In The Name of

ALLAH
The Mist Beneficent,

The Most Merciful

Effects of dried citrus pulp on nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and
growth performance in Lohi lambs
By

Muhammad Shakeel Ashraf

B.Sc. (HONS.) Animal Sciences
2008-ag-2427

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (Hons.)
in
Animal Nutrition

INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

FACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE.
FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
2015
 TO

MY PARENTS AND FAMILY

 Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1

REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............................................................................................. 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................................... 42

RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 47

DISCUSION ...................................................................................................................... 57

SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 62

REFERNCES ..................................................................................................................... 65
 List of Tables
Table 2.1 Chemical composition of DCP by several sources ......................................... 7
Table 2.2 Dry matter intake in animals fed DCP by several sources............................ 14
Table 2.3 Nutrient digestibility in animals fed DCP by several sources ...................... 23
Table 2.4 Nitrogen retention in animals fed DCP by several sources .......................... 30
Table 2.5 Body weight gain in animals fed DCP by several sources ........................... 34
Table 3.1 Percentage of ingredients used in experimental concentrate diets................ 43
Table 3.2 Chemical composition of treatment diets ..................................................... 44
Table 4.1 Chemical composition of dried citrus pulp ................................................... 50
Table 4.2 Nutrient intake of DCP based diets ............................................................... 51
Table 4.3 Nutrient digestibility of DCP based diets ..................................................... 52
Table 4.4 Nitrogen Balance of DCP based diets ........................................................... 53
Table 4.5 Effect of DCP on Blood metabolites ............................................................ 54
Table 4.6 Weight gain in animals fed DCP based diets ................................................ 55
Table 4.7 Feed efficiency and economics ..................................................................... 56
 ABSTRACT

This study was planned to examine the effects of dried citrus pulp as an alternate energy
source on feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, growth performance, gain to feed ratio and
economics of lambs. Forty male lambs approximately 4-5 months of age having 22-28 kg body
weight were used in a randomized complete block design. Blocking was done on the basis of body
weight. The lambs were divided into 4 groups, 10 lambs in each. The diet was consisted of forage
and concentrate. The concentrates contained 10, 20, 30 and 40% dried citrus Pulp. The experiment
was 75 days long. Animals were dewormed against endo and ecto parasites before the start of
study. First 21 days were given as an adaptation period. Feed was offered ad libitum. Feed offered
and refused was recorded daily to determine feed intake. During collection period, three animals
from each group were shifted to separate metabolic pens to collect complete feces and urine for
determination of nutrients digestibility and nitrogen balance. Three animals were selected
randomly from each group for blood collection. Serum from blood was extracted and subjected to
the analysis of blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose. The lambs were individually weighed after
every 15 days before morning feeding to determine weight gain. Gain to feed ratio was determined
by dividing weight gain over feed intake. Economics of diets was calculated. Data thus collected
was analyzed by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using general linear model procedure of SPSS
and means was compared by Duncans Multiple Range Test. The results of our study showed non-
significant effect of various levels of DCP on nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen
metabolism, weight gain, feed efficiency and blood metabolites. While, significant effect was
observed on economics (price per kg of body weight gain).
 INTRODUCTION
A tremendous increase in the population of Pakistan has elevated the demand of
grains, consequently increasing the competition between humans and animals for grains
and other food sources, which has resulted in higher prices of concentrate. Most of the
livestock farmers are unable to feed concentrate to their animals to fulfill their requirements
which is adversely affecting performance of their animal. In this situation, there is demand
for exploring cheaper non-conventional feed resources that can replace concentrate sources,
especially grains.

