Material Types

Unbound (soil)
Natural (i.e., subgrade)
Select (i.e., subbase, base)
Asphalt concrete
Portland cement concrete
Stabilized materials
Cement stabilized
Bituminous stabilized
Bedrock
Recycled
Material Properties
Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

Material Properties Needed for Design Material Models

Pavement response model material inputs
Modulus (stiffness)
Poissons ratio
Materials-related pavement distress criteria
Permanent deformation resistance
Fatigue resistance
Strength
Other material properties
Density
Permeability
Thermal expansion coefficient

Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.
(Yoder and Witczak, 1974)

1
 Material Models

Linear elasticity
Asphalt
Stabilized layers
Unbound layers
Linear viscoelasticity
Soil Classification
Asphalt Systems
Nonlinear (all materials, to some extent)
Nonlinear elasticity
Plasticity
Nonlinear viscoelasticity
Viscoplasticity
Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

Soil Classification Soil Classification Systems

The separation of soil into classes or MIT
groups each having similar characteristics
and potentially similar behaviour AASHTO
USCS
Few simple (routine) tests are used to
classify soils. FAA
Gradation (Sieve Analysis)
Atterberg Limits (LL & PL)

Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

2
 MIT Classification
AASHTO Classification
Material Size (mm)
Boulder > 60
AASHTO: American Association of State
Fine 26
Highways and Transportation Officials
Gravel Medium 6 20
Coarse 20 60 Used mainly for subgrade rating for
Fine 0.06 0.2 highway purposes.
Sand Medium 0.2 0.6
Coarse 0.6 2 Requires:
Fine 0.002 0.006
Gradation
Silt Medium 0.006 0.02
LL
Coarse 0.02 0.06
Clay < 0.002
PI

Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

AASHTO Classification Notes

NP = Non Plastic (No Clay)
Granular Material (%P#200 35%) Fine Grained Material The First Group to Fit the Date from the Left is the Correct
(%P#200 > 35%) AASHTO Classification.
The Placement of A-3 before A-2 is necessary for the left to
right process and does not indicate superiority of A-3 over
A-2
#10
#40 **For A-7-5 soil PI LL-30
#200
Characteristics of **For A-7-6 soil PI > LL-30
Material P#40

**For A-7-5 soil PI LL-30, For A-7-6 soil PI > LL-30 Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

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 Group Index (GI) USCS Classification

GI is used to evaluate soils within one

group. USCS: Unified Soil Classification
GI = 0.2 a + 0.005 a.c + 0.01 b.d (0 to 20)
System
a = %P#200 35 (0 to 40) Used mainly for geotechnical purposes
b = %P#200 15 (0 to 40)
Requires:
c = LL 40 (0 to 20)
Gradation
d = PI 10 (0 to 20)
LL
GI to the nearest whole number (integer) PI
High GI low quality material
EX: A-7-6(5), A-7-6(18)

Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

USCS Classification Computing CU and CC

Soil Symbol Property Symbol
Gravel G Well Graded W
D60 Coefficient of Uniformity
Sand S Poor Graded P
CU
Silt M High LL (High Plasticity) H D10 High Values Indicate Well-
Clay C Low LL (Low Plasticity) L Graded Soil
Peat Pt Clay C
2 Coefficient of Curvature
Organic O Silt M D30
soil CC Values Between 1-3 Indicate
EX: SC Clayey Sand EX: Dual Symbol: SP-SM
D10 D60 Well-Graded Soil
GW Well Graded Gravel poorly graded sand
CL Clay with low plasticity with silt
Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

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 A-Line Chart USCS Classification

Separates Clays and Silts

60

50
PLASTICITY INDEX

40 CH

30

CL
20
MH
OH &
CL-ML MH
10
ML
ML &
OL
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public
LIQUID LIMIT
Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

USCS Classification (Coarse-Grained) USCS Classification (Fine-Grained)

ML
Cu>4, Cc = (1-3) G 60
Less than W Fine- LL<50%
CL
Coarse- % P #4 < 50% Grained
PLASTICITY INDEX

50
5% Fines Not satisfying GW GP
Grained Soils
Soils (Gravel, G) 40 CH
OL
A.L. Below A-Line or PI<4 GM
More than 30
CL
12% Fines PI>7& A.L. Above A-Line GC %P#200> OH
MH & MH MH
20
%P#200 50% CL-ML

50% Cu>6, Cc = (1-3) SW LL>50% 10 ML

Less than ML
& CH
OL
% P #4 > 50% 5% Fines Not satisfying SW SP 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
(Sand, S) LIQUID LIMIT OH
A.L. Below A-Line or PI<4 SM
More than
12% Fines PI>7& Above A-Line Highly Organic Soils Pt
SC

Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

5
 Dual Symbols Comparison between the AASHTO and
USCS Unified Systems
For the following conditions a dual symbol
should be used: Both systems are based on the texture and
plasticity of the soil.
a) 5% < %P#200 < 12% Both systems divide the soils into two
The first symbol is indicative of the gradation (W or major categories: Coarse grained and Fine
P), the second symbol is indicative of the fines. grained based on %P#200 SI sieve.
EX: SP-SM poorly graded sand with silt AASHTO:
%P#200 < 35% Coarse grained
b) Fine grained soils within the shaded zone in the A- %P#200 > 35% Fine grained
line chart (PI between 4 and 7, LL between 12 and Unified:
25). %P#200 < 50% Coarse grained
EX: CL-CM, Silty clay with Low LL %P#200 > 50% Fine grained

Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

Comparison between the AASHTO and

Unified Systems (Contd)

AASHTO: #10 sieve separates gravels and

sand
Unified: #4 sieve separates gravels and
sand
AASHTO : There is no organic soil
Unified : There is organic soil
AASHTO: gravely and sandy soils are not
clearly separated
Unified: gravely and sandy soils are clearly
separated
Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. (NCHRP 1-37A. 1999)

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 FAA Classification

FAA: Federal Aviation Administration

Used mainly for soil classification for airport
construction.
Requires:
Gradation
LL
PI

Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept. (Das, 1990) Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

FAA Classification (Yoder & Witczak 1975)

FAA Classification Chart for Fine-Grained
Soil % R#10 %P#10, %P#60, %P#270 LL PI
Group R#60 R#270 Soils
E-1 0-45 40+ 60- 15- 25- 6- Plasticity Index
E-2 0-45 15+ 85- 25- 25- 6- 0 10 20 30 40 50 10 60 70
100
E-3 0-45 - - 25- 25- 6-
90
E-4 0-45 - - 35- 35- 10- E-12
80
E-5 0-55 - - 45- 40- 15- E-11
70
liquid Limit

E-6 0-55 - - 45+ 40- 10-

E-9 E-10
E-7 0-55 - - 45+ 50- 10-30 60
E-8
E-8 0-55 - - 45+ 60- 15-40 50
E-9 0-55 - - 45+ 40+ 30- E-7
40
E-10 0-55 - - 45+ 70- 20-50 E-6
30
E-11 0-55 - - 45+ 80- 30+
E-12 0-55 - - 45+ 80+ - 20
(Yoder & Witczak 1975)
E-13 Muck and Peat Field Examination 10
Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.

7
 It is Hard to be
an engineer!

Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering Public Works Engineering Dept.