Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Construction of Surfaces
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Sports & Fields
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Common forms of sports areas
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The most usual forms of external artificial sports areas include:
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Small informal play areas with mini sports features
Small multi use games areas (often referred to as MUGAs)
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Specialist courts for tennis or netball
Larger format pitches that can be used for training for hockey,
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football and / or rugby
Competition pitches for hockey, football or rugby
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Cricket wickets (match and practice)
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Athletics training facilities
Flat green bowls facilities.
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Outdoor sports surfaces
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Natural and Artificial
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A natural surface is one formed by the suitable preparation of
natural areas of land (such as grass).
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An artificial surface is one constructed with a variety of man-made
materials (such as timber boards, synthetic products or bituminous
products).
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Within each of these groupings, there are many sub-categories of
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surfaces which are used for a multitude of different sports.
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Typical construction
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A Sports surfacing system is generally made up from a number of
layers (top down):
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Surface layer e.g. carpet, polymeric material
Shock absorbing layer often termed shock pad
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A stable and carefully regulated base layer on which the synthetic
surfacing is supported e.g.
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a) Porous macadam - a hot-rolled blend of aggregate and stiff
bitumen binder
b) Compacted sand
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c) Specialized mineral particulate materials
d) In-situ formed concrete (occasionally used for bowling green
and cricket wicket bases)
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Typical construction
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Crushed broken stone sub-base
layer - normally a compacted
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graded aggregate
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Geo-synthetic layer (to prevent the
migration of particles between
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layers)
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fill), often the natural soil found on
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site or a stabilized formation.
Drainage is normally installed within
the subsoil.
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A designer has to consider the
following factors:
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Topography
Access
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Site drainage
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Electrical supply
Water supply
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Trees
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Underlying soil conditions
Biodiversity issues
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Among the most commonly played
sports on multi-sports games areas are:
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Tennis
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Mini tennis
Netball / basketball
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Five-a-side football
S. Hockey
Classification of surfaces
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Court games are sports played primarily on hard surfaces rather on turf.
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Field sports include any activities played preferably on soft (turf) surfaces.
Adequate surface and sub surface drainage is very important. The type of
turf used should be sturdy.
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Tracks should be constructed of materials that will create a uniform, smooth,
safe and comfortable running surface.
Grading Requirements
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Longitudinal slopes for tracks, runways and landing area for field events
should not exceed a maximum of 0.1 percent
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Cross slopes should be no more than 1 percent
Classification of surfaces
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Type 1
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Open textured porous macadam areas used for ball rebound sports
where tennis is the priority and sports such as mini-tennis, netball,
and basketball are secondary users.
Type 2
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Polymeric surface over macadam base areas used for recreational
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football, basketball and general sports . Due to their greater shock
absorbency and lower surface friction, these areas are not
recommended for tennis or netball.
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Classification of surfaces
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Type 3
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Artificial grass areas with a shock pad and either heavily doused
with water before play or filled or dressed with sand or rubber
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crumbs.
These areas are used for sports such as hockey, football, lacrosse,
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and training for activities such as athletics, rugby.
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Construction of Surfaces
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Parking Areas
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General
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The parking lot design objective is to maximize the total number of
parking spaces in the space available with the following
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considerations:
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The parking layout should provide continuous flow of traffic through
the lot.
to buildings.
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The design should allow safe movement of pedestrians from parking
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The design should allow for appropriate landscaping of the parking
areas without conflicting with site lighting.
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PARKING LOT AISLE WIDTHS
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Curbs
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All new parking lots should
be constructed with
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perimeter curbs wherever
feasible. These curbs should
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be constructed of reinforced
concrete and should be
either monolithic or lay down
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depending upon the location
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and function of the curb. See
Figure 9.2.8 for an example
of a 6 monolithic concrete
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curb with gutter.
PAVEMENT SYSTEM
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Rigid pavements
main categories
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Pavements for vehicular use are generally divided into two
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Flexible pavements
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Construction Practices
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Drainage
Drainage problems are frequently a major cause of parking area
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pavement failures.
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Parking area surfaces should have a minimum slope of 2 percent
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Construction of Surfaces
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Tree pits & Tree surroundings
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Tree Guards
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They prevent soil compaction around the main roots and provide a
protective zone that is clearly demarked
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Secondly the surface treatment can serve as a water catchment
area and be reinforced by irrigation pipes built into the planting pit
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Thirdly the infill paving can be loose shingle, preforated blocks or
loose setts all of which they permit growth and allow for root
spread
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Tree pits for new planting
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The pits need to be dug at least 225mm deeper than the root ball to
improve the site drainage and filled with 150mm depth of gravel
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Tree pits in artificial conditions
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Precast concrete pits are used for car park where the tree pits serve
as division to the surface car park and the street level
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Tree grids are provided as galvanized steel frame in filled with
perforated blocks
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Tree Guard materials
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