Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187

www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto

New empirical relationships between magnitude

and distance for liquefaction
Paolo Galli *
Servizio Sismico Nazionale, Via Curtatone 3, I-00185 Rome, Italy

Received 1 November 1999; accepted for publication 22 April 2000

Abstract

Historical research performed in the 1990s has updated previous compilations of liquefaction-induced phenomena
that occurred during the last millenium in Italy. Liquefaction indications are reported in Italy for earthquakes with
I >56 (MCS ) and M 4.2, 90% of the cases falling within 50 km of the epicenter. The recently re-evaluated seismic
o s
parameters of the Italian historical earthquakes, together with the location of 317 indications of liquefaction features,
provide a relatively complete database, permitting the author to highlight the distribution of intensity/magnitude
values versus epicentral distance. In paleoseismic analyses these relationships may be considered a tool in evaluating
the minimum energy of an earthquake that induced liquefaction features. 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All
rights reserved.

Keywords: coseismic processes; engineering geology; geologic hazard; Italy; liquefaction; paleoseismicity

1. Introduction Liquefaction is the transformation of a granular

Although the systematic study of liquefaction
features is a young discipline, it is widely accepted
that the recognition of this phenomenon (e.g. by
means of paleoseismological studies) can be
assumed as an indicator of strong past earthquakes
(i.e. Tinsley et al., 1985). However, since other
natural causes can produce or mimic liquefaction
features (e.g. structures of syndepositional origin,
due to artesian condition, formed by weathering
or in periglacial environment), the non-seismic
causes should always be investigated (see
Obermeier, 1996) in order to avoid hazardous
statements about the seismicity of an area.
* Tel.: +39-06-4444-2276. fax: +39-06-4466-579.
E-mail address: paolo.galli@dstn.it (P. Galli)
deposit from a solid state into a liquefied state as
a consequence of the increased pore-water pressure
determined by cyclic shaking ( Youd, 1977).
Liquefaction features may vary from place to place
in geometry, type, and dimension, due to the
anomalous propagation and amplification of the
seismic waves at the surface and to the differing
site conditions (grain size and density of deposits,
position of the ground-water level ). It is therefore
sometimes difficult to recognize liquefaction in the
field, and particularly difficult through the histori-
cal description of earthquake-induced effects (Galli
and Meloni, 1993).
The most common and conclusive surficial fea-
tures induced by liquefaction are sand blows that
occur both isolated (sand volcanoes; Figs. 1 and
2) or along fissures. Other clear liquefaction-
induced phenomena are the lateral spreads of huge

0040-1951/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S0 0 4 0- 1 9 51 ( 0 0 ) 0 01 1 8 -9
170 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187
Fig. 1. 1783 Calabrian earthquake. The banks of the Mesima River affected by hundreds of sand volcanoes (from an original etching
in Sarconi, 1784).
masses of soil overlying a liquefied layer or the
geometrical settlement of surficial deposits (i.e.
craters; Figs. 35). A typical effect on anthropic
structures is the differential settlement and tilting
of buildings, bridges and quays, the swelling of
pavement of the ground-floors of buildings or
swimming-pools, and the apparent extrusion of
pillars or wells above the ground surface, due to
the sinking of the surrounding soil (Fig. 6).
All these effects are easily detectable during
earthquake field surveys, but some of them are
difficult to recognize and/or identify univocally as
due to liquefaction in the historical description of
earthquakes. This is mainly due to the convergence
of forms with other collapse features and damage
caused by seismic shaking.
Although the most impressive liquefaction fea-
tures occur during strong earthquakes (M 6.5),
s
whose epicentral areas are located close to regions
highly susceptible to liquefaction (e.g. the alluvial
plains of South Carolina during the earthquakes
of 1886; the plains of Alaska, 1964; Nijgata, 1964;
Kobe, 1995; Izmit, 1999), the database of historical
liquefaction in Italy (Galli and Meloni, 1993; Galli
et al., 1999) also accounts for a large number of
moderate earthquakes (M 4.2) producing lique-
s
faction (as for liquefaction cases induced by mod-
erate earthquakes, see also Papadopoulos, 1993).
In fact, the Italian territory shows a remarkable
mismatching between high seismicity areas (mainly
located inside the Apennine chain) and broad
liquefaction-prone areas (the Adriatic and
Tyrrhenian coasts, and the Po River alluvial plain;
Galli and Ferreli, 1995). Among those last-men-
tioned regions, only Calabria, eastern Sicily, north-
ern Apulia and, partly, the western Ligurian coast
experienced strong historic earthquakes.
Nevertheless, the long tradition of historical writ-
ten sources in Italy supplies data also concerning
areas characterized by moderate seismicity, allow-
ing the recognition of 59 liquefaction features
resulting from earthquakes with M 5.9.
s
The liquefaction database presented here is a
completely reviewed and updated version of previ-
ous catalogs. It is the result of new systematic
historical research performed in archives and
 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187 171

Fig. 2. 1783 Calabrian earthquake. Particular of the sand volcanoes observed in the Rosarno Plain (from an original etching in
Sarconi, 1784).

libraries utilizing only primary sources (Galli magnitude (and intensity) of the earthquake. They
et al., 1999). also suggest a relationship between epicentral dis-
The data suggest relationships between the epi- tance and site intensity. The curves obtained
central distance of a liquefaction feature and the replace those reported by Galli and Meloni (1993)
172 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187

Fig. 3. 1783 Calabrian earthquake. Circular settlement of sandy deposits in the Rosarno Plain (from an original etching in Sarconi,
1784).

and Galli and Ferreli (1995), for which earth-
quakes were characterized only in terms of MCS
(MercalliCancaniSieberg) intensity, by using
different types of magnitude and re-evaluated
intensity values from Italian updated seismic cata-
logs (NT4.1, Camassi and Stucchi, 1997 and
CPTI, 1999).
With respect to Ambraseys (1991) and
Papadopulos and Lefkopulos (1993), the bound-
ing equations of datapoints distribution presented
here account for a larger number of liquefaction
features (317) that occurred during 61 earthquakes
characterized by focal depths <20 km and mainly
related to normal faulting. Landslide descriptions
 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187 173

Fig. 4. 1783 Calabrian earthquake. A crater, due to geometrical settlement of sands in the Rosarno Plain (from an original etching
in Sarconi, 1784).
174 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187

Fig. 5. 1783 Calabrian earthquake. Radiating fissures, probably due to local swelling in the Jerocarne area (from an original etching
in Sarconi, 1784).

have been a priori excluded from the database in
an attempt to reduce contamination of the data
by liquefaction features of uncertain interpretation.
2. Previous studies
Kuribayashi and Tatsuoka (1975) proposed a
correlation between maximum epicentral distance
R (in kilometers) and earthquake magnitude M
e M =0.31+2.65108R +0.99 log(R )
for liquefaction cases observed in Japan. These
authors derived the equation
log R =0.77M3.60. (1)
e According to Ambraseys (1991), for each value
Youd (1977) and Youd and Perkins (1978)
introduced the idea of measuring the distance from
the fault rather than from the epicenter for lique-
faction that occurred during several earthquakes
in the USA. Keefer (1984) collected data from 40
historical earthquakes and presented new curves
of magnitude versus epicentral distance, showing
an exponential increase in distance at higher mag-
nitude values.
Ambraseys (1991) used 137 liquefaction cases
from around the word, in a wide variation of
tectonic and sedimentary settings, and correlated
a uniform type of magnitude (moment magnitude,
M ) both with epicentral distance R (in centime-
w e
ters; namely the farthest observed liquefaction
effect) and fault distance R (in centimeters):
f
(2)
w e e
M =0.18+9.2108R +0.90 log(R ). (3)
w f f
of magnitude M , R and R are the maximum
w e f
distance within which liquefaction is likely to occur
(with some exceptions).
Galli and Meloni (1993) and Galli and Ferreli
(1995) collected liquefaction data reported during
several historical earthquakes in Italy and placed
a limiting distance of liquefaction occurrence on
 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187 175

