COMUNICAREA CELULAR

Jonciuni de comunicare
Secreie de mesageri chimici
 CLASIFICAREA CELULELOR
ENDOCRINE
celule epiteliale

! neurosecreie (Scharrer E.,1928)

 DISTRIBUIA CELULELOR
ENDOCRINE

organ specializat gland endocrin

componenta endocrin a glandelor mixte
grupuri de celule endocrine incluse n
parenchimul unor organe specializate
DISTRIBUIA CELULELOR ENDOCRINE
Hipotalamus

Hipofiza Epifiza

Tiroid Paratiroide

Timus

Inim
Sistem
Suprarenale gastrointestinal

Rinichi Pancreas

Gonada

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J Basic Histology, 12 th Edition, 2010

 COMPLEXUL
HIPOTALAMO - HIPOFIZAR

http://www.studyblue.com
HIPOTALAMUSUL
Neuroni hipotalamici secretori

III

Sternberg Histology for Pathologist, second edition, 1997

Neuronii hipotalamici secretori

aparat de sintez proteic

! numeroi microtubuli
granule de secreie

- neuroni peptidergici -
HIPOTALAMUSUL ENDOCRIN

Neuroni magnocelulari
Neuroni parvocelulari
HIPOTALAMUSUL ENDOCRIN
Neuroni parvocelulari Neuroni magnocelulari
 1. NEURONII MAGNOCELULARI
Localizare:
- nc.SOP i nc.PV
Particulariti structurale: f 25 m
- aparat de sintez proteic bine dezvoltat
- granule de secreie: 160-200 nm
- axoni nemielinizai lungi:
* se termin asinaptic conexiuni de tip neurovascular
* pe traseu dilataii (corpii Herring)
* ajung n lobul posterior hipofizar:
tractul supraoptico-hipofizar
tractul paraventriculo-hipofizar
 1. NEURONII MAGNOCELULARI

Kierszenbaum AL, Histology and Cell Biology, second edition

CORPII HERRING (Herring PT, 1908)

Sternberg Histology for Pathologist, second edition

 1. NEURONII MAGNOCELULARI
Rol: peptide posthipofizare

Neurohormoni hipotalamici efectori
1. ADH (vasopresina)
2. ocitocina
 2. NEURONII PARVOCELULARI
Localizare: aria hipofiziotrop (1962, Halasz):
Particulariti structurale: f 15 m
- granule de secreie: 100-110 nm
- axoni scuri:
* se termin asinaptic conexiuni de tip neurovascular
* ajung: - n eminena median (plex capilar primar)
tractul tubero-infundibular
- n peretele ventriculului III
2. NEURONII PARVOCELULARI

http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/14/lecturenotes/134087

Sternberg Histology for Pathologist, second edition, 1997

 2. NEURONII PARVOCELULARI
Rol: peptide hipofiziotrope

Neurhormoni de eliberare (RH) i de inhibare (IH)
GH-RH GH-IH (SS)
TRH Dopamina
CRH
GnRH
2. NEURONII PARVOCELULARI
Mecanism de feedback
negativ
Feedback negativ
scurt

Feedback negativ
lung
 GLANDA HIPOFIZ
(PITUITARA)
(gr. hypo = sub, physis= cretere)
(lat. pituita = mucus)

10x13x6 mm
G= 0,5 gr
GLANDA HIPOFIZ
(PITUITARA)

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition, 2010

 GLANDA HIPOFIZ
(PITUITARA)

Eminena median
Lob tuberal
Tija pituitar
(infundibular)

Lob anterior Lob

hipofizar posterior
hipofizar
Lob
intermediar
hipofizar

Stevens A, Love J Histology Gower Medica Publishing

 GLANDA HIPOFIZ (PITUITARA)