Different agro-industrial by-products especially fruit wastes are used mainly as an

energy source for feeding livestock (Crickenberger, 1991). Citrus pulp is an important by-
product obtained after extraction of juice from the citrus fruit. A large quantity of pulp is
produced which is not commonly fed to animals and causes disposal problems as well as
environmental pollution (Intrigliolo et al., 2001; Ralphs et al., 1995). It consists of peels,
inside residue and culled fruits (Mirzaei-Aghsaghali and Maheri-Sis, 2008). Citrus pulp can
be used as cereal grain replacer in the diet of ruminants on fresh basis. Fresh whole citrus
pulp is 49.2 to 69.2 % of the fresh citrus fruit (Martinez and Fernandez 1980). According
to NRC (1996), it contains about 82% total digestible nutrients (TDN) but its crude protein
(CP) is 6.7% which is considered as poor for animal feeding. However, due to high
transportation cost, perishability and seasonal availability, its use on fresh basis is limited.
By proper conservation, citrus pulp can be used in the diet of ruminant animals throughout
the year without any chemical change (Caparra et al., 2007). It can be conserved by drying
(dehydration) or ensiling (Bueno et al., 2002). However, handling and transportation of
dried citrus pulp is easy as compared to wet form (Arthington et al., 2002).

Dried citrus pulp has high nutritive profile. It is a concentrate source (Arthington et
al., 2002) which contains 120 to 400g sugar and less than 10g starch per kg of DM (Hall,
2000). It also contains 250g pectin contents per kg of DM which are approximately 98%
digestible (Arthington et al., 2002). Ruminal bacteria can easily degrade the pectin content
of dried citrus pulp (Sunvold et al., 1995). It can be used as an energy source to replace
grains (Al Khawajah, 2003; Barrios-Urdaneta et al., 2003; Caparra et al., 2007;
Crickenberger, 1991; Gado et al., 2009; Strobel and Russell, 1986). Addition of dried citrus

1
pulp in the diet of ruminants reduces urinary N excretion due to increased microbial growth
(NRC, 2000). Supplementation of dried citrus pulp in the diet has positive effect on fiber
digestion in dairy cows and small ruminants. It improves nutrient digestibility in ewes
(Fegeros et al., 1995). Dried citrus pulp has not shown any effect on average daily gain and
live body weight in the diet of lambs (Caparra et al., 2007). It results in better growth
performance and feed intake in growing kids (Bueno et al., 2002). The dried citrus pulp
also improves the feed intake and economic efficiency in lambs (Caparra et al., 2007).

Dried citrus pulp can be used as a substitute for energy sources in the diet of
ruminants, as these sources contributes major cost in animal diet (Arthington et al., 2002).
Dried citrus pulp can be used to decrease the cost of animal feeding. Limited literature is
available regarding the use of dried citrus pulp as an energy source in small ruminants of
Pakistan. Therefore, present study was planned to evaluate the effects of dried citrus pulp
as an alternate energy source on feed intake, growth performance, digestibility, nitrogen
balance, gain to feed ratio and economics in Lohi lambs.

2
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Livestock and crops are integral parts of agriculture industry. They can never be
separated from each other. With increase in population, there is need of elevated food
supply. Livestock ensure the food supply to the urban as well as rural population. Our
animals are feed deficient. Feeding of concentrate is a common practice to get high
production from the animals, especially from ruminants. The ingredients used for the
formulation of concentrate are very costly and livestock farmers cannot afford them. There
is urge to use some easily available cheaper feed sources for animals.

Some agro-industrial wastes can be used to fulfill this urge (Qureshi and Fitzhugh,
1986). These wastes can fulfill maintenance and production requirements of ruminants
(Jayasuriya, 1985). A huge amount of agro-industrial products are produced in Pakistan but
the drawback is environmental pollution, no utilization by animal feed industry at all!

Grasser et al. (1995) pointed out two main advantages of agro-industrial by-
products in livestock feeding, it reduces the dependence of livestock on grain, which must
be used for human being, and the other one is, it reduces the need for costly programs of
waste management.

