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AUTNOMA DE PUEBLA
LABORATORIO DE INGENIERA ll
PRCTICA No. 6
INTERCAMBIADOR DE CALOR DE TUBO Y CORAZA
INTEGRANTES:
DELGADO PLITO CARLOS DANIEL
LOZADA SANCHEZ JOSEFINA
SIMN CORTS JONATHAN
1
INDICE
Objetivos3
Introduccin...4
Procedimiento20
Resultados .23
Conclusiones..28
Referencias.29
2
OBJETIVOS
OBJECTIVES
General
General
Especficos
Specifics
3
INTRODUCCIN
INTRODUCTION
Energy can cross the edge of a closed system in two different ways: heat and work.
It is important to distinguish between these forms of energy, so it is first analyzed in
order to form a solid basis for the development of the laws of thermodynamics.
Experience tells us that if a can of carbonated beverage is left on the table, at some
point it will reach room temperature, while the other will be hot. When a body is placed
in a medium that is at a different temperature, the energy transfer takes place
between the body and the medium until the thermal equilibrium is established, that
is, when both reach the same temperature.
Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between the systems (or
between a system and the outside) due to a temperature difference. That is, a half-
time interaction has a short duration. From this it follows that there can be no heat
transfer between the systems at the same temperature.
INTERCAMBIADORES DE CALOR
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Los intercambiadores de calor son aparatos que facilitan el intercambio de calor entre
dos fluidos que se encuentran a temperaturas diferentes y evitan al mismo tiempo
que se mezclen entre s. Los intercambiadores de calor difieren de las cmaras de
mezclado en el sentido de que no permiten que se combinen los dos fluidos que
intervienen.
En un intercambiador la transferencia de calor suele comprender conveccin en cada
fluido y conduccin a travs de la pared que los separa. En el anlisis de los
intercambiadores de calor resulta conveniente trabajar con un coeficiente de
4
transferencia de calor total U que toma en cuenta la contribucin de todos estos
efectos sobre dicha transferencia. La razn de la transferencia de calor entre los dos
fluidos en un lugar dado a un intercambiador depende de la magnitud de la diferencia
de temperatura local, la cual vara a lo largo de dicho intercambiador.
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids
that are at different temperatures and avoid at the same time that they mix with each
other. The heat exchangers differ from the mixing chambers in that they do not allow
the two fluids involved to be combined.
In an exchanger the heat transfer usually comprises convection in each fluid and
conduction through the wall that separates them. In the analysis of the heat
exchangers, it is convenient to work with a total heat transfer coefficient U which takes
into account the contribution of all these effects to the transfer. The ratio of heat
transfer between the two fluids at a given location to an exchanger depends on the
magnitude of the local temperature difference which varies along said exchanger.
TIPOS DE INTERCAMBIADORES DE CALOR
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
Otro tipo de intercambiador de calor, diseado especficamente para lograr una gran
rea superficial de transferencia de calor por unidad de volumen, es el compacto.
(fig 11-1)
The simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric tubes of different
diameters, as shown in the figure below called double tube heat exchanger. Two
types of flow arrangement are possible in a double tube heat exchanger: in the
parallel flow the two fluids, cold and hot, enter the exchanger at the same end and
move in the same direction. On the other hand, in the counterflow the fluids enter the
exchanger at opposite ends and flow in opposite directions.
