0.10608 18,873,909 6,013,809
13 4,731,017 3,045,168 0 7,776,185 0.10608 19,244,204 5,574,360
14 4,967,567 3,197,426 0 8,164,994 0.10608 19,633,013 5,169,986
15 5,215,946 3,357,298 0 8,573,243 0.10608 20,041,263 4,797,719
16 5,476,743 13,886,000 3,525,163 13,886,000 9,001,906 0.10608 20,469,925 4,454,852
17 5,750,580 3,701,421 0 9,452,001 0.10608 20,920,020 4,138,914
18 6,038,109 3,886,492 0 9,924,601 0.10608 21,392,620 3,847,651
19 6,340,015 4,080,816 0 10,420,831 0.10608 21,888,850 3,579,002
20 6,657,016 4,284,857 0 10,941,873 0.10608 22,409,892 3,331,088
21 6,989,866 4,499,100 0 11,488,966 0.10608 22,956,986 3,102,191
22 7,339,360 4,724,055 0 12,063,415 0.10608 23,531,434 2,890,742
23 7,706,328 4,960,258 0 12,666,585 0.10608 24,134,605 2,695,308
24 8,091,644 10,684,800 5,208,271 10,684,800 13,299,915 0.10608 24,767,934 2,514,579
25 8,496,226 5,468,684 0 13,964,910 0.10608 25,432,930 2,347,358
26 8,921,037 5,742,118 0 14,663,156 0.10608 26,131,175 2,192,548
27 9,367,089 6,029,224 0 15,396,314 0.10608 26,864,333 2,049,149
28 9,835,444 6,330,685 0 16,166,129 0.10608 27,634,149 1,916,244
29 10,327,216 6,647,220 0 16,974,436 0.10608 28,442,455 1,792,996
30 10,843,577 6,979,581 0 17,823,158 0.10608 29,291,177 1,678,635
NPV OVER 30 YEARS 173,259,642

97
Hybrid system Calculations (70% SWAC 30% VCS)
SWAC AC SYSTEM VCS HYBRID
IC CONV RC CONV
Year IC RC A/C A/C IC RC DC Dep DK NPV
1 98,730,978 2,634,407 9,666,150 2,543,495 108,397,128 5,177,902 0.10608 11,498,686 16,676,588 15,160,535
2 2,766,127 2,670,670 0 5,436,797 0.10608 16,935,483 13,996,267
3 2,904,434 2,804,203 0 5,708,637 0.10608 17,207,323 12,928,116
4 3,049,656 2,944,414 0 5,994,069 0.10608 17,492,755 11,947,787
5 3,202,138 3,091,634 0 6,293,773 0.10608 17,792,458 11,047,717
6 3,362,245 3,246,216 0 6,608,461 0.10608 18,107,147 10,221,012
7 3,530,357 3,408,527 0 6,938,884 0.10608 18,437,570 9,461,389
8 3,706,875 4,006,800 3,578,953 4,006,800 7,285,828 0.10608 18,784,514 8,763,115
9 3,892,219 3,757,901 0 7,650,120 0.10608 19,148,806 8,120,963
10 4,086,830 3,945,796 0 8,032,626 0.10608 19,531,312 7,530,166
11 4,291,172 4,143,086 0 8,434,257 0.10608 19,932,943 6,986,375
12 4,505,730 4,350,240 0 8,855,970 0.10608 20,354,656 6,485,621
13 4,731,017 4,567,752 0 9,298,769 0.10608 20,797,454 6,024,282
14 4,967,567 4,796,139 0 9,763,707 0.10608 21,262,393 5,599,053
15 5,215,946 5,035,946 0 10,251,892 0.10608 21,750,578 5,206,915
16 5,476,743 13,886,000 5,287,744 13,886,000 10,764,487 0.10608 22,263,173 4,845,115
17 5,750,580 5,552,131 0 11,302,711 0.10608 22,801,397 4,511,135
18 6,038,109 5,829,738 0 11,867,847 0.10608 23,366,533 4,202,676
19 6,340,015 6,121,224 0 12,461,239 0.10608 23,959,925 3,917,639
20 6,657,016 6,427,286 0 13,084,301 0.10608 24,582,987 3,654,104
21 6,989,866 6,748,650 0 13,738,516 0.10608 25,237,202 3,410,318
