How to do a Word Study

Bernard Bell, rev. September 2015

Example word: Bless

The purpose of a word study is to nd what a particular word means in its particular context, and thus arrive at a
fuller understanding of the text.

OT: bless is used three times in Gen 1:12:3in 1:22, 28; 2:3.
NT: bless or a cognate is used three times in Eph 1:3.

Finding the Word

Numbering Systems
Most concordances and many other works are keyed to one of two numbering systems:
1. Strongs (S): James Strong (1822-1894) assigned numbers to every Hebrew/Aramaic word (18674) in the
Hebrew Bible, and to every Greek word (15624) in the Textus Receptus (the Received Text) of the Greek
New Testament. His Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the KJV was rst published in 1890.
2. Goodrick/Kohlenberger (G/K): Edward Goodrick and John Kohlenberger developed a new numbering
system which more accurately reects the current understanding of the original languages. Hebrew and
Aramaic words are numbered separately: Hebrew 19597, Aramaic 1000110779. G/K numbers were rst
used in the Zondervan NIV Exhaustive Concordance, and have been adopted for many other reference tools,
especially those published by Zondervan. Most of the tools that use G/K numbering include an index for
converting to/from Strongs numbering.

Concordance
An English concordance lists the Biblical uses of English words in a particular translation. A Concise concordance
lists only a selection of the occurrences (those deemed to be most signicant) and covers only a selection of the
words. An Exhaustive Concordance lists all uses of all words (except for such common words as and, the, etc.).
Exhaustive Concordances are available for many English versions including KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT.

Strongs Exhaustive Concordance. Public domain, available from many publishers. KJV keyed to Strongs
New American Standard Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Edited by Robert L. Thomas. Nashville: Holman,
1981. NASB keyed to Strongs.
The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance. Edited by Edward W. Goodrick and John R. Kohlenberger III. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. Prev. publ. as The Zondervan NIV Exhaustive Concordance, 2000. Keyed to G/K.
The Strongest NASB Exhaustive Concordance. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. Prev. publ. as The Zondervan
NASB Exhaustive Concordance, 2000. NAS95 keyed to Strongs.

Consulting the NAS Exhaustive Concordance (Holman, pp 157-158), we nd separate listings for ve dierent English
words: bless, blessed, blesses, blessing, blessings.

Next to each entry is the Strongs number, regular face for Hebrew/Aramaic, italics for Greek. In many cases, a

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particular English word renders several dierent Hebrew or Greek words:

OT NT
bless 122: 1288 119, 833 1, 3190 1 2127 9
blessed 224: 1288 171, 1289 4, 1293 2; 833 6, 835 36 84: 2127 25, 2128 8; 3106 2, 3107 47; 1757 2
blesses 1288 11 0
blessing 51: 1288 3, 1293 48 20: 2127 4, 2129 11, 2721a 1, 3108 3, 5485 1
blessings 1293 11 0

NASB uses blessed 224 in OT and 84 in NT, but this one English word is used to render ve dierent Hebrew
and ve dierent Greek words (H833, 835, 1288, 1289, 1293; G1757, 2127, 2128, 3106, 3107).

1. OT: The Strongs number for the verb bless in Genesis is 1288, but note how often 833 or 835 is used, e.g. in
Psalm 1:1 (Blessed is the man).
2. NT: In Eph 1:3, three dierent Greek words are used: 2127, 2128 (both translated bless), 2129 (blessing).

At the back of the Concordance is a complete listing of all Hebrew/Aramaic and Greek words, listed by Strongs
number. Each entry lists the dierent ways the Hebrew or Greek word is translated into English, in this case in NASB.
After the Hebrew word, the number in square brackets (e.g. 1288[138c]) indicates the page and quadrant
(imagining the page divided into four quadrants) in BDB, a standard Hebrew lexicon.

Reverse Concordance
A reverse concordance lists, in English, all the verses where a particular Hebrew or Greek word appears. The model
for these concordances are the Englishmans Concordances produced by George V. Wigram. Especially helpful are the
editions prepared by Jay P. Green, in which he has added cross-references to other books. John Kohlenberger and

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colleagues have prepared new concordances in the Englishmans tradition.

George V. Wigram, The Englishmans Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament. London: Bagster,
1843.
George V. Wigram, The Englishmans Greek Concordance. London: Bagster, 1840.

Jay P. Green, The New Englishmans Hebrew Concordance. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1984. Keyed to Strongs,
BDB.
Jay P. Green, The New Englishmans Greek Concordance and Lexicon. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1982. Keyed to
Strongs, BAGD, Kittel, Thayer.

