29-Oct-17

CE-512
BRIDGE ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN

Prof. Rashid A. Khan

COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Identify types, structural forms & design
process of common concrete bridges
To gain a comprehensive understanding
of bridge loading
Understand the methods of structural
analysis of bridge structures.

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COURSE OUTLINE-
PROSPECTUS
Bridge Loading & Bridge System
Type of Deck Structure & Idealization
Orthotropic Plate Theory and its Application to Multi Girder
System
Use of Finite Difference and Finite Strip Method
Composite Steel Girder Slab Bridges, Pseudo Slab, Girder Slab
and Multi-beam Pre-stressed Concrete Bridges
Design Consideration for Substructures

HIDDEN TOPICS Codes and References

Hydrology for Bridges
Bearings
Expansion Joints
Skewed Bridges

COURSE PLAN
Week Topics to be Covered
1 Introduction to Bridge Systems
2 Bridge Components
3 Hydrology and Planning of Bridges
4 Type of Deck Structures and Idealization
5 Bridge Loadings (WPHC)
6 Bridge Loadings (AASHTO)
7 Design Methods (WPHC, AASHTO, Manually using Codes and Software)
8 Girder-Slab and Multi Beam Type Pre-stressed Concrete bridges
9 Test #1
10 Superstructure Analysis (Levers Rule AASHTO)
11 Grillage Method of Superstructure Analysis
12 FE Modeling (SAP2000)
13 Type of Substructures and Idealization
14 Design of Substructures (Abutment/Piers)
15 Student Presentations
16 Test #2

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REFERENCE BOOKS AND

CODES

CONCRETE BRIDGE PRACTICE BY V.K RAINA

BRIDGE DECK BEHAVIOUR BY E.C AMBLY
PRESRESS DESIGN BY- A.H.NILSON
AASHTO-LRFD
BS-5400
BD-37
WPHC
BRIDGE DETAILING GUIDE CIRIA
PCI- HANDBOOK

Prestress Loss

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Introduction
In prestressed concrete applications, most important variable is the
prestress.

Prestress does not remain constant (reduces) with time.

Even during prestressing of tendons, and transfer of prestress, there

is a drop of prestress from the initially applied stress.

Reduction of prestress is nothing but the loss in prestress.

Prestress loss is nothing but the reduction of initial applied prestress

to an effective value.

Loss of prestress is a great concern since it affects the strength of

member and also significantly affects the members serviceability
including Stresses in Concrete, Cracking, Camber and Deflection.

Methods of Prestressing
Pre-tensioning the application of the predetermined
force or moment before concrete hardens.
Post-tensioning the application of the
predetermined force or moment after concrete hardens.

Loss of Prestress
Short-Term or Immediate Losses
immediate losses occur during prestressing of tendons, and
transfer of prestress to concrete member.

Long-Term or Time Dependent Losses

Time dependent losses occur during service life of structure.

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Loss of Prestress

Prestress Losses

Time
Immediate
Dependent

Elastic Anchorage
Friction
Shortening Slip

Creep Shrinkage Relaxation

Loss of Prestress
Due to Material
Prestress Losses

Concrete Steel

Elastic
Creep Shrinkage
Shortening

Anchorage
Friction Relaxation
Slip

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Loss of Prestress
Pre-
Type of Loss Post-tensioning
tensioning
No, if all the cables are simultaneously
Elastic Shortening Yes tensioned.
If the wires are tensioned in stages loss will exist.
Anchorage Slip No Yes
Friction Loss No Yes
Creep Yes Yes
Shrinkage of Concrete Yes Yes
Relaxation of Steel Yes Yes
Note : Combined losses ranges from 10 to 30%

Permissible Stresses in Concrete Flexural Members-

ACI

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Permissible Stresses in Prestressing

Steel-ACI

Permissible Stresses in Prestressing

Steel-ACI

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Methods for Estimating Prestress

Losses

1. Lump sum estimate of the total time-

dependent loss of prestress after transfer
2. Lump sum estimates of the separate total loss
due to each time-dependent
3. Accurate determination of losses by the time-
step method

Lump Sum Estimate of Prestress Loss:

AASHTO LRFD

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Lump Sum Estimate of Prestress Loss: AASHTO LRFD

Notes: I. For low-relaxation
strands, the values specified in
the table may be reduced by:
4.0 ksi (28 MPa) for box girders,
6.0 ksi (41 MPa) for rectangular
beams, solid slabs, and I-
girders, and 8.0 ksi (55 MPa) for
singleT's, doubleT's, hollow
core, and voided slabs.
2. For members made from
structural lightweight concrete
the values specified in Table
8.3 shall be increased by 5.0 ksi
(35 MPa).
3. The upper bound and the
average are same for
prestressing bars.

Lump Sum Estimate of Each Time-dependent

Total Loss Due to Shrinkage Loss - AASHTO LRFD
For pretensioned members:
fpS= (17- 0.15H) (ksi)
fpS = (117-1.03H) (MPa) where:
H = the average annual
For posttensioned members: ambient relative humidity
fpS = (13.5-0.123H) (ksi) in percent.
fpS = (93- 0.85H) (MPa)
Total Loss Due to Creep

fpC = 12fcgp-7fcdp 0
fcgp concrete stress at center of gravity of prestressing steel at time of transfer of
prestress (ksi or MPa)
fcdp = change in concrete stress at center of gravity of prestressing steel, due to
permanent loads, with the exception of the load acting at the time the prestressing
force is applied. So essentially the self-weight of the member is not considered.
Values of fcdp should be calculated at the same section or sections for which fcgp is
calculated (ksi or MPa).

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Lump Sum Estimate of Each Time-dependent

Total Loss Due to Relaxation Loss - AASHTO LRFD
The total relaxation loss at any time after jacking shall be taken as the
sum of losses that occur between jacking and transfer ( fpR1 ), and
losses that occur after transfer ( fpR2 ). For posttensioned members,
fpR1 is zero.
Between Jacking and Transfer

For low-relaxation strand:

Lump Sum Estimate of Each Time-dependent

Total Loss Due to Relaxation Loss - AASHTO LRFD
After Transfer

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Lump Sum Estimate of Each dependent Loss - PCI

Total Loss Due to Friction

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