III
TP
H LT

EM III

LA LP
LI

Gartner, Color Atlas of Histology, 3rd Edition

ORIGINE EMBRIOLOGIC

Neuroectoderm

Ectoderm

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 11 th Edition, 2005

VASCULARIZAIA COMPLEXULUI
HIPOTALAMO-HIPOFIZAR
Gr.T.Popa, Fielding U. (1930) G.Harris, J.D.Green (1935)
 1. ADENOHIPOFIZA

structur
predominant
celular

celule epiteliale
cu secreie proteic
Tipuri de celule n adenohipofiz
1. Coloraia HE:
- Cromofile
- Acidofile
- Bazofile
- Cromofobe
2. Metoda PAS
- PAS negative
- PAS pozitive
Tipuri de celule n adenohipofiz

Celule bazofile

Celule acidofile

Celul cromofob

http://group35endocrine.wikispaces.com/
Tipuri de celule n lobul anterior

A. Celule granulare (endocrine)

B. Celule agranulare
 Tipuri de celule n lobul anterior

A. Celule granulare (endocrine):

celule somatotrope (acidofile, PAS negative) 50%
somatotrop (STH, GH)
celule lactotrope (acidofile, PAS negative) 15-20%
prolactin (PRL)
celule corticotrope (bazofile, PAS pozitive) 15-20%
proopiomelanocortina (POMC)
celule tirotrope (bazofile, PAS pozitive) 5%
tirotropina (TSH)
celule gonadotrope (bazofile, PAS pozitive) 10%
gonadotropine (FSH i LH)
 Tipuri de celule n lobul anterior
B. Celule agranulare:
celule foliculostelate bazofile
?
n culturi: gonadotropi sau subuniti a
celule stem (precursoare) cromofobe
PRL PRL
 1.2. Lob intermediar
tipuri celulare:
celule bazofile / cromofobe
rol: pozitive pentru subuniti ale POMC
(b lipotropina, a MSH)
1.2. Lob intermediar

http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/4/imagegallery/221047/221074
1.2. Lob intermediar

http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/4/imagegallery/221047/221074
 1.3 Lob tuberal

tipuri celulare celule bazofile

rol: pozitive pentru Gn i ACTH
1.3. Lob tuberal

http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/4/imagegallery/221047/221074
 2. NEUROHIPOFIZA

structur
predominant
fibrilar
 2. NEUROHIPOFIZA

n toate componentele:
- fibre nervoase amielinice bogate n
microtubuli
axoni ai neuronilor din nc. SO i PV
direcie paralel cu axul lung al tijei
2.1. Lobul posterior

http://imueos.blogspot.ro/2010_04_01_archive.html
2.1. Lobul posterior

Corpi Herring

http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20sections/endocrine.html
 2.1. Lobul posterior
pituicite astrocite protoplasmatice
microglii
- coninut mare n lizozomi
- rol: fagocitoz
reea de capilare fenestrate
pituicite

http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop
/EM/eigeneEM/Hyphphysis/html

microglii

http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop
/EM/eigeneEM/Hyphphysis/html

http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/eigeneEM/Thyroidea/SD3E.html
 GLANDA TIROID
(gr. thyreos = scut, eidos= form)
5 cm / 2,5 cm G = 20- 30 gr.

Lob piramidal
Lalouette

Lob drept Lob stng

Istm
 ORIGINEA EMBRIOLOGIC
A GLANDEI TIROIDE

1. Celule foliculare endodermic

(canal tireoglos)
2. Celule parafoliculare neuroectodermic
(creste neurale)
ORIGINEA EMBRIOLOGIC

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition, 2010

ORIGINEA EMBRIOLOGIC

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887217111001673
 GLANDA TIROID
!!! Depoziteaz n cantitate mare
produii de secreie

depozitare extracelular (coloid)

necesarul de hormoni pentru 3 luni
 GLANDA TIROID
- organizare histologic -
capsul esut conjunctiv fibros
compartimentare n lobuli
organizarea parenchimului n foliculi
mase compacte celulare
esut conjunctiv interfolicular cu adipocite
(dup 50 ani)
bogat reea de capilare sangvine fenestrate
i capilare limfatice
inervaie: fibre vegetative
se distribuie vaselor i foliculilor
GLANDA TIROID

http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html
 GLANDA TIROID
Foliculii tiroidieni

coloid

http://people.upei.ca/bate/html/notesonthyroidfunction.html
GLANDA TIROID
Foliculii tiroidieni
 GLANDA TIROID