Fig. 6. 1783 Calabrian earthquake. Apparent extrusion of the Santa Cristina well in the courtyard of the Celestini Friars Monastery,
close to the town of Terranova. This phenomenon is probably due to the sinking of the surrounding loose deposits (from an original
etching in Sarconi, 1784).

the basis of epicentral intensity (I , MCS scale) the relationships (R in kilometers):

o
versus epicentral distance (d, kilometers):
M =3.686+1.584 log R (M >5.9) (8)
I =6.875+0.035(d ) (Galli and Meloni, 1993) s e s
o
M =5.647+0.181 log R (5.8M 5.9) (9)
(4) s e s
I =e2.04+0.003(d) (Galli and Ferreli, 1995). (5) M =5.623+0.209 log R (5.8M 5.9). (10)
o s f s
Finally, Papadopulos and Lefkopulos (1993), Recently, Troften (1997) provided an example
updating the data collected by Ambraseys (1991) of such studies using Eqs. (4) and (5) and similar
by means of new information from 30 Greek correlations presented by Tinsley et al. (1985) in
earthquakes, two American (Loma Prieta and order to evaluate the intensity and magnitude of
Falcon State) and one from New Zealand the paloevents that strongly hit southern Sweden
( Edgecumbe), provided the following equations at the beginning of the Holocene. This author
concerning maximum epicentral distance R (in surveyed liquefaction phenomena in the varved
e
centimeters) and maximum fault distance R (in deposits of Vasterhanige, Olivelund and Turinge
f
centimeters): regions by means of paleoseismic analysis and
considered the radius of the area of distribution
M =0.44+3108R +0.98 log R (6)
w e e to be d in Eqs. (4) and (5). Analogously,
M =2.5103+9.25108R +0.9 log R . Papadopoulos (1993) calculated a minimum mag-
w f f
nitude for the 373 BC earthquake (western Corinth
(7)
Gulf, Greece) by using the epicentral distance of
Considering only the Greek data they calculated reported liquefaction features in Eq. (6).
176 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187
3. The database of liquefaction indication
The database used is an updated version of the
one revised by Galli et al. (1999) with the aim of
reducing the methodological problems that
affected the previous compilations (Berardi et al.,
1991; Galli and Meloni, 1993; Galli and Ferreli,
1995). Briefly, this goal was achieved by:
$ extending the historical research also to low
intensity events ( VIVII MCS ) that were not
considered among those potentially capable of
inducing liquefaction and to seismic events
occurring far from liquefaction-prone areas
(Galli and Ferreli, 1995);
$ systematically checking the original sources that
concern liquefaction cases reported by previous
compilation (i.e. Berardi et al., 1991), thus
avoiding repetition or mistakes;
$ since seismic catalogs and compilations do not
always report environmental effects, descrip-
tions of liquefaction features may have been left
out. The historical research has directly investi-
gated the primary sources quoted by these
catalogs.
Original sources studied include: studies, reports
and tales concerning earthquakes, chronicles and
diaries, archivistic documentation and seismic
bulletins.
Earthquake parameters in the database include
the values of epicentral intensity (MCS ) and mag-
nitude (M and M ) reported by Camassi and
e s
Stucchi (1997) and CPTI (1999) and the site
intensities given by the existing database
(Monachesi and Stucchi, 1998) and Boschi et al.
(1995).
Liquefaction features have been subdivided into
several classes, depending on the type of described
effects. This classification was created on the basis
of the literary description of the phenomena
reported by historical sources and does not follow
the classification proposed by CEECETSCNR
(1985) (e.g. ground oscillation, flow failure, lateral
spread). All possible lateral spread and flow fail-
ures have been a priori excluded because of the
difficulty in distinguishing between gravity driven
phenomena, triggered by the seismic shaking, and
liquefaction-induced landslide. For the same
reason we preferentially considered the descrip-
tions concerning flat areas.
The adopted classification is:
$ A=ground fissuring and related phenomena
A1=only ground fissures
A2=water emission
A3=mud, sand and gravel venting
A4=mixed water and sand venting (sand boils)
A5=mud volcanoes
$ B=surface deformation
B1=local settlement
B2=local swelling
$ C=differential settlement of building
$ D=liquefaction evidence s.l. or without
description.
The database (Appendix A) is divided into two
sections: epicentral parameters of the seismic
events and liquefaction site parameters.
Epicentral parameters reported include the date
(year, month, day), the geographic coordinates
( latitude and longitude), the intensity (MCS ), the
magnitude (M , derived from the intensity data-
e
points distribution and surface-wave magnitude
M ) and the epicentral area.
s
Site parameters include the site name, the geo-
graphic coordinates, the epicentral distance (km),
the site intensity and the type of failure. (Numbers
in the first column refer to the bibliography, which
is available from the author.)
4. Relationships between magnitude and distance
The database presented contains indication of
liquefaction related to earthquakes that occurred
in Italy from 1117 AD to 1990 ( Fig. 7). The
seismic event intensity ranged from 5.5 to 11, while
the magnitude ranged from 4.2 to 7.5 for M and
s
from 4.83 to 7.46 for M .
e
Table 1 summarizes the frequency occurrence
of liquefaction for intensity classes. The largest
number of liquefaction features come from earth-
quakes with epicentral intensity (MCS ) of 910,
10, and 11 (respectively, 57, 63, and 119 cases).
These classes account for 76% of the total number
of observed liquefaction features, while 22% are
related to intensity ranging from 78 to 9 and only
2% for intensity from 56 to 7.
If compared with the total number of earth-
 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187 177

Fig. 7. Distribution map of liquefaction cases reported in Appendix A. Inset A is a particular concerning the 1783 Calabrian
earthquakes. Bold lines represent the possibly seismogenetic faults of the three main events ( large circles, from south to north:
February 5 and 7, and March 28).

quakes reported by the seismic catalog, indication
of liquefaction has been found for the 75% of
events of intensity 11, 25 and 30% for intensity 10
and 910, respectively.
Table 2 shows the relationship between M and
s
liquefaction for the period 19001992 (M values
s
for this period are instrumentally observed). All
the earthquakes with M 6.5 induced liquefaction
s
(101 cases), about 80% of all observed liquefaction
for this century.
178 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187

Table 1
Number of liquefaction cases per intensity class. Column 3 is
the number of earthquakes that induced liquefaction, to be com-
pared with the total number of events existing in the CPTI
(1999; column 4) seismic catalog per intensity class

Intensity No. of No. of Events in

class liquefactions events CPTI

11 119 9 12
10 63 6 24
910 57 8 26
9 16 7 50
89 20 5 46
8 18 9 85
78 15 4 121
7 4 4 381
67 1 1 286
6 1 1 876
56 1 1 412

Table 2
Number of liquefaction cases per M interval. Column 3 is the
s Fig. 8. Distribution of earthquake-induced liquefaction cases in
number of events that induced liquefaction, to be compared
with the total number of events existing in the CPTI (1999; terms of epicentral intensity (MCS ) and epicentral distance.
column 4) seismic catalog per magnitude interval class The bounding equation is reported in the text as Eq. (11).

