ELECTRICITY PRODUCE BY STEAM TURBINE.

CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT FOLLOWING STUDENTS OF DIPLOMA
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING V SEMESTER HAS COMPLETED THEIR
U.D.P. PROJECT WORK ENTITLED ELECTRICITY PRODUCE BY STEAM
TURBINE AT SHREE VASUDEVBHAI AND KANTIBHAI PATEL
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, KADI TOWARD THE PARTIALLY
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF DIPLOMA ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

STUDENTS NAME
MISTRY JAY V. (149710319506)

DATE: INSTITUTE GUIDE

DATE: HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

DATE: PRINCIPAL

DATE: EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is great pleasure to thank the many people who had made this project work
possible it is difficult to overstate our gratitude to our research supervisor Mr.
PARESH PATEL (mechanical department) in SHREE V & K PATEL INSTITUTE
OF ENGINEERING KADI for better co-operation. He provided us this opportunity to
work under his inspiration with his ensthusiasm and great efforts to explain things
clearly and simply he has also provided encouragement, sound device, good company
and lots of good ideas and his industrial as well as teaching experience.

We would like to express our deeply thanks to Mr. ALPESH PATEL and Mr.
PARESH PATEL for giving us co-operation for drawing, graphing and typing the
thesis and also contributing new ideas for framing this project work.

We also express our sincere thanks to Mr. J.S.UPADHYAY (Managing Director)

and Mr.NILAY SHAH (Principal) of SHREE V & K PATEL INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING.

Last but not the least, We would like to thank GOD almighty, our parents, our
family members, friends and to each and every person who has directly or indirectly
for their support and excellent co-operation to build our moral during the work and We
also express our sincere thanks to all the staff members of S.V.K.P.I.E. KADI, for
their timely advice and expertise.

MISTRY JAY V. (149710319506)

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INDEX

Title Page

Certificate Page

Acknowledgements

Index

List of Figures

Abstract

Chapter-1 Introduction

1.1) Introduction .........................................................................................................................8

Chapter-2 Types of Steam Turbine

2.1) The Impulse Turbine ..........................................................................................................9

2.2) The Reaction Turbine .......................................................................................................10
Chapter-3 Construction & Working Principle

3.1) Construction ......................................................................................................................13

3.2) Block Diagram ..................................................................................................................13
3.3) Working Principal.............................................................................................................14
Chapter-4 Components

4.1) Blades.................................................................................................................................15
4.2) Shaft ...................................................................................................................................16
4.3) Outer Casing......................................................................................................................16
4.4) Governor ............................................................................................................................17
4.5) Oil System .........................................................................................................................17
4.6) Pipes ...................................................................................................................................18
Chapter-5 Advantage, Disadvantage & Application

5.1) Advantage ..........................................................................................................................19

5.2) Disadvantage .....................................................................................................................19

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5.3) Application ........................................................................................................................20

Chapter-6 Cost Estimating

6.1) Cost Estimation. ................................................................................................................22

Chapter-7 Future Scope

7.1) Future Scope......................................................................................................................23

Chapter-8 Conclusion

8.1) Conclusion .........................................................................................................................25

Reference ..............................................................................................................................26

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LIST OF FIGURE

Fig No. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 Introduction of Steam Turbine. 08

2.1 Diagram of an Impulse Turbine. 09

2.2 Diagram of a Reaction Turbine. 11

3.1 Diagram showing Working of Steam turbine. 13

4.1 Diagram showing Parts of Steam Turbine. 16

4.2 Outer & Inner casing of Steam turbine. 17

4.3 Oil System. 18

4.4 Diagram showing Pipe Fittings. 18

7.1 The Industrial Turbine. 23

7.2 The Thermal Power Plant. 23

7.3 The Steam Turbine Powered Train. 24

7.4 The Turbine Boat. 24

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ABSTRACT

A power plant can be roughly divieded in to 3 parts. Furnace boiler, Turbine which includes
condenser pump, feed water heater, and rejection system and the electric generator. Steam from
furnace is supplied in wich K.E. of steam is used to drive the turbine of obtain Mechanical Energy.
Study of Steam turbine which is capable of generating power with its auxiliaries is studied in this
project.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1) Introduction

A turbine is a device that converts chemical energy into mechanical energy , specifically
when a rotor of multiple blades or vane is driven by the movement of a fluid or gas. In the case of a
steam turbine, the pressure and flow of newly condensed steam rapidly turns the rotor. This
movement is possible because the water to steam conversion results in a rapidly expanding gas.

