Chapter 9 Mechanical Waves Student

LU 9 :
MECHANICAL
WAVES
9.1 Types of Waves
9.2 Properties of Waves
9.3 Superposition of wave
9.4 Stationary Waves
MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 1

INTRODUCTION
A wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through
a medium from one location to another location
A wave is a mean of transfer of energy through vibration
Types of waves:
Mechanical waves
are any waves that move through a medium
examples: - water waves
- sound waves
- waves in a string (rope)
- waves in a spring
factors produce mechanical wave:

- material medium (e.g : water, air)
- vibrating object in the medium
Oscillation
Vibration of particle
up and
down
wall
If an object vibrates in a material medium
Molecules of material will vibrate at the same frequency
The vibration will be transferred to neighboring molecules
Result: a long stretch of vibrating molecules which gives the

appearances of moving wave profile
Progressive waves
distribute energy from a point source to a
surrounding area. They move energy in the
form of vibrating particles
There are two different types of progressive

waves:
i. Transverse wave
ii. Longitudinal wave

At the end of this topic students should be
able to:
i. Differentiate between transverse wave and
longitudinal wave

9.1 Types Of Waves
1) Transverse Wave
transverse waves is defined as a wave in which the direction of

vibrations of the particle is perpendicular to the direction of the
wave propagation (wave speed)
direction of
vibrations
particle direction of the propagation
of wave

It shows the displacement of the particles at various
positions at a certain time
Displacement (y) vs (x) distance graph of a transverse wave
Examples of the transverse waves:

- Water waves and electromagnetic waves such as light

2) Longitudinal Wave
longitudinal waves is defined as a wave in which the direction of

vibrations of the particle is parallel to the direction of the wave
propagation (wave speed)
particle
direction of direction of the propagation

vibrations of wave
compression rarefaction

Displacement (y) vs distance (x) graph of a longitudinal wave
Examples of the longitudinal waves:

- sound waves

Comparison between transverse &
longitudinal wave
Transverse waves Longitudinal waves
vibrations are perpendicular vibrations are parallel to the

to the wave motion wave motion
If the wave is travelling If the wave is travelling
horizontally, the vibrations horizontally, the particles
will be up and down will be compressed closer
example: waves on a together horizontally, or
stretched string expanded horizontally as
they go along. The particle
movement is a series of
compressions and expansion
example : waves are
repetitive compression and
expansion produced in a
spring


9.2 Properties Of Waves
Terminology
1) Displacement, y
Distance moved by a particle from its equilibrium position
at every point along the wave.
2) Amplitude, A
The amplitude of the wave is the size of maximum of a wave
increases the energy carried by the wave
3) Frequency, f (Hz)
The frequency of a wave is the number of complete
wavelengths produces in one second
4) Period, T (s)
The time taken for one complete oscillation of a particle

5) Wavelength, (m)
The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two
neighboring particles which vibrates in phase???
6) Wave number, k (m-1)
Number of cycles of a wave in unit length
7) Angular frequency, (rads-1)
Mathematical concepts, 2 f????
8) Wave speed, v (ms-1)

defined as the distance travelled by a wave in one second
1
v T
T f
v f
The equation of progressive waves is written as:
y ( x, t ) A sin t kx
Displacement, y
Wave number
Amplitude, A Angular frequency k=2
=2f


Progressive Wave Equation
Let us consider a wave originating at O (as shown in
figure) is travelling along positive x axis. (to the right).
If y be the simple harmonic displacement of a particle
at position O, then y is expressed as:
y A sin t
O x
-A

? Relation between phase difference and path difference
when two particles separated by :

the phase difference 2
for 1 unit separation: 2

the phase difference

So, for x unit separation:
the phase difference 2
x

Case 1: A wave travel from the left to the right. (+ve x-axis)
y v
vt Wave at t=0
A Wave at t
O x
P
-A
Consider a particle P at a distance vt from the particle O on its

right.
Let the wave travel with a velocity v from left to right
Since it takes some time for the disturbance to reach P, its
displacement can be written as:
where is the phase difference between the particles O and P
y v
vt Wave at t=0
Wave at t 0 A Wave at t
y A sin t O
P
x
-A
Wave at time t
2x
y A sin t

