0 - 0 Mining Dilution Control - Course

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SHORT COURSE 2014
MINING DILUTION CONTROL 1

UNDERGROUND METAL MINES
Mining Dilution Control
Professor: Rimas Pakalnis

UBC Vancouver Pakalnis Associates (Canada)
th
Date : June, Friday 13 - 2014
Hour : 8.30 to 17.45
COURSE OUTLINE
08:30 09:00 Registration
09:00 - 09:50 Definition of dilution
Input parameters for design (Stress, Structure, Rock Mass)

09:50 - 10:50 (1hrs)
Weak rock mass inputs ie RQD, Strength, Spacing
Hanging Wall Stress
10:50 - 11:20 Morning break & coffee
11:20 - 12:10 Stability Graph ELOS/Span Curve

Weak Rock Masses
Effect of time/slope angle
Support
12:10 - 13:15 Lunch
13:15 - 15:15 Case Histories

AVOCA
Transverse
Longitudinal
Weak Rock Mass
Low Dip Mining (30o)
15:15 - 15:45 Afternoon break & coffee
15:45 16:45 Case Histories

Support
Database
Backfill Requirements
16:45 17:45 Problem Solving Session
Sociedad Peruana de Geoingeniera

Grupo Nacional del ISRM
SUMMARY
The purpose of this short course is to provide participants the tools required to
effectively estimated and control mine dilution. The majority of mine operations
employing mining methods that include none entry stopes using longhole drilling
have the risk of rock falls adding to dilution and affecting costs through grade
control and/or equipment damage due to rock masses, adverse structure and/or
stress induced. Design is largely controlled by existing structure. It is critical that
site characterization be performed so as to identify the structural factors that would
affect stope stability that results in mine dilution and span design, etc. A good
understanding of rock mass behavior forms the basis of the ore dilution estimation
using ELOS (Equivalent Linear Overbreak Slough)
Upon completion of the course the participants will be able to understand the
effectiveness of employing the empirical tools presented and the limitation thereof
through use of case histories for the design of open stoping operations.
3
DESIGN PAPER 2011
COURSE REFERENCE
SUBLEVEL STOPING 4
5
AFTER SME 2011. SME MINING ENGINEERING HANDBOOK 3rd EDITION, CHAPTER 13.4 ,P1355-1363
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
DESIGN PAPER 2014
COURSE REFERENCE
EMPIRICAL DESIGN METHODS UPDATE(2014) 15

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
DESIGN PAPER 2008
COURSE REFERENCE
QUANTIFYING THE COST OF DILUTION 25

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
DESIGN PAPER 2002
COURSE REFERENCE
EMPIRICAL DESIGN METHODS 44

45
46
47
48
49
50
51
DESIGN PAPER 2007
COURSE REFERENCE
WEAK ROCK MASS DESIGN FOR UNDERGROUND 52

MINING OPERATIONS
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
DESIGN PAPER 2008
COURSE REFERENCE
WEAK ROCK MASS DESIGN FOR UNDERGROUND 63

MINING OPERATIONS
64
65
66
67
68
69
RMR 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
REINFORCEMENT CATEGORIES 5) Fibre reinforced shotcrete, 50-90mm, and bolting

1) Unsupported 6) Fibre reinforced shotcrete, 90-120mm, and bolting
2) Spot Bolting 7) Fibre reinforced shotcrete, 120-150mm, and bolting
3) Systematic Bolting 8) Fibre reinforced shotcrete, >150mm, with reinforced
4) Systematic bolting with 40-100mm ribs of shotcrete and bolting
unreinforced shotcrete 9) Cast concrete lining
Qw = 5Q for Q>10, Qw = 2.5Q for 0.1<Q<10, Qw = Q for Q<0.1
70
71
72
73
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
IMPLICATIONS ON DESIGN
ROCK MASS PARAMETERS
74
75
76
77
Updated Span Design Curve
(292 obs)
Design Span (m)
UNSTABLE
LE
AB
S T
UN
LY
I AL
NT STABLE
TE
P O
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Rock Mass Rating
78
PILLAR STABIITY GRAPH 178obs
0.7
FS=1.0
FAILED
0.6
UNSTABLE
0.5
FS=1.4
AVERAGE PILLAR LOAD/UCS
0.4
STABLE
0.3
0.2
0.1
178 obs .
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2

PILLAR WIDTH/HEIGHT RATIO
P ILLAR STABILITY CLASSIFICATION
Failed Unstable Stable
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
DATA GATHERING -
STRESS
INPUT PARAMETER
STRESS
86
87
88
89
90
s3 = VERTICAL STRESS = sv
0.027MPa/m DEPTH
s2 = 1.3 sv
s1= 1.6 sv
Ex. A PERSON WEIGHING 200LBS HAVING A SIZE 11 (11 X 3) 200/33 ~ 6psi
91
~ N
O
1
RE
= 8.18MPa + 0.0422MPa/m of DEPTH
TR
1
EN
D =1191psi +1.87psi/ft of DEPTH
DIRECTION: PERPENDICULAR TO STRIKE OF ORE AND 0o DIP
N4
5
o
W
W E 2 = 3.64MPa + 0.0276MPa/m of DEPTH

=528psi +1.22psi/ft of DEPTH
DIRECTION: PARALLEL TO STRIKE OF ORE AND 0o DIP
2
3 = 0.029MPa/m of DEPTH
=1.28psi/ft of DEPTH
DIRECTION: VERTICAL
S 3=VERTICAL
RED LAKE MINE