Another type of heat exchanger, specifically designed to achieve a large heat transfer
surface area per unit volume, is the compact. (fig 11-1)
5
En los intercambiadores compactos los dos fluidos suelen moverse de manera
perpendicular entre s y a esa configuracin de flujo se le conoce como flujo cruzado,
el cual todava se clasifica ms como flujo no mezclado o mezclado, dependiendo
de su configuracin. (fig 11-13)
In compact exchangers the two fluids tend to move perpendicular to each other and
that flow configuration is known as cross flow, which is still classified more as unmixed
or mixed flow, depending on its configuration. (fig 11-3)
6
Perhaps the most common type of heat exchanger in industrial applications is that of
tubes and shells. These heat exchangers contain a large number of tubes
(sometimes several hundred) packed in a helmet with their axes parallel to the
helmet. The heat transfer takes place as one of the fluids moves inside the tubes,
while the other moves through them, passing through the shell. It is common to place
deflectors on the shell to force the fluid to move transversely to said shell in order to
improve heat transfer, and also to maintain a uniform spacing between the tubes. The
tube and shell exchangers are further classified according to the number of steps
performed by the shell and the tubes. For example, exchangers in which all tubes
form a U in the shell are said to be one-step through the shell and two passes through
the tubes.
An innovative type of heat exchanger that has found widespread use is plate and
frame (or plate only), which consists of a series of plates with corrugated and crushed
steps for flow (Figure 11-6). The hot and cold fluids flow in alternating steps, thus
each cold fluid stream is surrounded by two streams of hot fluid, which results in a
very efficient transfer of heat.
7
Fig. 11-6
Otro tipo de intercambiador de calor que se relaciona con el paso alternado de las
corrientes de los fluidos caliente y fro a travs de la misma rea de flujo es el
regenerativo. El intercambiador regenerativo del tipo esttico bsicamente es una
masa porosa que tiene una gran capacidad de almacenamiento de calor, como la
malla de alambre de cermica. Los fluidos caliente y fro fluyen a travs de esta masa
porosa de manera alternada.
Another type of heat exchanger that relates to the alternating passage of hot and cold
fluid streams through the same flow area is the regenerative one. The static type
regenerative exchanger is basically a porous mass that has a large heat storage
capacity, such as ceramic wire mesh. Hot and cold fluids flow through this porous
mass alternately.
Fig. 11-8
Por lo comn un intercambiador de calor est relacionado con dos fluidos que fluyen
separados por una pared slida. En primer lugar, el calor se transfiere del fluido
caliente hacia la pared por conveccin, despus a travs de la pared por conduccin
y, por ltimo, de la pared hacia el fluido fro de nuevo por conveccin. Cualesquiera
efectos de la radiacin suelen incluirse en los coeficientes de transferencia de calor
por conveccin.
La red de resistencias trmicas asociada con este proceso de transferencia de calor
comprende dos resistencias por conveccin y una por conduccin, como se muestra
en la figura 11-7
Usually a heat exchanger is related to two fluids flowing separated by a solid wall.
First, the heat is transferred from the hot fluid to the wall by convection, then through
the conducting wall, and finally, from the wall into the cold fluid again by convection.
Any effects of radiation are usually included in convective heat transfer coefficients.
The network of thermal resistances associated with this heat transfer process
comprises two resistors by convection and one by conduction, as shown in the figure
11-7.
.
8
(0 /
= . 1
2
pressure heating systems. It provides uniform, reliable and uniform process heat
without the need for high pressures. The following table shows some terminol
characteristics:
9
Tabla 1. Caractersticas del Terminol 55 a diferentes temperaturas
En el anlisis de los intercambiadores de calor resulta conveniente combinar todas
las resistencias trmicas que se encuentran en la trayectoria del flujo de calor del
fluido caliente hacia el fro en una sola resistencia R y expresar la razn de la
transferencia de calor entre los dos fluidos como
In the analysis of the heat exchangers, it is convenient to combine all the thermal
resistances that are in the path of the heat flow of the hot fluid towards the cold in a
single resistance R and express the ratio of the heat transfer between the two fluids
as
= = = = 0 0 . 2
10
DESCRIPCION DEL EQUIPO
DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT
1. Torre de enfriamiento
2. Tanque de agua fra
3. Bomba de alimentacin de agua fra
4. Bomba de recirculacin
5. Intercambiador de calor de coraza y tubos
6. Tanque de calentamiento de aceite
7. Bomba de aceite
8. Rotmetro
9. Sensores de temperatura
10. Gabinete de control
11
1. Cooling Tower
2. Cold water tank
3. Cold water feed pump
4. Recirculation pump
5. Heat exchanger shell and tubes
6. Oil heating tank
7. Oil pump
8. Rotameter
9. Temperature Sensors
10. Control cabinet
COMPONENTES PRINCIPALES
MAIN COMPONENTS
14
ee) Un controlador digital de temperatura 48 x 48 DIN montado sobre gabinete de
control. Marca West, modelo P6101/Z1100.
