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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 2
Change in :
u
= x ( y z ) t
x
1 d (dd
) ( u x ) t u
= lim =
dd
dt d t 0
t x
1 d (d ) u v w
= + + = V
d dt x y z
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 3
tan a
= a
( v =
x ) x t v
t
x x
so that
( v x ) t v
=OA lim
=
t 0
t x
u
OB lim
= =
t 0 t y
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 4
The rotation, z, of the element about the z axis is defined
as the average of the angular velocities OA and OB of the
two mutually perpendicular lines OA and OB. Thus, if
counterclockwise rotation is considered to be positive, it
follows that
1 v u
= z
2 x y
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 5
The vorticity, , is defined as a vector that is twice the rota-
tion vector; that is,
= 2 =
( ) + ()
= lim = lim = = +
0 0
Similarly,
= +
= +
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 6
V A = dV
CS CV t
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 7
The mass flux terms occur on all six faces, three inlets, and
three outlets. Consider the mass flux on the x faces
x flux =
u + ( u ) dx dydz outflux udydz influx
x
= (u )dxdydz
x
V
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 8
The total net mass outflux must balance the rate of decrease
of mass within the CV which is
dxdydz
t
+ (V) = 0
t
V + V
D D
+ V = 0 = + V
Dt Dt t
Simplifications:
1. Steady flow: (V) = 0
2. = constant: V = 0
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 9
u v w
i.e., + + =0 3D
x y z
u v
+ =0 2D
x y
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 10
The Stream Function
Steady, incompressible, plane, two-dimensional flow repre-
sents one of the simplest types of flow of practical im-
portance. By plane, two-dimensional flow we mean that
there are only two velocity components, such as u and v,
when the flow is considered to be in the xy plane. For this
flow the continuity equation reduces to
u v
+ =0
x y
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 11
Another particular advantage of using the stream function
is related to the fact that lines along which is constant are
streamlines.The change in the value of as we move from
one point (x, y) to a nearby point (x + dx, y + dy) along a
line of constant is given by the relationship:
y y
dy = dx + dy = vdx + udy = 0
x y
and, therefore, along a line of constant
dy v
=
dx u
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 12
2
=
q 1
d
= 2 1
Navier-Stokes Equations
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 13
= V +
(1) (2)
(1) = = +
(2) =
+
+
face face face
= +
+
+
+
+
= +
+ +
=0
= or f =
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 14
Body forces are due to external fields such as gravity or
magnetics. Here we only consider a gravitational field; that
is,
Surface forces are due to the stresses that act on the sides of
the control surfaces
symmetric (ij = ji)
ij = - pij + ij 2nd order tensor
ij = 1 i=j
normal pressure viscous stress ij = 0 ij
= -p+xx xy xz
yx -p+yy yz
zx zy -p+zz
dFx,surf = ( xx ) + ( xy ) + ( xz ) dxdydz
x y z
p
= + ( xx ) + ( xy ) + ( xz ) dxdydz
x x y z
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 15
This can be put in a more compact form by defining vector
stress on x-face
x = xx i + xy j + xz k
p
dFx,surf = + x dxdydz
x
p
fx,surf = + x per unit volume
x
p
fz,surf = + z z = zx i + zy j + zz k
z
finally if we define
ij = x i + y j + z k then
f surf = p + ij = s ij ij = p ij + ij
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 16
Putting together the above results
DV
f = f body + f surf = r
Dt
f body = gk
f surface = p + ij
DV V
=
a = + V V
Dt t
a = gk p + ij
inertia body
force force surface surface force
due to force due due to viscous
gravity to p shear and normal
stresses
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 17
For Newtonian fluid the shear stress is proportional to the
rate of strain, which for incompressible flow can be written
= 2 = +
where,
= coefficient of viscosity
= rate of strain tensor
1 1
+ +
2 2
1 1
= 2 +
+
2
1 1
2 +
2
+
Ex) 1-D flow
=
= +
where,
2
= + = 2 +
2 =0
= + 2
= ( + ) + 2 Navier-Stokes Equation
= 0 Continuity Equation
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 18
2 2 2
x: + + + = + 2 + 2 + 2
2 2 2
y: + + + = + 2 + 2 + 2
2 2 2
z: + + + = + 2 + 2 + 2
u v w
+ + =0
x y z
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 19
Ex) Exact solution for laminar incompressible steady flow
in a circular pipe
= 0 : Steady flow
= 0 : Fully-developed flow
= = 0 : Flow is axisymmetric with no swirl
Continuity equation:
1 ( ) 1
+ + =0
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 20
Momentum equation:
2
+ + +
1 1 2 2 2
= + + 2 + 2 +
2 2 2
+ + + +
1 1 1 2 2 2
= + + 2 + 2 + +
2 2 2
+ + +
1 1 2 2
= + + + 2 +
2 2
or
0 = sin (1)
1
0 = cos (2)
1
0= + (3)
where,
= sin
= cos
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 21
1 1
=
1 2
= + 1
2
1 2
= + 1 ln + 2
4
B.C.
