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PRESENTED BY-
DIVISHA JINDAL BEM/471 SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Contents 3.5 Guidelines by ASHRAE AND ECBC
Chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction 3.5.1 Building Envelope Requirements for
Life Cycle of a building Climate Zone – 1, Composite Climate
Life Cycle Costing 3.5.1.1 Roofs
Energy Efficiency 3.5.1.2 Opaque Walls
Energy Efficiency in 3.5.1.3 Floors
Buildings 3.5.1.4 Opaque Doors
ASHRAE 3.5.1.5 Vertical Glazing
1.2 Need of the Study
1.3 Aim 3.5.2 Heating, Ventilating and Air
1.4 Objectives Conditioning Requirements for Climate
1.5 Scope of work Zone 1
1.6 Methodology
…………………………………………… 3.5.3 Lighting Requirements for
Chapter: 2 LITERATURE Climate Zone 1
REVIEW
…………………………………………… 3.6 Energy Efficient Design Practices
Chapter: 3 ASHRAE 3.6.1 Building Envelope
STANDARDS 3.6.2 Lighting
3.1 Introduction 3.6.2.1 Day lighting
3.2 ASHRAE 90.1 - 2007 3.6.2.2 Interior Electric Lighting
3.2.1 Purpose 3.6.2.3 Exterior Lighting
3.2.2 Scope 3.6.3 HVAC
3.3. Integrated Design Process ……………………………………………………
for Achieving Energy Savings
3.4 Introduction to case study
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Climatic Data CONTENTS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Chapter: 4 PROCEDURES FOR LCC &
4.3.4 Parameters for Present
LCA
Worth Method
4.1 Introduction
4.4 Uncertainty Assessment in LCCA
4.1.1 General definitions 4.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis
4.4.2 Break- even Analysis
4.2 Fundamental study of LCC
4.2.1 Historical development of 4.5 Detailed LCCA procedure
LCC
4.2.2 LCC – as a tool for Value 4.6 Fundamental study of Life Cycle
engineering Assessment
4.2.3 Recent trends and their LCC 4.6.1 Introduction
concerns 4.6.2 Fundamentals of LCA
4.2.4 Purpose of Life Cycle Cost 4.6.3 Historical Background of
Analysis (LCCA) LCA
4.2.5 Effectiveness of LCC in 4.6.4 Parameters for LCA
various stages of a project
4.2.6 Applications and limitations of 4.7 LCA generic procedure
LCC
4.2.7 Comparison with other 4.8 Conclusion
economic evaluation tools …………………………………………………
6.7 Conclusion
…………………………………………………
CONTENTS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Chapter: 7 VALIDATION OF ASHRAE
STANDARD COMPLIANT BUILDING Chapter: 8 CONCLUSIONS AND
PROPOSAL FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
7.1 Introduction 8.1 Conclusion
7.7 Conclusion from case study and LCC C. Codes for LCA
calculations
……………………………………………………… D. Interest Table for Life Cycle Costing –
at 8% discount rate
………………………………………………
CONTENTS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
1. INTRODUCTION
Buildings
Transportation
Industries
1. INTRODUCTION
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Source: www.emsd.gov.hk
1. INTRODUCTION
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
In the past, economic assessment of alternative designs, constructions, or other
investments has been based on initial (first) cost which ignores the total cost incurred for
the investment throughout its lifetime.
The concept of life cycle costing provides an economic tool which takes into account
total costs for an investment during its life span.
1. INTRODUCTION
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Various codes and standards are available nowadays, that serve as reference benchmark
to achieve at least a certain percentage of energy savings consumed in a building, that
eventually aid in reducing the life cycle cost of the building; such as :
• ‘Energy Conservation Building Code – 2007’ by Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• ASHRAE Energy Standards 62.1, 62.2, 90.1, 90.2, 189.1
• ‘Handbook on Functional Requirements of Buildings’ by Bureau of Indian Standards
ASHRAE
ASHRAE was founded in 1894 at a
meeting of engineers in New York City.