a) Fully instrumented small scale pilot unit for laboratory. Mounted on structure
in profile of reinforced aluminum industrial type with wheels. Composed of a
process unit and a control cabinet, both units are interconnected to form a
single installation.
b) The hot fluid for the heat exchanger is provided by a heating system that works
with thermal oil. The cold fluid for the heat exchanger is provided by means of
cold water coming from the cooling tower
c) Hot fluid for heat exchangers; thermal heating oil with temperature range of -
25 to 290 degrees Celsius, pale yellow color, viscosity between 20.5 and 34.1
cSt, density of 877 kg / m3 and specific gravity of 0.88 to 0.91
d) hermal fluid recirculation tank (Hot oil) for hot fluid supply to a heat exchanger,
made of stainless steel, with a capacity of 25 liters.
e) Turbine pump for hot fluid (thermal oil) supply to 1 "suction port heat
exchanger, made of iron, with VITON mechanical seal, coupled by means of
a flexible motor electric coupling of 1 HP, 1750 RPM , 230 VAC, 60 Hz, 3
phases. Sentinel brand, model T1 SM FE.
f) Tank made of stainless steel with heating resistance for recirculation oil. Power
6,000 Watt. 240 VAC
g) Feeding tank and recirculation of cold fluid to system of heat exchangers
manufactured transparent material with capacity of 35 liters. The cold fluid is
heated in the heat exchangers and fed to the cooling tower for recirculation.
Operation in closed circuit.
h) Centrifugal pump of cold water supply to heat exchanger, power 0.5 HP,
maximum flow 2800 l / h. By-pass manufactured in PVC pipe type 80 industrial
type for feed pump. Pedrollo brand, model CP m 600 x
i) Water flow control valve for industrial heat exchanger system, type 80.
j) Heat exchanger type shell and tubes, with glass shell, nominal diameter DN
four inches, made of borosilicate glass, length 50 cm. Tubes made of stainless
steel nominal diameter DN half inch. Number of tubes for heat exchanger: 19,
length of tubes 53 cm. Five deflectors for heat exchanger, made of stainless
steel. Mirrors for pipes made of stainless steel. Heads for hot fluid inlet to the
tubes, made of borosilicate glass. Total transfer area for heat exchanger type
shells and tubes: 4000 cm2.
k) Pipes, valves and accessories for circulation of cold fluid in heat exchanger,
manufactured in PVC type 80 industrial type. Pipes, valves and accessories
for circulation of hot fluid in heat exchangers, made of stainless steel.
l) Four high temperature hoses with valve type quick connectors for different
arrangements in the shell and tube type heat exchanger.
m) Induced draft cooling tower, packed with counter flow operation. Walls made
of transparent material for visualization of the process, height: 100 cm.
Packing for cooling tower, composed of sheets of thermoformed PVC in
diagonal arrangement. Dimensions per block: 26 x 26 cm, height: 15 cm.,
Number of blocks: 4. Brand Thermal cooling tower, model CF1200 max.
15
n) Sistema de eliminador de roco, compuesto por lminas de PVC
termoformado en arreglo sinusoidal. Dimensiones por bloque: 26 x 26 cm,
altura: 13 cm., Numero de bloques: uno. Marca Thermal cooling tower, modelo
CF150 max.
dd) Seven digital indicators for measuring temperature, air velocity and relative
humidity, type 48 x 48 DIN mounted on control cabinet. Brand West, model
P6011 / Z3100.