22 7,339,360 7,086,082 0 14,425,442 0.10608 25,924,128 3,184,675
23 7,706,328 7,440,387 0 15,146,714 0.10608 26,645,400 2,975,709
24 8,091,644 10,684,800 7,812,406 10,684,800 15,904,050 0.10608 27,402,736 2,782,079
25 8,496,226 8,203,026 0 16,699,252 0.10608 28,197,938 2,602,557
26 8,921,037 8,613,177 0 17,534,215 0.10608 29,032,901 2,436,019
27 9,367,089 9,043,836 0 18,410,926 0.10608 29,909,611 2,281,436
28 9,835,444 9,496,028 0 19,331,472 0.10608 30,830,158 2,137,866
29 10,327,216 9,970,830 0 20,298,046 0.10608 31,796,731 2,004,447
30 10,843,577 10,469,371 0 21,312,948 0.10608 32,811,634 1,880,387
NPV OVER 30 YEARS 186,305,475

98
Hybrid system Calculations (60% SWAC 40% VCS)
SWAC AC SYSTEM VCS HYBRID
IC CONV RC CONV
Year IC RC A/C A/C IC RC DC Dep DK NPV
1 96,914,958 2,634,407 11,401,900 3,391,327 108,316,858 6,025,734 0.10608 11,490,171 17,515,905 15,923,550
2 2,766,127 3,560,893 0 6,327,021 0.10608 17,817,192 14,724,952
3 2,904,434 3,738,938 0 6,643,372 0.10608 18,133,543 13,623,999
4 3,049,656 3,925,885 0 6,975,540 0.10608 18,465,711 12,612,329
5 3,202,138 4,122,179 0 7,324,317 0.10608 18,814,488 11,682,317
6 3,362,245 4,328,288 0 7,690,533 0.10608 19,180,704 10,827,007
7 3,530,357 4,544,702 0 8,075,060 0.10608 19,565,231 10,040,057
8 3,706,875 5,342,400 4,771,938 5,342,400 8,478,813 0.10608 19,968,984 9,315,678
9 3,892,219 5,010,534 0 8,902,753 0.10608 20,392,924 8,648,591
10 4,086,830 5,261,061 0 9,347,891 0.10608 20,838,062 8,033,975
11 4,291,172 5,524,114 0 9,815,286 0.10608 21,305,457 7,467,433
12 4,505,730 5,800,320 0 10,306,050 0.10608 21,796,221 6,944,948
13 4,731,017 6,090,336 0 10,821,353 0.10608 22,311,523 6,462,854
14 4,967,567 6,394,853 0 11,362,420 0.10608 22,852,591 6,017,801
15 5,215,946 6,714,595 0 11,930,541 0.10608 23,420,712 5,606,732
16 5,476,743 13,886,000 7,050,325 13,886,000 12,527,068 0.10608 24,017,239 5,226,851
17 5,750,580 7,402,841 0 13,153,422 0.10608 24,643,592 4,875,603
18 6,038,109 7,772,983 0 13,811,093 0.10608 25,301,264 4,550,655
19 6,340,015 8,161,633 0 14,501,647 0.10608 25,991,818 4,249,870
20 6,657,016 8,569,714 0 15,226,730 0.10608 26,716,901 3,971,297
21 6,989,866 8,998,200 0 15,988,066 0.10608 27,478,237 3,713,150
22 7,339,360 9,448,110 0 16,787,469 0.10608 28,277,640 3,473,794
23 7,706,328 9,920,515 0 17,626,843 0.10608 29,117,014 3,251,734
24 8,091,644 10,684,800 10,416,541 10,684,800 18,508,185 0.10608 29,998,356 3,045,601
25 8,496,226 10,937,368 0 19,433,594 0.10608 30,923,765 2,854,140
26 8,921,037 11,484,237 0 20,405,274 0.10608 31,895,445 2,676,202
27 9,367,089 12,058,448 0 21,425,538 0.10608 32,915,709 2,510,734
28 9,835,444 12,661,371 0 22,496,815 0.10608 33,986,986 2,356,771
29 10,327,216 13,294,439 0 23,621,655 0.10608 35,111,826 2,213,429
30 10,843,577 13,959,161 0 24,802,738 0.10608 36,292,909 2,079,894
