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TABLE I.
THE STATE OF THE POWER DEVICE IN BOOST MODE
TABLE II.
THE EIGHT KINDS OF RUNNING STATES IN INTERLEAVED BOOST MODE
From table III, we also can see that in Buck mode, only Figure 3c The equivalent sub-circuits of state3
the power device (S1u,S2u,D1d,D2d) have switching
commutation, the power device (S1d,S2d,D1u,D2u) are in
constant off state. The power switches S1u and S2u have
180-degree phase difference of driving pulses in a cycle
from each other. The current ripple of output power
supply reduced greatly because the two 180-degree phase
difference inductor currents minify the fluctuation of each Figure 3d The equivalent sub-circuits of state4
other. In one switching cycle Ts, considering the
commutation of power switches and diodes
(S1u,S2u,D1d,D2d), there also have eight kinds of
running states. The analysis method of Buck mode is
similar to the Boost mode, we will not analyze the work
station in detail in this paper.
From the analysis above, we can see that adopt
Figure 3e The equivalent sub-circuits of state5
appropriate control method , we can realize the conversion
from Boost mode to Buck mode easily. Full digital control
makes this conversion become easy.
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TABLE III. V r* I o* d Vo
THE STATE OF THE POWER DEVICE IN BUCK MODE Gvr Gir e−Ts Gvd
III. THE DESIGN OF THE CONTROLLER Figure 5 The dual-loop controller of the converter
The control scheme of the dual-phase DC/DC The loop gains for inner current loop and outer voltage
converter(Boost mode) is shown in fig. 4. From fig. 4 we loop can be expressed as:
can see that the converter adopt dual-loop control. In the
dual-loop control structure, the outer loop is voltage loop, H i (S ) = Gir * Gid * e −Ts (1)
which provides the current reference for the inner current −Ts
Gvr * Gir * e * Gvd
loop. The inner current loop can suffice the faster transient Hv (S ) = (2)
response of the DC/DC converter’s requirement. This 1 + Hi
control requires the sampling of two variables: output Hi: Current loop gain, Hv: Voltage loop gain
voltage Vo , output current Io , which are obtain through Gir: Current loop compensator, Gvr: Voltage loop
conventional Hall transducers. compensator
A limiter on the output current reference is crucial in e-Ts: Delay caused by sampling period, computation time
this controller. This is because during large signal and duty cycle update
transient like startup period, there is a big difference In the dual-loop system, the current compensator is
between the voltage reference and the DC output voltage. designed for good loop dynamics, and the voltage
As a result, the output of the voltage compensator could compensator is designed for the desired crossover
give a command to the current loop higher than the frequency and phase margin.
maximum allowable current, resulting in the damaging the
device. A limit on the output of the current loop is also IV. EXPERIMENT RESULT
crucial in this controller. This is because the Based on the analysis above, using TMS320LF2407A
TMS320LF2407A DSP is a fixed-point DSP, if we do not DSP as main controller, a prototype of a fully digital
limit the maximum value of the output of the current loop, controlled Dual-phase Boost converter was constructed
the value will be unpredictable when the converter work at with its basic technical specification as follows:
some nonideal state, the PWM waveform will be P=150KW, 250V≤Vs≤450V, Vo=584V. The proposed
abnormal, and these maybe result in damaging the device. converter weigh 50kg and hold 50L, which is lessen one-
From fig. 4 we can see the control system of this third of the volume and weight than single phase Boost
converter is a double closed-loop system, outer voltage converter, moreover , the fluctuation of current is less than
loop and inner current loop, full digital control with DSP. 10%. Fig. 6 is the photo of the converter.
Now we draw the control graph of the dual-loop controller Figures 7 are the waveforms of the dual-phase DC/DC
in fig. 5. converter (Boost mode) which is working at 75KW. Fig.
7a is the driving signals of the two phase IGBT switches,
which have equal duty and have 180-degree phase
difference. Fig. 7b is the waveform of its output voltage
and output current, which shows that the voltage
fluctuation is less than 1%. Fig. 7c is the waveform of the
inductor current of one phase and output voltage, it can be
seen that the converter run at critical state between CCM
mode and DCM mode. Fig. 7d is the waveform of voltage
and current of inductor at half load. Fig. 7e is the
waveform of two phase inductor current at half load.
Io
Io
I o* Vo Vo
H V (S )
Vo*
H i (S )
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Fig. 7f is the waveform of two inductor current and the
sum of the two inductor current. Fig. 7g is the waveform
of inductor current and input current. From the graph we
can see that the ripple of inductor current can reduce the
infection for input current obviously when we adopt
interleaved control. The ripple coefficient of the input
current is less than 10%. Fig.8 is the waveform of output
voltage and output current when the system is soft start
and soft stopped. The time of soft start and soft stopped
can be redesigned easily. Fig. 9 is the system efficiency Figure 7e two phase Inductor current at 75kW
curve, which indicates that the whole efficiency is about
95~98%, and the efficiency is over 97% when the output
power is large than the half of rated power.
The related parameters of the oscillograph are: voltage-
200V/div, current-100A/div
Figure 7f Two Inductor current (upper) and the sum of the two
inductor current (lower) at 75kW
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V. CONCLUSION [2] Xudong Huang, Xiaoyan Wang, Troy Nergaard, Jih-Sheng Lai,
Xingyi Xu and Lizhi Zhu, “Parasitic Ringing and Design Issues of
A DSP-based digital controller for a 150KW dual-phase
Digitally Controlled High Power Interleaved Boost Converters, ”
DC/DC converter is presented in this paper. The converter
IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol.19, NO.5, pp. 1341-1352,
can work at Boost mode and Buck mode. In this paper,
September 2004.
analyze the work state of Boost mode in detail. the
topology is interleaved Boost. The system adopt double [3] David J. Perreault and John G. Kassakian, “Distributed
closed-loop control, the outer loop is voltage loop, the Interleaving of Paralleled Power Converters, ” IEEE Trans. On
inner loop is current loop. The experimental result shows Circuits and Systems-I: Fundamental Theory and Applications,
that the converter has excellent dynamic characteristic, its Vol. 44, NO. 8, pp. 728-734, August 1997.
efficiency is about 95~98%, its volume and weight is less [4] Michael T. Zhang, Milan M. Jovanovic and Fred C. Y. Lee,
than single Boost converter. The converter is suitable for “Analysis and Evaluation of Interleaving Techniques in Forward
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle as well as the Fuel Cell Converters, ” IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 13, NO. 4,
Distributed Generation. pp. 690-698, July 1998.
[5] Haiping Xu, Li Kong and Xuhui Wen, “Fuel Cell Power System
REFERENCES and High Power DC-DC Converter, ” IEEE Trans. On Power
[1] Xudong Huang, Troy Nergaard, Jih-Sheng Lai, Xingyi Xu and Electronics, Vol. 19(5), pp.1250-1255, 2004.
LiZhi Zhu, “A DSP Based Controller for High-Power Interleaved [6] Haiping Xu, Ermin Qiao, Xin Guo, Xuhui Wen and Li Kong,
Boost Converters,” APEC’03, vol. 1, pp.327-333, 9-13 February “Analysis and Design of High Power Interleaved Boost
2003. Converters for Fuel Cell distributed Generation System, ” PESC
2005, pp. 140-145.
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