M No. of No. of Events in

s
interval liquefactions events CPTI
Fig. 7, which shows the three possibly seismogene-
7.5 15 1 1
tic faults for the 1783 Calabrian earthquakes).
77.3 19 2 2
6.56.9 67 3 3 Fig. 8 shows the relationship between epicentral
66.4 11 3 8 intensity I and distance R . The distribution of
o e
5.55.9 11 4 32 data clearly indicates the limits of occurrence of
55.4 3 2 123 the phenomenon that decreases exponentially with
4.7 1
the distance. Only two cases fall out from the
general trend, one, which occurred in 1117, being of
not unequivocal interpretation. The bounding
All the data for which site parameters were equation determined from these data is:
available have been considered for the correlation I =1.6+4.3 log(R ). (11)
of epicentral distance versus both epicentral inten- o e
sity and magnitude (M and M ). Generally speak- Fig. 9A shows the relationship between magni-
s e tude and distance for liquefaction that occurred
ing, 46% of liquefaction cases occurred within
10 km from the epicenter, 66% within 20 km, 79% between 1117 and 1990. This distribution is also
within 30 km, 86% within 40 km, and 90% within bounded by an exponential limit which is also
50 km (see Fig. 8). The distance between liquefac- recognizable for the data concerning this last cen-
tion features and the fault that produced the tury (Fig. 9B). The bounding equation for this
earthquake was not taken into account in this dataset is:
work due to the difficulty of relating earthquakes
M =1.0+3.0 log(R ) (12)
to seismogenetic faults in Italy (Galadini et al., s e
1999; Galadini and Galli, 2000; e.g. inset A of while considering only the (instrumentally)
 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187 179

Fig. 9. Distribution of earthquake-induced liquefaction cases in terms of M and epicentral distance for the period 11171990 (A)
s
and 19001990 (B). M values in (B) are from instrumental measurements. The bounding equations are reported in the text as Eqs.
s
(12) and (13), respectively.

observed values of magnitude (period 19001990;

Fig. 9B) the bounding equation obtained is:
M =1.5+3.1 log(R ). (13)
s e
As mentioned above, a different magnitude
scale, M , has recently been introduced for histori-
e
cal earthquakes in Italy (CPTI, 1999; Gasperini
et al., 1999). Fig. 10 shows the distribution of this
dataset, whose bounding equation is:
M =2.75+2.0 log(R ). (14)
e e
As for the use of these relationships, in
agreement with Obermeier (1996, p. 389), Eqs.
(11)(14) offer the ability to place crude limits on
earthquakes intensity and magnitude, i.e. by evalu-
ating the area (and consequently R ) interested by
e
liquefaction features, by means of paleoseismologi-
cal analyses (e.g. Troften, 1997; Papadopoulos,
1993).
Table 3 presents the application of Eq. (13) to
some historical earthquakes in Italy that produced Fig. 10. Distribution of earthquake-induced liquefaction cases
a minimum of five observed liquefaction features. in terms of M and epicentral distance for the period 1117
e
Eq. (13) yields values of M (M in Table 3) 1990. The bounding equation is reported in the text as Eq. (14).
s liq
180 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187

Table 3
Comparison between magnitude values reported by seismic cat-
alogs (CPTI, 1999; NT4.1, Camassi and Stucchi, 1997) and the
magnitude (M , minimum magnitude) evaluation by means of
liq
Eq. (13). Only earthquakes with more than five liquefaction
cases are reported

Event (y:m:d ) I , MCS M , CPTI M , NT4 M

o e s liq
1627:07:30 10 6.78 7 6.47
1693:01:11 11 7.46 7.3 7.24
1783:02:05 11 6.88 7.3 7.51
1783:03:28 10 6.98 6.7 6.68
1846:08:14 8.5 5.45 5.9 5.05
1894:11:16 8.5 6.1 5.9 6.08
1905:09:08 11 6.88 7.5 7.38
1908:12:28 11 7.18 7.3 4.85
1915:01:13 11 6.98 7 7.08
1916:08:16 8 5.59 6.1 5.6
1968:01:15 10 6.45 5.9 5.89
Fig. 11. Comparison among the different equations provided
1976:05:06 9.5 6.34 6.5 4.3
by the previous authors [Eqs. (1), (2), (8)] and those presented
1980:11:23 10 6.88 6.9 6.98
in this paper [Eqs. (12)(14)].

similar to both those computed by means of
macroseismic evaluations (M and M before 1900)
e s
and the instrumental ones (M after 1900). The
s distance are consistently below the curves given by
magnitude evaluated through Eq. (13) is consider-
ably lower than the actual value for only two
strong earthquakes (1908 and 1976). In particular,
the 1908 event (which occurred in the marine area
between Sicily and Calabria) induced a destructive
tsunami along the surrounding Calabrian and
Sicilian coasts that probably erased many liquefac-
tion features on the shores and monopolized the
attention of contemporary scientists and reporters.
The 1976 Friuli event was instead generated by a
blind thrust in the rocky mountains of the eastern
Alps and induced extensive liquefaction features
only in the epicentral area ( Tagliamento River
alluvial plain). Finally, it is worth noting that
M calculated are minimum values of magnitude,
liq
since Eqs. (11)(14) are related to bounding curves
and not mean curves.
Fig. 11 compares the curves presented in this
paper [Eqs. (12)(14)] with those provided by
Kuribayashi and Tatsuoka [1975; Eq. (1)],
Ambraseys [1988; Eq. (2)] and Papadopulos
and Lefkopulos [1993; Eq. (8)]. The most sign-
ificant difference is that curves given by Eqs.
(12) and (14), which account for the whole lique-
faction dataset (years 11171990, using respec-
tively M and M ), under 7080 km of epicentral
s e
Eqs. (2) and (8). This implies that liquefaction
may occur in a wider magnitude/distance combina-
tion than that previously predicted by Eqs. (2)
and (8).
5. Conclusions
Galli et al. (1999) updated the Italian catalog
of liquefaction (Galli and Meloni, 1993) by means
of new systematic historical researches and by
using only primary sources. This database,
together with the recently revised values of the
parametric data from the Italian seismic catalog
(Camassi and Stucchi, 1997; CPTI, 1999), permit-
ted the construction of empirical relationships
between the epicentral parameters of the earth-
quake (I , M , and M ) and the distance of the
o s e
observed liquefaction (R ) for 317 cases related to
e
61 different earthquakes in Italy since 1117. The
triggering events range from intensity (MCS ) 5.5
to 11, from magnitude (M ) 4.2 to 7.5, and magni-
s
 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187 181

tude (M ) 4.83 to 7.46. Eqs. (11)(14) are based Acknowledgements

e
on the dataset presented in Appendix A and are
complementary to and/or update the previous F. Meloni and A. Rossi participated in the
bounding Eqs. (1)(8). As demonstrated by construction and continuous updating of the lique-
Obermeier (1996), the use of these kinds of bound- faction database. The insightful and constructive
ing equation (i.e. collecting paleoliquefaction evi- criticism of H. Abramson and G. Papadopoulos
dence through detailed and widespread is gratefully acknowledged. I believe that their
paleoseismic analysis; Fig. 12) can provide values revision process greatly improved this paper. I am
of intensity and magnitude not outrageously lower grateful to P. Lembo and R. De Marco who
than the actual value, and can be a comparative encouraged this work.
tool for hazard assessment studies. This could be
particularly useful for regions characterized by
poor historical data or in evaluating earthquake Appendix A
size occuring during pre-historic periods.
Finally, these empirical relationships could have The catalog of liquefaction features that have
practical applications to geotechnical problems, occurred in Italy since 1117 AD revised after Galli
e.g. for designing foundations of buildings located et al. (1999) is given in Table 4.
within a certain distance from known seismogenic
sources [R in Eqs. (11)(14)] in liquefaction-
e
prone regions.