NPV OVER 30 YEARS 198,981,948

99
Hybrid system Calculations (50% SWAC 50% VCS)
SWAC AC SYSTEM VCS HYBRID
IC CONV RC CONV
Year IC RC A/C A/C IC RC DC Dep DK NPV
1 95,283,618 2,634,407 13,137,650 4,239,159 108,421,268 6,873,566 0.10608 11,501,247 18,374,812 16,704,375
2 2,766,127 4,451,117 0 7,217,244 0.10608 18,718,491 15,469,827
3 2,904,434 4,673,672 0 7,578,106 0.10608 19,079,353 14,334,600
4 3,049,656 4,907,356 0 7,957,012 0.10608 19,458,258 13,290,252
5 3,202,138 5,152,724 0 8,354,862 0.10608 19,856,109 12,329,081
6 3,362,245 5,410,360 0 8,772,605 0.10608 20,273,852 11,444,061
7 3,530,357 5,680,878 0 9,211,235 0.10608 20,712,482 10,628,778
8 3,706,875 6,678,000 5,964,922 6,678,000 9,671,797 0.10608 21,173,044 9,877,381
9 3,892,219 6,263,168 0 10,155,387 0.10608 21,656,634 9,184,527
10 4,086,830 6,576,326 0 10,663,156 0.10608 22,164,403 8,545,337
11 4,291,172 6,905,143 0 11,196,314 0.10608 22,697,561 7,955,357
12 4,505,730 7,250,400 0 11,756,130 0.10608 23,257,377 7,410,517
13 4,731,017 7,612,920 0 12,343,936 0.10608 23,845,183 6,907,100
14 4,967,567 7,993,566 0 12,961,133 0.10608 24,462,380 6,441,709
15 5,215,946 8,393,244 0 13,609,190 0.10608 25,110,437 6,011,239
16 5,476,743 13,886,000 8,812,906 13,886,000 14,289,649 0.10608 25,790,896 5,612,850
17 5,750,580 9,253,552 0 15,004,132 0.10608 26,505,378 5,243,948
18 6,038,109 9,716,229 0 15,754,339 0.10608 27,255,585 4,902,157
19 6,340,015 10,202,041 0 16,542,055 0.10608 28,043,302 4,585,304
20 6,657,016 10,712,143 0 17,369,158 0.10608 28,870,405 4,291,402
21 6,989,866 11,247,750 0 18,237,616 0.10608 29,738,863 4,018,629
22 7,339,360 11,810,137 0 19,149,497 0.10608 30,650,744 3,765,320
23 7,706,328 12,400,644 0 20,106,972 0.10608 31,608,218 3,529,948
24 8,091,644 10,684,800 13,020,676 10,684,800 21,112,320 0.10608 32,613,567 3,311,112
25 8,496,226 13,671,710 0 22,167,936 0.10608 33,669,183 3,107,531
26 8,921,037 14,355,296 0 23,276,333 0.10608 34,777,580 2,918,029
27 9,367,089 15,073,061 0 24,440,150 0.10608 35,941,396 2,741,526
28 9,835,444 15,826,714 0 25,662,157 0.10608 37,163,404 2,577,035
29 10,327,216 16,618,049 0 26,945,265 0.10608 38,446,512 2,423,645
30 10,843,577 17,448,952 0 28,292,529 0.10608 39,793,775 2,280,524
NPV OVER 30 YEARS 211,843,100

100
Hybrid system Calculations (40% SWAC 60% VCS)
SWAC AC SYSTEM VCS HYBRID
IC CONV RC CONV
Year IC RC A/C A/C IC RC DC Dep DK NPV
1 93,652,278 2,634,407 14,873,400 5,086,990 108,525,678 7,721,397 0.10608 11,512,322 19,233,720 17,485,200
2 2,766,127 5,341,340 0 8,107,467 0.10608 19,619,790 16,214,702
3 2,904,434 5,608,407 0 8,512,841 0.10608 20,025,163 15,045,201
4 3,049,656 5,888,827 0 8,938,483 0.10608 20,450,805 13,968,175
5 3,202,138 6,183,269 0 9,385,407 0.10608 20,897,729 12,975,846
6 3,362,245 6,492,432 0 9,854,677 0.10608 21,366,999 12,061,114