92
EAGLE POINT MINE
EPM Mining Sequence FW analysis of Stress / Strength
340mL
Caves 370mL
385mL
Mined Stopes 400mL
420mL
Analysis Grid in FW
93
94
95
96
97
98
INPUT PARAMETER
STRUCTURE
99
100
DATA GATHERING -
STRUCTURE
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
ROCK MASS
CLASSIFICATION
110
111
DATA GATHERING
ROCK MASS
112
113
114
115
116
PARAMETER RANGES OF VALUES
FOR THIS LOW RANGE - UNIAXIAL,
POINT LOAD
>8 Mpa 4-8 Mpa 2-4 Mpa 1-2 Mpa COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IS
STRENGTH OF STRENGTH INDEX PREFERRED
INTACT ROCK UNIAXIAL
1
MATERIAL COMPRESSIVE >200 Mpa 100-200 Mpa 50-100 Mpa 25-50 Mpa 10-25 Mpa 3-10 Mpa 1-3 Mpa
STRENGTH
RATING 15 12 7 4 2 1 0
DRILL CORE QUALITY RQD 90%-100% 90%-75% 75%-50% 50%-25% <25%
2
RATING 20 17 13 8 3
SPACING OF JOINTS >3 m 1-3 m 0.3-1 m 50-300 mm <50 mm
3
RATING 30 25 20 10 5
Very rough surfaces Slightly rough Slightly rough Slickensided surfaces
Soft gouge >5 mm thick
Not continuous No surfaces surfaces or gouge <5 mm thick
CONDITION OF JOINTS separation hard separation<1mm separation<1mm or joints open 1-5 mm
or joints open >5 mm Continuous
4 joints
join wall rock hard join wall rock soft join wall rock Continuous joints
RATING 25 20 12 6 0
INFLOW PER 10m
None < 25 L/min 25-125 L/min > 125 L/min
TUNNEL LENGTH
RATIO
joint water pressure 0 0.0 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.5 > 0.5
GROUND WATER major principal stress
5
Moist only Water under
GENERAL CONDITION Completely Dry (interstitial moderate Severe water problems
water) pressure
RATING 10 7 4 0
117
118
119
120
121
122
PARAMETER RANGES OF VALUES
FOR THIS LOW RANGE - UNIAXIAL,
POINT LOAD
>8 Mpa 4-8 Mpa 2-4 Mpa 1-2 Mpa COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IS
STRENGTH OF STRENGTH INDEX PREFERRED
INTACT ROCK UNIAXIAL
1
MATERIAL COMPRESSIVE >200 Mpa 100-200 Mpa 50-100 Mpa 25-50 Mpa 10-25 Mpa 3-10 Mpa 1-3 Mpa
STRENGTH
RATING 15 12 7 4 2 1 0
DRILL CORE QUALITY RQD 90%-100% 90%-75% 75%-50% 50%-25% <25%
2
RATING 20 17 13 8 3
SPACING OF JOINTS >3 m 1-3 m 0.3-1 m 50-300 mm <50 mm
3
RATING 30 25 20 10 5
Very rough surfaces Slightly rough Slightly rough Slickensided surfaces
Soft gouge >5 mm thick
Not continuous No surfaces surfaces or gouge <5 mm thick
CONDITION OF JOINTS separation hard separation<1mm separation<1mm or joints open 1-5 mm
or joints open >5 mm Continuous
4 joints
join wall rock hard join wall rock soft join wall rock Continuous joints
RATING 25 20 12 6 0
INFLOW PER 10m
None < 25 L/min 25-125 L/min > 125 L/min
TUNNEL LENGTH
RATIO
joint water pressure 0 0.0 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.5 > 0.5
GROUND WATER major principal stress
5
Moist only Water under
GENERAL CONDITION Completely Dry (interstitial moderate Severe water problems
water) pressure
RATING 10 7 4 0
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
SUPPORT
TYPES OF SUPPORT
COMMONLY IN USE
131
STUCTURALLY CONTROLLED
INSTABILITY
WEDGE FAILURE
132
133
134
135
UNTENSIONED
GROUTED
DOWEL
Typical data:
Background:
Developed as an inexpensive solution where use of untensioned dowels is appropriate. A thick
grout is pumped into the drillhole by means of a simple hand pump or monopump. The
dowel is pushed into the grout as shown in the illustration. For up-holes, the dowel is sometimes
held in place by bending the dowel slightly during insertion. A faceplate and nut can be added if
required although, for light support, a plain dowel is sometimes used. Resin cartridges can also
be used to encapsulate the bar and provide bonding to the rock.
Advantages:
Simple and inexpensive. High corrosion resistance in permanent installations.
Disadvantages:
Cannot be tensioned and hence must be installed before significant deformation of the rock mass
has taken place. Care must be taken to ensure resin grout is properly mixed. Resin has limited
shelf life.
Applications:
Widely used in the mining industry for general support duties.
136
SPLIT SET
Typical technical data:
Advantages:
Simple installation. Gives immediate support action after installation. No
hardware other than a jackleg or jumbo boom for installation. Easy
application of wire mesh.
Disadvantages:
Relatively expensive. Borehole diameter is crucial in the prevention of
failure during installation and in the provision of the intended holding force.
Successful installation of longer bolts can be difficult. Cannot be used in
137
long term installations unless protected against corrosion.
FRICTION ANCHOR
OR SPLIT SET
Typical data:
Yield load: 90kN
Tube diameter: 33mm (1.32), 39mm (1.55), 46mm (1.81)
Hole diameter: 32mm (1 1/4), 35mm (1 3/8), 41mm (1 5/8)
Lengths: Limited, 0.9-3.6m (3-13ft)
Background:
Developed by Scott in conjunction with the Ingersoll-Rand Company in the U.S.A., this device has gained
considerable popularity in the mining industry. As the split tube is forced into a drillhole, the spring action of
the compressed tube applies a radial force against the rock and generates a frictional resistance to sliding of
the rock on the steel. This frictional resistance increases as the outer surface of the tube rusts.
Advantages:
Simple and quick to install and claimed to be cheaper than a grouted dowel of similar capacity. Useful in
moving and bursting ground.
Disadvantages:
Cannot be tensioned and hence is activated by movement in the rock in the same way as a grouted dowel.
Its support action is similar to that of an untensioned dowel and hence it must be installed very close to the
face. The drillhole diameter is critical and most failure during installation occur because the hole is either too
small or too large. In some applications, rusting has occurred very rapidly and has proved to be a problem
where long term support is required. The device cannot be grouted.
Applications:
Used for relatively light support duties in the mining industry, particularly where short term support is
required. Little application in civil engineering at present.
Warning: Split Set friction rock stabilizers are patented by Ingersoll-Rand Company, U.S.A. 138
FRICTION ANCHORED
ROCKBOLT - SWELLEX
Typical data:
Yield load: 130 kN (13 ton f)
Tube diameter: 26 mm (1)
Hole diameter: 30 mm (13/8)
Lengths: up to 8m (24ft)
Inflations pressure: 20 MPa (3000 psi)
Background:
Developed by Atlas Copco AB, the Swellex deformed tube is expanded by water pressure to the
shape of the drill hole. Mechanical interlock of the bolt and the rock then prevents the bolt from
sliding. Expansion of the deformed tube leads to some reduction in length, which puts the Swellex
into tension.
Advantages:
Rapid and simple installation. Gives immediate support action after installation. Can be used in a
variety of ground conditions. The installation causes contraction in the bolt length. This effectively
tensions the face plate against the rock surface.
Disadvantages:
Corrosion can be a problem in long term installations. Requires a pump for installation. May require
a sleeve at the collar to prevent spalling under certain rock conditions.
Applications:
Swellex bolts are commonly used in the mining industry for medium-term support requirements.
Becoming increasingly used in civil engineering tunnelling work. 139
Warning: Swellex bolts are patented by Atlas Copco AB, Sweden.
Swellex
Advantages:
Rapid and simple installation.
Gives immediate support
action after installation. Can
be used in a variety of ground
conditions. The installation
causes contraction in the bolt
length. This effectively
tensions the face plate against
the rock surface.
Disadvantages: Typical technical data:
Relatively expensive.
Corrosion protection required if
used in long term installations.
Requires a pump for
installation.
140
141
142
GROUTED CABLE BOLT
Typical data:
Yield stress: 1770 MPa (257000 psi)
Yield load: 500 kN (50 ton f)
Cable diameter: 20 mm (1 1/10)
Hole diameter: 35 mm (1 3/8)
Length: Any length required.
Background:
Grouted cables were introduced to mining for reinforcement of the backs of cut and fill stopes.
Cable reinforcement, using tensioned or untensioned, fully grouted cables, is very widely used in
mining applications. Cables can be installed effectively in very narrow tunnels, they are
inexpensive and have a very high load bearing capacity.
Advantages:
This system is inexpensive. If properly installed, it provides competent and durable
reinforcement. It can be installed to any length in narrow areas. The system gives very high
bolt loads in various rock conditions, as well as high corrosion resistance in permanent
installations.
Disadvantages:
Tensioning of the cable bolt is possible only if a special installation procedure is adopted. The
used of standard cement in the grout requires several days curing before the cable can be
loaded.
Applications:
The system is gaining increasing use in mining applications. 143
CABLE BOLTING
144
Visual estimate of Grout Quality
w:c ratio grout hose handling
<0.3 -dry stiff sausage -sausage breaks

-forms dry balls
-does not stick
0.30 -moist sausage -flexible sausage
-melts slowly -forms wet balls
-will stick
0.35 -wet sausage -will stick easily
-melts -will hang in hand
0.40 -sausage structure lost -will fall from hand if shaken
-forms pancake
0.50 -flows easily -will drip
-splashes
145
(After Hyett et al., 1992)
NOVEL SUPPORT METHODS
CABLE SLINGS
146
STRA
P
Background:
This system is used extensively in mining and civil engineering applications to hold slabby
ground between rock bolts or to prevent slabs from loosening.
Advantages:
Straps are easy to install with rock bolts. They are very effective in stratified, slabby ground.
Disadvantages:
Straps cannot be used to control ravelling in loose, blocky ground if the block size is small.
Applications:
Steel straps are used to give roof control in ground where rockbolts or dowels alone cannot
hold intermediate and relatively thin slabs of rock. The strap is formed to follow the rock
surface and held with regular rock reinforcement or specially installed pins. Straps should
always be installed across weakness planes. 147
MESH
Background:
Wire mesh is used to support small pieces of loose rock and broken rock from falling. Two
types of wire mesh currently used in underground operations are chainlink mesh and weld
mesh.
Advantages:
Mesh is very economical and quickly installed. It is easy to attach to roof reinforcement with
extra faceplates and nuts. It is easily repaired.
Disadvantages:
Mesh cannot carry excessive load of broken rock without failure. It is easily damaged by
flyrock from nearby blasts.
Applications:
Mesh is ideal intermediate protection from small pieces of broken rock. Weldmesh is used
traditionally as reinforcement for shotcrete, but is rapidly being replaced by steel fibre
reinforced shotcrete. Mesh, like straps, is held in place with additional faceplates or washers
and nuts on rockbolts or using separate pins.
148
Updated Support Capacity
Bolt properties, tonnes Screen Bag strength, tonnes
Bolt strength Yield strength Breaking strength 4- by 4-in welded mesh, 4 gauge 3.6
5/8-in mechanical 6.1 10.2 4- by 4-in welded mesh, 6 gauge 3.3
Split-Set (SS 33) 8.5 10.6 4- by 4-in welded mesh, 9 gauge 1.9
Split Set (SS 39) 12.7 14.0 4- by 2-in welded mesh, 12 gauge 1.4
Standard Swellex NA 11.0 2-in chain link, 11 gauge, bare metal 2.9
Yielding Swellex NA 9.5 2-in chain link, 11 gauge, galvanized 1.7
Super Swellex NA 22.o 2-in chain link, 9 gauge, bare metal 3.7
*20-mm rebar, No. 6 12.4 18.5 2-in chain link, 9 gauge, galvanized 3.2
*22-mm rebar, No. 7 16.o 23
*25-mm rebar, No. 8 20.5 30.8 Note: 4 gauge = 0.23-in diameter; 6 gauge = 0.20-in diameter;
No. 6 Dywidag 11.9 18.0 9 gauge = 0.16-in diameter; 11 gauge = 0.125-in diameter; 12
gauge = 0.11-in diameter
No. 7 Dywidag 16.3 24.5
No. 8 Dywidag 21.5 32.3 Shotcrete shear strength = 2 MPa (200 t/m2)
No. 9 Dywidag 27.2 40.9 Bond strength
No. 10 Dywidag 34.6 52.0 Split-Set, hard rock 0.75-1.5 mt per 0.3 m
1/2-in cable bolt 15.9 18.8 Split-Set, weak ground 0.25-1.2 mt per 0.3 m
5/8-in cable bolt 21.6 25.5 Swellex, hard rock 2.70-4.6 mt per 0.3 m
1/4 by 4-in strap 25.o 39.0 Swellex, weak rock 3-3.5 mt per 0.3 m
Note: No. 6 gauge = 6/8-in diameter; No. 7 gauge = 7/8- Super Swellex, weak rock >4 mt per 0.3 m
in diameter; No. 8 gauge = 1-in diameter. 5/8-in cable bolt, hard rock 26 mt per 1 m
NA = Not applicable. No. 6 rebar, hard rock 18 mt per 0.3 m, ~12-in
granite
154
MINE BACKFILL
Backfills in use include rockfill, hydraulic

sand fill, classified tailings, etc.
-each fill may be consolidated using cement.
155
PURPOSE OF MINE BACKFILL
working platform
passive support limit volume of open
ground
effect on local stability not well understood
156
FUNCTIONS OF BACKFILL
157
EFFECT
OF
BACKFILL
158
STRESS ANALYSIS
FABRIC ANALYSIS
ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION
INDUCED STRESS > ROCK MASS STRENGTH

