Pronouns - Pronumele

Pronumele (pronouns) sunt cuvinte care in general desemneaza o persoana sau inlocuesc
un substantiv, facand astfel referire la o idee, fiinta, obiect sau actiune mentionate anterior sau
cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.
John did all the work. - John a facut toata treaba.
He did all the work. - El a facut toata treaba.
Who did all the work? (he) - Cine a facut toata treaba? (el)

1. Functia, forma si clasificarea pronumelui

- Pronumele au forme specifice in functie de numar, gen si caz:

Numar: singular - this (acesta, aceasta); plural - these (acestia, acestea)

Gen: masculin - he (el); Feminin - she (ea); neutru - it
Caz: Nominativ - she; Genitiv - hers; Dativ - to her; Acuzativ - her

Pronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many) (tu, care, multi), sau compuse (everybody, whatever,
no one) (toata lumea, oricare, nici unul).

- Dupa continut si functie pronumele pot fi:

1. Personale
2. Reflexive
3. Nehotarate
4. Demonstrative
5. Relative
6. De intarire
7. Interogative
8. Reciproce

2. Pronumele personale
Iata un tabel cu pronumele personale la cazurile Nominativ, Genitiv, Dativ si Acuzativ:

Nominativ Genitiv Dativ Acuzativ

I (eu) mine (al meu, a mea) (to) me (mie) me
you (tu, dumneata) yours (al tau, a ta) (to) you (tie) you
he (el) his (a lui) (to) him (lui) him
she (ea) hers (a ei) (to) her (ei) her
it (el /ea, neutru) its (a lui, a ei [neutru]) (to) it (lui, ei) it
we (noi) ours (al nostru, a noastra) (to) us (noua) us
you (voi, dumneavoastra) yours (a vostru, a voastra) (to) you (voua) you
they (ei, ele) theirs (a lor) (to) them (lor) them

- De retinut:
I (eu) se scrie intodeauna cu litera mare.
Its (pronume - genitiv) nu are apostrof. Deosebire fata de "it's" care provine de la "it is" sau "it
has".
It se foloseste pentru obiecte, lucruri si fenomene.

Exemple:
I gave him the book. - I-am dat lui cartea.
He ran the London Marathon. - El a alergat la Maratonul Londrei.
It's a pleasure to him. - E o placere pentru el.
I only played against her once. - Am jucat impootriva ei o singura data.
These books are ours. - Aceste carti sunt ale noastre
Is this pen yours or mine? - Acest stilou este al dumneavoastra sau al meu?
You / They impersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre oameni in
general.
You have to drive on the other side of the road. - Trebuie sa conduci pe partea cealalta a drumului.
They say she's very clever. - Ei spun ca ea este foarte desteapta.
It - poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta:
- It impersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand starea vremii, distante sau in
contructii pasive).
It's 8 o'clock. - E ora 8.
It was spring. - A fost primavara.
Is it Monday? - E luni?.
How hot it is! - Ce fierbinte e!
How far is it to the station? - Cat e pana la statie?
- It demostrativ
Who is it? It's the postman. - Cine e? Este postasul.
It's the children. - Sunt copiii.

3. Pronumele reflexive
Pronumele reflexive insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand
subiectul si complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.
Forme:
- Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
- Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Exemple:
I wanted to do it myself. - Am vrut sa o fac singur.
She fell off the ladder and injured herself. - Ea a cazut de pe scara i s-a rnit (ea insasi).
You can do these tasks by yourself. - Putei face aceste sarcini de unul singur.
After five minutes, it will automatically turn itself down. - Dup cinci minute, se va opri automat singur.
Let's buy ourselves a chair for the garden. - S ne cumpara (noi insine) un scaun de grdin.
They built the house themselves. - Ei au construit casa singuri.

4. Pronumele nehotarate
Some, any, every se pot combina cu -one, -body, -thing pentru a obtine pronumele
nehotarate. Acestea sunt:
anyone (oricare), anybody (oricine), anything (orice), someone (cineva), somebody (cineva),
something (ceva), everyone (oricare, toata lumea), everybody (toata lumea), everything (totul).
- No poate forma impreuna cu "-body" sau "-one" pronumele: nobody, no-one.

De retinut
- Atat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumele nehotarate: anyone, anybody,
someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one sunt din punct de vedere gramatical la
singular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.