7 3,530,357 6,817,054 0 10,347,411 0.10608 21,859,733 11,217,500
8 3,706,875 8,013,600 7,157,906 8,013,600 10,864,782 0.10608 22,377,104 10,439,084
9 3,892,219 7,515,802 0 11,408,021 0.10608 22,920,343 9,720,463
10 4,086,830 7,891,592 0 11,978,422 0.10608 23,490,744 9,056,699
11 4,291,172 8,286,171 0 12,577,343 0.10608 24,089,665 8,443,281
12 4,505,730 8,700,480 0 13,206,210 0.10608 24,718,532 7,876,086
13 4,731,017 9,135,504 0 13,866,520 0.10608 25,378,843 7,351,347
14 4,967,567 9,592,279 0 14,559,846 0.10608 26,072,169 6,865,617
15 5,215,946 10,071,893 0 15,287,839 0.10608 26,800,161 6,415,745
16 5,476,743 13,886,000 10,575,488 13,886,000 16,052,231 0.10608 27,564,553 5,998,850
17 5,750,580 11,104,262 0 16,854,842 0.10608 28,367,165 5,612,292
18 6,038,109 11,659,475 0 17,697,584 0.10608 29,209,907 5,253,658
19 6,340,015 12,242,449 0 18,582,464 0.10608 30,094,786 4,920,738
20 6,657,016 12,854,571 0 19,511,587 0.10608 31,023,909 4,611,506
21 6,989,866 13,497,300 0 20,487,166 0.10608 31,999,488 4,324,109
22 7,339,360 14,172,165 0 21,511,524 0.10608 33,023,847 4,056,847
23 7,706,328 14,880,773 0 22,587,101 0.10608 34,099,423 3,808,161
24 8,091,644 10,684,800 15,624,812 10,684,800 23,716,456 0.10608 35,228,778 3,576,623
25 8,496,226 16,406,052 0 24,902,278 0.10608 36,414,601 3,360,922
26 8,921,037 17,226,355 0 26,147,392 0.10608 37,659,715 3,159,855
27 9,367,089 18,087,673 0 27,454,762 0.10608 38,967,084 2,972,319
28 9,835,444 18,992,056 0 28,827,500 0.10608 40,339,822 2,797,298
29 10,327,216 19,941,659 0 30,268,875 0.10608 41,781,197 2,633,862
30 10,843,577 20,938,742 0 31,782,319 0.10608 43,294,641 2,481,153
NPV OVER 30 YEARS 224,704,253

101
Hybrid system Calculations (30% SWAC 70% VCS)
SWAC AC SYSTEM VCS HYBRID
IC CONV RC CONV
Year IC RC A/C A/C IC RC DC Dep DK NPV
1 92,020,938 2,634,407 16,805,650 6,030,803 108,826,588 8,665,210 0.10608 11,544,243 20,209,453 18,372,230
2 2,766,127 6,332,343 0 9,098,471 0.10608 20,642,713 17,060,094
3 2,904,434 6,648,960 0 9,553,394 0.10608 21,097,637 15,850,967
4 3,049,656 6,981,408 0 10,031,064 0.10608 21,575,306 14,736,225
5 3,202,138 7,330,479 0 10,532,617 0.10608 22,076,860 13,707,993
6 3,362,245 7,697,003 0 11,059,248 0.10608 22,603,491 12,759,081
7 3,530,357 8,081,853 0 11,612,210 0.10608 23,156,453 11,882,922
8 3,706,875 9,500,400 8,485,945 9,500,400 12,192,821 0.10608 23,737,063 11,073,515
9 3,892,219 8,910,243 0 12,802,462 0.10608 24,346,704 10,325,379
10 4,086,830 9,355,755 0 13,442,585 0.10608 24,986,828 9,633,504
11 4,291,172 9,823,543 0 14,114,714 0.10608 25,658,957 8,993,308
12 4,505,730 10,314,720 0 14,820,450 0.10608 26,364,693 8,400,604
13 4,731,017 10,830,456 0 15,561,472 0.10608 27,105,715 7,851,560
14 4,967,567 11,371,979 0 16,339,546 0.10608 27,883,789 7,342,673
15 5,215,946 11,940,577 0 17,156,523 0.10608 28,700,766 6,870,735