The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers is an international technical
society organized into Regions,
Chapters and Student Branches; it
allows exchange of heating, ventilation,
air-conditioning, and refrigeration
(HVAC&R) knowledge & experiences for
the benefit of field's practitioners and
public.
ASHRAE also publishes a well
recognized series of standards and
guidelines relating to HVAC systems
and issues. In most of the proposed
Green Buildings, energy efficiency
parameters are compared with ASHRAE
standards as a base case.
1. INTRODUCTION
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Need of Study
Firstly, the most criticized issue about constructing environment-friendly
buildings is the high amount of cost involved in their design and construction
processes. The stigma is between the knowledge of up-front cost vs. life-cycle
cost.
Aim
To evaluate the life cycle cost for an existing conventional building.
Identification of an alternative proposal complying to ASHRAE 90.1-2007
Comparison of life cycle costs of the existing design and ASHRAE compliant
proposal, over an economic life period.
• The specific aim is to verify if energy- efficient standards and technologies
contribute to savings in the life cycle cost of a building.
1. INTRODUCTION
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Objectives
Scope of Work
• Study of life cycle of a building – understanding of LCC and LCA.
• Illustration of the various tools and techniques for calculating LCC and LCA.
• Studying the ASHRAE standards.
• Detailed analysis of a case example and application of the ASHRAE
standards to identify an energy- efficient alternative.
• Calculation and comparison of the LCC of the existing and the alternative
ASHRAE compliant proposal.
1. INTRODUCTION
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Methodology
1. Introduction
2. Literature Study
1
3. ASHRAE Standards
1. INTRODUCTION
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
2. LITERATURE STUDY
• PUBLISHED WORKS
1. Life Cycle Costing for Design Professionals ” – Second Edition by Dr. Stephen J. Kirk &
Alphonse J. Dell‟Isola
2. “Life Cycle Cost Data ” by Dr. Stephen J. Kirk & Alphonse J. Dell‟Isola
3. “Life Cycle Cost Analysis Handbook ” – First Edition by Deptt. of Education & Early
Development, Alaska Publications
2. LITERATURE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Literature Study
• RESEARCH WORKS
• WEBSITES
www.wbdg.org www.buildnova.com
www.greencampusharvard.edu www.greenbuilding.com
www.buildlca.edu.au www.wiley.com
www.Nibs.org www.archenergy.com
www.ashrae.org
www.usgbc.org 2. LITERATURE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
3. ASHRAE
STANDARDS
Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to provide minimum requirements for the
energy- efficient design of buildings except low- rise residential buildings.
Scope
This standard provides:
a) Minimum energy- efficient requirements for the design and construction
of:
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
The provisions of this standard apply to:
a) The envelope of buildings, provided that the enclosed spaces are
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Life cycle energy = Operational energy + Embodied energy
The ASHRAE standards provides guidelines that would assist the user in
achieving energy efficiency credits for LEED or other building energy rating
systems, by making improvements in the following technical areas:
Lighting
• Day lighting
• Interior Electric Lighting
• Controls
• Exterior Façade Lighting
• Parking Lot Lighting
• Plug Loads
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INTRODUCTION
MTNL Office Building, Sector 6, Dwarka, New Delhi
SCOPE:
• The site consists of four blocks namely – Administration block, Technical
block, Substation/ Service block and a temporary R.L.U. ( Remote Line Unit).
• The Administration block i.e. the main office building will be studied for the
purpose of the seminar.
• The MTNL building has very few measures taken for energy- efficiency and
thus it has immense scope for application of various energy- efficient
practices to produce alternative solutions, which can be then compared on
the basis of their life cycle costs.