As the turbine's rotor turns, the rotating shaft can work to accomplish numerous applications,
often electricity generation.

Fig No.:- 1.1 Introduction of Steam Turbine.

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CHAPTER 2

TYPES OF STEAM TURBINE

v Types Steam Turbine

The two most basic and fundamental types of steam turbines are the impulse turbine and the
impulse reaction turbine.

2.1) The Impulse Turbine

The impulse turbine consists of a set of stationary blades followed by a set of rotor blades
which rotate to produce the rotary power. The high pressure steam flows through the fixed blades,
which are nothing but nozzles, and undergo a decrease in pressure energy, which is converted to
kinetic energy to give the steam high velocity levels. This high velocity steam strikes the moving
blades or rotor and causes them to rotate. The fixed blades do not completely convert all the pressure
energy of the steam to kinetic energy, hence there is some residual pressure energy associated with
the steam on exit. Therefore the efficiency of this turbine is very limited as compared to the next
turbine we are going to review- the reaction turbine or impulse reaction turbine.

Fig No.:- 2.1 Diagram of an Impulse Turbine.

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Working of Impulse Turbine

The impulse turbine was one of the basic steam turbines. It involved striking of the blades by
a stream or a jet of high pressure steam, which caused the blades of the turbine to rotate. The
direction of the jet was perpendicular to the axis of the blade. It was realized that the impulse turbine
was not very efficient and required high pressures, which is also quite difficult to maintain. The
impulse turbine has nozzles that are fixed to convert the steam to high pressure steam before letting
it strike the blades.

Impulse Turbine Mechanism

Impulse turbine Mechanism deals with the Impulse force action-reaction.

As we all know the Newton 3rd law of motion," Every action has equal and opposite
reaction", the same is work on this.

As the water fall on the blade of the rotor it generate the impact force on the blade surface,
The blade tends to give the same reaction to the fluid, but the rotor is attached to the rotating
assembly, it absorb the force impact and give the reaction in the direction of the fluid flow. Thus the
whole turbine rotates.

The rotation speed of the turbine depends on the fluid velocity, more the fluid velocity,
greater the rotation speed, and greater the speed means more power generation.

2.2) The Reaction Turbine

The reaction turbine is a turbine that makes use of both the impulse and the reaction of the
steam to produce the rotary effect on the rotors. The moving blades or the rotors here are also nozzle
shaped (They are aerodynamically designed for this) and hence there is a drop in pressure while
moving through the rotor as well. Therefore in this turbine the pressure drops occur not only in the
fixed blades, but a further pressure drop occurs in the rotor stage as well. This is the reason why this

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turbine is more efficient as the exit pressure of the steam is lesser, and the conversion is more. The
velocity drop between the fixed blades and moving blades is almost zero, and the main velocity drop
occurs only in the rotor stage.

Fig No.:- 2.2 Diagram of a Reaction Turbine.

WORK ING OF REACTION TURB INE

In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzle
Reaction Turbines.

In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles.
This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the
nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It
leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes
direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across
both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the
rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and
temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.

This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates

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through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the
stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then
changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs
across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating
through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both
pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.

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CHAPTER 3

CONSTRUCTION & WORKING PRINCIPAL

3.1) CONSTRUCTION

The super heated steam from the boiler super heater is bleed into high pressure turbine where
the expansion takes place up to an intermediate pressure.

This intermediate steam is next further bleed into intermediate pressure turbine after
reheating expansion occurs. This expanded steam further sent into low pressure turbine.

The kinetic head of the steam is used to rotate or drive the turbine rotor due to expanding on
the turbine blades. This rotor of the turbine is coupled to generator shaft.

Due to revolution of generator shaft produces the electricity (based on the faradays law).
The power generated is 14KV is connected to the step up transformer producing 400 KV and further
connected to switchyard for distribution.

3.2) BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig No.:- 3.1 Diagram showing Working of Steam turbine.