The HebrewEnglish Concordance to the Old Testament. John R. Kohlenberger III and James Swanson. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 1998.
The GreekEnglish Concordance to the New Testament. John R. Kohlenberger III, Edward W. Goodrick and James
Swanson. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997.

Bible Software
Nowadays, Bible software will provide all the features of a concordance more easily and often more cheaply.

Lexicons
A lexicon is a dictionary of words, giving a denition for each word.

Hebrew Lexicons

BDB
F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon,
1907.
Jay P. Green. The New BrownDriverBriggsGesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon. Peabody, Mass.:
Hendrickson, 1979.
Bruce Einspahr, Index to Brown, Driver & Briggs Hebrew Lexicon. Chicago: Moody, 1976.

For a long time the standard Hebrew lexicon has been BDB: A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, by
Francis Brown with the cooperation of S. R. Driver and Charles A. Briggs, based upon the Lexicon of Wilhelm
Gesenius (1842). Especially helpful is the version prepared by Jay P. Green, in which he has added Strongs numbers.
Bruce Einspahrs Index lists by verse number every verse reference in BDB. This index shows that Gen 1:22, 28; 2:3 are
mentioned on page 139a of BDB, in sections 2a, 2b (each page of BDB is imagined as divided into four quadrants a-d).

Ch v. Heb Eng Page Sec

1 22 BLESS 139a 2a
1 28 BLESS 139a 2a
2 3 BLESS 139a 2b

Turning to BDB, we nd:

2. God blesses a. men: Gn 1, b. things: sabbath Gn 2

BDB is not recommended for those not knowing Hebrew.

KBL
The standard lexicons used by Hebrew scholars are those prepared by Ludwig Koehler (d. 1956) and Walter

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Baumgartner (d. 1970) and their successors:

L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros. Leiden: Brill 1953, 1958, 1967 (KBL)
L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated
and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill, 19941999 (HALOT)
William L. Holladay, A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1971.

The rst two editions of the K-B Lexicon (KBL) gave both German and English renderings. The third edition of KBL
(KBL) gave only English; it was two-thirds complete when Baumgartner died. William Holladay made the essence of
KBL available in English. J. J. Stamm revised the work of K-B to produce The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old
Testament (HALOT), which is now the academic standard.

KBL, HALOT and Holladay are organized by Hebrew word, and not readily accessible to one who doesnt know
Hebrew. Furthermore, KBL and HALOT are very expensive.

Holladay (p. 49) gives four meanings for ! in the piel stem:
1. subj. God: bless = bestow power for success, prosperity, fertility: animals Gn 1:22, men 1:28, 7th day 2:3.
2. bless = declare a person endowed w. power for success, prosperity, fertility
3. bless = wish s.one power for success, prosperity, fertility
4. bless God = declare God the origin of power for success, prosperity, fertility = praise God

Greek

BAG
The standard Greek lexicon is A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature by
Bauer, Arndt, Gingrich and Danker (1st ed = BAG, 2d ed = BAGD, 3d ed = BDAG).

BAG Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early
Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.
BAGD Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and
Other Early Christian Literature. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
BDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and
Other Early Christian Literature. 3d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
John Alsop, An Index to the Revised Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich Greek Lexicon. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981

BAG et al list not only NT usage of a word but also its usage in classical literature.
John Alsops Index is a helpful index to BAGD, listing for each verse of the NT the page(s) and section number in
which each word is discussed in BAGD. This renders BAG somewhat accessible to the student unfamiliar with Greek,
although BAG is probably too confusing for such a one.

Ephesians 1 refers to
3 bless 3 322c p 322, quadrant c, 3
blessed 322d p 322, quadrant d
blessing 3b 323a p 323, quadrant a, 3b

Louw & Nida

Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains. Edited by J. P. Louw and E. A. Nida. 2d
ed. 2 vols. New York: United Bible Society, 1989.

This Lexicon, colloquially referred to as Louw & Nida, gives words by semantic domain.

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Theological Wordbooks
Theological Wordbooks or Dictionaries are collections of essays about Hebrew/Greek words in OT/NT.

OT

NIDOTTE
New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by Willem A. VanGemeren. 5 vols.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997.