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Climate Study
In accordance with ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Table B-3; New Delhi, India falls
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Climate Study
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Building Envelope Requirements for Climate Zone 1
1. ROOFS
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
HVAC Requirements for Climate Zone 1
ASHRAE: Minimum equipment efficiencies for air conditioning
( water chilling packages)
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
HVAC Requirements for Climate Zone 1
ECBC: Minimum equipment efficiencies for air conditioning
( water chilling packages)
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Interior Lighting Requirements for Climate Zone 1
ASHRAE:
ECBC:
Ductwork Insulation
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Exterior Lighting Requirements for Climate Zone 1
ASHRAE:
ECBC:
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR „COMPOSITE CLIMATE‟ BY ECBC
Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation
Decreased exposed surface Orientation and shape of building. Use of trees as wind
area barriers
Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation and wall insulation
Increase thermal capacity Thicker walls
(time Lag)
Increase buffer spaces Air locks/ Balconies
Decrease air exchange rate Weather stripping
Increase shading Walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs, fins &
trees
Increase surface reflectivity Pale color, glazed china mosaic tiles, etc.
Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with lower SHGC and provide shading for
windows. Minimize glazing in East and West
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For Building Envelope: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For Building Envelope: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For Building Envelope: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For Lighting: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
1. DAY LIGHTING
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For Lighting: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
2. INTERIOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For Lighting: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
2. INTERIOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For Lighting: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
2. INTERIOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For Lighting: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
2. INTERIOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For Lighting: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
3. EXTERIOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For HVAC: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Energy Efficient Design Practices
For HVAC: Source: Advanced Energy Design Guide by ASHRAE
3. ASHRAE STANDARDS
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
4. PROCEDURES FOR
LCCA
The Department of Natural Resources, Iowa, USA defines life cycle costing
as:
“Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is an economic method used to evaluate building
design alternatives with different levels of energy efficiency. It is a method that
can be applied to any capital investment decision in which higher initial costs
are exchanged for reduced future operating costs. The mutually exclusive design
alternative with the lowest life cycle cost is the most cost-effective. “
Source:
www.insideoutarch.com
4. PROCEDURES FOR LCC & LCA
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
Steps in Life Cycle Cost Analysis:
Select design alternatives to evaluate.
Compute the initial cost associated with each alternative.
Establish the economic life, in years, for each alternative.
Determine the future costs for each alternative.
Using the appropriate calculation method, compute the life-cycle cost of
each alternative over a period.
Analyze the results.
The Code of Practice‟, SETAC, Brussels defines life cycle assessment as:
“Life Cycle Assessment is a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with
a product, process, or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used
and wastes released to the environment; to assess the impact of those energy and materials
used and releases to the environment; and to identify and evaluate opportunities to affect
environmental improvements. The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the product,
process or activity, encompassing, extracting and processing raw materials;
manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, re-use, maintenance; recycling, and
final disposal“
Phases of Life
Cycle
Assessment
Source:
www.emsd.gov.hk
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
MTNL Office Building, Sector 6, Dwarka, New Delhi
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
MTNL Office Building, Sector 6, Dwarka, New Delhi
Administration Block –
Ground Floor Plan
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
BUILDING ENVELOPE
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
BUILDING ENVELOPE
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
BUILDING ENVELOPE
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
BUILDING ENVELOPE
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
BUILDING ENVELOPE
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
BUILDING ENVELOPE
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
BUILDING ENVELOPE
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
HVAC
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
HVAC
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
HVAC
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
LIGHTING
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
INVENTORY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CASE
EXAMPLE AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
LIGHTING
CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Costing of a Building Adapting to ASHRAE Standards SEMINAR ‘1’
7. VALIDATION OF
ASHRAE COMPLIANT
BUILDING PROPOSAL
12 12
10 10
8 8
2 2
0 0
Existing Design Proposed Design Existing Design Proposed Design
The above Life Cycle Cost Analysis proves that an energy- efficient design
proposal conforming to ASHRAE standards turns out to be cost- effective
during the economic life period of the building, though the initial investment
may be comparatively higher.
The payback periods too are not very long.