Fig. 12. An example of liquefaction features surveyed by means of paleoseismic analysis (in this case, a trench in the Fucino Plain,
Central Italy, 1915 Avezzano earthquake; Galadini and Galli, 1999).
182 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187
Table 4

Epicentral parameters of the seismic events Sites with indication of liquefaction

Ref. Date Latitude Longitude I M M Area Sitea Latitude Longitude d I Type

o e s s
(km)

1 1117.01.03 45.330 11.200 9.5 6.56 6.4 Verona area Venezia 45 26 12 20 89 7.0 A2
2 1505.01.03 44.480 11.250 7.0 5.30 5 Bologna Zola Predosa 44 30 11 13 3 7.0 A1 A35
3 1542.06.13 44.000 11.380 9.0 5.85 6.2 Scarperia Borgo S. Lorenzo 43 57 11 23 6 8.0 A2
4 1542.12.10 37.230 14.920 9.5 6.4 Sortino Siracusa and neighbour [2] 37 04 15 16 36 8.0 A12
5 1545.06.09 44.498 9.844 7.5 5.00 5.2 Borgo V. Taro Pontremoli [1] 44 23 9 53 13 6.0 A12
6 1561.08.19 40.520 15.480 9.5 6.45 6.4 Vallo di Diano Muro Lucano 40 45 15 29 26 9.0 A1 A3 D
7 1570.11.17 44.820 11.630 7.5 5.30 5.5 Ferrara Boara 44 52 00 11 41 00 7 7.5 A35
8 1570.11.17 44.820 11.630 7.5 5.30 5.5 Ferrara Ferrara (P.te S.Paolo, S.Pietro) 44 49 40 11 37 00 1 8.0 A15 B C D
9 1570.11.17 44.820 11.630 7.5 5.30 5.5 Ferrara Ficarolo 44 57 11 26 21 7.0 A1 A45
10 1570.11.17 44.820 11.630 7.5 5.30 5.5 Ferrara Giara del Po 44 48 30 11 41 30 5 7.0 A1
11 1570.11.17 44.820 11.630 7.5 5.30 5.5 Ferrara La Punta 44 49 00 11 40 00 3 7.5 A1 A4
12 1570.11.17 44.820 11.630 7.5 5.30 5.5 Ferrara Localita indefinite A1 A3 A4
13 1570.11.17 44.820 11.630 7.5 5.30 5.5 Ferrara Polesino di S.Giovanni Battista 44 50 30 11 38 20 3 8.0 A1 A4 B
14 1570.11.17 44.820 11.630 7.5 5.30 5.5 Ferrara Polesino di San Giorgio 44 49 20 11 37 30 0 8.0 A1 A4 B
15 1570.11.17 44.820 11.630 7.5 5.30 5.5 Ferrara Torre della Fossa 44 47 40 11 37 00 3 7.5 A1 A4 B
16 1624.03.18 44.650 11.850 7.5 5.30 5.5 Argenta Argenta 44 37 11 50 4 9.0 A14 C D
17 1627.07.30 41.730 15.350 10.0 6.78 7 Capitanata Foci del Fortore 41 55 15 17 21 8.5 A1 A45 D
18 1627.07.30 41.730 15.350 10.0 6.78 7 Capitanata Lesina 41 52 15 21 15 10.0 C
19 1627.07.30 41.730 15.350 10.0 6.78 7 Capitanata Ripalta 41 51 15 17 14 10.0 C
20 1627.07.30 4 1.730 15.350 10.0 6.78 7 Capitanata Localita indefinita A4
21 1627.07.30 41.730 15.350 10.0 6.78 7 Capitanata Serra-S.Agata ( Valle d. Fortore) 41 50 15 14 15 9.5 A1 A4
22 1627.07.30 41.730 15.350 10.0 6.78 7 Capitanata Troia 41 22 15 19 40 7.5 A5
23 1638.03.27 39.030 16.280 11.0 6.98 7.3 Nicastro San Nicola 39 11 16 18 17 10.5 A12 B
24 1638.03.27 39.030 16.280 11.0 6.98 7.3 Nicastro Valle del R. Lamato [2] 38 54 16 15 15 8.5 A12 A5
25 1638.03.27 39.030 16.280 11.0 6.98 7.3 Nicastro Localita indefinite A12 B
26 1688.06.05 41.280 14.570 11.0 6.67 7.3 Sannio-Matese Piedimonte dAlife [2] 41 21 14 22 19 9.0 A12
27 1688.06.05 41.280 14.570 11.0 6.67 7.3 Sannio-Matese S. Giorgio la Molara 41 16 14 54 28 8.5 BC
28 1693.01.11 37.130 15.020 11.0 7.46 7.3 Eastern Sicily Cassaro [2] 37 06 14 57 7 11.0 A1 A3 D
29 1693.01.11 37.130 15.020 11.0 7.46 7.3 Eastern Sicily Lentini [2] 37 19 15 03 21 11.0 A1 A45 D
30 1693.01.11 37.130 15.020 11.0 7.46 7.3 Eastern Sicily Mascari [2] 37 45 15 12 71 9.5 A1 A4 D
31 1693.01.11 37.130 15.020 11.0 7.46 7.3 Eastern Sicily Piana di Catania [2] 37 25 15 02 32 10.0 A12 A45 D
32 1693.01.11 37.130 15.020 11.0 7.46 7.3 Eastern Sicily Siracusa 37 04 15 16 23 10.0 A12 A45
33 1693.01.11 37.130 15.020 11.0 7.46 7.3 Eastern Sicily Sortino 37 09 15 02 3 11.0 A1 A3 B D
34 1693.01.11 37.130 15.020 11.0 7.46 7.3 Eastern Sicily Val di Noto 36 53 15 04 28 10.0 B
35 1703.02.02 42.470 13.200 10.0 6.67 6.2 LAquila area Montereale 42 31 13 15 7 9.0 A2
36 1703.02.02 42.470 13.200 10.0 6.67 6.2 LAquila area Pizzoli-Arischia 42 26 13 18 9 9.0 A12 A45
37 1753.03.09 44.930 7.180 6.5 5.00 5.5 Cozie Alps Localita indefinite A12
38 1781.04.04 44.235 11.797 9.0 5.72 6.2 Faentino Castel Bolognese 44 19 11 48 9 7.0 A1 A3
39 178 1.04.04 44.235 11.797 9.0 5.72 6.2 Faentino Localita indefinite A1 A3
40 1781.04.04 44.235 11.797 9.0 5.72 6.2 Faentino Pergola 44 17 11 48 5 7.5 A1 A3
41 1781.04.04 44.235 11.797 9.0 5.72 6.2 Faentino Quartolo 44 15 11 49 2 8.5 A1 A3
42 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Acquaro* 38 33 20 16 11 25 34 10.5 A1 A45
43 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Bagnara Calabra* [1] 38 17 00 15 48 15 15 11.0 B
44 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Borrello (Fondaco di)* 38 30 40 06 04 10 25 [9.5] A12 A45 B
45 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Calanna* (Loc. Sperone e Torre) 38 11 00 15 43 25 25 9.0 A12 A45
46 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Caraffa del Bianco [1] 38 05 16 05 26 8.0 A1 A45
47 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Castellace ( Vecchio) [1 ] 38 18 45 15 56 50 2 11.0 A1 A45 B
48 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria River S.Biase [Fiumara Boscaino] 38 19 30 15 56 40 4 11.0 A45
49 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Catanzaro [1] 38 55 16 35 87 6.0 B
50 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Cinquefrondi 38 25 16 06 17 10.5 A12 A45
51 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Cinquefrondi ( Ventriconi) 38 24 15 16 05 40 16 10.5 A5
52 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Casalnuovo [Cittanova] 38 21 16 05 11 10.5 A1 A45 B
53 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Coccorino 38 36 15 52 34 8.0 A1 A45
54 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Cosoleto Vecchio (P. di Cineti) 38 17 00 15 55 10 5 11.0 A12 A5 B
55 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Dasa* 38 34 16 12 36 [8.0] A1 A45
56 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.00 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Paracocio [Delianuova] [2] 38 14 15 55 9 11.0 A1 A4 A3 A5
57 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Drosi*(C. del Crocifisso) 38 26 35 15 57 00 16 [10.0] B
58 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Fiumara Secca* 38 20 16 03 8 11.0 A12 A3 A5 B
59 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria River Porcione*[R.Marepotamo] [1] 38 37 16 11 40 8.0 A1 B E
60 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Galatoni *[1] 38 20 16 02 7 [11.0] A1 A45
61 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Marina di Gallico 38 10 15 39 32 9.0 A12 A45 C
62 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Ganzirri (Pantano)* 38 15 15 37 31 7.5 A1
63 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Gerocarne- Soriano Calabro* 38 35 30 16 13 39 8.0 A1 A45
64 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Gioia Tauro 38 25 15 54 14 10.0 A2 B
65 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Joppolo 38 35 15 54 32 8.0 A1 A45
66 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Laganadi [1] 38 10 15 44 25 9.0 B
67 1 783.02.05 38.300 1 5.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Laureana di Borrello (C. Vaticano) 38 29 30 16 03 40 23 9.5 A1 A45
68 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Lubrichi (western slope of Lago R.) 38 16 15 57 4 11.0 A1 A35 B
69 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Maida Marina 38 52 16 13 66 6.5 A1 A4
70 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Maropati (Loc. Eja) 38 25 15 16 06 40 18 10.0 A1 A45
71 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Maropati (Contrada Scigala) 38 26 16 06 19 10.0 A12 A45
72 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Messina 38 11 15 33 39 7.5 A12 A5 B C E
73 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Nicotera (C. Ravello) 38 32 15 56 40 26 9.0 A15
74 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Oppido V. [Mamerto] (Torre)[1] 38 17 15 15 58 00 1 11.0 C
75 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Oppido V. (Loc. Nicolella) 38 18 15 57 2 11.0 A12 A45 B C
 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187 183
Table 4 (continued ).