Alte pronume nehotarate:

enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, every, each, any, either,
neither, none, some.
De retinut!
Daca acestea forme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, ci determinanti substantivali.
Exemplu:
Few will be chosen; fewer will finish. - Puini vor fi alesi; mai puini vor termina.
Few books. - Cateva carti.

5. Pronumele demonstrativ
Pronumele demostrative: this, these, that, those, such (acesta, acestea, acela, acelea,
acest) pot functiona atat ca pronume, cat si ca determinanti substantivali.
That is incredible! (expresie, referitor la ceva tocmai vazut) - Asta e incredibil!
I will never forget this. (referitor la o experienta recenta) - Nu voi uita niciodata asta.
Such is my belief. (referitor la o explicatie tocmai facuta) - Asta e ce cred eu.
This si these sugereaza ceva apropiat temporal sau spatial, pe cand that si those face referire la
ceva de departare.
These pancakes are delicious. - Aceste clatite sunt delicioase.
Those pancakes seem delicious. - Acele clatite par delicioase
This book (in my hand) is well written. - Aceasta carte (din mana mea) e scrisa bine.
That book (on the table) is blue. - Acea carte (de pe masa) e albastra.
Aceasta idee de departare se poate transforma chiar in dispret sau instrainare afectiva:
Are you going to wear these? (I do not like them.) - Ai de gnd s porti astea? (Nu imi plac.)
Can you belive I would have bought that? - Poi s crezi ca asi fi cumprat aia?

6. Pronumele relativ
Pronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantival mentionat in
contextul aterior si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte care explica, sau da mai multe detalii
despre substantivul antecedent, din propozitia ce contine substantivul determinat.
Pronumele relative sunt : who (cine, care), whoever (oricine, oricare), which (care, pe care),
that (care, acel).
The student who studies hardest usually does the best. - Studentul care studiaz cel mai din greu de obicei
face cel mai bine.
Alegerea corecta dintre which si that se inscrie printre lucrurile care necesita practica si
experienta.
- In general, which se foloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care au natura de paranteze,
explicatii suplimentare dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimba intelesul frazei. Din
acest motiv propozitiile introduse prin "which" sunt in general intre virgule.
- Propozitiile introduse de that sunt considerate indispensabile sensului frazei si nu se vor pune
intre virgule.
- Who si formele sale se refera la persoane, which se refera la lucruri, iar that poate face referire
la ambele.
Exemple:
The boy who read the book is my brother. - Baiatul care citeste cartea e fratele meu.
The couple who live next house have the radio on all night. - Perechea care locuieste la urmatoarea casa
are radioul pornit toata noaptea.
The team that won the championship received a great honour. - Echipa care a castigat campionatul a
primit o mare onoare.
This is the program which won the prize. - Acesta este programul care a ctigat premiul.
We'll plant new trees to replace those which fell. - Vom planta copaci noi care s nlocuiasc pe cei care
au czut.

7. Pronumele de intarire
Pronumele de intarire insoteste substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia, a
le scoate in evidenta. Ca forma sunt identice cu pronumele reflexive:
Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
I myself don't know the answer. - Eu nsumi nu tiu rspunsul.
Mary did all this herself. - Maria a fcut toate astea ea nsi. (ea singura)
Mary herself did all this. - Maria nsi a fcut toate astea.
Expresie: by myself = singur, de unul singur
I worked by myself. - Am muncit de unul singur.
Little Jane read the story by herself. - Micuta Jane a citit povestea ea singura.

8. Pronumele interogativ
Pronumele interogative introduc intrebari, propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte.
- Forme: who? (cine?), what? (ce?), which? (care?), whose? (a cui?, ale cui?), (to) whom? (cui,
pe cine).
Who said that? - Cine a spus asta?
Whose are those books? - Ale cui sunt acele carti?
I do not remember to whom I gave my sweater. - Nu-mi amintesc cui i-am dat puloverul meu.
What happened? - Ce s-a intamplat?
What's the weather like? - Care /Cum e vremea?