( = 0) 1 = 0
1
( = ) = 0 2 = 2
4
1
= ( 2 2 )
4
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 22
1) Flow rate :
4
= = 2 =
0 0 8
where, = (2)
If the pressure drops over a length : =
4
=
8
2) Mean velocity :
1 4 2
= = 2 =
8 8
3) Maximum velocity :
2 2
= ( = 0) = = = 2
4 4
2
=1
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 23
= + =
where
2 4
=
=
2 2
=2
4
( ) =
and with = 2 ,
4
|( ) | =
3
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 24
Couette Flow
boundary conditions
u
Continuity =0 u = u(y)
x
v=o
p p
d 2u = =0
Momentum 0= 2 x y
dy
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 25
u1y = u 2 y
u1 = u2
Fx = uV d A = Q(u 2 u1 ) = 0
dp d
= py p + x y x + + dy x = 0
dx dy
d
=0
dy
d du
i.e. = 0
dy dy
d 2u
2 =0
dy
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 26
Generalization for inclined flow with a constant pressure
gradient
u
Continutity =0 u = u(y)
x v=o
p
d 2u =0
Momentum 0 = (p + z ) + 2 y
x dy
d 2u dh
i.e., 2 = h = p/ +z = constant
dy dx
dz
plates horizontal =0
dx
dz
plates vertical =-1
dx
which can be integrated twice to yield
du dh
= y+A
dy dx
dh y 2
u = + Ay + B
dx 2
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 27
now apply boundary conditions to determine A and B
u(y = 0) = 0 B = 0
u(y = t) = U
dh t 2 U dh t
U = + At A =
dx 2 t dx 2
dh y 2 1 U dh t
u ( y) = +
dx 2 t dx 2
=
dh
2 dx
( U
ty y 2 + y
t
)
This equation can be put in non-dimensional form:
u t 2 dh y y y
= 1 +
U 2U dx t t t
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 28
u Py Py 2 y
= 2 +
U t t t
t
q = udy
0
t
U[ ]dy
q 0
u= =
t t
tu t P P y Pt Pt t
= y 2 y 2 + dy = +
U 0 t t t 2 3 2
u P 1 t 2 dh U
= + u= +
U 6 2 12 dx 2
ut
For laminar flow < 1000 Recrit 1000
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 29
t
y= (P + 1) = t + t @ umax for U = 0, y = t/2
2P 2 2P
UP U U
u max = u (y max ) = + +
4 2 4P
u P P 2
note: if U = 0: = =
u max 6 4 3
dh d p dp
= + z = sin
dx dx dx
dp
a) <0
dx
dp
b) < sin
dx
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 30
1. If P < 0, i.e., dh dx > 0 the pressure increases in the di-
rection of flow (adverse pressure gradient) and the ve-
locity over a portion of the width can become negative
(backflow) near the stationary wall. In this case the
dragging action of the faster layers exerted on the fluid
particles near the stationary wall is insufficient to over-
come the influence of the adverse pressure gradient.
dp
sin > 0
dx
dp dp
> sin or sin <
dx dx
dh
2. If P = 0, i.e., = 0 the velocity profile is linear
dx
U
u= y
t
dp
a) = 0 and = 0 Note: we derived
dx this special case
dp
b) = sin
dx
u
For U = 0 the form = PY (1 Y ) + Y is not appropriate
U
u = UPY(1-Y)+UY
t 2 dh
= Y(1 Y ) + UY
2 dx
t 2 dh
Now let U = 0: u= Y(1 Y )
2 dx
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 31
3. Shear stress distribution
Non-dimensional velocity distribution
u
u * = =P Y (1 Y ) + Y
U
u
where u* is the non-dimensional velocity,
U
t 2 dh
P is the non-dimensional pressure gradient
2 U dx
y
Y is the non-dimensional coordinate.
t
Shear stress
du
=
dy
In order to see the effect of pressure gradient on shear
stress using the non-dimensional velocity distribution, we
define the non-dimensional shear stress:
* =
1
U 2
2
Then
1 Ud ( u U ) 2 du *
=t *
=
1
U 2 td ( y t ) Ut dY
2
2
= ( 2 PY + P + 1)
Ut
2
= ( 2 PY + P + 1)
Ut
= A ( 2 PY + P + 1)
2
where A >0 is a positive constant.
Ut
So the shear stress always varies linearly with Y across any
section.
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 32
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 33
Shear stress:
du dh 1
t=
=
t y
dy 2 dx 2
1
Since t y > 0 , the sign of shear stress is always oppo-
2
dh
site to the sign of piezometric pressure gradient dx , and the
magnitude of is always maximum at both walls and zero
at centerline of the channel.
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 34
< 0, > 0
dh
For favorable pressure gradient,
dx
>0, < 0
dh
For adverse pressure gradient, dx
dh dh
<0 >0
dx dx
du
Continuity =0
dx
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 35
d 2u
x-momentum 0 = (p + z ) + 2
x dy
y-momentum 0 = (p + z ) hydrostatic pressure variation
y
dp
=0
dx
d2u
2 = sin
dy
du
= sin y + c
dy
y2
u = sin + Cy + D
2
du
= 0 = sin d + c c = + sin d
dy y=d
u(0) = 0 D = 0
y2
u = sin + sin dy
2
= sin y(2d y )
2
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 36
g sin
u(y) = y(2d y )
2n
d
d 2 y3 discharge per
q = udy = sin qdy
0 2 3 0 unit width
1 3
= d sin
3
1 2 d 2
V av = = d si = si
d 3 3
gd 2So
V=
3
Exp. show Recrit 500, i.e., for Re > 500 the flow will be-
come turbulent
p Vd
= cos Re crit = 500
y
p = cos y + C
p(d ) = p o = cos d + C
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57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6
Professor Fred Stern Fall 2014 37
i.e., p = cos (d y ) + p o
* p(d) > po
* if = 0 p = (d y) + po
entire weight of fluid imposed
if = /2 p = po
no pressure change through the fluid
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