2x 2
y A sin t k

y A sin t kx
Case 2: A wave travel from the right to the left. (-ve x-axis)
v
vt
A
x O
-A
its displacement can be written as:
y ( x, t ) A sin t kx

Direction of wave propagation
y A sin t
Wave originating at O
y A sin t kx
wave propagates to the positive x-direction
y A sin t kx
wave propagates to the negative x-direction
Example 1
The equation of a progressive wave is given as,

y 0.3 sin 200t 5x
where x and y is in cm and t in s.
Determine,
(a) Amplitude
(b) Frequency
(c) Wave number
(d) Speed of the wave
(e) Direction of the wave
21
MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017
Wave Propagation Velocity VS Particle Vibration Velocity
The velocity of moving wave profile is called Wave Propagation Velocity

or Wave Velocity.
The velocity of the particles of the medium vibrating in the y-direction is
called the particle vibration velocity.
Wave velocity Particle Velocity

Equation v f dy
vy
dt
Value of velocity Constant Changes
If y=0, v y max
If y A, v y 0
Acceleration Zero dvy d2y
ay 2
dt dt
The velocity of a wave in a rope is given by
T T= tension in the rope
v = mass per unit length
22 of the rope
Particle
Velocity
Wave velocity

Example 2
A wave is travelling in a medium along a straight line at constant speed
250 ms-1 has frequency 100 Hz. Determine the phase difference between
two particles on the path of the wave separated by 1.5 m

Exercise 1
The equation of a transverse wave on a string is given
y 0.5 sin( 2t 3x)
where y and x are measured in meter and t is in second.

Determine:
(a) the direction of the propagation wave
(b) the amplitude
(c) the frequency
(d) the wavelength
(e) the wave velocity
(f) the particle vibration velocity at x=2 m and t=1 s

Displacement Time & Displacement Distance Graph
yt y-x
Graph
y T y
A A
O t x
T
y A sin t y A sin kx
y-t graph shows the variation of y-x graph shows the displacement y
displacement y of the vibrating of the vibrating particle at
particle with time. different distance from the source.
Data y=displacement at time t y=displacement at time t

Displayed t=time x=distance from the source
A=amplitude A=amplitude
T=period
MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 =wavelength27
Exercise 2
A progressive wave is represented by the equation
10x
y 0.2 sin 100t
13
Where y is in cm, t is in second and x, the distance from point O in
metre.
(a) Calculate
(i) The frequency
(ii) The wavelength
(iii) The speed of the wave
(b) What is the phase difference between a point 0.25 m from O and
another point 0.75 m from O?
(c) Write the wave equation of a progressive wave having twice
amplitude, twice frequency and moving in the opposite direction
in the same medium.

Exercise 3:
The graph of displacement against distance for a wave produced on a
string by 100 Hz generator is as shown
Determine the
(a) Amplitude
(b) Frequency
(c) Period
(d) Wavelength
(e) Velocity of the wave MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 30
able to:
i. State the principle of superposition of waves and use it

to explain constructive and destructive interference
ii. Explain the formation of stationary wave
iii. Use the stationary wave equation
iv. Distinguish between the progressive and stationary
waves

9.4 Superposition of Waves
Superposition of waves occurs when two or more progressive waves

of the same type pass through the same space at the same time
Principle of Superposition
In the region where two or more waves meet, the resultant displacement
is equal to the algebraic sum of the individual displacements due to each
wave at each point
The process of superposition of the waves is also known as interference
Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two

waves meet while traveling along the same medium

Two types of interference:
1) Constructive Interference
2) Destructive Interference
1) Constructive Interference
if the displacement of two individual waves at the point of
superposition are in the same directions, then the resultant
displacement is greater than its individual separate displacement
A
2A
t
+ =
A

2) Destructive Interference
the individual displacements are in opposite directions then the
resultant displacement is less than its individual separate displacement
+ = 0
t
A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blur0MemUQA
able to:
i. Explain the formation of stationary wave

ii. Use the stationary wave equation
iii. Distinguish between the progressive and stationary
waves