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3.3) WORK ING PRINCIPAL

In reciprocating steam engine, the pressure of energy of steam is used to overcome external
resistance and dynamic action of the steam is negligibly small. Steam engine may be return by using
the full pressure without any expansion or drop of pressure in the cylinder.

The steam energy is converted mechanical work by expansion through the turbine. The
expansion takes place through a series of fixed blades (nozzles) and moving blades each row of fixed
blades and moving blades is called a stage. The moving blades rotate on the central turbine rotor and
the fixed blades are concentrically arranged within the circular turbine casing which is substantially
designed to withstand the steam pressure.

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CHAPTER 4

COMPONENT

Steam turbines are machines that are used to generate mechanical (rotational motion) power
from the pressure energy of steam. Steam turbines are the most popular power generating devices
used in the power plant industry primarily because of the high availability of water, moderate boiling
point, cheap nature and mild reacting properties. The most widely used and powerful turbines of
today are those that run on steam. From nuclear reactors to thermal power plants, the role of the
steam turbine is both pivotal and result determining.

A steam turbine basically has a mechanical side, and an electrical side to it. The mechanical
components include the moving parts (mechanical), such as the rotor, the moving blades, the fixed
blades, and stop valves, while the electrical side consists of the generator and other electrical
components to actually convert the energy into a usable, easily transferable form.

4.1) Blades

For starters, a simple turbine works just like a windmill. Only, in the steam turbines of today,
rather than striking the blades directly, the blades are designed in such a way as to produce
maximum rotational energy by directing the flow of the steam along its surface. So the primary
component that goes into a steam turbine is its blades. The blades of a steam turbine are designed to
behave like nozzles, thus effectively tapping both the impulse and reaction force of the steam for
higher efficiency. Nozzle design itself is a complex process, and the nozzle shaped blade of the
turbine is probably one of the most important parts in its construction. The blades are made at
specific angles in order to incorporate the net flow of steam over it in its favor. The blades may be of
stationary or fixed and rotary or moving or types.

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Fig No.:- 4.1 Diagram showing Parts of Steam Turbine.

4.2) Shaft

The shaft is a power transmitting device and is used to transmit the rotational movement of
the blades connected to it at one end via the rotor to the coupling, speed reducer or gear at the other
end.

4.3) Outer Casing

The steam turbine is surrounded by housing or an outer casing which contains the turbine and
protects the device components from external influence and damage. It may also support the
bearings on which the shafts rest to provide rigidity to the shaft. Usually split at the center
horizontally, the casing parts are often bolted together for easy opening, checking and steam turbine
maintenance, and are extremely sturdy and strong.

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Fig No.:- 4.2 Outer & Inner casing of Steam turbine.

4.4) GOVERNOR

The governor is a device used to regulate and control or govern the output of the steam
turbine. This is done by means of control valves which control the steam flow into the turbine in the
first place.

4.5) Oil System

A steam turbine has thousands of moving parts and all these parts not only have to move in
high velocities, but also need to be protected from wear and tear over the years. This is done by
effective lubrication by the oil system, which governs the pressure, flow and temperature of the
turbine oil, the bearing oil and lubrication of other moving parts.

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Fig No.:- 4.3 Oil System.

4.6) PIPES

The pipe is an all important steam turbine component that brings the steam from the boiler to
the turbine. This has to be done without an appreciable loss in pressure, and at the same time, must
be able to withstand all these pressures safely. The pipes should be easy to clean and are prone to
deposits on their inner surfaces. Deposits on the inner surface of the steam pipe reduce the net steam
flow area, throwing forth a negative effect on the efficiency.

Fig No.:- 4.4 Diagram showing Pipe Fittings.

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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGE, DISADVANTAGE AND APPLICATION

5.1) Advantage

Since the steam turbine is a rotary heat engine, it is particularly suited to be used to
drive an electrical generator.
Thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is usually higher than that of a reciprocating
engine.
Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines.
Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.
Steam turbine are suitable for large thermal power plants. They are made in a variety of
sizes up to 1.5 GW (2,000,000 hp) turbines used to generate electricity.
In general, steam contains high amount of enthalpy (especially in the from of heat of
vaporization). This implies lower mass flow rates compared to gas turbines.
In general, turbine moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a
reciprocating engine.

Steam turbine have greater reliability, particularly in applications where sustained high
power output is required.