Citrus is mainly used by human beings as fresh fruit or processed (chilled or fresh)
juice. Genus citrus includes grape fruit, lemon, sweet orange and tangerine. Sweet orange
is most important (Salunkhe and Kadam, 1995). Mediterranean countries like Egypt,
Greece, Italy, Morocco, Spain and Turkey contributes 24% citrus to the total production of
the world. While Brazil and USA contributes 24% and 21% citrus. Pakistan produces 2.299
million tons/year and considered as leading citrus producer (Economic Survey, 2008-09)

Ruminants have capability to ferment a large amount of fibrous diets in their rumens
and can ferment a huge amount of citrus in the diet (Grasser et al., 1995). It should be fed
to animals and gradually increase the amount of the citrus pulp in the diet then the animals
develop taste for it and they easily be familiar with the typical smell of citrus pulp (Bath et
al., 1982). According to FAO (2001), it can be fed to cattle without any adverse effect up
to 40 kg/ day on fresh basis.

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Chemical Composition

The wet citrus pulp is a significant industrial by-product, which has almost 80%
moisture. It has low nitrogen level while it is high in sugars, non-starch polysaccharides
(NSP) and organic acids (Caro et al., 1990; Cervera et al., 1985). According to NRC (1996),
citrus pulp contains about 82 % total digestible nutrients (TDN) while it has a poor protein
value (6.7 %). Lanza (1982) also reported less protein content of dried citrus pulp (DCP)
while, high energy contents due to its highly fermentable carbohydrates.

Citrus pulp is appropriate for ruminal microbes and may be used in ruminant rations
(Grasser et al., 1995) in fresh, ensiled or dried form. It is the cheapest energy source
accepted by the ruminants (Bath et al., 1982). According to Fegeros et al. (1995), the DCP
is the best ingredient for ruminants. It has 90% DM, 83.15% OM, 16.85% ash, 7.75% CP,
19.4% NDF and 12.8% ADF (Fegeros et al., 1995). Bhattacharya and Harb (1973)
informed that DCP has 91.52% DM and 8.1% CP. Similarly, Belibasakis and Tsirgogianni
(1996) reported that DCP contains 90.4 % DM, 6.2% CP, 23.1% ADF, 25.9% NDF and
13.1% CF.

Al Khawajah (2003) also determined the nutritive value of DCP. He reported that
DCP has 91.8% DM, 6.9% CP and 7.1% ash. In another study, Oni et al. (2008) reported
that DCP contained 6.3% CP and 5.13% ash. Similarly, Watanabe et al. (2010) stated that
DCP comprised of 89.10% DM, 6.35% CP, 3528 kCal/kg metabolizable energy,18.85%
NDF and 14.32% ADF.

Nassar et al. (2008) stated the nutritive values of DCP. They reported that DCP has
89.87% DM, 4.75% CP, 1.72% fat and 2.60% ash. Hendrickson and Kesterson (1966) also
reported that DCP contains 91.4% DM, 6.5% CP and 4.8% ash. Ibrahim et al. (2011)
noticed 94.98, 6.40 and 5.02% OM, CP and ash contents while, NDF and ADF contents
were 26.21 and 20.35 in DCP, respectively.

Hernndez et al. (2012) noticed that DCP contains 90.1% DM, 7.6% CP and 3.9%
ash. Kim et al. (2007) also reported that DCP is excellent ingredient for ruminants with
good nutritional profile having 88.3% DM, 15.6% NDF, 15.9% ADF and 7.2% CP. Similar
results were seen by Kordi and Naserian (2012) who analyzed nutritive value of fresh citrus
pulp and reported that fresh citrus pulp is nutritious ingredient for ruminants. It can be
supplemented in ensiled state for better growth and production. They also found that fresh

4
citrus pulp has 12.5% DM, 10.61% CP, 26.3% NDF, 25.8% ADF and 5.33% ash. Castro
and Zanetti (1998) reported that DCP could be used in calves starter diet as an alternate of
NDF rich diet like Bermuda grass hay.