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ee) A 48 x 48 DIN digital temperature controller mounted on control cabinet. West
Brand, model P6101 / Z1100
17
h) Un Mini contactor de 9 A, 240 VAC, marca Telemecanique, modelo LC1-
K0910-M7
i) Dos contactores de 32 A, 240 VAC, marca Telemecanique, modelo LC1-D32-
M7
j) Cuatro Mini contactores de 9 A, 127 VAC, marca Telemecanique, modelo
LC1-K0910- F7.
k) Cuatro Bloques de contactos auxiliares NO-NC, marca Telemecanique,
modelo LA1- KN11.
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TUBOS PARA INTERCAMBIADORES DE CORAZA
TUBES FOR HEEL EXCHANGERS
Los tubos para intercambiadores de calor tambin se conocen como tubos para
condensador y no debern confundirse con tubos de acero u otro tipo de tubera
obtenida por extrusin a tamaos normales de tubera de hierro. El dimetro exterior
de los tubos para condensador o intercambiador de calor, es el dimetro exterior real
en pulgadas dentro de tolerancias muy estrictas. Estos tubos para intercambiador se
encuentran disponibles en varios metales, los que incluyen acero, cobre, admiralty,
metal Muntz, latn, 70-30 cobre-nquel, aluminio-bronce, aluminio y aceros
inoxidables. Se pueden obtener en diferentes gruesos de pared, definidos por el
calibrador Birmingham para alambre, que en la prctica se refiere como el calibrador
BWG del tubo.
Heat exchanger tubes are also known as condenser tubes and should not be
confused with steel tubes or other types of pipe obtained by extrusion to normal sizes
of iron pipe. The outside diameter of the condenser or heat exchanger tubes is the
actual outside diameter in inches within very strict tolerances. These exchanger tubes
are available in various metals, including steel, copper, admiralty, metal Muntz, brass,
70-30 copper-nickel, aluminum-bronze, aluminum and stainless steels. They can be
obtained in different wall thicknesses, defined by the Birmingham wire gauge, which
in practice is referred to as the tube BWG gauge.
CORAZAS
HEARTS
Las corazas hasta de 12 plg de dimetro IPS se fabrican de tubo de acero. Sobre 12
e incluyendo 24 plg el dimetro exterior real y el dimetro nominal del tubo son los
mismos. El grueso estndar para corazas con dimetros interiores de 12 a 24 plg
inclusive, es de 3/8 plg, lo que es satisfactorio para presiones de operacin por el
lado de la coraza hasta de 300 lb/plg2 . Se pueden obtener mayores gruesos para
presiones superiores. Las corazas mayores de 24 plg de dimetro se fabrican
rolando placa de acero.
The cuffs up to 12 in IPS diameter are made from steel tube. Over 12 and including
24 plg the actual outside diameter and nominal pipe diameter are the same. The
standard thickness for shells with inner diameters of 12 to 24 in. Inclusive is 3/8 in.
Which is satisfactory for shell-side operation pressures up to 300 lb / in. Greater
thicknesses can be obtained for higher pressures. Shells larger than 24 in. In
diameter are made by rolling steel plate.
19
PROCEDIMIENTO
PROCESS
20
17. Apague el soplador centrfugo de aire.
18. Espere a que la temperatura del agua disminuya hasta la ambiente y entonces
suspenda el suministro de agua a la torre.
19. Descargue la torre.
20. Al finalizar la experimentacin el equipo debe dejarse perfectamente limpio para
usos posteriores.
21
17. Turn off the centrifugal air blower.
18. Wait for the water temperature to drop to the ambient temperature and then
suspend the water supply to the tower.
19. Unload the tower
20. At the end of the experiment the equipment should be left perfectly clean for later
use.