9. Pronumele reciproce
Pronumele reciproce au urmatoarele forme: each other (unul altuia, reciproc) si one
another (unul pe altul, unul pe celalalt).
Se folosesc pentru a exprima relatii de reciprocitate intre fiinte, idei, lucruri.
They gave each other books. - Ei si-au dat unul altuia (reciproc) carti
My mother and I give each other a good time. - Eu si mama mea ne dam unul altuia un timp bun. (ne
intelegem bine)
They borrowed each other's ideas. - Ei si-au mprumutat ideile unul altuia.
De retinut!
- Each other se refera la doua obiecte, pe cand one another face referire la mai mult de doua
obiecte sau fiinte.
 The adjective - Adjectivul

De cele mai multe ori adjectivele sunt folosite pentru a descrie un substantiv, de exemplu,
un adjectiv poate descrie culoarea unui obiect. (mar rosu, carte frumoasa).
1. Forma adjectivului
In limba engleza adjectivele (the adjective) sunt invariabile. Ele nu si schimba forma n
functie de gen sau numar.
- A hot potato (un cartof fierbinte), some hot potatoes (niste cartofi fierbinti).
Pentru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui adjectiv se pot adauga cuvintele: very (foarte), really
(intr-adevar, realmente, cu adevarat):
- A very hot potato (un cartof foarte fierbinte), some really hot potatoes (niste cartofi cu adevarat
fierbinti).

2. Pozitia adjectivului
De obicei adjectivul se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat:
A good movie (un film bun).
Dar sunt si destule cazuri cand se aseaza dupa cuvantul determinat.
Exemple cu diferite cazurui de pozitionare a adjectivului:
- Dupa verbe auxiliare ca: to be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste, to appear, to feel, to keep,
to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc:
The movie is good. - Filmul e bun.
You seem upset. - Pari suparat.
This cheese tastes different. - Branza asta are un gust diferit.
- Dupa substantiv n expresii fixe:
the Princess Royal (Printesa regala), the President elect (presedintele ales), the court martial (curtea
martiala)
- Cteva adjective, ca de exemplu chief, main, poor (=unfortunate [sarman, biet]) stau numai n
fata substantivului determinat:
This is the main purpose of the meeting. - Acesta este scopul principal al intalnirii.
That poor woman was living in a garage. - Acea femeie sarmana traia intr-un garaj.
- Altele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive, alone,
annoyed, ill, well, sorry
He's asleep. - A adormit (este adormit).
I'm alone. - Sunt singur.
- Unele adjective si schimba sensul n functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa. Adjectivele involved,
present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate n fata substantivului sau dupa acesta.
These are the people involved / concerned. - Acestia sunt oamenii implicati / in cauza.
They had an involved discussion. - Au avut o discutie dificila.
I am a concerned mother. - Sunt o mama ingrijorata (grijulie).
The list of the students present is outside. - Lista de prezenta a elevilor este afara.
The present status of the matter requires urgent attention. - Starea actual (prezenta) a problemei
necesit o atenie urgent.

3. Functiile adjectivului
Adjectivul arata si descrie mai multe lucruri despre calitatile substantivul determinat.
Adjectivele pot exprima:
- Sentimente sau calitati:
They make an original couple. - Ei formeaza un cuplu original.
She is a single mother. - Ea este o mama singura.
- Nationalitatea sau originea:
Ricardo is Spanish. - Ricardo e spaniol.
I bought him a Swiss watch for Christmas. - I-am cumparat un ceas de mana elvetian de Craciun.
- Diferite caracteristici ale unui obiect:
The table is long. - Masa e mare (lunga).
The white tray was a gift. - Platoul (tava) alba a fost un cadou.
- Vrsta:
My hat is too old. I will buy another one. - Palaria mea e prea veche (batrana). Am sa cumpar alta.
He is still very young, almost a boy. - Este inca foarte tanar, aproape un baiat.
- Dimensiuni, marime si masuri:
It is a very long movie. - E un film foarte lung.
That boy is tall. - Acel baiat e inalt.
- Culoarea:
I have a blue book. - Am o carte albastra.
- Materie / material:
He wore a cotton shirt. - El poarta o camasa de bumbac.
It was a silver tray. - Era o tava de argint.
- Forma:
A rectangular envelope. - Un plic dreptunghiular..
A round table. - O masa rotunda.
- Judecati, pareri sau opinii:
Grammar is fascinating. - Gramatica e fascinanta.
The day is wonderful. - Ziua e minunata.