Tipuri celulare
1. celule foliculare (tireocite)
2. celule parafoliculare (celule C)
 1. Celula folicular
celul cu polaritate distinct care:
sintetizeaz proteine
secret proteine
reabsoarbe proteine
diger proteine
 1. Celula folicular
MO:
- citoplasm bazofil subnuclear
- nucleu cu nucleol evident n celula activ
1. Celula folicular

http://www.jonbarron.org/article/endocrine-system-thyroid-and-parathyroid-gland
 1. Celula folicular
MO
ME:
- RER
- CG
- mitocondrii
- microvili apicali
- vezicule:
- mici (TG)
- mari (coloid endocitat)
- lizozomi i fagolizozomi
- complexe joncionale
- receptori pentru TSH
1. Celula folicular
1. Celula folicular
 Etapele sintezei i secreiei
hormonilor tiroidieni iodai

1. Sinteza, secreia i depozitarea TG

2. Reabsorbia, difuzia i oxidarea iodului
3. Iodarea TG
4. Formarea hormonilor tiroidieni
5. Reabsorbia coloidului
6. Secreia hormonilor tiroidieni
 3

2
6

http://howmed.net/physiology/hormones-thyroid-gland/
Procesul de secreie:

faz exocrin
faz endocrin
2. Celule parafoliculare

mai mari
rare
izolate / grup
mai numeroase la copii
localizare
 2. Celule parafoliculare

MO:
- citoplasm palid (celule clare)
ME:
- nu au polaritate distinct
- RER i CG dezvoltate
- mitocondrii
- granule de secreie

calcitonina
(serotonin, somatostatin)
2. Celule parafoliculare

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition

2. Celule parafoliculare

http://www.cytochemistry.net/endocrine_system/thyroid_and_parathyroid.htm
2. Celule parafoliculare

http://www.cytochemistry.net/endocrine_system/thyroid_and_parathyroid.htm
2. Celule parafoliculare

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition, 2010

GLANDELE PARATIROIDE

3x6 mm G= 0,4 gr
GLANDELE PARATIROIDE
- origine embriologic -

endodermic
GLANDELE PARATIROIDE

http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/endocrine/parathyroid_and_thyroid_glands_20x.htm
 GLANDELE PARATIROIDE
- organizare histologic -

capsul conjunctiv subire

celule secretorii organizate n cordoane/ foliculi
nconjurate de capilare sangvine
tipuri celulare:
celule principale
celule oxifile
aspectul parenchimului variaz n funcie de
vrst
- copii: celule principale
- peste 5-7 ani : celule principale i oxifile
- la aduli involuie adipoas 60-70%
GLANDELE PARATIROIDE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parathyroid_gland_high_mag.jpg
 GLANDELE PARATIROIDE
1. Celule principale
mici, poligonale
MO:
- citoplasm variaz n raport cu activitatea
- incluziuni de glicogen i lipidice
- incluziuni de lipofuscin
ME:
- caracterele unei celule secretoare de proteine
- granule de secreie:
- mici (200 nm) spre periferia citoplasmei
- mari (400 nm) form de stocare
1. Celule principale

http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html
1. Celule principale

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/saortho/chapter_59/59mast.htm

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/saortho/chapter_59/59mast.htm
1. Celule principale

Parathormon
 GLANDELE PARATIROIDE
2. Celulele oxifile
mai mari
MO:
- citoplasm puternic acidofil i granular
- nucleu mic, dens
ME:
- numeroase mitocondrii modificate
- RE slab reprezentat !!! inactive din punct
- lipsesc gr. de secreie de vedere endocrin
2. Celule oxifile

http://ajilbab.com/parathyroid/parathyroid-gland-histology-group-picture-image-by-tag.htm
 2. Celule oxifile

http: www.um-mainz de FB Medizin/

Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMPinealE.html

RV Krstic Human Microscopic Anatomy, Springer-Verlag, 1997

GLANDELE SUPRARENALE (ADRENALE)
(Lat. ad = lng, ren = rinichi)