A compilation of evangelical scholars, developed as the counterpart to NIDNTT. The ve volumes contain four
sections:
1. Guide to Old Testament Theology and Exegesis: 1:1-218. Several good introductory essays, available also as a
separate paperback volume: A Guide to Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999).
Especially recommended for the purposes of Word Studies are the following:
a. 7. Peter Cotterell, Linguistics, Meaning, Semantics, and Discourse Analysis, 1:134-160.
b. 8. John H. Walton, Principles for Productive Word Study, 1:161-171.
2. Lexical Articles: 1:2194:343.
3. Topical Dictionary: 4:345-1322. Cross-references to articles in the Topical Dictionary are indicated by an asterisk.
4. Indexes: 5:1-834.
a. Index of Semantic Fields, 5:1-216.
b. Hebrew Word Index, 5:217-240. This index references discussion of words only outside the main lexical entry.
c. Scripture Index, 5:241-594.
d. Subject Index, 5:595-757.
e. Numbering System Indexes, 5:759-834.
i. Strongs numbersGoodrick/Kohlenberger numbers, 5:761-796.
ii. Goodrick/Kohlenberger numbersStrongs numbers, 5:797-834.

Words are arranged by G/K number. Each entry discusses use of the word [or its cognatessimilar words in related
languages] under three categories: ANE (Ancient Near East), OT, P-B (Post-Biblical). For bless as used in Genesis
1:1-2:3, the relevant entry is brk, #1385, 1:757-767, written by Michael Brown.

The Index of Semantic Fields contains the following entry for Blessing:

Blessing: ar (truly happy, blessed, how happy, #897; r II, be, make, or pronounce happy, blessed, #887; er, happiness,
#891); brk II (bless, praise, greet, #1385; berak, blessing, #1388); see *Happiness; *Praise

The asterisk before Happiness; Praise indicates that these entries are in the Topical Dictionary, 4:345-1322.

In the Subject Index the listing for blessing rst lists the primary entries for the word: 1:570-572, 644, 757-767; 4:221.
Then follows a list of 27 sub-categories of blessing.

NIDOTTE classies brk into two separate words: brk I kneel G/K 1384; brk II bless G/K 1385. These are homonymns:
words spelt the same way but with dierent meanings. TWOT treats brk as a single word.

TWOT
Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Edited by R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer & Bruce K. Waltke. 2
vols. Chicago: Moody, 1980. Now available in one volume.

TWOT uses its own numbering scheme, based on the Hebrew root of each verb. An index at the back of volume 2
cross-references the Strongs and TWOT numbers. NIDOTTE is now more comprehensive and current than TWOT.

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TDOT
Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Edited by G. J. Botterweck, H. Ringgren, and H-J. Fabry. Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974. 15 of projected 16 vols.

Translation of the German Theologisches Wrterbuch zum Alten Testament [ThWAT] (1970). 15 volumes have been
translated so far. International, interdenominational, mostly liberal. TDOT is the OT counterpart of TDNT. Not
recommended for those not knowing Hebrew.

TLOT
Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by Ernst Jenni, with assistance from Claus Westermann.
Translated by Mark E. Biddle. 3 vols. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1997.

Translation of the German Theologisches Handwrterbuch zum Alten Testament [THAT] (1971-1976).
TLOT/THAT is the product of mostly German liberal scholarship. Though the work is dated in some respects, many
of the essays are classics in their eld, and hence still worth reading. Words are arranged in Hebrew order.
TLOT covers a much more limited selection of words than do NIDOTTE, TDOT, TWOT.
Volume 3 contains a Statistical Appendix, and ve Indexes:
1. Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Word Arranged by Main Entry, pp 1449-1468
2. Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words Arranged Alphabetically, pp 1469-1483
3. Index of English Glosses, pp 1484-1487
4. Index of Modern Authors, pp 1488-1507
5. Index of Scripture References, pp 1508-1638.

The Index of English Glosses (a gloss is a translation of a word) refers to page 266 (volume 1) for the word bless. An
especially helpful feature of TLOT is that each entry lists the reference number or page number in the other reference
tools (Strongs, BDB, TDOT, TWOT, NIDOTTE) of the word under discussion. The entry for bless on p 266 begins
thus:
brk pi. to bless
S 1288; BDB 138b; HALOT 1:159b; TDOT 2:279308; TWOT 285; NIDOTTE 1385

In order, these refer to the Strongs number, page number of Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon, page
number in Kohler & Baumgartners Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, TDOT page numbers, TWOT
number, NIDOTTE number (G/K).

NT

NIDNTT
New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Edited by Colin Brown. 4 vols. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1975, 1986.
Translation, revision and expansion of the German Theologisches Begrislexikon zum Neuen Testament (1967-71).
Volume 4 consists of indexes. Colloquially referred to as Colin Brown after its editor.
Recently thoroughly revised as:
New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by Moiss Silva. 5 vols. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2014.