4. Ordinea adjectivelor
Cnd se folosesc doua sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrie acelasi substantiv, ordinea
lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista mai multe variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordine este:

1. Value/opinion (valoare/opinie) - delicious (delicios), lovely (minunat), charming

(incantator)
2. Size (marime) - small (mic), huge (urias), tiny (minuscul)
3. Age/Temperature (marime, varsta/temperatura) - old (batran), little (putin), young
(tanar), cold (rece), hot (cald, fierbinte)
4. Shape (forma) - round (rotund), square (patrat), rectangular (dreptunghiular)
5. Colour (culoare) - red (rosu), blonde (blond), black (negru)
6. Origin (origine) - Swedish (suedez), Romanian (roman, romanesc), Chinese (chinez,
chinezesc)
7. Material (material) - plastic (plastic, de plastic), wooden (lemnos, de lemn), silver (de
argint)

Exemple:
a green round plastic bucket - o gleat de plastic verde rotunda
an elegant little French clock - un elegant ceas mic francez
a small round wooden table - o masa rotunda mica de lemn
Verbe neregulate n limba englez

Urmtorul tabel prezint verbele neregulate din limba englez.

Unele dintre acestea au dou variante de conjugare, regulat si
neregulat. n acest caz, varianta mai uzitat este trecut prima.

Infinitiv Past Tense Participiu Traducerea infinitivului

trecut (sensul principal)
arise arose arisen a se ridica
awake awoke awoken a se trezi
awaked awaked
backslide backslid backslidden a decdea
backslid

be was / were been a fi

bear bore borne a purta
born
beat beat beaten a bate
beat
become became become a deveni
begin began begun a ncepe
bend bent bent a se ndoi
bet bet bet a paria
betted betted

bid bid bid a licita, a porunci

bade bidden
bind bound bound a lega
bite bit bitten a musca
bleed bled bled a sngera
blow blew blown a sufla, a bate
break broke broken a sparge
breed bred bred a creste, a educa
bring brought brought a aduce
broadcast broadcast broadcast a difuza
broadcasted broadcasted

browbeat browbeat browbeaten a intimida

browbeat

build built built a construi

burn burned burned a arde
burnt burnt
burst burst burst a izbucni, a nvli, a crpa
bust busted busted a rupe, a strica
bust bust

buy bought bought a cumpra

cast cast cast a arunca
catch caught caught a prinde
choose chose chosen a alege
cling clung clung a se agta
clothe clothed clothed a (se) mbrca
clad clad

come came come a veni

cost cost cost a costa
creep crept crept a se tr, a se furisa
cut cut cut a tia
daydream daydreamed daydreamed a visa cu ochii deschisi
daydreamt daydreamt

deal dealt dealt a trata, a se ocupa de

dig dug dug a spa
disprove disproved disproved a infirma
disproven

dive dived dived a plonja

dove
do did done a face
draw drew drawn a trage, a desena
dream dreamed dreamed a visa
dreamt dreamt
drink drank drunk a bea
drive drove driven a sofa, a mna
dwell dwelt dwelt a locui
dwelled dwelled
eat ate eaten a mnca
fall fell fallen a cdea
feed fed fed a hrni
feel felt felt a (se) simti
fight fought fought a (se) lupta
find found found a gsi
fit fitted fitted a se potrivi
fit fit

flee fled fled a fugi, a se refugia

fling flung flung a arunca
fly flew flown a zbura
forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
forbad
forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
forecasted forecasted

forego forewent foregone a preceda

foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea

foretell foretold foretold a prezice

forget forgot forgotten a uita

forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
forsake forsook forsaken a prsi

freeze froze frozen a ngheta

frostbite frostbit frostbitten a degera

get got gotten a primi, a obtine

give gave given a da
go went gone a merge
grind ground ground a mcina
grow grew grown a creste
hand-feed hand-fed hand-fed a hrni cu mna

handwrite handwrote handwritten a scrie de mn

hang hung hung a atrna

have had had a avea
hear heard heard a auzi
hew hewed hewn a despica
hewed

hide hid hidden a (se) ascunde

hit hit hit a lovi
hold held held a tine
hurt hurt hurt a lovi, a rni, a durea
inbreed inbred inbred a procrea

inlay inlaid inlaid a ncrusta

input input input a introduce

inputted inputted

interbreed interbred interbred a ncrucisa

interweave interwove interwoven a (se) ntreese

interweaved interweaved
interwind interwound interwound a se rsuci

jerry-build jerry-built jerry-built a construi prost

keep kept kept a tine, a pstra

kneel knelt knelt a ngenunchia
kneeled kneeled
knit knitted knitted a tricota
knit knit
know knew known a sti, a cunoate
lay laid laid a pune, a aseza
lead led led a conduce
lean leaned leaned a se apleca, a se sprijini
leant leant
leap leaped leaped a sri
leapt leapt
learn learned learned a nvta
learnt learnt
leave left left a pleca, a lsa
lend lent lent a da cu mprumut
let let let a lsa, a permite
lie lay lain a zcea, a se afla
light lit lit a aprinde
lighted lighted
lip-read lip-read lip-read a citi pe buze