Chemical composition of citrus pulp depends upon type and variety of fruit and
method of processing for juice extraction (Ammerman et al., 1966; Chapman et al., 1953).
Abdullah (2013) carried out analysis of dried citrus pulp to elucidate the relative contents
of DM, OM (organic matter), nitrogen, NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent
fiber), hemicellulose and ash that are good indicator for the determination of nutritive value.
The results revealed that dried citrus pulp contained 90.63, 94.57 and 6.32% DM, OM and
CP respectively. The NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and ash contents of dried citrus pulp were
20.68, 14.32, 6.36 and 5.43%, respectively. Oluremi et al. (2007) also stated that cellulose
and hemicellulose contents in DCP ranged from 34.07 to 35.29% and from 21.10 to
21.62%, respectively. The variation in nutrient composition of DCP may be due to different
seed content of the citrus fruit as the percentage of seeds present in the citrus fruit varies
from 0 10% (Jong-Kyu et al., 1996).

Rihani (1991) reported that dried citrus pulp contains 90 % DM, 2% ether extract,
1.4% calcium and about 0.1% phosphorus. It is rich in fibre content (NDF about 20%) and
contains large amounts (10-40%) of pectic substances and water soluble sugars (mainly
sucrose) on DM basis. Faria et al. (2008) pointed out that dried citrus pulp is rich in fibre
content. Dried citrus pulp contains 6.9% ash, 2.7% lignin and 17.3 MJ/kg of DM gross
energy. Taiwo et al. (1995) pointed out that unfermented citrus pulp contained high
concentration of glucose (32.9 equiv. / kg) and low concentrations of other nutrients. Kordi
and Naserian (2012) reported that fresh citrus pulp is nutritious ingredient for ruminants
and can be fed in ensiled state for their better growth and production. They evaluated that
fresh citrus pulp has 12.5% DM, 10.61% CP, 3.5% EE, 26.3% NDF, 25.8% ADF and
5.33% ash. These studies showed that dried citrus pulp is low in protein contents but is high
in energy value and can be used as an energy source in animal feed.

Kirk and Marvin (1970) analyzed the chemical composition of DCP. They noticed
that DCP contains 91.8% DM, 6.9% CP and 7.1% ash. Pereira and Gonzlez (2004) also
evaluated the nutritive value of DCP and reported that DCP contains 88.1% DM, 7.1% CP,
and 6.9% ash. Fresh orange pulp is nutritive ingredient, which can be used in ruminant
rations in valuable quantities. It is used to optimum growth, production and reproduction.

5
It contains 23% DM, 6% CP, 25.6% NDF, 16.9% ADF and 3.6% ash (Silva et al., 1997).
Neumark (1970) evaluated the nutritive value of fresh orange peels. He reported that fresh
orange peel contains 16.1% DM, 6.8% CP, 14.1% NDF, 9.1% ADF and 3.7% ash.

Devendra (1988) also examined the chemical composition of fresh lime peels and
noticed that fresh lime peels contains 18.3% DM, 7.8% CP, 24.3% NDF, 18.3% ADF and
3.6% ash. Sotto et al. (2009) evaluated the nutritive values of DCP. They stated that DCP
could be supplemented in ruminants for better results having 90% DM and 7.6% CP. Heuze
and Hassoun (2014) stated that DCP contains 88-91% DM. Chaudhry and Naseer (2006)
reported that DCP consists of 81% DM and 6.8% CP. Keener et al. (1957) also examined
the nutritive value of DCP. They reported that DCP contains 92.15% DM, 5.81% and CP,
4.34%. Chemical composition of DCP calculated by different sources is given in Table 2.1.

