CH-1-2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces in Wellbore

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LESSON-1
Internal
PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Should be able
Describe the relationship between the fluid properties and hydraulic
forces present in the wellbore.
Internal
Derive the hydrostatic pressure equation for liquid and gas columns.

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
The Science of Fluid mechanics is very important to the drilling engineer.

because
Extremely large Pressures are created by the fluid In long Slender wellbore and
Tubular Pipe Strings by the presence of drilling mud and cement
Internal These Subsurface pressure must be considered in almost every well problem
encountered.

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
The Common Well Conditions

(1) Static Condition (in which both the wellbore fluid and drill string are at rest)
(2) Circulating Condition (in which the fluids are being pumped down the Drill string
and up the annulus)
Internal (3) Tripping Operation Condition (in which the drill string is being moved up or down
through the fluid)
The second and third conditions are complicated by the non-Newtonian behavior
of drilling fluids and cements
BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Column
Depends on
Fluid Density (Specific Weight)
Internal
Depth of the well (Height of Fluid Column)
But Pressure is also dependent on fluid force (F) exert on a unit area (A)

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Column
Internal

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Subsurface Well Pressure can easily be determined for static well condition
The Variation in Pressure with respect to Depth in a fluid column can be obtained by considering
the free body diagram (See Above Fig) for the vertical forces acting on an element of fluid at a
depth D in a hole of cross-sectional area A.

Internal
The Downward force on the fluid element exerted by the fluid above is given by the pressure P
times the cross-sectional area of the element A.
F1 = P. A
BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Likewise There is an upward force on the element exerted by the fluid below given by

2 = + A

In addition, the weight of the fluid element is exerting a downward force given by
3 = . .
Where is the specific weight of the fluid. Since the fluid is at rest, no shear forces exist and the
Internal
above three forces shown must be in equilibrium:

P.A - + A + . . = 0

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Expansion of the second term and division by the element volume .
= .
If we are dealing with a liquid such as
Drilling Fluid or Salt Water

Internal
Fluid Compressibility is Negligible and specific weight can be considered constant with depth.
So Integrate the above equation for incompressible liquid which gives

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
= . + 0 (A)
Where 0, the constant of integration, is equal to the surface pressure (D= 0), Normally the static
Pressure 0 is zero unless the blowout preventer of the well is closed. The specific weight of the
liquid in field units is given by
= 0.052
Internal
Thus the hydrostatic pressure equation is given by
= 0.052 () ()

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Example - 1
Internal

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Hydrostatic Pressure in Gas Column

In Many Drilling and Completion operations, a gas is present in at least a portion of the well.
In Some cases, gas is injected in the well from the surface while in other cases gas may
enter the well from subsurface formation.
The variation of pressure with depth in a static gas column is more complicated than in a
Internal
static liquid column because the gas density changes with changing pressure
The gas behavior can be described using the real gas equation defined by

= =

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

The gas behavior can be described using the real gas equation defined by

= = ()

Where
P = Absolute Pressure M = Gas Molecular Weight, and
V = Gas Volume z = Gas Deviation Factor

Internal
n = Moles of gas
R = Universal Gas Constant
T = Absolute Temperature
m = Mass of Gas

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

The Gas deviation factor z is a measure of how much the gas behavior deviates from that of
an ideal gas.
An Ideal gas is one in which there are no attractive forces between gas molecules.
Gas deviation factor for natural gases have been determined experimentally as a function of
Internal
temperature and pressure and a readily available in the petroleum literature.
The simplifying assumption of ideal gas behavior will generally be made to assist the student
in focusing more easily on the drilling hydraulics concepts being developed.

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

The Gas density can be expressed as a function of pressure by rearranging above equation
(B).
Solving this equation for gas density Yields
Internal
Changing unit from consistent units to common field units gives

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

------------------------- (C)
Internal
Where is expressed in pounds mass per gallon, P is in pounds per square inch absolute,
and T is in degree Rankine.

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
When the length of the gas column is not great and the gas pressure is above 1000 psia, the
hydrostatic equation for incompressible liquids given by equation A can be used together with
equation C without much loss in accuracy. However, when the gas column is not short or
highly pressured, the variation of gas density with depth within the gas column should be
taken into account.
Internal
Using

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
If the variation in z within the gas column is not too great, we can treat z as a constant, .
Separating variables in the above equation yields
Internal
----------------------- (D)

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Example - 2
Internal

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
SOLUTION
The pressure in the annulus at a depth of 10,000 ft is given by equation (A)
Internal
The Pressure in the tubing at a depth of 10,000 ft. is given by equation (D)

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
SOLUTION
Thus, the pressure difference is given by
Which is considerably below than the collapse pressure of the tubing
Internal
The density of the gas in the tubing at the surface could be approximated using equation (C).
As follows

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
SOLUTION
This interesting to note that the use of this density in equation (A)
Internal
Which is within the16 Psi of the answer obtained using the more complex equation (D)

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Internal

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Reference
Applied Drilling Engineering by
Chapter 4
Internal

BY . ASIF ZAMIR
Internal

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

CH-1-2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces in Wellbore

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CH-1-2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces in Wellbore

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Describe the relationship between the fluid properties and hydraulic

forces present in the wellbore.

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The Science of Fluid mechanics is very important to the drilling engineer.

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The Common Well Conditions

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Column

Fluid Density (Specific Weight)

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Column

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

depth D in a hole of cross-sectional area A.

times the cross-sectional area of the element A.

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

above three forces shown must be in equilibrium:

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Expansion of the second term and division by the element volume .

If we are dealing with a liquid such as

Drilling Fluid or Salt Water

So Integrate the above equation for incompressible liquid which gives

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Thus the hydrostatic pressure equation is given by

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Hydrostatic Pressure in Gas Column

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Hydrostatic Pressure in Gas Column

V = Gas Volume z = Gas Deviation Factor

R = Universal Gas Constant

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Hydrostatic Pressure in Gas Column

temperature and pressure and a readily available in the petroleum literature.

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Hydrostatic Pressure in Gas Column

Solving this equation for gas density Yields

Changing unit from consistent units to common field units gives

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Hydrostatic Pressure in Gas Column

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Separating variables in the above equation yields

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The pressure in the annulus at a depth of 10,000 ft is given by equation (A)

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS SEMESTER- JANUARY 2017