lose lost lost a pierde

make made made a face
mean meant meant a nsemna
meet met met a (se) ntlni

miscast miscast miscast a distribui ntr-un rol

nepotrivit
misdeal misdealt misdealt a mprti crtile gresit

misdo misdid misdone a face gresit

mishear misheard misheard a auzi gresit

mislay mislaid mislaid a pierde

mislead misled misled a ndruma gresit

mislearn mislearned mislearned a nvta gresit

mislearnt mislearnt

misread misread misread a citi gresit

misset misset misset a aseza gresit

misspeak misspoke misspoken a se exprima gresit

misspell misspelled misspelled a ortografia gresit

misspelt misspelt

misspend misspent misspent a risipi

mistake mistook mistaken a gresi

misteach mistaught mistaught a instrui gresit

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood a ntelege gresit

miswrite miswrote miswritten a scrie gresit

mow mowed mowed a cosi

mown
offset offset offset a compensa

outbid outbid outbid a licita mai mult ca

outbreed outbred outbred a ncrucisa cu alt varietate

outdo outdid outdone a ntrece

outdraw outdrew outdrawn a scoate mai repede ca

outdrink outdrank outdrunk a bea prea mult

outfight outfought outfought a lupta mai bine ca

outfly outflew outflown a depsi n zbor

outgrow outgrew outgrown a (se) face prea mare

outleap outleaped outleaped a depsi n sritur

outleapt outleapt

outride outrode outridden a ntrece

outrun outran outrun a ntrece

outsell outsold outsold a (se) vinde mai bine ca

outshine outshone outshone a eclipsa

outshined outshined

outshoot outshot outshot a trage mai bine ca

outsing outsang outsung a cnta mai bine ca

outsit outsat outsat a sta mai mult dect

outsleep outslept outslept a dormi prea mult

outspeak outspoke outspoken a vorbi tare

outspend outspent outspent a cheltui mai mult dect

outthink outthought outthought a fi mai destept ca

outthrow outthrew outthrown a arunca mai bine ca

outwrite outwrote outwritten a scrie mai bine ca

overbid overbid overbid a supralicita

overbreed overbred overbred a (se) supranmulti

overbuild overbuilt overbuilt a (se) construi n exces

overbuy overbought overbought a cumpra n exces

overcome overcame overcome a covrsi

overdo overdid overdone a exagera

overdraw overdrew overdrawn a depsi

overdrink overdrank overdrunk a bea n exces

overeat overate overeaten a mnca n exces

overfeed overfed overfed a (se) supraalimenta

overhang overhung overhung a atrna peste

overhear overheard overheard a auzi din ntmplare

overlay overlaid overlaid a pune peste

overpay overpaid overpaid a plti prea mult

override overrode overridden a nclca

overrun overran overrun a depsi

oversee oversaw overseen a supraveghea

oversell oversold oversold a supraevalua

oversew oversewed oversewn a coase marginile mpreun

 oversewed

overshoot overshot overshot a trece peste

oversleep overslept overslept a dormi prea mult

overspeak overspoke overspoken a vorbi prea mult

overspend overspent overspent a cheltui prea mult

overtake overtook overtaken a depsi

overthrow overthrew overthrown a rsturna

overwind overwound overwound a rsuci prea mult

overwrite overwrote overwritten a suprascrie

partake partook partaken a mprtsi

pay paid paid a plti

plead pleaded pleaded a pleda
pled pled

prepay prepaid prepaid a plti n avans

presell presold presold a vinde n avans

preset preset preset a preconfigura

proofread proofread proofread a corecta

prove proved proven a (se) dovedi

proved

put put put a pune

quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen a nghea rapid

quit quit quit a abandona

 quitted quitted

read read read a citi

reawake reawoke reawaken a se retrezi

rebroadcast rebroadcast rebroadcast a redifuza

rebroadcasted rebroadcasted

rebuild rebuilt rebuilt a reconstrui

recast recast recast a remodela

recut recut recut a tia din nou

redo redid redone a reface

redraw redraw redrawn a retrasa

refit refitted refitted a reutila

refit refit

regrow regrow regrown a recreste

rehear reheard reheard a reaudia

relearn relearned relearned a renvta