16 5,476,743 13,886,000 12,537,606 13,886,000 18,014,349 0.10608 29,558,592 6,432,811
17 5,750,580 13,164,487 0 18,915,067 0.10608 30,459,310 6,026,212
18 6,038,109 13,822,711 0 19,860,820 0.10608 31,405,063 5,648,477
19 6,340,015 14,513,847 0 20,853,861 0.10608 32,398,104 5,297,349
20 6,657,016 15,239,539 0 21,896,554 0.10608 33,440,797 4,970,761
21 6,989,866 16,001,516 0 22,991,382 0.10608 34,535,625 4,666,819
22 7,339,360 16,801,592 0 24,140,951 0.10608 35,685,194 4,383,782
23 7,706,328 17,641,671 0 25,347,999 0.10608 36,892,241 4,120,058
24 8,091,644 10,684,800 18,523,755 10,684,800 26,615,399 0.10608 38,159,641 3,874,180
25 8,496,226 19,449,942 0 27,946,169 0.10608 39,490,411 3,644,807
26 8,921,037 20,422,440 0 29,343,477 0.10608 40,887,720 3,430,703
27 9,367,089 21,443,562 0 30,810,651 0.10608 42,354,894 3,230,733
28 9,835,444 22,515,740 0 32,351,184 0.10608 43,895,426 3,043,856
29 10,327,216 23,641,527 0 33,968,743 0.10608 45,512,985 2,869,112
30 10,843,577 24,823,603 0 35,667,180 0.10608 47,211,422 2,705,618
NPV OVER 30 YEARS 239,206,066

102
Hybrid system Calculations (20% SWAC 80% VCS)
SWAC AC SYSTEM VCS HYBRID
IC CONV RC CONV
Year IC RC A/C A/C IC RC DC Dep DK NPV
1 90,389,598 2,634,407 18,344,900 6,782,654 108,734,498 9,417,061 0.10608 11,534,474 20,951,535 19,046,850
2 2,766,127 7,121,786 0 9,887,914 0.10608 21,422,388 17,704,453
3 2,904,434 7,477,876 0 10,382,310 0.10608 21,916,783 16,466,404
4 3,049,656 7,851,770 0 10,901,425 0.10608 22,435,899 15,324,021
5 3,202,138 8,244,358 0 11,446,496 0.10608 22,980,970 14,269,374
6 3,362,245 8,656,576 0 12,018,821 0.10608 23,553,295 13,295,221
7 3,530,357 9,089,405 0 12,619,762 0.10608 24,154,236 12,394,942
8 3,706,875 10,684,800 9,543,875 10,684,800 13,250,750 0.10608 24,785,224 11,562,490
9 3,892,219 10,021,069 0 13,913,288 0.10608 25,447,762 10,792,335
10 4,086,830 10,522,122 0 14,608,952 0.10608 26,143,426 10,079,422
11 4,291,172 11,048,228 0 15,339,400 0.10608 26,873,874 9,419,129
12 4,505,730 11,600,640 0 16,106,370 0.10608 27,640,844 8,807,225
13 4,731,017 12,180,672 0 16,911,688 0.10608 28,446,162 8,239,840
14 4,967,567 12,789,705 0 17,757,273 0.10608 29,291,747 7,713,432
15 5,215,946 13,429,191 0 18,645,136 0.10608 30,179,610 7,224,759
16 5,476,743 13,886,000 14,100,650 13,886,000 19,577,393 0.10608 31,111,867 6,770,849
17 5,750,580 14,805,683 0 20,556,263 0.10608 32,090,737 6,348,981
18 6,038,109 15,545,967 0 21,584,076 0.10608 33,118,550 5,956,662
19 6,340,015 16,323,265 0 22,663,280 0.10608 34,197,754 5,591,606
20 6,657,016 17,139,428 0 23,796,444 0.10608 35,330,918 5,251,716
21 6,989,866 17,996,400 0 24,986,266 0.10608 36,520,740 4,935,068
22 7,339,360 18,896,220 0 26,235,579 0.10608 37,770,053 4,639,899
23 7,706,328 19,841,031 0 27,547,358 0.10608 39,081,832 4,364,587
24 8,091,644 10,684,800 20,833,082 10,684,800 28,924,726 0.10608 40,459,200 4,107,644