Epicentral parameters of the seismic events Sites with indication of liquefaction

Ref. Date Latitude Longitude I M M Area Sitea Latitude Longitude d I Type

o e s s
(km)

76 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Oppido V. ( Tricuccio R. landslide) 38 17 15 15 58 20 1 11.0 A12 A45 B
77 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Pedavoli [2] 38 14 15 55 9 11.0 A1 A35
78 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Polistena Vecchia 38 24 15 16 04 20 15 10.5 A12 A4 B
79 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Polistena V. (C. Giuseppina) 38 24 05 16 05 00 15 10.5 A12 A45
80 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Radicena (T. Razza) 38 20 35 16 01 10 6 11.0 A2 A45 B
81 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Reggio Calabria (I Giunchi) 38 06 50 15 38 45 35 8.5 A12 A45 B
82 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Rise del R. Mesima* 38 37 16 09 38 8.0 A2 A5
83 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Rosarno (C. di Simeone-Mesima) 39 30 15 59 22 10.0 A12 A45
84 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Rosarno (Mesima Bridge) 38 29 55 15 59 20 22 10.0 A1
85 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria San Fili* 38 28 16 02 19 [10.0] A12 A45
86 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria San Floro* [1] 38 50 16 31 76 [6.0] B
87 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria S.Lucido (Lago di M.S.Giovanni) 39 17 50 16 04 05 111 7.0 A3 B
88 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria San Procopio (La Conturella) 38 17 10 15 54 0 6 10.5 A3 A5
89 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria San Procopio (C. Ruffino) 38 17 15 53 8 10.5 A1 A4
90 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria San Procopio (La Goletta) 38 17 30 15 54 10 6 10.5 A5
91 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria San Procopio (Bombardara) 38 16 40 15 53 20 7 10.5 A5
92 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria SantAnna di Seminara 38 19 15 53 8 10.0 A2 B
93 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Santa Crist. Aspromonte 38 15 10 15 57 35 5 11.0 A3
94 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.98 7.3 Southern Calabria Santa Giorgia 38 15 15 56 6 11.0 A1 A35
95 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.98 7.3 Southern Calabria Scido [2] 38 15 15 56 6 11.0 A3 B
96 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Scrofario* 38 20 16 01 5 [11.0] A1 A35
97 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Seminara 38 20 15 52 10 10.0 A15 B
98 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Serra S. Bruno [1] 38 35 16 20 45 7.0 B
99 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Soriano Calabro [1] 38 36 16 14 40 8.0 C
100 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Sitizano 38 17 15 56 4 11.0 A1 A35 B
101 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Terranova ( Vecchia) 38 19 20 16 00 35 4 11.0 A2 A3 B C
102 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Torre Faro 38 16 15 39 28 8.0 A1 A45
103 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Tresilico 38 18 15 59 1 11.0 A12 B
104 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Trodi [1] 38 17 15 55 5 11.0 A2 E
105 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Verapodio [ Varapodio] 38 19 15 59 2 11.0 A12 A45
106 1783.02.05 38.300 15.970 11.0 6.88 7.3 Southern Calabria Monteleone [ Vibo Valentia] [1] 38 40 16 06 42 7.5 A1 A45
107 1783.02.07 38.580 16.200 11.0 6.56 7 Soriano Seem Laureana - Vallelonga 38 39 16 17 11 8.5 A2
108 1783.02.07 38.580 16.200 11.0 6.56 7 Soriano Serre Reggio Calabria (I Giunchi) 38 06 50 15 38 45 71 6.5 A2 B
109 1783.02.07 38.580 16.200 11.0 6.56 7 Soriano Serre Soriano Calabro 38 36 16 14 4 10.5 A2
110 1783.02.27* 38.900 16.600 7.00 5 Catanzaro Catanzaro (Quart. S. Giuseppe) 38 54 51 16 35 09 2 6.0 B
111 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Acconia 38 50 16 16 19 9.5 A1 A45
112 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Borgia 38 50 16 31 7 11.0 A12 A45
113 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Cortale 38 50 16 25 8 10.5 A1 A45 B
114 1783.03.29 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Curinga 38 49 16 19 14 9.5 A1 A45
115 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Fondaco del Fico 38 50 16 15 20 8.0 A2
116 1783.02.05 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Gizzeria* 38 59 16 12 32 6.5 A12
117 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Iacurso 38 51 16 23 11 9.5 A1 A45
118 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Laureana di Borrello 38 29 16 05 47 7.5 A1 A45
119 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Maida Plain 38 51 16 04 22 9.5 A1 A45
120 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Montauro 38 45 16 31 5 9.5 A2
121 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Monterosso Calabro 38 44 16 16 18 8.5 A12 A45 B
122 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Pantano di Tremola 38 50 16 35 11 10.5 A1 A4
123 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.96 6.7 Central Calabria Pogliolo 38 45 16 19 14 8.5 A1 A45
124 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Roccelletta 38 49 16 36 12 8.5 A12 A45
125 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria SantEufemia Vetere* 39 57 16 14 28 7.0 A12 A45
126 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria S. Pietro a Maida 38 51 16 22 12 9.5 A1 A45
127 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Squillace (River Palagoria)* 38 48 16 32 6 10.0 A5
128 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Squillace (Podere Teti)* 38 48 16 32 6 10.0 A2
129 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Vena di Maida 38 53 16 25 12 9.5 A1 A45
130 1783.03.28 38.780 16.470 10.0 6.98 6.7 Central Calabria Monteleone [ Vibo Valentia] [1] 38 40 16 06 34 8.0 A1 A45
131 1783.06.30 Callabria Cortale 38 50 16 25 A45
132 1783.106.30 Callabria Curinga-Cortale (La Con.) [2] 38 50 16 19 A1 A4
133 1785.10.09 42.564 12.777 8.0 5.15 5.5 Piediluco Piediluco (S.Antonio church) 42 32 10 12 45 10 4 9.0 A1 A45
134 1785.10.09 42.564 12.777 8.0 5.15 5.5 Piediluco S.Nicolo 42 31 50 12 44 50 4 9.0 A1 A45
135 1785.10.13** 42.580 12.660 8.0 5.5 Rieti Plain Il Canale 42 30 50 12 44 30 10 A1 A3
136 1786.12.25 43.980 12.580 8.0 5.59 5.5 Rimini Rimini 44 04 12 34 10 8.0 A1 E
137 1789.09.30 43.505 12.208 8.5 5.59 5.9 Val Tiberina Selci 43 31 12 12 1 9.0 A12 A5 C
138 1802.05.12 45.420 9.850 8.0 5.59 5.5 Soncino Ticengo 45 22 9 50 6 8.0 A12 A3
139 1802.05.12 45.420 9.850 8.0 5.59 5.5 Soncino Localita indefinita A1 A5
140 1805.07.26 41.500 14.470 10.0 6.56 6.7 Molise Boiano 41 29 14 28
141 1805.07.26 41.500 14.470 10.0 6.56 6.7 Molise Calitri ( Vallone dei monaci) [2] 40 54 15 26
142 1805.07.26 41.500 14.470 10.0 6.56 6.7 Molise Cantalupo nel Sannio 41 31 14 24 2 9.0 A1 A4
143 1805.07.26 41.500 14.470 10.0 6.56 6.7 Molise Montac[g]ano 41 38 14 39 105 6.0 A1 A4
144 1805.07.26 41.500 14.470 10.0 6.56 6.7 Molise Bosso [Busso] 41 33 14 34 6 10.0 A1 A35 ED
145 1805.07.26 41.500 14.470 10.0 6.56 6.7 Molise Morcone 41 20 14 40 20 7.0 A12 A5
146 1818.02.20 37.600 15.130 9.0 6.22 6.2 Catanese Ramondetta 37 35 42 15 07 03 10 10.0 A12 A5
147 1818.02.20 37.600 15.130 9.0 6.22 6.2 Catanese Paterno neighbour 37 34 14 54 20 7.5 25 8.0 A12 A3 A5
(Cav.Alessi prop.) [2]
148 1818.02.20 37.600 15.130 9.0 6.22 6.2 Catanese Paraspolo (near R.Simeto) 37 24 15 15 05 22 22 6.5 A14
149 1826.02.01 40.520 15.730 8.0 5.72 5.2 Tito Tito 40 35 00 15 40 40 8 9.0 A12 D
184 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187
Table 4 (continued ).