6
Table 2.1 Chemical composition of DCP by several sources

Nutrient No of samples Mean SEMi

DM 14 88.73 0.694

OM 8 92.67 1.43

CP 20 7.37 0.25

NDF 12 27.49 3.44

ADF 14 22.80 1.74

Ash 12 12.24 5.52

ME 3 2328.25 544.32

i. Standard error mean

Nutrients were calculated by getting means from different scientists work

(Agshghali and Maheri, 2008; Ammerman et al., 1966; Bampidis and Robinson, 2006;
Bath et al., 1982; Belibasakis and Tsirgogianni, 1996; Bhattacharya and Harb, 1973; Brown
and Johnson, 1991; Bueno et al., 2002; Caparra et al., 2005; Durand et al., 1988; Ensminger
and Olentine, 1978; Fegeros et al., 1995; Fonseca et al., 2001; Grasser et al., 1995; Hajati
et al., 2012; Ibrahim et al., 2011; Kour et al., 2014; OMara et al., 1999; Peacock and Kirk,
2006)

7
Nutrient Intake

Abdullah (2013) performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP on the

nutrient intake in Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. He fed animals 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP in diet.
At the end of the experiment, he reported that dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly
higher in buffalo bulls fed diets containing 30 and 40% levels of DCP than those fed diets
containing 10 and 20% DCP of dietary concentrate. Similarly, CP NDF and ADF intakes
were also significantly higher in bulls by feeding 30 and 40% DCP compared to those
receiving 10 and 20% DCP of dietary concentrate.

Franzolin et al. (2010) performed an experiment to examine the effect of DCP on

nutrient intake in buffalos. Buffalos were supplemented with concentrate ration having
DCP at 12 and 30%. Results revealed better nutrient intake in buffalos fed concentrate
having 30% DCP. Similarly Oni et al. (2008) conducted a study on the effect of DCP in
replacement of brewers dried grains on the nutrient intake in dwarf goats. Sixteen goats
were equally divided into four groups. The control group had 88.5% brewers dried grains
whereas, in other three experimental groups, it was replaced with 25, 50 and 75% DCP.
Enterolobium cyclocarpum was used as a basal feed. Molasses, vitamin mineral premix,
salt and urea were also used in all diets. This study indicated that nutrient intake was higher
when brewers dried grains were replaced by 50% DCP in the diets of dwarf goats. Higher
intake in goats at 50% level of DCP might be due to more palatability of DCP. Less intake
in goats (25% DCP of dietary DM) might be due to more proportion of brewers dried grains
resulting in less palatability whereas 75% levels of DCP in the diet might also resulted in
less palatability to goats.

Chaudhry and Naseer (2006) performed an experiment to examine the effect of

citrus pulp silage with mixture of corn forage and poultry litter on nutrient intake of sheep.
Levels of citrus pulp in the silage were 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. At the end of experiment,
they noticed better nutrient intake in sheep fed silage containing 30% citrus pulp than those
offered 0, 10, 20 and 40% citrus pulp based silage. Similarly, Pereira and Gonzlez (2004)
performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP on nutrient intake in ruminally
cannulated wethers. Wethers were offered TMRs having 40% DCP and 40% dried beet
pulp along with ad libitum feeding of Prairie hay. Results revealed that wethers fed DCP
based TMR showed better nutrient intake than those fed dried beet pulp based TMR.

8
 Similarly, Alkire (2003) conducted a study to evaluate the effects of feeding citrus
pulp supplements on the performance of growing beef cattle. They used fifty Angus x
Brahman crossbred steers and heifers for the experimental purposes. They fed them
individually. These calves were fed Bahia grass hay as a basal diet at ad libitum intake
along with concentrate. The concentrate consisted of corn and citrus pulp with increasing
levels of un-degradable intake protein. The experiment continued for 84 days. It was
observed that calves supplemented with corn grains ate 0.7 kg more hay compared to those
fed citrus pulp.

Miron et al. (2002) carried out an experiment to observe the effect of DCP on
nutrient intake in dairy cows. Ten cows were equally divided into two experimental groups.
Animals of group 1 offered TMR having 10% DCP and 20% corn while animals of other
group were offered TMR having 21% DCP and 9% corn. Both TMRs also contained 6.5%
soya bean meal, 14% extruded full fat soya bean, 28% corn silage, 19.5% legume haylage,
minerals and vitamins. These results showed that nutrient intake was higher in cows offered
TMR having 10% DCP than those offered TMR having 21% DCP.