4(6)cm x 1(2)cm G= 8 gr
x 0,4(0,6)cm
MSR
CSR
Suprarenala
Suprarenal stng
dreapt
GLANDA SUPRARENAL
 GLANDA SUPRARENAL
- Origine embriologic -
CSR origine mezodermic
(epiteliul cavitii celomice)
Hormoni steroizi

MSR origine neuroectodermic

(crestele neurale)
Catecolamine
GLANDA SUPRARENAL
- Vascularizaie -
aa.cortical aa.medular
a.capsular

Stevens A, Love J Histology Gower Medical Publishing

 CORTICOSUPRARENAL
- Organizare histologic -

celule secretorii organizate n 3 zone:

glomerular
fasciculat
reticular
capilare sangvine
CORTICOSUPRARENAL
- Organizare histologic -

zona glomerular

zona fasciculat

zona reticular

http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cen/cen.htm
CORTICOSUPRARENAL
- Organizare histologic -

Zona glomerular

activitate
mitotic
Zona fasciculat

Zona reticular
CORTICOSUPRARENALA
Zona glomerular
(Lat. glomus = minge)
Sistemul renin-
10-15% angiotensin

Mineralocorticoizi

http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?
CORTICOSUPRARENALA
Zona fasciculat
(Lat. fascia = band)

75% ACTH

Glucocorticoizi
Androgeni

spongiocite

http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?
CORTICOSUPRARENALA
Zona reticular
(Lat. rete = reea)

ACTH
5-10%
Androgeni
Glucocorticoizi

http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?
 CORTICOSUPRARENALA
- Celule specializate pentru sinteza de
hormoni sterolici -
Mitocondrii cu
criste tubulare

REN

Incluziuni
lipidice

Lipofuscin
 Celule productoare de
hormoni sterolici
mitocondrii cu criste tubulo-
veziculare
REN dezvoltat
picturi lipidice
incluziuni de lipofuscin
microvili spre spaiul
subendotelial
lipsesc granulele de secreie
- nu depoziteaz hormoni -

RV Krstic Human Microscopic Anatomy, Springer-Verlag, 1997

Celul specializat pentru sinteza de
hormoni sterolici

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition

MEDULOSUPRARENALA

paraganglion simpatic

10%
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140
 Paraganglioni
mici glande neuroendocrine
se asociaz SNV
celule cromafine creste neurale

amine i peptide mici
 MSR

traductor neuroendocrin
 MEDULOSUPRARENALA
- Organizarea histologic -

celule secretorii organizate n cuiburi sau

cordoane ramificate
capilare sangvine i venule postcapilare
MEDULOSUPRARENALA

http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/adrenalglandhistology.html
 MEDULOSUPRARENALA
- Tipuri celulare n MSR -

celule cromafine (feocromocite)

neuroni ganglionari
 Celule cromafine
mari, columnare / poligonale
MO:
- citoplasma bazofil, fin granular
ME:
- aparat de sintez bine dezvoltat
- granule de secreii ( 150-350 nm)
(la polul capilar)
fiecare celul sinaps colinergic cu fibre
simpatice preganglionare
MEDULOSUPRARENALA

http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/adrenal/histo_medulla.html
 Tipuri de celule cromafine

celule cromafine care secret epinefrin (80%)

celule cromafine care secret norepinefin
Tipuri de celule cromafine

NE

Disciplina de Medicin Celular i Molecular UMF Carol Davila

 Tipuri de celule cromafine
celule cromafine care secret epinefrin (80%)
celule cromafine care secret norepinefin

Catecolamin
Cromogranine
Dopamin-b-hidroxilaza
Encefalin
ATP
Ca2+
 Sinteza catecolaminelor

Sinteza de proencefalin Conversia

i procromogranin n encefalin Tirozin

Tirozin

Dopa

Dopamin

Norepinefrin
Epinefrin

- Conversia n cromogranin
Exocitoz sub
aciunea
impulsului nervos
Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition
 Sinteza catecolaminelor
Tirozin

Dopa
Dopamin
Cortizol Dopamin
Dopamin-
b-hidroxilaza
NE Norepinefrin (NE)
PNMT
E Epinefrin (E)