5.2) Disadvantage

Although approximately 90% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam
turbines, they have also some disadvantages.

Relatively high overnight cost.

Steam turbines are less efficient then reciprocating engines at part load operation.
They have longer startup then gas turbines and surely than reciprocating engines.

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Less responsive to changes in power demand compared with gas turbines and with
reciprocating engines.

5.3) APPLICATION

The Steam turbines of today are mostly used in the power production field. Steam turbines
are used to efficiently produce electricity from solar, coal and nuclear power plants owing to the
harmlessness of its working fluid, water/steam, and its wide availability. Modern steam turbines
have come a long way in increasing efficiency in performance and more and more efforts are being
made to try and reach the ideal steam turbine conditions, though this is physically impossible!
Almost every power plant in the world, other than hydro electric power plants, that use turbines that
run on water (the Francis, Pelton turbines also have the influence of steam turbines) , use steam
turbines for power conversion. With all the scientific advancement in power generation being
attributed to them, steam turbines really have changed the way the world moves!

Steam turbines are devices which convert the energy stored in steam into rotational
mechanical energy. These machines are widely used for the generation of electricity.

Utility Steam Turbine Applications

Applications for utility Steam Turbines are applied for control of straight condensing, reheat
and non-reheat steam turbines up to 300MW. These upgrades may include integrated generator
control for generator protection and excitation/ AVR upgrades, utilizing the latest commonly
available industry-standard digital equipment.

Industrial application of steam turbine

Applications of Industrial Steam Turbines cover all straight condensing, non-condensing, and
automatic extraction steam turbines. Specific design features are incorporated to address control
issues often unique to process plants including paper mills, oil refineries, chemical plants, and other

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industrial applications, generator and mechanical drive.

Some of the worlds largest turbines manufacturing companies that are seeing the rewards of
research and steam turbine advances are coming together to develop highly efficient turbines. The
collaboration of Mitsubishi Heavy Machinery and General Electric Energy (GE Energy) for the
conceptualization and design of a highly efficient next- generation steam turbine for its inception
in combined cycle gas turbine power plants recently has further proved that there is still a lot to be
achieved in steam turbine related research and development, and that the scope for improvement can
be much higher.

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CHAPTER 6

COST ESTIMATION

6.1) Cost Estimation.

SR.NO. NAME OF PIECES PRICE/PIECE TOTAL

COMPONENT

1 Steam Pressure 2 1200 2400

Gauge.

2 Steam Cock. 4 400 1600

3 Steam Valve. 4 400 1600

4 Safety Valve. 2 600 1200

5 Bearing. 4 300 1200

6 Cooper Tube. 5 250 1250

7 Nut & Bolt 25 10 250

8 Welding cost - 500 500

TOTAL 10000

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CHAPTER 7

FUTURE SCOPE

7.1) Future Scope

Following all types of operation can be carried out by the proper steam turbine as per the
requirement. Here are some operation.

Fig No.:- 7.1 The Industrial Turbine.

Fig No.:- 7.2 The Thermal Power Plant.

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Fig No.:- 7.3 Steam Turbine Powered Train.

Fig No.:- 7.4 The Turbine Boat.

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

8.1) Conclusion

Summer Training gives the idea of 'general awareness in steam turbine manufacturing', & its
process. it's provides practical idea to manufacturing several components of turbine.

Steam power plants are located at the water and coal available places. steam is utilized to
rrun the turbine, in turn gives the power to generator and generator produces the electricity, the
electricity is utilized for lighting, running the industries, for lighting of offices, school, etc. Boiler is
an important component of the power plants, it produces the steam.

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REFERENCE

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&u
act=8&ved=0ahUKEwj1kpHwpbPWAhUNSI8KHZmFChIQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20150324005328%2Fen%2FToshib
a-Receives-Order-Supply-Steam-Turbine-
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https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmaintenancepartners.com%
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HSB.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmaintenancepartners.com%2F12-day-overhaul-
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XbpbPWAhXCPY8KHWzGAPUQMwhUKCQwJA&iact=mrc&uact=8

https://www.slideshare.net/rajputdchauhan/a-report-on-steam-turbine

https://www.scribd.com/doc/65398545/STEAM-TURBINE-Project-Training-Report

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