Bueno et al. (2002) carried out an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP in
replacement of corn grain (concentrate energy source) and its effect on nutrient intake in
Saanen kids. Sixteen kids were taken into metabolic cages. Corn was replaced by DCP at
0, 23, 46 and 66.5% as concentrate energy source and fed to animals along with ad libitum
chopped grass hay. Results revealed that nutrient intake was higher in those Saanen kids
fed diet having 46% DCP. However, above this level, there was a reduction in nutrient
intake. Similarly, OMara et al. (1999) conducted a comparative trial to evaluate the effects
of DCP on nutrient intake using sheep and cattle. Four sheep (7-9 months age) and four
cattle (1.5 years age) were offered 77.7% DCP of dietary DM as concentrate energy source
along with 16% hay and 0.63% soya bean meal. Results showed nutrients intake
coefficients of DCP were similar between sheep and cattle in significant manner.

A better DMI of DCP as concentrate energy source in goats was observed when fed
along with Alfalfa hay in 50:50 proportions on DM basis. An increased DM and OM intake
was found in animals who were fed dried citrus pulp. While the supplementation has no
significant effect on ADF NDF and CP intake (Madrid et al., 1996; Madrid et al., 1997).
Scerra et al. (1994) also reported significant effect of DCP on nutrient intake in rams.
Fegeros et al. (1995) carried out a study to examine the effect of DCP on nutrient intake in

9
ewes. Ewes were fed 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5 and 45% DCP on DM basis along with hay.
Results revealed higher nutrient intake in ewes fed 30% DCP of dietary DM than those
offered 7.5, 15, 22.5, 37.5 and 45% DCP. Similarly, Brown and Johnson (1991) also
reported significant effects of DCP on nutrient intake in steers.

Ben-Ghedalia et al. (1989) examined the effect of DCP on nutrient intake in rams.
Rams were fed two diets A and B. As the diet A had 84.4% dried citrus pulp on DM basis
whereas diet B had 76.5% barley grains along with 20.4% dried citrus pulp on DM basis.
Results exposed that animals fed diet A had better nutrient intake than those fed diet B.

Highfill et al. (1987) observed the effect of DCP on nutrient intake in non-lactating
Angus cows. There were four non-lactating ruminally cannulated Angus cows having
weight ranging from 375-500 kg. In contrast to control diet, three types of concentrate diets
i.e. soya hulls, corn gluten feed and DCP were used in the experiment. They offered total
mixed ration (TMR) containing ground fescue hay at a level of 750 g/kg DM and
concentrate at a level of 250 g/kg DM. Results revealed that nutrient intake was higher in
cows supplemented with TMR having DCP than those supplemented TMR containing soya
hulls and corn gluten feed.

Sudweeks (1977) performed three experiments to study the effect of DCP on

nutrient intake in sheep. In each experiment, 10, 40 and 70% of DM, levels of corn, DCP
and soya bean mill were fed to sheep along with a single forage source (corn silage,
sorghum silage and Bermuda grass hay, respectively). Animals were also supplemented
with soya bean meal, di calcium phosphate and salt to meet their maintenance requirements.
It was observed that DMI was increased with increasing the levels of each of the
concentrate energy source.

In contrary to the above given research, some of the scientists reported a decreased
nutrient intake with inclusion of DCP in diet. Gholizadeh and Naserian (2010) executed an
experiment to study the effect of DCP in replacement of barley grains on DMI in Saanen
kids. Barley grains were replaced by DCP at 7, 14, and 70% of the energy concentrate and
were fed to twelve female Saanen kids (88 days age, mean average weight of 7 kg). Results
revealed that DMI decreased with increasing levels of DCP. This might be due to variation
in rumen development, improper processing or low palatability of DCP.