25 8,496,226 21,874,736 0 30,370,963 0.10608 41,905,436 3,867,704
26 8,921,037 22,968,473 0 31,889,511 0.10608 43,423,984 3,643,509
27 9,367,089 24,116,897 0 33,483,986 0.10608 45,018,460 3,433,904
28 9,835,444 25,322,742 0 35,158,186 0.10608 46,692,659 3,237,825
29 10,327,216 26,588,879 0 36,916,095 0.10608 48,450,569 3,054,295
30 10,843,577 27,918,323 0 38,761,900 0.10608 50,296,373 2,882,412
NPV OVER 30 YEARS 250,426,559

103
Hybrid system Calculations (10% SWAC 90% VCS)
SWAC AC SYSTEM VCS HYBRID
IC CONV RC CONV
Year IC RC A/C A/C IC RC DC Dep DK NPV
1 88,758,258 2,634,407 20,080,650 7,630,486 108,838,908 10,264,893 0.10608 11,545,549 21,810,442 19,827,675
2 2,766,127 8,012,010 0 10,778,137 0.10608 22,323,687 18,449,328
3 2,904,434 8,412,610 0 11,317,044 0.10608 22,862,594 17,177,005
4 3,049,656 8,833,241 0 11,882,896 0.10608 23,428,446 16,001,944
5 3,202,138 9,274,903 0 12,477,041 0.10608 24,022,591 14,916,139
6 3,362,245 9,738,648 0 13,100,893 0.10608 24,646,443 13,912,274
7 3,530,357 10,225,580 0 13,755,938 0.10608 25,301,487 12,983,664
8 3,706,875 12,020,400 10,736,859 12,020,400 14,443,735 0.10608 25,989,284 12,124,193
9 3,892,219 11,273,702 0 15,165,921 0.10608 26,711,471 11,328,271
10 4,086,830 11,837,387 0 15,924,218 0.10608 27,469,767 10,590,784
11 4,291,172 12,429,257 0 16,720,428 0.10608 28,265,978 9,907,053
12 4,505,730 13,050,720 0 17,556,450 0.10608 29,101,999 9,272,794
13 4,731,017 13,703,256 0 18,434,272 0.10608 29,979,822 8,684,086
14 4,967,567 14,388,418 0 19,355,986 0.10608 30,901,535 8,137,340
15 5,215,946 15,107,839 0 20,323,785 0.10608 31,869,335 7,629,265
16 5,476,743 13,886,000 15,863,231 13,886,000 21,339,975 0.10608 32,885,524 7,156,848
17 5,750,580 16,656,393 0 22,406,973 0.10608 33,952,523 6,717,326
18 6,038,109 17,489,213 0 23,527,322 0.10608 35,072,871 6,308,164
19 6,340,015 18,363,673 0 24,703,688 0.10608 36,249,238 5,927,040
20 6,657,016 19,281,857 0 25,938,872 0.10608 37,484,422 5,571,820
21 6,989,866 20,245,950 0 27,235,816 0.10608 38,781,366 5,240,548
22 7,339,360 21,258,247 0 28,597,607 0.10608 40,143,156 4,931,425
23 7,706,328 22,321,160 0 30,027,487 0.10608 41,573,037 4,642,800
24 8,091,644 10,684,800 23,437,218 10,684,800 31,528,862 0.10608 43,074,411 4,373,155
25 8,496,226 24,609,078 0 33,105,305 0.10608 44,650,854 4,121,095
26 8,921,037 25,839,532 0 34,760,570 0.10608 46,306,119 3,885,336
27 9,367,089 27,131,509 0 36,498,598 0.10608 48,044,148 3,664,696
28 9,835,444 28,488,084 0 38,323,528 0.10608 49,869,078 3,458,089
29 10,327,216 29,912,489 0 40,239,705 0.10608 51,785,254 3,264,512
30 10,843,577 31,408,113 0 42,251,690 0.10608 53,797,239 3,083,042
NPV OVER 30 YEARS 263,287,712

104
Appendix (D)
Egyptian National Gas Grid

105
 106

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