Solidaire avec Europe

M. N. G. Einstein

17. November, 2017

Pour Europe

If there any questions, feel free to ask! Although I am usually not reachable.

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France
Solidaire avec France Jour III.

Solidaire avec Europe Troisime Jour. I already made a French version So-
lidaire avec Charlie Hebdo after the terrorist act on their editorial office on 07.
January 2015. So I could have just copy and paste parts of it, or I could have come
up with new things about France. Here are twelve brand new things about France.

Numro douze
12. Pierre Bayle (18.11.1647 28.12.1706) the fathers of the Enlightenment.
Acquainted with the teachings of Ren Descartes, which lead him to found rational
skeptical arguments, he stated that all knowledge had to be critically examined
all the time. Hence, he differentiated between belief, opinion and knowledge. He
also concluded that atheists, despite having no faith, are not necessarily immoral
nor do they act immoral. When he lost his chair in 1693 he concentrated his entire
effort on Dictionnaire historique et critique, which was the starting point for a
dictionary (in an encyclopedia style) as he did limit himself to stock the contempo-
rary knowledge about historical characters and figures, but also tried to critically
examine this knowledge. He introduced a groundbreaking innovation that kept the
articles brief. Thus, limiting them only to the factual. In his Dictionnaire histo-
rique et critique and Commentaire Philosophique, he advanced arguments for
religious toleration.

&

Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (18.11.1657 09.01.1757) the fathers of the

Enlightenment. In his Entretiens sur la pluralit des mondes he discusses the
astronomical knowledge of that time and does not rule out the possibility that
outside of earth exist beings capable of rational thoughts. As Pierre Bayle he was
very critical of strict believes and the dogma of the catholic church as his Histoire
des oracles show. He was also implicated in the debate Querelle des Anciens et
des Modernes, where the question was, how could antiquity be the model for
contemporary literature and art.

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Numro onze
11. Aucassin et Nicolette (1225) a medieval French chantefable. The only words
needed are:

et la dame lapela, si li dist: aucassins, or ne vos dements plus, mais

vens ent aveuques mi et je vos mosterai la riens el mont que vos
ams plus, car cest nicolete vo duce amie, qui de longes terres
vos est venue querre. Et aucassins fu lis.
Or se cante.

Quant or entent aucassins

De samie o le cler vis
Quele est venue el pas,
Or fu lis, ain ne fu si.
Aveuc la dame sest mis,
Dusqua lostel ne prist fin;
En le cambre se sont mist,
La u nicholete sist.
Quant ele voit son ami,
Or fu lie, ainc ne fu si;
Contre lui en pis sali.
Quant or le voit aucassins,
Andex ses bras li tendi,
Doucement le recoulli,
Les eus li baisse et le vis.
La nuit le laissent ensi,
Tresquau demain par matin
Que lespousa aucassins:
Dame de biaucaire en fist;
Puis vesquirent les mains dis
Et menerent lor delis.
Or a sa joie aucasins
Et nicholete autresi:
No cantefable prent fin,
Nen sai plus dire.

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Translation by Eugene Mason:

and the lady called to him, and said

Aucassin, behave not so wildly; but come with me, and I will show
you that thing you love best in all the world; for Nicolette, your
sweet friend, is here from a far country to seek her love.
So Aucassin was glad at heart.
Now is sung.

When he learned that in Beaucaire

Lodged his lady, sweet and fair,
Aucassin arose, and came
To her hostel, with the dame;
Entered in, and passed straightway
To the chamber where she lay.
When she saw him, Nicolette
Had such joy as never yet;
Sprang she lightly to her feet
Swiftly came with welcome meet.
When he saw her, Aucassin
Oped both arms, and drew her in,
Clasped her close in fond embrace,
Kissed her eyes and kissed her face.
In such greeting sped the night,
Till, at dawning of the light,
Aucassin, with pomp most rare,
Cowned her Countness of Beaucaire.
Such delight these lovers met,
Aucassin and Nicolette.
Length of days and joy did win,
Nicolette and Aucassin,
Endeth song and tale I tell
with marriage bell.