Epicentral parameters of the seismic events Sites with indication of liquefaction

Ref. Date Latitude Longitude I M M Area Sitea Latitude Longitude d I Type

o e s s
(km)

150 1832.01.13 42.967 12.659 8.5 5.59 5.9 Foligno Budine 42 57 12 38 3 8.5 A1 A4
151 1832.01.13 42.967 12.659 8.5 5.59 5.9 Foligno Corvia 42 56 23 12 40 06 4 8.5 A45
152 1832.01.13 42.967 12.659 8.5 5.59 5.9 Foligno Cantagalli 42 56 00 12 38 21 4 8.5 A1 A4 D
153 1832.01.13 42.967 12.659 8.5 5.59 5.9 Foligno Loc. Indef. A1 A4
154 1832.03.08 39.070 16.900 9.5 6.56 6.4 Crotone area Crocchio River (Giardino di C.) 38 57 40 16 48 13 15 8.5 A1 A3
155 1832.03.08 39.070 16.900 9.5 6.56 6.4 Crotone area Targine River 38 59 16 55 10 9.0 A1 A4
156 1832.03.08 39.070 16.900 9.5 6.56 6.4 Crotone area Steccato plain 38 56 30 16 55 15 14 9.0 A1 A45 D
157 1832.03.13 44.770 10.470 7.5 5.45 5.2 Reggiano San Leonardo (Parma) 44 48 10 20 11 7.0 A2
158 1836.04.25 39.570 16.730 9.0 6.22 6.4 Rossano S. AngeloFondi 39 37 16 38 10 9.5 A12 A3 A5 D
159 1846.08.14 43.53 1 10.500 8.5 5.45 5.9 Orciano Pisano Lorenzana-P.no T.Tora [2] 8.0 A15
160 1846.08.14 43.531 10.500 8.5 5.45 5.9 Orciano Pisano Lorenzana (Casini Serughi) 43 32 30 10 31 30 2 8.0 A2 A3 A4
161 1846.08.14 43.531 10.500 8.5 5.45 5.9 Orciano Pisano Luciana (Podere Acciaioli) 43 33 02 10 30 18 2 8.0 A3 A5
162 1846.08.14 43.531 10.500 8.5 5.45 5.9 Orciano Pisano Luciana (Podere Fondo alla Grotta) 43 32 54 10 29 36 2 8.0 A2 A5
163 1846.08.14 43.531 10.500 8.5 5.45 5.9 Orciano Pisano Luciana (Podere Le Querce) 43 32 52 10 30 56 2 8.0 A2 A4
164 1846.08.14 43.531 10.500 8.5 5.45 5.9 Orciano Pisano Torrente Fine (Podere SS. Marie) 43 29 05 10 32 56 6 8.0 A1 A3
165 1846.08.14 43.531 10.500 8.5 5.45 5.9 Orciano Pisano Podere Stagno 43 35 56 10 21 10 14 6.0 A1 A3 A5
166 1854.02.12 39.250 16.300 9.5 6.10 6.4 Cosentino Cerisano 39 16 16 11 10 8.5 A12
167 1854.02.12 39.250 16.300 9.5 6.10 6.4 Cosentino Valle del Drago 39 22 15 16 11 30 16 8.5 A4
168 1854.02.12 39.250 16.300 9.5 6.10 6.4 Cosentino Cocchiano (C.da Miceli) 39 20 40 16 09 55 16 8.5 A1 A4
169 1857.12.16 40.350 15.850 11.0 6.98 7 Basilicata Marsico [2] 40 21 15 48 4 9.0 A5
170 1857.12.16 40.350 15.850 11.0 6.98 7 Basilicata Saponara (Agri river banks) 40 17 30 15 54 8 11.0 B
171 1857.12.16 40.350 15.850 11.0 6.98 7 Basilicata Atena (riverbanks) 40 27 15 31 30 10.0 A1
172 1857.12.16 40.350 15.850 11.0 6.98 7 Basilicata Viggiano [2] 40 20 15 54 5 10.0 A12
173 1857.12.16 40.350 15.850 11.0 6.98 7 Basilicata Loc. Indef. A3 A5 B
174 1870.10.04 39.220 16.330 9.5 6.10 6.4 Cosentino Tore del Ponte 39 12 20 16 36 38 24 7.0 A5
175 1870.10.04 39.220 16.330 9.5 6.10 6.4 Cosentino Valle del Drago 39 22 15 16 11 30 21 6.5 A45
176 1873.06.29 46.150 12.380 9.5 6.34 6.4 Bellunese Paludi del Lago S. Croce 46 08 30 12 20 00 4 8.0 A2
177 1875.03.17 44.070 12.550 8.0 5.72 5.2 Rimini Cervia 44 16 12 21 27 7.0 A1
178 1875.03.17 44.070 12.550 8.0 5.72 5.2 Rimini Cesenatico 44 12 12 24 19 8.0 A12
179 1875.12.06 41.689 15.677 7.5 6.22 5.2 S. Marco in Lamis Manfredonia 41 37 15 54 20 7.0 A12
180 1887.02.23 43.920 8.070 9.0 6.34 6.4 Western Liguria Albenga 44 03 8 13 19 6.5 A4
181 1887.02.23 43.920 8.070 9.0 6.34 6.4 Western Liguria Pietra Ligate 44 09 8 17 30 7.0 A12
182 1887.02.23 43.920 8.070 9.0 6.34 6.4 Western Liguria Ceriale 44 06 8 14 24 7.0 A1 A45
183 1887.02.23 43.920 8.070 9.0 6.34 6.4 Western Liguria Vado Ligure 44 16 8 27 49 6.0 A1 A45 B
184 1889.10.13 46.400 13.000 6.0 5 Tolmezzo But river 46 24 30 13 00 20 1 5.0 A1
185 1893.08.10 41.720 16.080 8.0 5.15 5.2 Gargano Monte Saraceno 41 42 16 03 3 9.0 A1
186 1894.03.25 41.867 15.323 7.0 5 Lesina Punta delle Pietre Nere 41 54 15 21 4 7.0 A1
187 1894.11.16 38.280 15.870 8.5 6.10 5.9 Bagnara Calabra Cosoleto (Contrada Filesi) 38 15 20 15 56 40 7 8.5 A1 A3
188 1894.11.16 38.280 15.870 8.5 6.10 5.9 Bagnara Calabra Cosoleto (Contrada Sal[r]mata) 38 17 20 15 55 10 4 8.5 A1 A3
189 1894.11.16 38.280 15.870 8.5 6.10 5.9 Bagnara Calabra Ganzirri (Pantano) 38 15 20 15 36 30 23 7.5 A1 A4
190 1894.11.16 38.280 15.870 8.5 6.10 5.9 Bagnara Calabra Messina Forms 38 11 15 33 30 7.0 BC
191 1894.11.16 38.280 15.870 8.5 6.10 5.9 Bagnara Calabra Reggio Calabria (Acciarello) 38 05 15 39 29 7.5 B
192 1898.11.02 37.216 14.495 5.5 4.2 Val di Noto Contrada Racineri 37 13 14 24 8 6.5 A3
193 1901.10.30 45.580 10.500 8.0 5.59 5.5 Salo Salo 45 36 10 31 3 8.5 A1 B
194 1902.03.05 44.093 10.463 7.0 5 Garfagnana Pieve Fosciana (Pradilana) 44 07 46 10 25 13 5 A4
195 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Amantea-Tropea A1 A4 D
196 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Amaroni (Loc. Cafio) [2) 38 48 16 27 36 7.0 A1 A3
197 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Curinga (near the shore) [2] 38 50 16 16 25 9.0 A1 A4
198 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Feroleto Antics [2] 38 58 16 23 43 8.0 A1 A4
199 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Maierato (Contrada Angitola) [2] 38 42 16 13 13 9.0 A1 A4
200 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Marcellinara 38 56 16 30 47 7.0 A1 A4
201 1915.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Valle del Drago 39 22 15 16 11 30 78 8.5 A1 A45 D
202 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Piana di Rosarno [2] 38 29 15 59 22 8.0 A1 A45
203 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Sambiase 38 58 16 16 37 8.0 A12
204 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Seminara (Contrada Lago) 38 20 25 15 52 30 40 8.0 A1 A3
205 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Bivona [2] 38 42 34 16 06 11 5 8.5 A1 A4
206 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia S. Sisti [S.Sisto dei Valdesi ] [2] 39 22 37 16 08 59 79 7.5 A1 A4
207 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Martirano (River Sa(v)uto) [2] 39 05 00 16 12 55 48 9.5 A1 A4
208 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Sova(e)reto (Ponds Nunziante) 38 30 41 15 57 40 20 8.0 A12
219 1905.09.08 38.670 16.070 11.0 6.88 7.5 G.S.Eufemia Vallelonga 38 39 16 17 19 7.0 A12
210 1908.12.28 38.150 15.680 11.0 7.18 7.3 Messina Strait Ganzirri (Pantano) 38 15 15 37 12 11.0 A1 A4
211 1908.12.28 38.150 15.680 11.0 7.18 7.3 Messina Strait Messina (Cittadella) 38 11 10 15 34 10 10 11.0 A1 A45
212 1908.12.28 38.150 15.680 11.0 7.18 7.3 Messina Strait Messina (P.ta S. Raineri) 38 11 30 15 34 30 10 11.0 A1 A45
213 1908.12.28 38.150 15.680 11.0 7.18 7.3 Messina Strait Messina (Cso Garibaldi, B.d.S) 38 11 20 15 33 30 11 11.0 A1 A45 BC
214 1908.12.28 38.150 15.680 11.0 7.18 7.3 Messina Strait Reggio Calabria 38 06 15 39 6 11.0 A1 A45
215 1908.12.28 38.150 15.680 11.0 7.18 7.3 Messina Strait Rumboli A12
216 1909.08.25 43.150 11.403 7.5 5.30 5.1 Murlo Macereto 43 09 11 17 10 8.0 C
217 1915.01.13 41.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Concerviann 42 19 12 59 63 8.0 A1 A35
218 1915.01.13 40.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Fucino Strada 11 42 03 13 29 13 11.0 A1 A45 B
219 1915.01.13 41.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Fucino Strada 12 [2] 42 02 13 31 9 11.0 C
220 1915.01.13 41.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Fucino Strada 24 41 59 13 38 3 11.0 A45
221 1915.01.13 41.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Pescina 42 01 13 39 6 10.0 A45 B
222 1915.01.13 41.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain S.Benedetto 42 00 13 37 3 11.0 A12
223 1915.01.13 41.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Molino di Venere 41 59 24 13 38 19 3 10.0 A14
224 1915.01.13 41.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Bacinetto canal 41 59 39 13 33 03 5 8.0 A14
 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187 185
Table 4 (continued ).