TDNT
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Edited by Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich. Translated by
Georey W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964-76.
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Abridged in One Volume by G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1985.

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Translation of the German Theologisches Wrterbuch zum Neuen Testament (TWNT; 1932-1979).
TDNT is available in an abridged 1-volume edition, popularly known as Little Kittel.

TLNT
Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. Edited by Ceslas Spicq. Translated by James Ernest. 3 vols. Peabody,
Mass.: Hendrickson, 1994.

Translation of the French Notes de lexicographie no-testamentaire (Fribourg, 1978).

Antonyms
Etymological fallacy
Literally
Context
Semantic domain

The Word
The word bless as used in Gen 1:12:3 and Eph 1:3.

Hebrew
S G/K OT Gen
vb. ! barak 1288 1385 327 72
n. berakah 1293 1388 71 16

BDB 138b, TWOT 285.

Michael L. Brown, , NIDOTTE 1:757-767.
John N. Oswalt, ! (brak), TWOT 132-133.
Josef Scharbert, brk TDOT 2:279-308.
C. A. Keller and Gerhard Wehmeier, brk pi. to bless, TLOT 1:266-282.

Greek
S G/K NT Eph
vb. euloge 2127 2328 42 1
n. eulogia 2129 2330 16 1
adj. eulogtos 2128 2329 8 1

U. Becker, Blessing, NIDNTT 1:206-218.

etc., NIDNTTE 2:317-326.
Hermann W. Beyer, , , , , TDNT 2:754-765.

Jerome F. D. Creach, Bless, in The Westminster Theological Wordbook of the Bible, 39-43.
A. C. Myers, Bless, ISBE 1:523-524.
Kent H. Richards, Bless/Blessing, ABD 1:753-755.

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Alphabets

Hebrew
There are several dierent translation schemes for Hebrew. The SBL system has attained dominant popularity. The
TDOT system is outdated.

consonants SBL SBL TDOT TWOT vowels SBL SBL TDOT TWOT
lep, alef / none pata a a a a
bt, bet b b, v b, bh b qme a
gmel, gimel g g, gh g, gh g nal qme h ah h
dlet, dalet d d, dh d, dh d sgl e e e e
h, he h h h h r e
ww, vav w v, w v, w w r yd e ey
zayin z z z z req i i i i
t, khet h, kh ch, req yd i
t, tet t qme-tp o o o o
yd, yod y y y y lem o
kp, kaf k k, kh k, kh k full lem o
lamed, lmed l l l l qibb u u u
mm, mem m m m m req u
nn, nun n n n n vocal w e
smek, samek s s s s p-pata a a
ayin, ayin / none p-segl e
p, pe p p, f p, ph p p-qme o o
d, tsade ts ts,
qp, qof q q q q
r, resh r r r r
n, sin s
n, shin sh sh, sh
tw, tav t t, th t, th t

SBL academic style, SBL general purpose style

Greek

The only disagreement in the transliteration of Greek is whether to render upsilon as u or y.

alpha a nu n
bta b xi x
gamma g omicron o
delta d pi p
epslon e rh r
zta z sigma s
ta tau t
thta th upsilon u/y
ita i phi ph
kappa k chi ch
lambda l psi ps
mu m mega

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Resources

Concordances
Strongs Exhaustive Concordance. BS425.S8. 220.52.
New American Standard Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Edited by Robert L. Thomas. Nashville: Holman, 1981.
BS425.N385 1981. 220.52.
The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance. Edited by Edward W. Goodrick and John R. Kohlenberger III. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. BS425.G62 2004. 220.52
The Strongest NASB Exhaustive Concordance. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. BS425.N27. 220.52.
The HebrewEnglish Concordance to the Old Testament. John R. Kohlenberger III and James Swanson. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1998. BS1121.K65 1998. 221.44.
The GreekEnglish Concordance to the New Testament. John R. Kohlenberger III, Edward W. Goodrick and James
Swanson. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997. BS2302.K657 1997. 225.48.
The New Englishmans Hebrew Concordance. Jay P. Green. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1984. BS1125.W5. 221.44.
The New Englishmans Greek Concordance and Lexicon. Jay P. Green. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1982.
BS2302.W495 1982. 225.48.
Concordance to the Greek New Testament. W. F. Moulton, A. S. Geden, and H. K. Moulton. 5th ed. Edinburgh: T & T
Clark, 1978. BS2302.M8 1978. 225.4.
A Concordance to the Septuagint. E. Hatch and H. A. Redpath. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1897. Reprinted Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1983. BS1122.H3. 221.48.
The NIV English-Greek New Testament: A Reverse Interlinear. Edited by W. D. Mounce. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, .
BS1965.5 2000. 225.48.
NASB-NIV Parallel New Testament in Greek and English. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987. BS1965. 225.48.