YES YES
NO
BURST
YIELD
MODIFY GEOMETRY MODIFY IS STRUCTURE CONTROLLING STABILITY

MINING METHOD SUPPORT
DESTRESS
YES
SEISMIC NO
MONITORING
OTHER
NUMERICAL MODELLING
ANALYTICAL DESIGN EMPIRICAL DESIGN SOLUTION
STRESS EFFECT
LIMIT SPAN
SUPPORT WEDGE
SEQUENCE
OTHER
EXCAVATION AND MONITORING

RE-EVALUATE MINE PLAN
159
ROCK MASS MOVEMENT
methods for monitoring movement of the
rock mass can vary from simple visual
observation to sophisticated electronic
measuring devices. The following pages
describe some of the more common
techniques.
160
ROD EXTENSOMETERS
161
MEASUREMENT OF STRESS
CHANGE
VIBRATING WIRE STRESSMETER
162
MONITORING CRACK
DILATION & PROPAGATION
visual marking and recording the extenet of
cracks in the rock with time
measuring crack dilation
The simplest method of
determining whether a
crack is dilating is with
a telltale
164
165
166
167
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
168
OPENING DESIGN NON

ENTRY
OPENING DESIGN
STABILITY GRAPH METHOD
DILUTION APPROACH
SPAN ESTIMATION
SUPPORT DESIGN
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
OPENING DESIGN
DILUTION APPROACH
SPAN ESTIMATION
SUPPORT DESIGN
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
OPENING DESIGN MAN

ENTRY
OPENING DESIGN
DILUTION APPROACH
SPAN ESTIMATION
SUPPORT DESIGN
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
OPENING DESIGN
EMPIRICAL SUPPORT
OPENING DESIGN
DILUTION APPROACH
SPAN ESTIMATION
SUPPORT DESIGN
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
Empirical Design
Empirical design requirements include some
or all of the following:
Rock Classification Other Factors

Rock strength - Blasting
Induced stresses - Undercutting
Opening geometry - Exposure time
Joint Orientation - Premining stress
Surface orientation - Secondary/primary
- Major structure
- Cable bolting
Modified Stability Graph Support
Combined Supported Database
1000
Unsupported
Modified Stability Number (N)
Transition Zone
Stable Zone
100
Based on HR / RF
HR RF
Stable
10 Supported Unstable
Transition Zone Caved
Stable
with Simon Nickson,
Support Unstable Zone 1991.
1.0
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hydraulic Radius
Stability Number N - N
N or N = QABC
Where:
N = Stability Number
N= Modified Stability Number
Q = Modified Tunnelling Quality Index (NGI) with
SRF set to one. (after Barton, 1974).
A = Stress Factor
B = Joint Orientation Factor
C = Gravity Factor
1 1.0
Joint Orientation Factor B

Rock Stress factor A
Factor A
0.8 0.8 Face
eFactor
Strength/stress Stop B
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4 Max.
0.2
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0Obtain max. from 2D or 3D
numerical stress modelling
Ratio:
Uniaxial Compressive Strength, UCS 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Max. Induced Compressive Stress, max.
True Angle
Ture Angle Between Face
Between Face and
and Joint
(Angle Between Poles)
10
Joint
Gravity Adjustment Factor, C
Factor C
8 Gravty Fall &
Slabbing
6 Face Dip pe
Sto
4
C=8-6cos(Dip)
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Dip of Stope Face
S, HR & RF
S = Shape factor;
HR = Hydraulic Radius;
RF = Radius Factor.
Area of the Surface

S or HR
Perimeter of the Surface
Modified Stability Graph Support Combined
Supported Database Nickson, 1991
1000
Unsupported
Modified Stability Number (N)
Transition Zone
Stable Zone
100
Based on HR / RF
HR RF
Stable
10 Supported Unstable
Transition Zone Caved
Stable
with
Support Unstable Zone
1.0
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hydraulic Radius
Back/HW Support?
Minimum Bolt Density Ranges for
Cable Support of Backs (Nickson,
1992)
For HR
Calculations
Alternate
Lift Height approach
Assessing Rock Mass
Conditions for Predicting
HW Dilution
Empirical Design Methods
Stability Design Methods
Mathews et al (1981),
Potvin (1988),
Nickson (1992)
Dilution Design Methods
Pakalnis Dilution Approach (1986)
Geco Dilution Estimation (1986)
Clark (1998).ELOS Definition
Dilution Terms
tonnes waste/tonnes ore
tonnes waste/(tonnes ore + waste)
Internal, HW, FW, Sidewall
Overbreak/Sloughage
ELOS: HW overbreak expressed as an
average over the stope surface in (m)
ELOS Definition
ELOS = Equivalent
Linear
Overbreak/slough
Defining Overbreak
Methods for Predicting
Dilution
Empirical Methods
Pakalnis Dilution Approach (1986)
Geco Dilution Estimation (1986)
Clark (1998).ELOS Definition
Numerical Methods
Examine2D / Phases2D Examine3D
UDEC 2D & 3D
- The failure criterial is key
- m & s, relaxation zone, phi & c . others
Early Dilution Study using RMR
Pakalnis, 1986.
ISOLATED STOPE (61 obs)
0%
100
STOPE CATEGORY - PLAN
=
N
ROCK MASS RATING (%)
IO
UT
5 9 13
L
80 7 910 10 3
DI
2 3 6 6 6 8 8 18 12 18
ISOLATED ADJACENT RIB
6 10 9 14
3 5 9 11 13
60 8 14
6 9 13
%
5 7 9 15 15
20
7 9
8 3
=
4 6
%
40
ON
16
10
TI
=
12
LU
4
ON
ECHELON
DI
TI
18
LU
20
DI
ER = 0
0 14
0 5 10 15 20
HYDRAULIC RADIUS (m)
ECHELON STOPE (44 obs) RIB STOPE (28 obs)
100 100
0%
= %

O
N % =0 %
TI 10 IO
N 10
80 IL
U = 80 L UT N=
D O
N DI
U TIO
TI IL
LU 4 3 4 D
DI 5 8
60 5
3 5 7 6 12 60
4 5 7 8 7 12
12 9 0%
8 4 12 18 17 =2
4 7 9 10 10 10 4 9 12 16 N
4 7 13 7 9 12 14 TIO
3 10 14 15 10 15
D ILU
40 5 12 40
% 2 10 16 19 19 19 19
4 14 20
3 = 9 12
8 12 16 N
20 7 17 O 20 30
TI
LU
DI
ER = 0 ER = 0
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
HYDRAULIC RADIUS (m) HYDRAULIC RADIUS (m)
Numbers showing measured ELOS values
100
ELOS = 0.5m
ELOS = 1.0m
Modified Stability Number N
ELOS = 2.0m
10
Dilution Graph
Clark, 1991.
UNSUPPORTED HANGINGWALL
1.0 UNSUPPORTED FOOTWALL (C=8)
CABLE BOLTED HANGINGWALL

(POINT ANCHOR)
CABLE BOLTED FOOTWALL (C=8)

(POINT ANCHOR)
0.1
0 5 10 15 20
Hydraulic Radius (m)
Factors affecting open stope stability & Dilution:
a) rock mass quality
b) joint orientation
c) inclination of ore body
d) stope geometry
e) in-situ stress condition
f) blasting
g) undercutting.
h) exposure time
Influence of HW Stress
Stress Prior to
Mining Stope
30
m
K=
Cutting Section Plane

40 m
at the centre of the stope
Relaxation Zone for K=2.5

Max. Depth of Relaxation 3.4m
Relaxation Zone for K=1.5

Max. Depth of Relaxation 1.3m
5m
Equivalent Linear Relaxation Depth
=average meters of relaxation
ELRD comparison
10
9
ELRD (m)
8
7
6
5
4
3 K=1.5
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
RF (m)
1. First stope 2. One side mined 3. Mined below
in the lens and filled
Stope Stope Stope

to be to be to be
mined mined mined
4. Both sides mined 5. One side and 6. Above, one side

below mined and below mined
Stope Stope Stope

to be to be to be
mined mined mined
1. First stope 2. One side mined 3. Mined below
in the lens and filled
Stope Stope Stope

to be to be to be
mined mined mined
4. Both sides mined 5. One side and 6. Above, one side

below mined and below mined
Stope Stope Stope

to be to be to be
mined mined
3 mined
2.5
ELOS(act.-pred.) (m)
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.5
-1
Stope configuration category
Influence of Blasting
Parallel Holes Fanned holes
O/C drift O/C drift
U/C drift U/C drift

Overcut drift
Orebody outline
CMS profile
Trout Lake Mine

Undercut Drift
900M3-3 Stope drill line 9
1.4 0.8
1.17 0.7 0.674

1.2
Average (ELOS_act.-pred.) (m)

Average (ELOS_act.) (m)
0.6
1
0.80 0.5
0.8
Max. =4m Max. =3.3m
Min. = 0m 0.4
0.6 Min. =-0.70m S.D. =0.68
Max. = 3.3m 0.3
Min. = 0.2m
0.4 0.19
S.D. =0.92 0.2 S.D. =0.86
0.2 S.D. =0.66 Max. =2.5m
0.1 Min. = 0m
0 0
Parallel (62 cases) Fanned (69 cases) Parallel (62 cases) Fanned (69 cases)
Drillhole Pattern Drillhole Pattern
5 4
Parallel
3
ELOS act. -pred. (m)

4 Fanned
2
ELOS_act. (m)
3
1
2
0
1
-1 Parallel
Fanned
0 -2
Drillhole Pattern Drilling Pattern
5
30m
~2.5m
O/C drift
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Stope
U/C drift
Ring 34
575 Level
~1.3 m HW Undercut
=5.9 t/m of Dilution
590 Level
Stope Survey
Undercutting
Relaxation Zone
Without undercutting
Overcut Drift
Relaxation Zone
With undercutting
Stope
Footwall
Hanging Wall
Undercut Drift
Quantifying Undercutting
O lo
re
do
Stope
Overcut Drift Hanging wall
St
op
e
Footwall
Undercut Drift O
re du
L (lu)
(lo lu )(d o du )
UF f
4( L H )
1m
1m
3 0m
1m