Epicentral parameters of the seismic events Sites with indication of liquefaction

Ref. Date Latitude Longitude I M M Area Sitea Latitude Longitude d I Type

o e s s
(km)

225 1915.01.13 41.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Fosso 13 42 00 40 13 31 53 7 8.0 A14
226 1915.01.13 40.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Trasacco plain 41 58 12 13 36 38 1 8.0 A14
227 1915.01.13 40.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Sora 41 43 13 37 29 9.5 A45
228 1915.01.13 40.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Plain Undef. loc 1 C
229 1915.01.13 41.976 13.602 11.0 6.98 7 Fucino Undef. loc. 2 C
230 1916.05.17 44.000 12.630 8.0 5.72 6 Rimini area Rimini 44 03 12 34 8 8.0 A1
231 1916.08.16 43.970 12.670 8.0 5.59 6.1 Rimini urea Cattolica 43 58 12 44 5 8.0 A12 A45
232 1916.08.16 43.970 12.670 8.0 5.59 6.0 Rimini area Ghetto delle Fontanelle 43 59 12 40 2 8.0 A45
233 1916.08.16 43.970 12.670 8.0 5.59 6.0 Rimini urea Pesaro 43 55 12 55 20 8.0 A1
234 1916.08.16 43.970 12.670 8.0 5.59 6.0 Rimini urea Riccione 44 01 12 39 5 8.0 A1 A4
235 1916.08.16 43.970 12.670 8.0 5.59 6.0 Rimini area Rimini 44 04 12 34 14 8.0 C
236 1917.04.26 43.465 12.125 9.0 5.85 5.6 Monterchi Monterchi-Citerna 43 30 12 08 4 9.0 A12 A45
237 1919.06.29 43.950 11.480 9.0 5.98 6.3 Mugello River Sieve (Piano di Cistio) 43 55 30 11 26 30 4 9.0 A1 A45
238 19 19.06.29 43.950 11.480 9.0 5.98 6.3 Mugello River Sieve (Piano di Rabatta) 43 56 30 11 24 30 6 8.5 A1 A45
239 1919.09.10 42.793 11.788 8.0 4.83 5.2 M. Amiata Ponte a Rigs 42 50 11 47 4 8.5 A2
240 1930.07.23 41.050 15.370 10.0 6.78 6.7 Irpinia Carosina 41 02 15 17 7 9.5 A1
241 1930.07.23 41.050 15.370 10.0 6.78 6.7 Irpinia Montecalvo Irpino [2] 41 12 15 02 33 9.0 A1
242 1968.01.15 37.770 12.980 10.0 6.45 5.9 Belice Valley Bisacquino 37 42 13 16 26 7.5 A1 A45
243 1968.01.15 37.770 12.980 10.0 6.45 5.9 Belice Valley Camporeale 37 54 13 06 18 8.0 A1 A45
244 1968.01.15 37.770 12.980 10.0 6.45 5.9 Belice Valley C.da Mulimo Nuovo 37 44 28 13 00 42 4 9.0 A1 A5
(Bridge on R.Belice)
245 1968.01.15 37.770 12.980 10.0 6.45 5.9 Belice Valley C.da Mulino Nuovo [2] 37 44 18 13 00 08 4 9.0 A1 D
246 1968.01.15 37.770 12.980 10.0 6.45 5.9 Belice Valley Contessa Entellina 37 44 13 11 18 8.0 A1 A45
247 1968.01.15 37.770 12.980 10.0 6.45 5.9 Belice Valley Timpone Perollo 37 42 12 56 9 9.0 A1 A45 D
248 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Avasinis (Rio Mazzolar) 46 17 47 13 03 36 8 9.5 A1 A45 B D
249 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Avasinis 46 17 50 13 03 12 8 9.5 A1 A45 B D
250 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Avasinis 46 07 33 13 03 31 7 9.5 A1 A45 B D
251 1976.05.06 46.240 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Avasinis 46 17 30 13 03 08 8 9.5 A1 A45 B D
252 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Avasinis 46 17 22 13 03 25 7 9.5 A1 A45 B D
253 1976.05.06 46.240 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Avasinis 46 17 20 13 03 38 7 9.5 A1 A45 B D
254 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Avasinis 46 17 35 13 03 04 9 9.5 C
255 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Bordano (I Salez) 46 18 20 13 06 03 7 9.0 A1 A45 D
256 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Bordano (I Salez) 46 18 22 13 06 35 7 9.0 A1 A45 D
257 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Bordano (I Salez) 46 18 13 13 06 31 7 9.0 A1 A45 D
258 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Bordano (alveo del R. Tagliamento) 46 18 12 13 06 54 7 9.0 A1 A45 D
259 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli C. Cucchiaro 46 14 52 13 05 54 2 10.0 D
260 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli C.le Baracchino 46 12 23 13 02 36 7 9.0 A1 A35 C D
261 1976.05.06 46.240 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli C.le Baracchino (C.Toful-Segheria) 46 12 07 13 03 36 6 9.0 A1 A35 C D
262 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli C.le Baracchino (C. Toful ) 46 12 00 13 03 59 6 9.0 A1 A35 C D
263 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli C.le Baracchino 46 11 49 13 04 08 6 9.0 A1 A35 C D
264 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli C.le Baracchino 46 11 40 13 04 08 6 9.0 A1 A35 C D
265 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Campo Buia (C. Ledra-Tagliamento) 46 14 22 13 05 43 2 9.0 A3 D
266 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Campo Buia (Rio Rampo) 46 14 10 13 06 03 1 9.0 A3 D
267 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Campo Buia (C. Garzolino) 46 03 50 13 06 17 2 9.0 A3 D
268 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Campo Buia (Campo) 46 13 43 13 05 47 2 9.0 A3 D
269 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Campo Buia (Sorg. Rio Gelato) 46 13 30 13 05 45 3 9.0 D
270 1976.05.06 46.241 13.1 19 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Godo sud 46 16 13 13 08 36 4 10.0 A1 A45 C D
271 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli La Roggia 46 06 08 13 08 26 4 10.0 A35 B D
272 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Laghetti Parar 46 13 03 13 00 58 8 9.0 D
273 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Lessi 46 15 03 13 07 22 1 10.0 A3 A4 D