relearnt relearnt

relight relit relit a (se) reaprinde

relighted relighted

remake remade remade a reface

repay repaid repaid a recompensa

reread reread reread a reciti

rerun reran rerun a relua

resell resold resold a revinde

resend resent resent a retrimite

reset reset reset a reaeza

resew resewed resewn a recoase

resewed

retake retook retaken a relua

reteach retaught retaught a reinstrui

retell retold retold a repovesti

rethink rethought rethought a regndi

retread retread retread a parcurge din nou

rewake rewoke rewaken a (se) retrezi

rewaked rewaked

rewed rewed rewed a se recstori

rewedded rewedded

rewin rewon rewon a recstiga

rewind rewound rewound a derula napoi

rewrite rewrote rewritten a rescrie

rid rid rid a scpa de, a se

descotorosi
ride rode ridden a clri
ring rang rung a suna
rise rose risen a rsri, a se ridica
run ran run a fugi
saw sawed sawn a tia cu fierstrul
sawed
say said said a spune
see saw seen a vedea
seek sought sought a cuta
sell sold sold a vinde
send sent sent a trimite
set set set a pune
sew sewed sewn a coase
sewed
shake shook shaken a scutura, a tremura
shave shaved shaved a (se) rade
shaven

shear sheared sheared a tunde oi

shorn
shed shed shed a vrsa (lacrimi, snge)
shine shone shone a strluci
shined shined
shoe shod shod a potcovi
shoot shot shot a mpusca
show showed shown a arta
shrink shrank shrunk a se strnge, a se scoroji
shut shut shut a nchide
sight-read sight-read sight-read a citi la prima vedere

sing sang sung a cnta

sink sank sunk a (se) scufunda
sunk
sit sat sat a sedea
slay slew slain a ucide
slayed slayed
sleep slept slept a dormi
slide slid slid a aluneca
sling slung slung a arunca
slink slunk slunk a se furisa

slit slit slit a (se) crpa

smell smelled smelled a mirosi
smelt smelt
sneak sneaked sneaked a se furisa
snuck snuck

sow sowed sown a semna

sowed
speak spoke spoken a vorbi
speed sped sped a grbi, a accelera
speeded speeded
spell spelled spelled a ortografia
spelt spelt
spellbind spellbound spellbound a fermeca

spend spent spent a cheltui, a petrece

spill spilled spilled a vrsa
spilt spilt
spin spun spun a toarce
spit spat spat a scuipa
spit spit
split split split a despica
spoil spoiled spoiled a rsfta
spolit spoilt
spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed a hrni cu lingurita

spread spread spread a (se) ntinde

spring sprang sprung a izvor, a sri
sprung
stand stood stood a sta (n picioare)
steal stole stolen a fura, a se furisa
stick stuck stuck a lipi
sting stung stung a nepa
stink stunk stunk a mirosi urt
stank
strew strewed strewn a presra
strewed
stride strode stridden a merge cu pasi mari
strike struck struck a lovi
stricken
string strung strung a nira (pe o at)
strive strove striven a nzui
strived strived
sublet sublet sublet a subnchiria

sunburn sunburned sunburned a se arde de soare

sunburnt sunburnt

swear swore sworn a jura, a njura

sweat sweat sweat a transpira
sweated sweated
sweep swept swept a mtura
swell swelled swollen a se umfla
swelled
swim swam swum a nota
swing swung swung a legna
take took taken a lua
teach taught taught a nvta, a preda
tear tore torn a rupe, a sfsia
telecast telecast telecast a teledifuza

tell told told a spune, a povesti

test-drive test-drove test-driven a testa o masin

test-fly test-flew test-flown a testa un avion

think thought thought a (se) gndi
thrive throve thriven a prospera
throw threw thrown a arunca
thrust thrust thrust a nfige
tread trod trodden a clca
trod
typecast typecast typecast a distribui ntr-un rol tipic

typeset typeset typeset a culege pentru tipar

typewrite typewrote typewritten a dactilografia

unbend unbent unbent a (se) dezdoi

unbind unbound unbound a dezlega

unclothe unclothed unclothed a (se) dezbrca

clad clad

underbid underbid underbid a oferi un pret prea mic

undercut undercut undercut a submina

underfeed underfed underfed a subalimenta

undergo underwent undergone a trece prin

underlie underlay underlain a sta la baza

undersell undersold undersold a vinde mai ieftin dect

(concurenta)