K=

40 m
1m
1m 1m
5m
Influence of Time
Time Factor(TF)
CMS surveyed progressive caving with time (Ran, 2002)

Influence of Exposure time on
Dilution
Influence of exposure time and the

HBMS database
Assessment of standup time with the
RMR stability graph
Geco Mine case history study
Pakalnis Dilution Method
6.0
5.0
4.0
ELOS (m)
3.0
ELOS = 0.008T + 0.7373
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Stope exposed time (d)
1 .0 0 0 .9 3
0 .9 0
N avg. ~ 15
0 .8 0
Q avg. ~ 10
ELOS _a ct.-p red . (m )
0 .7 0 0.6 4
0 .6 0 0.5 6
0 .4 9 3 Ca s e s
0 .5 0 S.D .=0 .8 5
9 Ca s e s
0 .4 0 S .D .=1 .1 8
1 6 C as es
0.2 6 S.D .=0 .8 4

0 .3 0 2 6 Ca s e s
S.D .=0 .9 7
0 .2 0 8 6 Ca s e s
S. D .=0 . 6 8
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
<3 0 3 1- 5 0 5 1- 7 0 7 1- 9 0 >9 0
St ope Ex pos e d Tim e (d )
Histogram plot of justified ELOS versus stope exposure time

RMR Stand-up Time Graph
This graph shows a reduction in RMR or

stability with time. This can also be
expressed as a reduction in Q.
The rate of reduction depends on the initial
rock mass condition.
For average conditions found at Trout and
Callinan mines, Q would reduce at a rate
of 2.0/month (0.14m slough/month).
0.14m/month
slough (RMRof 65
Stand-up time Guidelines(From Bieniawski, 1989 (After

Hutchinson and Diedrichs, 1996))
Pakalnis Dilution Equations
Isolated Stopes
Dil (%) = 8.2 - .12(RMR) - 5.3(Exp. Rate) + .9 HR
Echelon Stopes
Dil(%) = 8.8 - .12(RMR) - 18.2(Exp. Rate) + .8HR
Rib Stopes
Dil(%) = 16.2 - .22(RMR) 11.4(Exp. Rate) + .9HR
Avg. Exp. Rate = .18x103 m2/month

Avg. Exp. HW = 2.25 x 103 m2
Avg. Mining Time = 12 months
Avg. Ore width = 15m
Avg. RMR = 56
Early Dilution Study using RMR
Pakalnis, 1986.
ISOLATED STOPE (61 obs)
0%
100
STOPE CATEGORY - PLAN
=
N
IO
UT
5 9 13
L
80 7 910 10 3
DI
2 3 6 6 6 8 8 18 12 18
ISOLATED ADJACENT RIB
6 10 9 14
3 5 9 11 13
60 8 14
6 9 13
%
5 7 9 15 15
20
7 9
8 3
=
4 6
%
40
ON
16
10
TI
=
12
LU
4
ON
ECHELON
DI
TI
18
LU
20
DI
ER = 0
0 14
0 5 10 15 20
ECHELON STOPE (44 obs) RIB STOPE (28 obs)
100 100
0%
= %

O
N % =0 %
TI 10 IO
N 10
80 IL
U = 80 L UT N=
D O
N DI
U TIO
TI IL
LU 4 3 4 D
DI 5 8
60 5
3 5 7 6 12 60
4 5 7 8 7 12
12 9 0%
8 4 12 18 17 =2
4 7 9 10 10 10 4 9 12 16 N
4 7 13 7 9 12 14 TIO
3 10 14 15 10 15
D ILU
40 5 12 40
% 2 10 16 19 19 19 19
4 14 20
3 = 9 12
8 12 16 N
20 7 17 O 20 30
TI
LU
DI
ER = 0 ER = 0
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
HYDRAULIC RADIUS (m) HYDRAULIC RADIUS (m)
From Pakalnis Dilution Equations
Or, using the average data base values:
Isolated Stopes
ELOS = 1.2 - .018(RMR) + .012(Tmonths) + .14HR
Echelon Stopes
Rib Stopes
Based on recent research at HBMS:
ELOS = -.021 -.014N + .021 (Tmonths) + .13HR
Time Factor Comparisons
From Bieniawskis Stand-up time graph
ELOS = 0.14m/month
From the Geco Case histories
ELOS = 0.16m/month
From recent HBMS work
ELOS = 0.21m/month
From Pakalnis Dilution Study
ELOS = .012 to .039 m/month
Dilution Graph Summary
Limitations:
Limited number of cases
Reasonable estimation of metres of slough for
average conditions of blasting, undercutting, and
stress
Poor accountability for additional factors
Our plans:
Additional cases added to the database (focus on
weak rock)
Use Modified Dilution Graph as a base for ELOS
Determine influence of additional factors
Develop an empirical method
Weak vs Good Rock
Q = 1
Q = 10
WEAK RMR RMR76 <45%
(DF)
NEVADA WEAK ROCK MASS - WALL STABILITY GRAPH
(45 obs)
59
Rodeo Case History Based Stope Design Size Limits
Zone RMR Q' Safe Range HR True Height of Unsupported *Max Strike
(ft) Stope (ft) Height Length
(ft.) (ft)
Upper North/Upper South Red Zone

4040-4100 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4100-4150 25 0.2 0-10.5 65 35 50
4150-4210 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4210-4270 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4270-4330 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
(ft.) (ft)
Upper South
4040-4100 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4100-4150 45 1 0-13.1 65 35 70
4150-4210 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4210-4270 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4270-4330 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
(ft.) (ft)
Lower South - Red Zone

3860-3920 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
3920-3980 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
(ft.) (ft)
Lower South - Wispy

3620-3720 55 3 0-22.1 115 115 70
3720-3790 55 3 0-22.1 85 85 90
3790-3860 55 3 0-22.1 85 85 90
60
* "Safe Range HR (ft.)" was determined based on unsupported stope height (ft.) correspondingly "Max Strike
Length (ft.) is based on the unsupported stope height.
(45 obs)
MINES
NIOSH-SRL: WEAK ROCK MASS NEVADA
100
STABILITY NUMBER (N) ELOS LEGEND

ELOS<0.5m
0.5m<ELOS<1.0m
1.0m<ELOS<2m
10 2.0m<ELOS 1
4
2
3
44 4 4 6 1
4 6
1
2 1 1
4
1 1
44444 4 444 44 44 4
1
4 3
0.1
0 5 10

62
Back/HW Support?
There are many factors influencing hanging wall dilution
An extensive data base of cases will be needed to quantify
these factors
Hanging Wall Dilution
The Dilution graph does an adequate job of
assessing dilution for average mining and
rock mass conditions
Insufficient data has been available for
assessing dilution in weak rock masses
Factors such as undercutting and time are
starting to be quantified and their influence on
hanging wall instability is being assessed.
Additional data is required, especially in the
area of blast damage.
Course Outline

09:50 - 10:50 (1hrs)
Hanging Wall Stress

Weak Rock Masses
Support
12:10 - 13:15 Lunch

AVOCA
Transverse
Longitudinal
Weak Rock Mass
Low Dip Mining (30 )
o

Support
Database
UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS
INTRODUCTION
BASICREQUIREMENTOFANYMININGMETHOD
UNDERGROUNDMININGMETHODS
SELFSUPPORTING: ROOMANDPILLAR
SUBLEVEL/LONGHOLESTOPING
FILL: SHRINKAGE/VCR
CUTANDFILL
LONGWALL

CAVE: SUBLEVELCAVE
BLOCKCAVE
5
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SHORT COURSE 2014
CASE STUDIES 1
Mining Dilution Control
Professor: Rimas Pakalnis

UBC Vancouver Pakalnis Associates (Canada)
th
Date : June, Friday 13 - 2014
Hour : 8.30 to 17.45
COURSE OUTLINE

09:50 - 10:50 (1hrs)
Hanging Wall Stress

Weak Rock Masses
Support
12:10 - 13:15 Lunch

AVOCA
Transverse
Longitudinal
Weak Rock Mass
Low Dip Mining (30o)

Support
Database
Sociedad Peruana de Geoingeniera

Grupo Nacional del ISRM
Course Outline

09:50 - 10:50 (1hrs)
Hanging Wall Stress

Weak Rock Masses
Support
12:10 - 13:15 Lunch

AVOCA
Transverse
Longitudinal
Weak Rock Mass
Low Dip Mining (30 )
o

Support
Database
Musselwhite Mine and the
AVOCA Mining Method
Location
Musselwhite Mine
Underground Gold Mine
320 people, 30% First Nations people (Musselwhite Agreement)
Fly in/Fly out Operation
A joint venture between Placer Dome (68%) and Kinross Gold (32%)
4,200 tpd of Ore
Annual Gold Production of approximately 270,000 oz
Reserve: 12.4 Mt, Grade 5.95 g/t Au
Orebody: 3-25m widths, 12-15o plunge NW
Longitudinal Retreat
Modified AVOCA
True AVOCA vs. Tight Fill AVOCA
True AVOCA vs. Tight Fill AVOCA
Developments
The majority of mining to date has been performed underground
on the T-Antiform deposit.
Transverse stope method employed where widths > 15m
Longitudinal retreat method employed where widths < 15m
Musselwhite has supplementary underground deposits
PQ Zone: Planned production rate from this zone is 550t/d
Esker Zone: 2006 planned production rate is 1000t/d
West Anticline deposit: Scheduled to be extracted at the end of
the mine life
Equipment
Musselwhite Schematic
TRANSVERSE
Escobal : Mining Method
Cable Bolting
Long-hole Drilling
Cable Bolts and Mesh
Long-hole Stopes Kemi Mine - Finland
Primary Pillar Removal Secondary Pillar Removal
Title: Transverse Figure:

Mining Method
with Delayed Backfill 1
A B
C D
Primary Support Secondary Support Rib Support

Width Pattern Pattern Pattern
Diagram Heading Bolt Type Bolt Type Bolt Type Screen Mats (straps)
(ft) (m) (ft x ft) (m x m) (ft x ft) (m x m) (ft x ft) (m x m)
A Development 0-16 0-4.9 6' Split Set 5x 5 1.5 x 1.5 8' Swellex Spot Bolt 6' Split Set 5 x 5 1.5 x 1.5 As Needed As Needed
B Development 16-30 4.9 - 9.15 8' Super Swellex 5x 5 1.5 x 1.5 6 ' Split Set Spot Bolt 6' Split Set 5 x 5 1.5 x 1.5 As Needed As Needed
C Ore 0-20 0 - 6.1 6' Split Set 5x 5 1.5 x 1.5 6' Split Set Spot Bolt 6' Split Set 5 x 5 1.5 x 1.5 As Needed As Needed
D Ore 20-30 6.1 - 9.15 8' Super Swellex 6x 6 1.8 x 1.8 6' Split Set Spot Bolt 6' Split Set 5 x 5 1.5 x 1.5 As Needed As Needed
Note:
Development Rib Support is within 5' (1.5m) of ground
Ore rib support is within 7 ' (2.1 m) of ground
2
Ground Support for Transverse
Drifts (Not to Scale) 3
1140 Level (Not to Scale)
4
1065 Level (Not to Scale)
5
Schematic Plan View of Nose Pillars
218 223
XC XC
Blocks slid out along a smooth

(JRC = 0-2) feature at base of pillar.
Dip direction measured @ 40/245.
Back release plane 70/265
1140 Level 218 XC

8
LONGITUDINAL
Escobal Longhole Mining Method
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
20m HORIZONTAL VEIN THICKNESS
SHEET 1 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 2 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 3 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 4 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 5 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 6 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 7 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 8 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 9 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 10 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 11 OF 12
VEIN TO BE MINED
MINED PLACED FILL
MINING METHODS
VEIN DIP@ 70
SHEET 12 OF 12
WEAK ROCK MASS
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION - OTHER
53
4ft ADVANCE
ARCHING BACK!
~25ft
~35-40ft
15ft LIFTS
PHOTOPLATE 1: MURRAY MINE ANGLO GOLD

Knowledge Database
Span Design
Database Manned
Entry
Lang 172 obs.
Wang 292 obs.
Based on
Bieniawskis original
work
RMR CHARACTERIZATION MUDSTONE
1) STRENGTH R2 (25MPa) 4-2
2) RQD 25% 8
3) SPACING 50mm 5
4) CONDITON SLT OPN TO OPN 12-6
5) GRNWTR DRY 10
RATING 39-31%
STRUCTURE
DESIGN 35%
NEVADA WEAK ROCK MASS SPAN DESIGN CURVE
(34 OBS)
(44
8
8 8
87
8
8 8 8
UPDATED AUGUST 2004

NIOSH-SRL: WEAK ROCK MASS NEVADA MINES
SPAN DESIGN CURVE NEVADA MINES
NIOSH SPOKANE RESEARCH LABORATORY
Excavation stability is classified into three categories; each category is
further divided into three subcategories.
1. Stable excavation (S)
a. No uncontrolled falls of ground have occurred.
b. No movement of the back has been observed.
c. No extraordinary support measures have been employed.
2. Potentially unstable excavation.
a. Extra ground support has been installed to prevent falls of ground.
b. Movement has occurred in the back.
c. Increased frequency of ground movement has been observed.
3. Unstable excavation (U)
a. Area has collapsed.
b. Depth of failure of the back is 0.5 times the span (in the absence of
major structures). Within a weak rock mass, the depth of failure has been
noted as one times the span and sometimes even greater.
c. Limited local support was not effective in maintaining stability.
A minus-10 correction factor is applied to the final RMR when evaluating
rock with shallow-dipping or flat joints.
KENCANA
Very Weak Rock Mass
SPILING
TURQUOISE RIDGE - BARRICK

Lowest RMR Value Mapped
RMR BACK - MUDSTONE
1) STRENGTH <1MPa 1-0
2) RQD <25% 3
3) SPACING <50mm 5
4) CONDITON GOUGE 0
5) GRNWTR DRY 10
RATING 19%
STRUCTURE
DESIGN (BACK) 19%
SPILES ARE 6 APART. RMR <25% (D.M.) CAN SCRAPE BY HAND.
2.8m
ESKAY-
BARRICK
ESKAY CREEK MINE
EAGLE POINT
MINE
STILLWATER
MINE
RMR HW of 020 STP
1) STRENGTH 50 - 100MPa 7+
29600E
29500E
2) RQD 50%- 75% 8 - 10 - 13
3) SPACING 50mm - 0.3m 10 N
12200N
4) CONDITON TIGHT 15 -12
5) GRNWTR DRY-WTR 10
400L
RATING 47% - 55%
STRUCTURE
DESIGN 55%
420
420
12100N
-020
-04
STOP #10
5ST
STP
STOP #8
P
12000N
STOP #11
420L STOP #9
PLAN OF 400mL
SCHEMATIC VERTICAL
SECTION LOOKING NTH
STRIKE LENGTH = 35m , DIP LENGTH = 28m RESULTS IN HR=7.8m

N = 2.3 * 1 * 0.2 * 5 = 2.3 N FOR 30%RMR = 0.2 X 1 X 0.2 X 5 = 0.2
B = 0.2 SINCE 20o X CUTTING TO HW DIP
C = 4.6 DUE TO 55o AVG DIP HW
MAJOR SLOUGH +100% OVERBREAK TO FAULT +
0.22BOLTS/m2 OR 1BOLT ON 4.5m2 PATTERN
400mL
W
42
0-
42
E
02
0-
0
04
ST
5
P
ST
P
55% RMR
420mL
30% RMR
VERTICAL SECTION LOOKING NTH-
STOP #8: 400L, 420-020 STP O/C. CABLE RING #12
CONCRETE FLOOR (GAMMA). HW OF FW LENS (420-020STP) IS CABLED TO PREVENT

OVERBREAK INTO 420-020. IN ADDITION HW/BACK ON 400L U/C IS CABLED TO ARREST
POTENTIAL OVERBREAK FROM MIGRATING FROM 420-400 LEVEL TO ABOVE 400mL. HW
OF ORE ABOVE 400mL IS UNDERCUT ie. 380-400L. BLAST HOLES ARE 14cm (5.5) DIAM.
Q=2.3 (J.R. DESIGN). CABLING OF A 55% RMR HW WILL BE SUCCESSFUL, HOWEVER,
CABLING OF A 30% RMR HW IS SUSPECT.
LONGHOLE STOPING OPTION
POTENTIAL
TOM HOLCOMB CHIEF ENGINEER
LOUIS SANDBAK GROUND CONTROL/SENIOR
ENGINEER
NIOSH-SRL: WEAK ROCK MASS NEVADA MINES (45 obs)
100
STABILITY NUMBER (N)
ELOS LEGEND 5m
S<0.
ELOS<0.5m EL O
0.5m<ELOS<1.0m
1.0m<ELOS<2m m
S= 1
10 2.0m<ELOS 1 ELO
4 m
S>2
2 ELO
3
6 1 6
44 4 4 4
1
2 1 1
4
1 1
4444
44 4 444 444 444 4
4 3
0.1
0 5 10

NEVADA MINES DATABASE - WEAK ROCK MASS STOPE SPANS/WALLS
# MINE LOCATION RMR DIMENSIONS DIP A B C N' HR ELOS OTHER
(%) (L X H)m (o) (m) (m)
1 CARLIN EAST 1) HARDY EXT 072 STP 45 20 17 90 1 0.3 8 2.7 4.6 <1m <1m OF ELOS
1 CARLIN EAST 2) 5395 LEVEL 436 STP 40 20 16 90 1 0.3 8 1.5 4.4 2
1 CARLIN EAST 3) 5420 LEVEL 456 STP 55 49 18 90 1 0.3 8 8.1 6.6 1
1 CARLIN EAST 4) 5455 LEVEL 240 STP 39 34 34 90 1 0.3 8 1.4 8.5 4.6
1 CARLIN EAST GS(1) HARDIE FW SOUTHWEST 25 90 1 0.3 8 0.3 1.8 <1m <1m OF ELOS/ STABLE(ESTIMATED)
1 CARLIN EAST GS(2) HARDIE FW , CARLIN EAST 34 90 1 0.3 8 0.8 3.4 <1m <1m OF ELOS/STABLE (ESTIMATED)
1 CARLIN EAST GS(3) HARDIE FW, SOUTHEAST 42 90 1 0.3 8 1.9 2.8 <1m <1m OF ELOS/STABLE (ESTIMATED)
2 DEEP POST 1) TYP WK ROCK 40 11 21 90 1 0.3 8 1.5 3.4 <1m <1m OF ELOS
2 DEEP POST 2) 250 STP SECONDARY 50 11 21 90 1 0.3 8 4.7 3.4 <0.5 <0.5m OF ELOS
3 MIDAS 1) 5100 STH SPIRAL #1P#1 55 18 18 70 1 0.2 5.9 4 4.6 0.6