274 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Lessi 46 14 55 13 07 26 1 10.0 A3 A4 D
275 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Lessi (Campo Lessi) 46 14 43 13 06 50 1 10.0 A3 A4 D
276 1976.05.06 46.241 13.1 19 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Lessi (River Ledra) 46 14 33 13 07 35 1 10.0 A3 A4 D
277 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Maiano nord 46 11 07 13 04 26 7 8.0 A3 D
278 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Mels (C.sa Benedetti)) 46 11 00 13 06 20 6 8.5 A1 A45 D
279 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Mels 46 10 48 13 06 40 7 8.5 A1 A45 D
280 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Mels (Masseria di q. 170) 46 10 54 13 06 35 7 8.5 A3 C
281 1976.05.16 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Molino del Cucco 46 13 28 13 02 56 6 9.0 A2 A3 A5 C D
282 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Molino del Cucco 46 13 17 13 02 47 6 9.0 A2 A3 A5 C D
283 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Tomba est 46 02 55 13 05 00 4 9.0 A4 D
284 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Tomba di sotto 46 13 40 13 04 40 3 9.0 D
285 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Pers 46 10 50 13 05 17 7 8.0 A1 D
286 1976.05.06 46.241 13.1 19 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Pers 46 10 40 13 05 25 7 8.0 CD
287 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Rivoli di Osoppo 46 13 05 13 04 20 4 9.0 D
288 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli San Floreano (M.no Pevar) 46 13 45 13 06 55 1 9.0 D
289 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Trasaghis (C. Artificiale) 46 07 07 13 03 59 6 9.5 A4 D
290 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Tomba di Buia (R. Tagliamentuzzo) 46 02 50 13 04 17 5 9.0 D
291 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Tomba di Buia (Rio Gelato) 46 12 45 13 05 27 4 9.0 D
292 1976.05.06 46.241 13.119 9.5 6.34 6.5 Friuli Tomba di sotto - Presa 46 12 36 13 04 58 4 9.0 D
293 1976.09.15 46.250 13.120 8.5 6.22 5.9 Friuli Avasinis 46 17 13 03 7 8.0 C
294 1976.09.15 46.250 13.120 8.5 6.22 5.9 Friuli C.le Baracchino 46 12 13 04 7 8.0 A1 A45 D
295 1976.09.15 46.250 13.120 8.5 6.22 5.9 Friuli Lago di Ragogna 46 10 13 00 13 8.0 A12
296 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Alta Valle Agri 6.5 D
297 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Alto Sele 40 47 15 14 8 10.0 A1 A4 D
298 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Buccino 40 40 15 20 20 8.0 A1 A4 B
186 P. Galli / Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 169187
Table 4 (continued ).

Epicentral parameters of the seismic events Sites with indication of liquefaction

Ref. Date Latitude Longitude I M M Area Sitea Latitude Longitude d I Type

o e s s
(km)

299 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Calitri 40 54 15 26 14 8.0 D
300 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Lago Laceno 40 49 15 06 16 8.0 D
301 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 8.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Lioni (Affl. sin. V.ne Acqua.Bianca) 40 53 58 15 09 08 12 10.0 A1 A45 B D
302 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Montecalvo Irpino 41 02 15 02 44 7.0 A1 A5
303 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Muro Lucano 40 44 18 15 29 27 22 8.0 A1 A45
304 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Muro Lucano 40 44 40 15 29 32 20 8.0 A1 A45
305 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Muro Lucano 40 46 03 15 27 55 18 8.0 A1 A45
306 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 8.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Senerchia 40 43 15 11 17 9.0 D
307 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Pontecagnano (Torre Picentina) 40 37 46 14 51 50 43 7.0 A1 A45
308 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Ruvo deI Monte 40 51 15 32 21 8.0 A1 A5
309 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata S. Giorgio La Molara 41 16 14 55 55 7.0 A1 A5
310 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata S. Marzano del Sarno 40 46 14 35 59 6.5 D
311 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata S. Michele di Serino 40 52 35 14 51 21 36 9.0 A1 A45 C D
312 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata S. Michele di Serino (R. Sabato) 41 52 35 14 51 32 35 9.0 A4
313 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata S. Michele di Serino (R. Sabato) 40 52 25 14 51 42 35 9.0 A4
314 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Scafati 41 45 36 14 56 55 30 6.0 A1 A3 B D
315 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Sturno 41 01 15 07 23 8.0 D
316 1980.11.23 40.850 15.280 10.0 6.88 6.9 Irpinia- Basilicata Volturara Irpina (P. del Dragone) 40 52 52 14 56 55 28 8.0 A1 A45 CD
317 1990.12.13 37.270 15.070 7.5 5.30 4.7 Augusta Augusta 37 14 15 13 14 8.0 A5 D

a * Uncertain indication between February 5 and March 28, 1783. [1] Doubtful indication. [2] Indication relative to a wide or
undefined area. The coordinates indicate a central point in the possible area.

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