22
RESULTADOS
RESULTS
Flujos en Paralelo
The data obtained during the experiment were recorded in the following tables, as
well as the necessary water and oil parameters, which will be necessary to perform
the corresponding calculations.
In order to carry out the corresponding calculation of the heat, proceed to use the
formula:
23
1 = ( )( )(() () ) Ecuacin 1
Todas estas son variables conocidas, por lo cual no hay ningn problema para el
clculo de calor. El delta de temperatura se obtiene por medio de:
All these are known variables, so there is no problem for the calculation of heat.
The temperature delta is obtained by means of:
Delta de Temperatura del fluido caliente:
() = =(61.760.7)C=1.7C
Delta de Temperaturadelfluidofrio:
() = =(28.625)=3.6 C
In order to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient "U", the following formula is
used:
24
= 2
Donde
Q: Calor total del sistema.
: Area de transferencia de calor = 4000 2= 0.42
Where
Q: Total heat of the system.
: Heat transfer area = 4000 2 = 0.42
: Mean logarithmic temperature.
In turn, the average logarithmic temperature is performed with the following formula:
= Ecuacin 3.
En este caso se esta trabajando con los flujos en paralelo, por lo cual:
In this case is working with the flows in parallel, so that:
1 = (60 25) = 35 = 308.15
2 = (60.7 28.6) = 32.1 = 305.25
Una manera de entender el orden de los deltas, en el caso de flujo paralelo, es con
el siguiente diagrama:
One way to understand the order of the deltas, in the case of parallel flow, is with the
following diagram:
25
1 2 307.15 305.25
= = = = 306.6977 = 33.5477
307.15
ln 1 ln
2 305.25
As it is required to calculate the global coefficient of heat transfer "U", it can be cleared
of the equation 2, leaving of the form:
= Ecuacin 4
En la siguiente tabla se muestran los resultados obtenidos de U con la anterior
formula:
The following table shows the results obtained from "U" with the previous formula:
Q (Watts) U (W/m2C)
549.3804 40.9402
1099.10912 81.9064
1650.3425 122.9847
Flujos en Contracorriente
Para este arreglo se van a utilizar los mismos datos que se ocuparon en los flujos
paralelos, por consiguiente, se van a obtener los mismos resultados de Q.
For this arrangement, the same data that was used in the parallel flows will be used,
therefore, the same "Q" results will be obtained.
In this case, the difference is to be found in the calculation of the average logarithmic
temperature, we will occupy the equation #, but the order of the temperatures will
differ
26
Para entender como serian los deltas de temperatura en este caso, nos podemos
guiar del siguiente diagrama:
To understand how the temperature deltas would be in this case, we can follow the
following diagram:
1 2 304.45 306.95
= = = = 305.6839 = 32.5339
1 304.45
ln ln
2 306.95
Already obtaining this value proceeds to calculate "U", with the equation 4. The
following table shows the values obtained from this coefficient.
Q (Watts) U (W/m2C)
548.6148 42.1571
1097.4755 84.3332
1647.8827 126.6281
Tabla 9. Valores obtenidos de U en flujo contracorriente
27
CONCLUSIONES
CONCLUTIONS
Los datos utilizados en este reporto fueron tomados de otro equipo que de igual
manera realiz este experimento, y gracias a estos datos se pudo entender de
manera terica el funcionamiento del intercambiador de calor de tubo y coraza, ya
que se pudo realizar todos los clculos correspondientes.
In order to carry out this practice, several problems arose which were not foreseen,
since one of the pumps used in this equipment was decomposed, which made it very
difficult to perform this practice, therefore, the decision was made not to to do it,
because there was a risk of damaging the equipment.
The data used in this report were taken from another team that also performed this
experiment, and thanks to these data could theoretically understand the operation
of the heat exchanger tube and shell, since all the corresponding calculations could
be made.
28
REFERENCIAS
REFERENCES
29