3 MIDAS 3) 5400 NTH SPIRAL 4STP 26 12 18 70 1 0.3 5.9 0.2 3.7 >2m >2m ELOS
4 RODEO 1) CLARK UN ZONE HW ie. 415560P1 25 6 29 55 1 0.2 4.5 0.2 2.5 0.3 CLUSTER AVERAGE/HW
4 RODEO 2A) CLARK USRED LR ie.404248P2 25 8 36 90 1 0.3 8 0.5 2.4 0.1 CLUSTER AVERAGE/RIB
4 RODEO 2B) CLARK USRED RR ie. 415220P4 25 17 12 90 1 0.3 8 0.5 3.5 0.1 CLUSTER AVERAGE/RIB
4 RODEO 2C) CLARK USRED LR ie. 410228P4 25 21 15 90 1 0.3 8 0.5 4.5 0.1 CLUSTER AVERAGE/RIB
4 RODEO 3) CLARK LS, RR ie. 372303P1 55 30 26 90 1 0.3 8 7.2 7 0.1 CLUSTER AVERAGE/RIB
4 RODEO 4A) CLARK US, HW ie.410232P1 45 6 25 90 1 0.3 8 2.4 2.5 0.1 CLUSTER AVERAGE/HW
4 RODEO 4B) CLARK US, LR ie.45216P1 45 18 12 90 1 0.3 8 2.4 3.5 0.1 CLUSTER AVERAGE/RIB
4 RODEO 4C) CLARK US, RR ie. 410232P1 45 19 16 90 1 0.3 8 2.4 4.4 0.1 CLUSTER AVERAGE/RIB
4 RODEO 5) CLARK US, FW 415240p1 45 6 22 90 1 0.3 8.0 2.4 2.4 0.5 MODERATE
4 RODEO 6) CLARK USRED,RR 404228p1 25 16 5 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 3.2 0.5 MODERATE
4 RODEO 7) CLARK USRED, HW 410228p1 25 6 26 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 2.5 0.5 MODERATE
4 RODEO 8) CLARK US,FW 421232p1 45 6 22 90 1 0.3 8.0 2.4 2.4 0.5 MODERATE
4 RODEO 9) CLARK UN, FW 415552p1 25 6 27 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 2.5 0.5 MODERATE
4 RODEO 10) CLARK USRED, FW 404228p1 25 6 20 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 2.3 0.6 MODERATE
4 RODEO 11) CLARK US, FW 404232p2 45 6 20 90 1 0.3 8.0 2.4 2.3 0.6 MODERATE
4 RODEO 12) CLARK USRED, HW 404248p1 25 6 20 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 2.3 0.6 MODERATE
4 RODEO 13) CLARK UN, FW 415560p1 25 6 24 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 2.4 0.9 MODERATE
4 RODEO 14) CLARK US, HW 421232p1 35 6 25 58 1 0.2 4.8 1.0 2.4 1.0 MODERATE
4 RODEO 15) CLARK USRED, RIB 410224p7 25 15 13 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 3.5 >2m CAVED VISUALLY EST >2m
4 RODEO 16)CLARK USRED, RIB 410248p3 25 20 15 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 4.4 >2m CAVED VISUALLY EST >2m
4 RODEO 21) CLARK USRED, RIB 421556p1 25 21 10 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 3.5 1.5 FAILED VISUALLY EST 1 to 2m
4 RODEO 23) CLARK UN, RIB 421540p1 25 23 12 90 1 0.3 8.0 0.5 3.8 1.5 FAILED VISUALLY EST 1 to 2m
6 GETCHELL 1) TYPICAL MUDST 45 2.6 4.4 <0.5m TYPICAL STOPE

6 GETCHELL 2) CAVED CASE 45 2.6 6.2 1.8 CAVED STOPE
Safe Range True Height Unsupported *Max Strike
Zone RMR Q' HR of Stope Height Length
(ft) (ft) (ft.) (ft)
4040-4100 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4100-4150 25 0.2 0-10.5 65 35 50
4150-4210 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4210-4270 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4270-4330 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
Upper South
4040-4100 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4100-4150 45 1 0-13.1 65 35 70
4150-4210 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4210-4270 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4270-4330 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
3860-3920 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
3920-3980 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
Lower South - Wispy
3620-3720 55 3 0-22.1 115 115 70
3720-3790 55 3 0-22.1 85 85 90
3790-3860 55 3 0-22.1 85 85 90
* "Safe Range HR (ft.)" was determined based on unsupported stope height (ft.) correspondingly
"Max Strike Length (ft.) is based on the unsupported stope height.
DEEP POST VISIT - 2002
DEEP POST VISIT
2002
RMR (LIMESTONE)
1) STRENGTH 10 - 25MPa 4-2
2) RQD 25% - 50% 8-3
3) SPACING 50mm - 0.3m - 10 - 5
4) CONDITON SLT - OPEN 12 - 6
RATING 44% - 26%
STRUCTURE -10 FLAT (BK)
DESIGN 40%
3.7m
4.3m
(12ft)
(14ft)
A DRIVE FILLED WITH CRF

WALL OF 40% RMR 220 LONGHOLE STOPE
5.5m
4.3m
(18ft)
(14ft)
X 1.2m SLICE (REBAR/SPLIT SPACING)
13m (43ft)
AR
LL
) PI
5f t
(
m
1.5
4m
4m
(13ft)
(13ft)
LOOKING AT BACK OF UPPER DRILL DRIVE. BACK COMPRISED OF CRF
STOP #5: 220 STOPE LONGHOLE (UNDER CRF)

LOOKING AT WALL OF 40% RMR ROCK IN UPPER DRILL DRIVE UNDER CRF. PANEL ABOVE LONGHOLE STOPES IS EXCAVATED WITH SERIES
OF A DRIFT AND FILL. SUBSEQUENTLY MINING OF LONGHOLE IMMEDIATELY UNDERNEATH FOR 18ft(4.6m) SPAN X 14ft(4.3m) VERTICAL
HT DRIFT. BOTTOM DRILL DRIVE TAKEN IN ORE WHERE SPAN NOT TO EXCEED 13ft (4m) WITH RMR VALUES OF 40% OBSERVED ON TOP
DRIVE. STOPE LONGHOLE PANEL IS THEN FILLED AND UPPER DRILL DRIVE RAMMER JAMMED TIGHT TO BACK AS ADJACENT PANEL WILL
BE MINED NEXT TO CRF WALL.
3.7m
4.3m
(12ft)
(14ft)
A DRIVE FILLED WITH CRF
5.5m
4.3m
(18ft)
(14ft)
13m (43ft)
t)
PI
LL
AR
MODIFIED STABILITY GRAPH
(5f
m
1.5
4m
WALL OF 50% RMR 250 LONGHOLE STOPE 4m
(13ft)
(13ft)
.5m
14 ELOS <0

1.0m
ELOS =
.0m
RMR (LIMESTONE) ELOS >2
1) STRENGTH 25 - 100MPa 7-4 2

2) RQD 60% 13
3) SPACING 50mm - 0.3m + 15 -10
4) CONDITON SLT 12
5) GRNWTR DRY-WTR 10 1
RATING 57% - 49%
STRUCTURE
DESIGN 50%
# LOCATION Rx TYPE RMR Q' DIMENSIONS DIP A B C N' HR ELOS

LOOKING AT BACK OF UPPER DRILL DRIVE. (m x m) (o) (m) (m)
NEWMONT - DEEP POST
BACK COMPRISED OF CRF 1 TYP WK ROCK Limestone 40 0.6 11L x 21H 90 1 0.3 8.0 1.5 3.4 < 1m
2 250 STOPE SEC. Limestone 50 1.9 11L x 21H 90 1 0.3 8.0 4.7 3.4 < 0.5m
STOP #6: 250 STOPE LONGHOLE (UNDER CRF)

LONGHOLE STOPE MINIMAL DILUTION FROM WALLS (<0.5m). RMR AS OBSERVED IN DRILL DRIVE OF 50%.
TYPICALLY 40% RMR EXHIBITING 0.9m (3ft) OF WALL SLOUGH OVER A STRIKE LENGTH OF 10.7m (35ft). BLAST HOLES
OFFSET 0.9m (3ft) FROM ADJACENT WALL OF CRF PANEL OR 0.6m (2ft) ADJACENT TO ROCK/ORE WALL.
GETCHELL VISIT - 2002
GETCHELL VISIT 2002
194 LONGHOLE
RMR
1) STRENGTH 25-100MPa 7-4
2) RQD 25%+ 8-3
3) SPACING 50mm + 10 - 5
4) CONDITON SLT - OPN 12 - 6
5) GRNWTR DRY 10
RATING 47% - 28%
STRUCTURE
DESIGN 45%
WALL
BACK
PHOTOGRAPH LOOKING AT WALL AND BACK OF DRAW LEVEL ON 193.5 SECONDARY STOPE. DRIFT OPENING IS 14ft x 14ft.. SUPPORT IS
8ft (2.4m) LONG SS39 BOLTS ON A 4ft X4ft PATTERN + WELDMESH. AREA TO BE SHOTCRETED. SECONDARY STOPE TO BE 20ft WIDE BUT
DRIFT ACCESS ONLY 14ft (4.3m) FOR STABILITY.
RMR
1) STRENGTH 25-100MPa 7-4
2) RQD 25%+ 8-3 14ft X 14ft
DRIFT )
2m
3) SPACING 50mm + 10 - 5
4) CONDITON SLT - OPN 12 - 6 (1
ft
5) GRNWTR DRY 10
40
RATING 47% - 28%
STRUCTURE DRILL DRIVE
DESIGN 45%
C C
68ft (21m)
20ft
R R
F F DRAW LEVEL
SCHEMATIC OF 193.5
LONGHOLE STOPE
PHOTOGRAPH LOOKING AT 193.5 SECONDARY LONGHOLE ON DRILL LEVEL. WALLS + BACK ARE SHOTCRETED. DRIFT IS 14ft X 14fT.
SUPPORT IS 8ft (2.4m) LONG SS39 BOLTS ON A 4ft X4ft PATTERN + WELDMESH. MINIMAL SLOUGH OBSERVED ie. UNDER 0.5m. NOTE
BOTH WALLS ARE CRF.
STOP #1: 193.5 SECONDARY STOPE DRAW LEVEL AND UPPER DRILL DRIVE.
GETCHELL VISIT 2002