9.4 Stationary Waves
Stationary wave is also known as standing wave
Stationary waves are formed when two progressive waves are

superposed and the two waves are:
travelling in opposite directions

equal frequency
same amplitude
same speed

Why do we care about standing waves?
because virtually every musical instrument creates sound through
standing waves
violins, guitars and pianos use strings: vibrations created when a string
is bowed, plucked or hit reflect back-and-forth along the string, creating
standing waves
in flutes, organs and marimbas, sound waves travel back-and-forth
inside tubes
Guitar
Flute

Figure shows
graphically
how a
stationary
wave is
produced by
superposition
of two
progressive
waves of the
same
amplitude,
frequency, and
speed but
travelling in the
opposite
direction.

Be sure to notice that:
the pink wave (standing wave) does not appear to be moving left or right.
In other words, it isn't propagating. That's why it's called a standing
wave
some spots along the standing wave are not moving at all the
amplitude is zero. These are called nodes
other locations, halfway between the nodes, have big amplitude. These
are antinodes
the distance from node to node (or antinode to antinode)

is half the wavelength
Stationary wave equation
Wave travel from left to right, y1 A sin t kx
Wave travel from right to left , y 2 A sin t kx
Let t kx
t kx
So, y1 A sin
y2 A sin
Stationary wave, y s
y1 y 2
A sin A sin
Asin sin

A 2 sin
cos Substitute t kx

2 2
t kx

A 2 sin
t kx t kx cos t kx t kx

2 2
2t 2kx
A 2 sin cos
2 2
2 A sin t cos kx
40
Difference between progressive and stationary waves
Progressive wave Stationary wave

Energy is transmitted along the wave Energy is not transmitted to a region
Profile of the wave moves Profile of the wave is stationary
Amplitude of vibration is the same at Amplitude of vibration varies
all points of the wave sinusoidal along the wave
There are no nodes and antinodes There are nodes and antinodes
The phase of vibration of the Between any two neighboring nodes,
particles changes along the wave all particles vibrate in phase.
stationary wave
A A A A
| | | progressive wave 1
N N | N N N
progressive wave 2

Exercise 4
Two identical waves are travelling towards each other.
3 2
y1 0.3 sin( t x)
5 19
3 2
y2 0.3 sin( t x)
5 19
Derive the equation of standing wave
Answer: ys = 0.6 sin (3/5 t) cos (2/19 x)

44

Chapter 9 Mechanical Waves Student

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LU 9 :

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 1

A wave is a mean of transfer of energy through vibration

factors produce mechanical wave:

If an object vibrates in a material medium

Molecules of material will vibrate at the same frequency

The vibration will be transferred to neighboring molecules

Result: a long stretch of vibrating molecules which gives the

There are two different types of progressive

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 4

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 5

transverse waves is defined as a wave in which the direction of

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 6

Displacement (y) vs (x) distance graph of a transverse wave

Examples of the transverse waves:

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 7

longitudinal waves is defined as a wave in which the direction of

direction of direction of the propagation

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 8

Examples of the longitudinal waves:

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 9

Transverse waves Longitudinal waves

vibrations are perpendicular vibrations are parallel to the

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 11

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 12

8) Wave speed, v (ms-1)

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 14

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 15

when two particles separated by :

for 1 unit separation: 2

Consider a particle P at a distance vt from the particle O on its

its displacement can be written as:

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 19

wave propagates to the positive x-direction

The equation of a progressive wave is given as,

The velocity of moving wave profile is called Wave Propagation Velocity

Wave velocity Particle Velocity

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 23

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 24

y 0.5 sin( 2t 3x)

where y and x are measured in meter and t is in second.

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 25

Data y=displacement at time t y=displacement at time t

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 28

i. State the principle of superposition of waves and use it

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 31

Superposition of waves occurs when two or more progressive waves

The process of superposition of the waves is also known as interference

Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 32

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 33

i. Explain the formation of stationary wave

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 35

Stationary waves are formed when two progressive waves are

travelling in opposite directions

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 36

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 37

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 38

the distance from node to node (or antinode to antinode)

Progressive wave Stationary wave

MDM NOR HAYATI JAYA 2016/2017 41

Answer: ys = 0.6 sin (3/5 t) cos (2/19 x)

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