Dictionaries
Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by D. N. Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. BS440.A54 1992. 220.3.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Edited by G. W. Bromiley. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975.
BS440.Z63 1975. 220.3.
Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Edited by J. D. Douglas. 3 vols. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1980. BS440.D6. 220.321.

Lexicons
Alsop, J. R. An Index to the Revised Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich Greek Lexicon. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981. PA881.B382
1977. 487.4.
Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian
Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957. PA881.B38 1979. 487.4.
Einspahr, Bruce. Index to Brown, Driver & Briggs Hebrew Lexicon. Chicago: Moody, 1976. PJ4833.B683E35. 221.2.
Green, Jay P. The New BrownDriverBriggsGesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson,
1979. PJ4833.B73 1979. 492.4321.
Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains. Edited by J. P. Louw and E. A. Nida. 2d ed. 2
vols. New York: United Bible Society, 1989. PA881.G68 1989. 487.4.
A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by W. L. Holladay. Eerdmans, 1971. PJ4833.H6
1971. 221.4403.

Wordbooks
New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Edited by Colin Brown. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975,
1986. BS2397.N48 1975. 230.03
New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by Moiss Silva. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 2014. BS2312.N48 2014. 225.3.

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Word Studies

New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by W. A. VanGemeren. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1997. BS440.N438 1996. 221.3.
The NIV Theological Dictionary of New Testament Words. Edited by Verlyn D. Verbrugge. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
2000. BS2397.N48 2000. 225.3.
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Edited by G. Kittel and G. Friedrich. Translated by G. W. Bromiley. 10
vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964-76. PA881.K513. 225.3.
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Abridged in One Volume by G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1985. PA881.T4713 1985. 225.48.
Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Edited by G. J. Botterweck, H. Ringgren, and H-J. Fabry. 15 of projected
16 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974. BS440.B5713. 221.440321.
Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. Edited by Ceslas Spicq. Translated by James Ernest. 3 vols. Peabody, Mass.:
Hendrickson, 1994. PA875.S613 1994. 487.4.
Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by E. Jenni & C. Westermann. Translated by M. E. Biddle. Peabody,
Mass.: Hendrickson. BS440.T4813 1997. 221.447.
Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Edited by R. L. Harris, G. L. Archer & B. K. Waltke. 2 vols. Chicago:
Moody, 1980. BS440.T49 1980. 221.440321.
Westminster Theological Wordbook of the Bible. Edited by D. E. Gowan. Louisville: Wesminster John Knox.
BS543.W47 2003. 220.3.

Abbreviations
ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by D. N. Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
BAG Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early
Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.
BAGD Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and
Other Early Christian Literature. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
BDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and
Other Early Christian Literature. 3d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
BDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1907.
HALOT Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.
Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: 19941999.
ISBE International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Edited by G. W. Bromiley. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1975.
KBL Koehler, L., and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros. 2d ed. Leiden: 1958.
NIDNTT New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Edited by C. Brown. 4 vols. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1975-1985.
NIDNTTE New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by M. Silva. 5 vols. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2015.
NIDOTTE New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by W. A. VanGemeren. 5
vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997.
TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Edited by G. Kittel and G. Friedrich. Translated by G. W.
Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 19641976.
TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Edited by G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren. Translated by J.
T. Willis, G. W. Bromiley, and D. E. Green. 15 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.
THAT Theologisches Handwrterbuch zum Alten Testament. Edited by E. Jenni, with assistance from C.
Westermann. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 19711976.
ThWAT Theologisches Wrterbuch zum Alten Testament. Edited by G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren. Stuttgart,
1970.
TLNT Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. C. Spicq. Translated and edited by J. D. Ernest. 3 vols. Peabody,
Mass.: Hendrickson, 1994.
TLOT Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by E. Jenni, with assistance from C. Westermann.
Translated by M. E. Biddle. 3 vols. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1997.

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TWNT Theologisches Wrterbuch zum Neuen Testament. Edited by G. Kittel and G. Friedrich. Stuttgart:
Kohlhammer, 19321979.
TWOT Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Edited by R. L. Harris, G. L. Archer Jr., and B. K. Waltke. 2
vols. Chicago: Moody, 1980.

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