ft ft )
2 14 68 1m
(2
S
ES 3 40
ft
SE
CC
A C 1B A EL
CO
N V
I LE
TE
MA
ND
3 IL L
RT
DR ft
AR
14
IA
2
PR
ER
Y
RY
P
IM
UP ft
TE
AR
RT
2 0
Y
IA
SE
RY
CO
L
VE
ND
LE
AR
AW
DR
Y
A) Extraction is by transverse open stoping retreating from hangingwall to footwall by
extracting primaries first then filling with cemented rock fill from the upper drill drive to
draw level below. (refer to above - Sequence 1). The cemented rock fill is 6.3% cement
14ft X 14ft (4.7% cement, 1.5% fly ash).
DRIFT )
(1 2m
ft B) Generally the primaries strike length of the stope FW to HW is 50ft (15m) to
40
150ft(46m) that is open at one time - refer to 1A, 1B, 1C. The stope FW to HW dimension
DRILL DRIVE
is in excess of 100ft (30m).
C C
68ft (21m)
C) The stope height is limited to 68ft (21m) which incorporates the upper drill drive which
20ft
R R is 14ft in height x 14ft wide and the lower draw level which is of similar dimension. The
stope width is slashed to 20ft wide.
F F DRAW LEVEL
D) The secondaries are driven next off the primary development (refer to above -
SCHEMATIC OF 193.5 Sequence 2). The upper and lower drill drives are 14ft wide x 14ft high.
LONGHOLE STOPE
E) The mining sequence form HW to FW is the same as for the Primaries. Subsequently
the stope is cement rock filled.
F) The tertiary is the final mining step (refer to above - Sequence 3). This block is
approximately 20ft in width with ultimate stope heights of 68ft. The tertiary development
is accessed off the primary.
MODIFIED STABILITY GRAPH
14
1A
B
1

LOCATION Rx TYPE RMR Q'
DIMENSIONS DIP A B C N' HR ELOS
(m x m) (o) (m) (m)
DISCUSSIONS WITH DAN CRACKLE - HISTORY
TYPICALLY 50ft STRIKE SPAN MUDSTONE 45 1.1 15L X 21H 90 1 0.3 8.0 2.6 4.4 <0.6m
CAVED CASE STUDY 100ft STRIKE MUDSTONE 45 1.1 30L x 21H 90 1 0.3 8.0 2.6 6,2 1.8m
GENERALLY STOPES NOT OPEN FOR MORE THAN TEN(10) DAYS

BLASTHOLES OFFSET 2ft (0.6m) ADJACENT TO CRF AND AT CONTACT IF ADJACENT TO ORE
DILUTION ADJACENT TO CRF IS ~0.6m MAX IN ONE WALL.
ABOVE REFERS TO ESTIMATED DILUTION FROM TEN STOPES , ONE OUT OF TEN RESULTED IN ELOS OF
~2m OTHERS 0.6m AND LESS PER WALL (ORE).
RODEO VISIT - 2003
FIGURE 1: GENERAL MINING SEQUENCE -SEPTEMBER/03 VISIT
RODEO DATABASE L. CLARK ELOS CURVES ORIGINAL
m
O S <0.5
EL S=1
m
ELO
m
LO S>2
E
HYRAULIC RADIUS (m)

RMR
1) STRENGTH 50-100MPa 7
2) RQD 25%-50% - 8-3
3) SPACING 50mm - 0.3m- 10 - 5
RATING 47% - 31%
DESIGN (WALL) 40% - 35%
EL
OS HA
OS NG
~1m20ft EL ING
5m
~0. W AL
t L
15ft
P 40f
45ft
t
60f
15ft
SCHEMATIC LONGSECTION
LOOKING DOWN STRIKE
OBSERVATION
# LOCATION Rx TYPE RMR Q' DIMENSIONS DIP A B C N' HR ELOS

(m x m) (o) (m) (m)
BARRICK - RODEO
4 UPPER NTH 4150L 5630STP Mudstones 31 0.2 15L x 23H* 90 1 0.2 8.0 0.4 4.5 1m LEFT RIB
47 1.4 15L x 14H** 90 1 0.2 8.0 2.2 3.6 0.5m RIGHT RIB
RMR RANGE FOR ABOVE 31% - 47%

* HEIGHT OF STOPE INCLUDING UPPER/LOWER DRILL DRIVES
** HEIGHT OF STOPE MODIFIED TO ONLY INCLUDE WEB ie. UNSUPPORTED ZONE
STOP #4: 4150L P5630 STOPE

MUCKING HORIZON. STRIKE LENGTH IS 60ft WITH ~1m OF ELOS FROM LEFT WALL AND 0.5m FROM RIGHT
WALL FOR THIS STOPE. RMR = 35-40% (Q=0.8 L.CLARK-DESIGN). N = Q * A * B * C
RMR
1) STRENGTH 50-100MPa 7
2) RQD 25%-50% - 8-3
3) SPACING 50mm - 0.3m- 10 - 5
RATING 47% - 31%
DESIGN (WALL) 40% - 35%
OBSERVATION
PT. P S P
SCHEMATIC LONGSECTION
LOOKING DOWN STRIKE
STOP #3: 4150L P5360 STOPE

TYPICAL PRIMARIES ALONG 4150L MUCKING HORIZON. SPLITS CORRODED, AREA REHABBED. SPAN IS 17ft
TO 20ft (5.2m-6.1m) HAVING A DESIGN RMR OF 35-40%. SHOTCRETE CRACKING, SWELLEX IS 8ft LONG (2.4m)
AND HELD. THE SHOTCRETE CRACKED AROUND THE SWELLEX BOLT. SPLIT SETS ARE 6ft (1.8m) LONG WITH
VERTICAL RIB/WALL MOVING INWARDS ie FAILED. PULL TESTS OF STD SWELLEX IN CRF IS 1ton/ft, IN ROCK IS
4-5ton/ft. SS39 PULL STRENGTH IS 0.6ton/ft FOR ABOVE ROCK. ROCK UNIT WEIGHT = 14ft3/ton.
Upper South - 4210 Level
C CAVE C
SLOUGH
R R
F
SLOUGH
F
SECONDARY
PRIMARY
PRIMARY
VERTICAL SECTION LOOKING DOWN

1) Mine All Primaries 2) Mine All Secondaries STRIKE. FAILURE MECHANISM OBSERVED
(L.CLARK) IN SECONDARIES. ESTIMATED
COHESION IN CRF IS 25psi (L.C.)
SCHEMATIC PLAN OF PRIMARY/SECONDARY EXTRACTION
5ft
20ft
20ft
15ft
15ft
15ft 15ft
SECONDARIES EXCAVATED
PRIMARIES EXCAVATED FULL
15ft ON ADVANCE AND
FACE 20ft (6.1m) IN ORE.
SLASHED TO 20ft ON RETREAT.
SECONDARY ACCESSED OFF PRIMARY. HAVE 5ft OF

VERTICAL SECTION LOOKING DOWN STRIKE ROCK ON LEFT WALL. SPAN EXPOSED IS 15ft. RMR
OF WALL/BACK IS 30%-35%. CUT HEIGHT IS 15ft.
STOP #6: MINING OF SECONDARIES. GENERALLY MINE FULL FACE IN PRIMARIES (20ft) AND 15ft WIDE
IN SECONDARIES WITH SUBSEQUENT 5ft SLASH ON RETREAT. POTENTIAL FAILURE MECHANISM OBSERVED
IN SECONDARIES (L. CLARK).
a) 15 ft wide sills f
upper
sill
additional
bolts to
support
undercut
sill
fan drilling
stope limit
lower sill
offset by 3 ft
3 ft
FIGURE 6: RING DRILLING CONCERN

idealized longsection Longsection
showing multiple horizons (blasted)
mucking
drilling
backfilled
backfilled
backfilled
mucking
drilling
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Primary
FIGURE 3: HANGING PILLAR VERT SECTION

FIGURE 7: HANGING PILLAR/SEQUENCE
4040-4100 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4100-4150 25 0.2 0-10.5 65 35 50
4150-4210 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4210-4270 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4270-4330 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
Upper South
4040-4100 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4100-4150 45 1 0-13.1 65 35 70
4150-4210 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4210-4270 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4270-4330 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
3860-3920 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
3920-3980 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
Lower South - Wispy
3620-3720 55 3 0-22.1 115 115 70
3720-3790 55 3 0-22.1 85 85 90
3790-3860 55 3 0-22.1 85 85 90
STABILITY GRAPH
Knowledge Database
Stability Graph
Database Non-Entry
Matthews 55 obs.
Potvin 34 obs.
Nickson 46 obs
Mah 96 obs.
Clark 88 obs
Mawdesley 400 obs.
Equivalent Linear Overbreak Slough ELOS
(45 obis)
100
ELOS LEGEND 5m
S<0.
ELOS<0.5m EL O
0.5m<ELOS<1.0m
1.0m<ELOS<2m m
S= 1
10 2.0m<ELOS 1 ELO
4 m
S>2
2 ELO
3
6 1 6
44 4 4 4
1
2 1 1
4
1 1
4444
44 4 444 444 444 4
4 3
0.1
0 5 10