PNMT Feniletanolamin-N-metiltransferaza
GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.ro/2012/06/pineal-gland-crystal-transducer.html
GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
- origine embriologic -

neuroectoderm

Kierszenbaum AL, Histology and Cell Biology, second edition

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
(lat. pinea = con de pin)

reces
pineal

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/316476/view
 GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
capsul pia mater

compartimentare
incomplet n lobuli

cel mai important

flux sangvin
GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/316478/view
 GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
- inervaia glandei pineale -

numeroase fibre simpatice amielinice

ganglionul cervical superior
conexiuni nervoase directe prin fibre
mielinice cu SNC ???

hipocamp
 GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
- pe msura naintrii n vrst:
crete cantitatea de esut conjunctiv

lobulaie evident
formaiuni chistice
concreiuni calcare

- nisip cerebral (corpora arenacea)
GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/316478/view
GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~anatomy/Histo/lab_6/endocrine/DMS166/popup.html
GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

Parenchimul glandular:

1. pinealocite
2. celule interstiiale

~ astrocite
 GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
- Pinealocite -
sunt neuroni modificai
MO:
- HE: citoplasm slab bazofil, nc. mare cu
nucleol evident
- imp.arg.: corp ramificat
- incluziuni: - lipidice
- glicogen
- pigmentare
- lipofuscin
GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition

 GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
Pinealocite
ME:
- aparat de sintez proteic
- REN
- granule de secreie miez dens, f 100 nm

serotonin
- numeroi microtubuli si microfilamente
- structuri tubulare dense acoperite de vezicule
GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
Pinealocite

http: www.um-mainz de FB Medizin/

Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMPinealE.html

http://www.isto.ucl.ac.be/safe/endo4.htm
 GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
Pinealocite
- enzime implicate n metabolismul aminelor
biogene:
- N- acetiltransferaza (NAT)
- HO- indol-O-metiltransferaza (HOIMT)
GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)
Pinealocite

1. Indolamine
(serotonina, melatonina)

2. Peptide
(argininvasotocina, angiotensina I)
 GLANDA PINEAL LA MAMIFERE

- controlat de nucleul hipotalamic suprachiasmatic

(NSC)

ceasul intern al organismului

- i dezvolt inervaia aferent cuplat prin

intermediul hipotalamusului cu retina

- acioneaz ca un traductor neuroendocrin

 Sistemul fotoreceptor care
mediaz secreia de melatonin
Modific activitatea NAT

Pinealocite
Tracturi retino-hipotalamice
Fibre simpatice
NSC postganglionare(NE)

Celule ganglionare
retiniene
Tract
hipotalamo-spinal
Ganglion cervical
superior
Mduva spinrii

Fibre simpatice
preganglionare
FOTOPERIODICITATEA FUNCIEI
GLANDEI PINEALE
ziua scade activitatea NAT

producia de melatonin
scade la lumin
noaptea crete activitatea NAT

producia de melatonin
crete la ntuneric
 Melatonina

hormonul ntunericului
(hormonul somnului)
 Melatonina
Ritm circadian (maxim noaptea)
sincronizat
cu ritmul endogen al nc.suprachiasmatic

Controleaz bioritmuri ale organismului

 Rolurile melatoninei
1. Efect antioxidant
2. Coordoneaz activitatea sistemului endocrin
3. Stimuleaz sistemul imun
4. Regleaz bioritmurile circadiene/sezoniere
 Bibliografie selectiv:
Ross MH, Wojciech P. Histology A Text and Atlas, 2011
Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 2013
Pakurar AS, Bigbee JW. Digital Histology, 2009
Alberts B and al. Molecular Biology of the cell, 2008
Mitchell BS, Peel A. Histology. An illustrated colour text, 2009
Kierszenbaum AL. Histology and Cell Biology, 2007
Gartner LP, Hiatt JL. Color Atlas of Histology, 2007
Pollard TD, Earnshaw WC. Cell Biology, 2004
Stevens A, Lowe J. Histology, 2004
Berman I. Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 2003