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Numro dix
10. Almost no traces of Greek in Old French but no mystery. While France was
inhabited from two sides almost simultaneously, in the north by the PreRoman
Gauls, Celtic inhabitants, and on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea by
the Greeks, which founded the oldest city within modern France, Marseille, among
many others, the Greek language has almost zero influence on the later develop-
ment of the French in contrary to the Gaulish language. There was an exchange
between the Gauls and Greeks in all sorts of manner from trade to serious conflicts.
The Celtic smiths even (re)produced coins retaining various Greek subjects. The
Helvetii were in possession of documents written in the Greek script. Nonetheless
there was no impact of the Greek , while Gaulish became a stratum of the
French language. The reason lies in the conquest of the Roman Empire, which ab-
sorbed the rest of the Punic and the Etruscan, which set an end to the Phocaean
expansion, before conquering the Gauls as well. Some linguists believe that Greek
had an influence on the dialects spoken in the southern of France. It was not until
the late MiddleAges and the Renaissance, that scholars introduced a number of
new words as it became common for scholars to learn ancient Greek in addition to
Latin. At that point many words of Greek origin entered the language, especially
in Medicine, Physics, Mathematics and for Philosophical Concepts, which is kind
of funny, as this procedure added to an already existing set of words the same
lexical meaning due to that the Romans had taken them from the Greek and thus
were introduced via Latin to the French language.

Numro neuf
9. Clovis I. (466 27.11.511) the father of France. After his fathers death in 481
Childeric I. Clovis succeeded him as king. Both served in the Roman military in the
Province of Belgica Secunda, but Clovis turned and defeated the GalloRoman
ruler in the Battle of Soissons (486), whereby he nearly doubled the realm of the
Franks in a single stroke. Other rivals he executed and secured an alliance with the
Ostrogoths through marriage, before he went east with his army to defeat in the
Battle of Tolbiac (496) other opponents; leading him to make Paris his capital and
conquering almost all the Frankish kingdoms in that region. In systematic military
campaigns he eliminate the other Frankish leaders one by one, until Clovis became
the first king of all Franks in 508 and solidifying so the Merovingian dynasty.

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Numro huit
8. Gabriel Lam (22.07.1795 01.05.1870) one of the fathers of computational
complexity theory. He is most famous for theory of curvilinear coordinates and
the generalisation of ellipselike curves, which he managed to do with just one
equation:   n  n
x
  + y  = 1
 
a b
where n is any positive real number. This is actually a very powerful tool. Later
he managed to prove a special case of Fermats last theorem. Of one of the more
important findings he stumbled upon, when he run a time analysis of the Euclidean
algorithm, which was marking the beginning of computational complexity theory.

Numro sept
7. Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier (10.02.1785 21.08.1836) the father of
structural analysis. Although Charles Augustin de Coulomb had achieved general
results in the EulerBernoulli beam theory, which remained unnoticed, it was Na-
vier who formulated the theory of elasticity in a mathematically usable form. That
included the results of Coulomb. Later he established, that the elastic modulus is a
property of materials, which is independent of the moment of inertia (second mo-
ment of area). He managed to synthesis static with strength of materials. Hence,
he is considered to be the founder of modern structural analysis. With his motion
equation equation:
   
~v 2
+ (~v )~v = p + ~v + + div ~v
t 3

for viscous liquids, which is central to fluid mechanics, he laid the foundation of
hydro dynamic.

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Numro six
6. Denis Diderot (05.10.1713 31.07.1784) one of the fathers of the Encyclop-
die. Not only is he a prominent figure for the Enlightenment, but also an important
one as well. He wrote approximately six thousand articles for the Encyclopdie,
which started as a simple translation order that lead to a serious dispute with
the employer. But it got Diderot in charge of the project and he was committed
to the idea of establishing a summa of the entire knowledge of that time. This
lead to a whole variety of people contributing to the Encyclopdie from unknown
specialists to very prominent figures as Voltaire or Montesquieu. Diderot himself
was very productive as he wrote scientific papers, novels, stage plays, art critics
(which were celebrated) and much more, but he never expressed an uniform and
comprehensive system (this has not to be confused with a chaotic system!) This
is a direct result of his belives against any dogmatic thinking in any form, which
makes him one of the greatest proponent of the Enlightenment and most sophisti-
cated men ever.