4040-4100 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4100-4150 25 0.2 0-10.5 65 35 50
4150-4210 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4210-4270 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
4270-4330 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
Upper South
4040-4100 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4100-4150 45 1 0-13.1 65 35 70
4150-4210 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4210-4270 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
4270-4330 45 1 0-13.1 75 45 60
3860-3920 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
3920-3980 25 0.2 0-10.5 75 45 40
Lower South - Wispy
3620-3720 55 3 0-22.1 115 115 70
3720-3790 55 3 0-22.1 85 85 90
3790-3860 55 3 0-22.1 85 85 90
RODEO DATA BASE
LOCATION
BOLT TYPE ROCK TYPE TESTS LEVEL MINE AREA BOND STRENGTH R. PAKALNIS ESTIMATE
ton/ft RMR
SS39 BACKFILL CRF 2 1450 MEIKLE 3625FW 0.5
SS39 LST 4 1450 MEIKLE STH ACCESS 1
SS39 LST 3 1675 MEIKLE PM BAY 1.3
SS39 LST 3 4380 MEIKLE FW DRIFT 1.3 70%
SS39 LST 1 4050 GRIFFIN FW DRIFT 0.9 50%
DWYDAG LST 3 1450 MEIKLE STN ACCESS 1.4
DWYDAG LST 4 925 MEIKLE CONSTRUCTN 1.4
DWYDAG LST 3 1675 MEIKLE WEST MUCK 1.4
DWYDAG LST 2 5300 MEIKLE SHOP INT 1.4
SUP SWELLEX LST 3 1600 MEIKLE RODEO 1.2
SS39 LST BX 3 4120-4540 GRIFFIN FW DRIFT 0.6
SS39 LST BX 5 4395 MEIKLE FW DRIFT/BL40 0.2-1.1
DWYDAG LST BX 2 1525 MEIKLE MAIN N HAULAGE 1.4
STD SWELLEX LST BX 5 4100 RODEO STH ORE PASS 1.2
SS39 LST CALCITE 4 1600 MEIKLE EAST INT 1.1
DWYDAG LST CALCITE 5 1600 MEIKLE EAST INT 1.1
SS39 LST/SILT 2 5300 MEIKLE SHOP INT 1.7
SS39 MONZONITE PHRY 4 1525 MEIKLE 3525 1.3
SS39 MUDSTONE 2 1075 MEIKLE STH MEIKLE 1.6
SS39 MUDSTONE 3 4330 RODEO STH FOOT 0.6 40%
SS39 PLANAR 3 4100 RODEO 2320 1.8
SS39 SD UNIT 2 4100 RODEO 104 0.8
DWYDAG SD UNIT 2 4100 RODEO 104 1.4
SS39 SILIC BX 4 1375 MEIKLE 3675 STP 1.1 70%
DWYDAG SILIC BX 3 1375 MEIKLE N HAULAGE 1.4 70%
STD COATED SWELLEX WHISBY 4 3980 RODEO STH FW 1.4
SS39 UPPER MUDST 6 4100 RODEO 2200 SILL 0.8 40%
SS39 UPPER MUDST 3 4270 RODEO 5360 0.7 40%
SS39 WHISBY 3 3860 RODEO 2830 0.8
SS39 UPPER MUDST 4 4270 RODEO 5320 0.7
SS39 UPPER MUDST 6 4210 RODEO 2120 SILL 0.6
Table 4.Updated Support Capacity
Rock properties, tonnes Screen Bag strength, tonnes
Bolt strength Yield strength Breaking strength 4- by 4-in welded mesh, 4 gauge 3.6
5/8-in mechanical 6.1 10.2 4- by 4-in welded mesh, 6 gauge 3.3
Split-Set (SS 33) 8.5 10.6 4- by 4-in welded mesh, 9 gauge 1.9
Split Set (SS 39) 12.7 14.0 4- by 2-in welded mesh, 12 gauge 1.4
Standard Swellex NA 11.0 2-in chain link, 11 gauge, bare metal 2.9
Yielding Swellex NA 9.5 2-in chain link, 11 gauge, galvanized 1.7
Super Swellex NA 22.o 2-in chain link, 9 gauge, bare metal 3.7
*20-mm rebar, No. 6 12.4 18.5 2-in chain link, 9 gauge, galvanized 3.2
*22-mm rebar, No. 7 16.o 23
*25-mm rebar, No. 8 20.5 30.8 Note: 4 gauge = 0.23-in diameter; 6 gauge = 0.20-in diameter;
No. 6 Dywidag 11.9 18.0 9 gauge = 0.16-in diameter; 11 gauge = 0.125-in diameter; 12
gauge = 0.11-in diameter
No. 7 Dywidag 16.3 24.5
2
No. 8 Dywidag 21.5 32.3 Shotcrete shear strength = 2 MPa (200 t/m )
No. 9 Dywidag 27.2 40.9 Bond strength
No. 10 Dywidag 34.6 52.0 Split-Set, hard rock 0.75-1.5 mt per 0.3 m
1/2-in cable bolt 15.9 18.8 Split-Set, weak ground 0.25-1.2 mt per 0.3 m
5/8-in cable bolt 21.6 25.5 Swellex, hard rock 2.70-4.6 mt per 0.3 m
1/4 by 4-in strap 25.o 39.0 Swellex, weak rock 3-3.5 mt per 0.3 m
Note: No. 6 gauge = 6/8-in diameter; No. 7 gauge = 7/8- Super Swellex, weak rock >4 mt per 0.3 m
in diameter; No. 8 gauge = 1-in diameter. 5/8-in cable bolt, hard rock 26 mt per 1 m
NA = Not applicable. No. 6 rebar, hard rock 18 mt per 0.3 m, ~12-in
granite
KENCANA NEWCREST -
INDONESIA
RMR76 BOND 46mm SPLITSETS
PULL GROUTED
RMR>55% 4.1t/m 7.2t/m

35%<RMR<55% 2.6t/m 5.8t/m
25%<RMR<35% 1.5t/m 4.4t/m
Pm12 SWELLEX BOND 9t/m

QUALITY CONTROL:
ASSESS BOND STRENGTH
SWELLEX PULL TEST
SLEEVE OVER SWELLEX ie.

STEEL PIPE SO WHEN
SWELLEX INFLATES WILL
NOT BOND TO ROCK.
WALL
SWELLEX (~1m) INFLATE SO

BOND LENGTH IS ONLY 1m NO
THE FULL LENGTH OF HOLE OR
GET A 1m LENGTH SWELLEX.
NOTE ATLAS COPCO DOES THIS
TEST HAS SLEEVE.
TEST BOND STRENGTH OF DOUBLE DWYIDAG USE PVC

SLEEVE/GREECE NO BOND. BOND LENGTH TESTED ONLY ie 0.3m
SPILING
GROUTED vs UNGROUTED NOT MAJOR CONCERN OTHER THAN BOLTING THROUGH
VOIDS/WATER/UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL. NOTE ZERO GAUGE STRAP IS ~3tonne+ HELD UP BY
SPLITSET WHICH IS 2tonne+ HOLDING UP 32mm DWYIDAG SPILES OF 52tonne. THEREFORE IN
CRITICAL SITUATIONS ENSURE HAVE FULL PLATES/ARCHES/SWELLEX MATCHED TO SPILE
STRENGTH. SHORT ROUNDS PREFERRED IN WEAK ROCK MASS ie 2.5m OR LESS FOR RMR <35%.
NOTE LONGER ROUNDS SPILED WILL RESULT IN MORE JAGGED BACK.
2.5m RND 2.5m RND
NOTE
RESULT IN A GREATER
3.5m RND 3.5m RND BACK
IRREGULARITY(CONCERN).
DECEMBER 2001 NOSE
PILLARS
AVOCA - MIDAS
LOW DIP MINING(30o)
BACKFILL

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PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

SHORT COURSE 2014

MINING DILUTION CONTROL 1

Professor: Rimas Pakalnis

09:00 - 09:50 Definition of dilution

Input parameters for design (Stress, Structure, Rock Mass)

11:20 - 12:10 Stability Graph ELOS/Span Curve

13:15 - 15:15 Case Histories

15:45 16:45 Case Histories

Sociedad Peruana de Geoingeniera

EMPIRICAL DESIGN METHODS UPDATE(2014) 15

QUANTIFYING THE COST OF DILUTION 25

EMPIRICAL DESIGN METHODS 44

WEAK ROCK MASS DESIGN FOR UNDERGROUND 52

WEAK ROCK MASS DESIGN FOR UNDERGROUND 63

REINFORCEMENT CATEGORIES 5) Fibre reinforced shotcrete, 50-90mm, and bolting

Qw = 5Q for Q>10, Qw = 2.5Q for 0.1<Q<10, Qw = Q for Q<0.1

Rock Mass Rating

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2

W E 2 = 3.64MPa + 0.0276MPa/m of DEPTH

RED LAKE MINE

EPM Mining Sequence FW analysis of Stress / Strength

Mined Stopes 400mL

Typical technical data:

<0.3 -dry stiff sausage -sausage breaks

Backfills in use include rockfill, hydraulic

INDUCED STRESS > ROCK MASS STRENGTH

MODIFY GEOMETRY MODIFY IS STRUCTURE CONTROLLING STABILITY

EXCAVATION AND MONITORING

OPENING DESIGN NON

OPENING DESIGN MAN

Rock Classification Other Factors

Joint Orientation Factor B

Area of the Surface

ROCK MASS RATING (%)

1.0 UNSUPPORTED FOOTWALL (C=8)

CABLE BOLTED HANGINGWALL

CABLE BOLTED FOOTWALL (C=8)

Cutting Section Plane

at the centre of the stope

Relaxation Zone for K=2.5

Relaxation Zone for K=1.5

Stope Stope Stope

4. Both sides mined 5. One side and 6. Above, one side

Stope Stope Stope

Stope Stope Stope

4. Both sides mined 5. One side and 6. Above, one side

Stope Stope Stope

O/C drift O/C drift

U/C drift U/C drift

Trout Lake Mine

1.17 0.7 0.674

Average (ELOS_act.-pred.) (m)

ELOS act. -pred. (m)

CMS surveyed progressive caving with time (Ran, 2002)

Influence of exposure time and the

0.2 6 S.D .=0 .8 4

St ope Ex pos e d Tim e (d )

Histogram plot of justified ELOS versus stope exposure time

This graph shows a reduction in RMR or

Stand-up time Guidelines(From Bieniawski, 1989 (After

Avg. Exp. Rate = .18x103 m2/month

ROCK MASS RATING (%)