underspend underspent underspent a cheltui prea putin

understand understood understood a ntelege

undertake undertook undertaken a lua asupra sa
underwrite underwrote underwritten a subscrie

undo undid undone a anula

unfreeze unfroze unfrozen a dezgheta

unhide unhid unhidden a iesi din ascunztoare

unlearn unlearned unlearned a dezvta

unlearnt unlearnt

unsew unsewed unsewn a descoase

unsewed

unwind unwound unwound a desfsura

uphold upheld upheld a sustine

upset upset upset a tulbura

wake woke woken a se trezi

waked waked
waylay waylaid waylaid a acosta

wear wore worn a purta

weave wove woven a tese
weaved weaved
wed wed wed a (se) cununa
wedded wedded
weep wept wept a plnge
wet wet wet a uda
wetted wetted
win won won a cstiga
wind wound wound a rsuci
withdraw withdrew withdrawn a (se) retrage

withhold withheld withheld a retine

withstand withstood withstood a rezista la

wring wrung wrung a stoarce

write wrote written a scrie

Prepositions - Prepozitii

Prepozitia (Preposition) este o parte de vorbire neflexibila (fixa) care descrie legatura dintre
doua cuvinte din aceeasi propozitie. Prepozitiile nu au un inteles de sine statator, ele capata
diferie sensuri puse in legatura cu alte cuvinte.
Cateva exemple de observare a prepozitiilor (cuvintele evidentiate):
You can sit before the desk. - Puteti s stati n faa biroului.
He can bump into the table. - El se poate lovi in masa.
The bird flies toward the tree. - Pasarea zboara spre pom.
I sit on the armchair. - Eu stau pe fotoliu.
- Verbe precedate de prepozitii iau forma n "-ing".
He's good at remembering peoples names. - El isi aminteste cu usurinta numele oamenilor.
Exceptii: but si except sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt.
They did nothing but laugh. - N-au facut nimic (altceva) dect sa rda.
De retinut:
In limba engleza nu se va termina niciodata o propozitie cu o prepozitie.
1. Prepozitii de loc: at, on, in
At se foloseste cu adrese exacte.
James lives at 78 English Street in London. - James locueste la nr. 78, Strada English in Londra.
On desemneaza numele de strazi, sosele, bulevarde, alei, etc.
Her house is on Camp Street. - Casa ei e pe strada Camp.
In se foloseste cu numele regiunilor (orase, judete, tari, state, continente).
She lives in Braila. - Ea locuieste in Braila.
Braila is in Romania - Braila e in romania.

2. Prepozitii de timp: at, on, in

At se foloseste pentru a desemna ora exacta.
The teacher is leaving at 5:15 p.m. - Profesorul pleaca la 5:15 p.m.
On indica zilele si datele calendaristice.
My brother is coming on Monday. - Fratele meu vine luni.
We're having a training on the Fourth of October. - Avem un antrenament pe patru octombrie.
In se foloseste pentru a desemna ore imprecise din timpul zilei, cat si luna, anotimpul, anul.
 She likes to jog in the morning. - Ei ii place sa alerge (sa faca jogging) dimineata.
It's too cold in winter to run outside. - E prea frig iarna ca sa alergi afara.
He started the english course in 2010. - El a inceput cursul de engleza in anul 2010.
He's going to come in August. - El are de gand sa vina in august.

3. Prepozitii de timp: for si since

For se foloseste atunci cand se masoara timpul (secunde, minute, ore, zile, luni, ani).
He held his breath for seven minutes. - El si-a inut respiraia timp de apte minute.
She's lived there for seven years. - Ea a trait acolo sapte ani.
Since se foloseste cu data sau ora exacta.
He's worked here since 1976. - El a lucrat aici din anul 1976.
She's been sitting in the waiting room since six-thirty. - Ea statea in camera de asteptare de la sase-
treizeci.

4. Prepozitii de miscare: to si lipsa prepozitiei

To se foloseste pentru a exprima deplasarea, miscarea catre un loc.
They were walking to work together. - Ei mergeau la (spre) munca impreuna.
She's going to the dentist's office this morning. - Ea se duce la dentist (cabinetul dentistului) in dimineata
asta.
Toward si towards exprima de asemenea miscarea spre ceva.
Acestea doua prepozitii sunt doar variantele ortografice ale aceluiasi cuvant si se pot folosi
indiferent.
We're moving toward the light. - Ne miscam spre lumina.
This is a big step towards the project's completion. - Acesta este un mare pas spre finalizarea proiectului.
Cu urmatoarele cuvinte: home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, nu se
folosesc prepozitii.
Grandma went upstairs Grandpa went home. - Bunica sa dus la etaj bunicul a plecat acasa.
They both went outside. - Amandoi au iesit afara.