Numro cinq
5. Eustache Deschamps (1345 1404) (probably) the father of the Ballad. Not
only was he an incredible funny satirist and is considered today the most import-
ant French poet of the second half of the fourteenth century, but he was also very
influential. He influenced Christine de Pizan and Franois Villon, two great French
poets, as well as Geoffrey Chaucer from England, which is ironic as his satire was
usually targeting the English. But nobody was actually safe from his remarks,
especially the morally wrongdoings at the court took his attention in his 1500 re-
maining poems, making him one of the most productive writer of all time. For the
French language he is very important as he was the first to write a compilation of
poetry teaching in French. What made him truly great though was his thematic,
formal and stylistic innovation of poetry.

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Numro quatre
4. French a different Romance language but still no surprise. The influence of
so called substrate on the French was very severe, whereby the Gaulish lan-
guage is considered to be the most important substrate. At first the Celtic were
just neighbors with the Romans. Hence, the Gaulish language was nothing more
than an adstrate. Then of course, with the Roman dominion, Latin was intro-
duced and Celtish was abandoned, although some influences were preserved and
survived to this day inside the French language, especially phonological wise and
in toponyms. The Frankish language on the other hand is considered to be a su-
perstrate, where the grade of the influence from north to south decreased. In the
first four centuries, from the fifth to the nineth century, the Frankish language is
an adstrate and the Franks start to change to speak NorthGaulishRomance,
leading to the abandoment of Frankish after the Carolingian dominion (774 987).

Numro trois
3. Chronica Gallica Anno de 452 magnus chronica est. Although the Gallic
Chronicle of 452 is written in Latin, it is most important, as it is the oldest preser-
ved historical work from Gaul. Hence, the focus, from its beginning 379, with the
elevation of Theodosius I. as coemperor, to its end, with the attack of Attila the
Hun on Aquileia, Mediolanum (Milan), Bergomum (Bergamo), Patavium (Padua)
and others in Italy in 452, the focus lies mostly on Gaul; events in the eastern part
of the empire find little mention. It continues the Chronicle of Jerome, whereby
he translated and revised the Chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea. Afterwards he
continued the chronicle to the year 378.

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Numro deux
2. AndrMarie Ampre (20.01.1775 10.06.1836) the father of electric current.
This seems a curiosity of history as Ampres contributions to science were almost
none until the age of forty five. But in 1820 he came in contact with the results of
the Danish physicist Hans Christian rsted. Immediately he started developing a
mathematical and physical theory to understand his own experiments, which laid
the foundation for electrodynamics and allowed him to invent the principal of the
electronical telegraphy. The equations:

B~ d~s = 0 I rot B~ = 0
S

~ d~s
H ~ = ~jext
= I rot H
S

establishing the laws bearing his name are part of Maxwells equations as he con-
cluded that Ampres law was not complete.

Numro un
1. Augustin Jean Fresnel (10.05.1788 14.07.1827) the father of the wave theo-
ry of light. His discoveries and mathematical deductions brought forward a large
class of optical phenomena. In an experiment using two plane mirrors of metal in
an angle of nearly 180 with each other, allowed him to avoid diffraction effects,
caused by wave of lights. This proved the phenomenon of interference in accor-
dance with the (his) wave theory as it could only be explained by light being a
wave. Another proof was given by Fresnel diffraction. He managed also to obtai-
ned circularly polarized light, leading to the FresnelArago laws, which describe
the properties of interference between light of different states of polarization. His
equally important findings were the integrals named today after him:
r
2 2
cos(t ) dt = sin(t ) dt =
8
0 0

Until then! #JeSuisEurope

France, je taime. Paris, je tadore.