5. Prepozitii cu substantive, adjective si verbe

Numeroase substantive, adjective si mai ales verbe se folosesc corect numai insotite de
prepozitiile care le intregesc sensul.

Substantive
approval of - aprobarea
awareness of - gradul de
contientizare a
belief in - credinta in
concern for - preocuparea pentru
confusion about - confuzie cu
privire la
desire for - dorina de
fondness for - toleran pentru
grasp of - stapanire de
hatred of - ura fata de
hope for - speranta pentru
interest in - interes in
Prepozitii si:
Adjective
afraid of - frica de
angry at - furios la
aware of - constient de
capable of - capabil sa
careless about - neatent la /cu
familiar with - familiarizat cu
happy about - fericit in legatura cu
interested in - interesat
jealous of - gelos give up - a renunta
made of - facut /fabricat in (din)
married to - casatorit /a cu
proud of - mandru de
similar to - asemanator cu
Verbe
apologize for - a cere scuze (iertare)
pentru
ask about - a intreba despre
ask for - a cere [ceva]
belong to - a apartine [cuiva]
bring up - a aduce
care for - a avea grija de
find out - a afla
grow up - a creste
look for - a cauta [ceva]
look forward to - a astepta cu nerabdare
sa
love of - dragostea de sorry for - imi pare rau pentru ... look up - a privi in sus
need for - necesitatea /nevoia de a sure of - sigur de make up - a alcatui, a nascoci, a prepara
participation in - participarea la tired of - obosit de (satul de) pay for - a plati pentru
reason for - motiv pentru worried about - ingrijorat de / in prepare for - a se pregati pentru
respect for - respectul pentru legatura cu study for - a invata pentru
success in - succes in talk about - a vorbi despre
understanding of - intelegerea think about - a (se) gandi la
trust in - a avea incredere in
work for - a lucra pentru
worry about - a fi ingrijorat de, a-si face
griji pentru
- Combinatia dintre verbe si prepozitii se numeste verb frazal.
6. Expresii idiomatice cu prepozitii
ntre folosirea prepozitiilor n limba engleza si limba romna exista numeroase diferente.
Aceeasi prepozitie poate implica frazelor din care face parte un inteles diferit de cel obisnuit,
formand expresii idiomatice. Unele dintre acestea sunt:
in the street (Engl. americ. - on the stret) - pe strada
in the playground - pe terenul de sport
in the sky - pe cer
in the sun - la soare
in the open air - la aer curat
on the way to - n drum spre
on the 1st floor - la etajul 1
round the corner - dupa colt
at present - n prezent
at the some time - n acelasi timp
at this moment - n acest moment
at last - n sfrsit
in a year`s time - peste un an
in my opinion - dupa parerea mea
beyond control - independent de vointa ...
in all probability - dupa toate probabilitatile
by my watch - dupa ceasul meu
by heart - pe de rost, pe dinafara
by mistake - din greseala
to go on a trip / on holiday - a merge n calatorie / n vacanta
to go (out) for a walk - a merge la plimare
lo look out of the window - a privi pe fereastra
to get in through the window - a intra pe fereastr
he`s the tallest in the class - e cel mai nalt din clas
outside the garden - n fata gradinii

7. Prepozitii inutile
In vorbirea de zi cu zi se folosesc incorect prepozitii acolo unde ele nu isi au rostul.
Observati urmatoarele exemple:
She met up with the new coach in the hallway. - Ea sa ntlnit cu noul antrenor pe hol.
The book fell off of the desk. - Cartea a cazut de pe birou.
He threw the book out of the window. - El a aruncat cartea pe fereastr.
She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. (sau folositi "in") - Ea nu ar lasa pisica in casa.
Where did they go to? - Unde s-au dus ei?
Put the lamp in back of the couch. (se va folosi "behind") - Pune lampa n spatele canapelei.
Where is your college at? - Unde este colegiul dumneavoastra?

What -ce

How! -cum

Why -de ce

Who -cine

Where -unde

When -cand

But -dar

-te duc undeva

go home -ma duc acasa

go somewhere -mergem undeva

have -trebuie

I need to talk more -trebuie sa vorbesc mai de

While -in timp ce

only once -doar odata

then- atunci