An in vivo experiment was conducted by Sparkes et al. (2010) to study the effect of
replacing lucerne hay with fresh citrus pulp and its effect on nutrient intake in ewes. There

10
were two treatments, control and citrus pulp; the control treatment had 91.3, 8.3 and 0.42
% DM of lucerne, lupins and phosphate, respectively whereas fresh citrus pulp treatment
had 57.7, 9.5, 0.48 and 32.3% DM of lucerne, lupins, phosphate and fresh citrus pulp,
respectively. Results revealed that nutrient intake was lower in animals fed fresh citrus pulp
based diet than control treatment. Macedo et al. (2007) carried out a trial to evaluate the
effect of fresh citrus pulp as a replacement of sorghum silage on nutrient intake in male
crossbred sheep. The average body weight of all male sheep was 28.3 kg (2.41). In
comparison to control diet, sorghum silage was substituted by fresh citrus pulp at 25, 50
and 75% levels. Results revealed a better nutrient intake at all levels of fresh citrus pulp
than sorghum silage.

Similarly, Cooke et al. (2007) performed an experiment to observe the effect of

DCP on nutrient intake in Brahman British cows. There were twenty-four cows equally
divided into two experimental groups and offered two different TMRs having molasses and
DCP along with ad libitum feeding of forage hay. At the end of experiment, they found that
cows fed DCP based TMR had less nutrient intake than those supplemented molasses based
TMR. Contrary to these, Villarreal et al. (2006) examined the effect of DCP on nutrient
intake in steers. Experiment was performed on three steers (average body weight 32416
kg) who were randomly offered three different levels of DCP (0, 1.25 and 2.5 kg DCP/
animal/day) in a 3x3 Latin square design along with ad libitum feeding of a basal diet (star
grass) to the steers. They found that nutrient intake reduced when the level of DCP was
increased. Reduction in nutrient intake with increasing levels of DCP might be due to
provision of low fiber and low protein energy concentrate.

Taniguchi et al. (1999) performed an experiment to study the effects of DCP on

nutrient intake in steers. Steers were offered four TMRs in 4x4 latin square design. First
TMR had 40% Italian ryegrass, 48% rolled barley grains and 12% soya bean meal. Second
TMR had 38% Italian ryegrass, 18% rolled barley grains, 30% DCP and 14% soya bean
meal. Third TMR had 27% Italian ryegrass, 32% rolled barley grains, 30% beet pulp and
11% soya bean meal and 4th TMR had 14% Italian ryegrass, 51% rolled barley grains, 30%
soya bean hulls and 15% soya bean meal. Results revealed a non-significant effect of DCP
on DMI in steers. Henrique et al. (1998) performed a study to examine the effect of
substituting corn grain with DCP on nutrient intake in young bulls. These bulls were offered
diets having corn silage along with concentrate at levels of 200 or 800 kg/tones DM in
TMR. The 70 g/kg DM of the concentrate was used by incorporating corn grain or DCP in

11
the low concentrate TMR while 650 g/kg DM corn or DCP was incorporated in high
concentrate level. They indicated that performance of bulls fed high concentrate treatment
along with DCP was lower compared to those bulls, which were fed low concentrate
treatment. However, a non-significant effect was observed on DMI across all treatments.

Rihani et al. (1993) performed two trials to evaluate the effect of DCP on nutrient
intake in sheep and Sardi lambs. In the First trial, four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets
containing 15, 20, 25 and 30% DCP were fed to four groups of sheep having ten sheep in
each. While in second experiment, same diets with same proportions were offered to Sardi
lambs to observe nutrient intake. Both experiments were 105 days long. At the end of
experiment, they observed that nutrient intake was similar among all treatments in both
experiment as non-significant effects of different levels of DCP on nutrient intake in sheep
and Sardi lambs were observed. Martinez and Fernandez (1980) conducted a study to
determine the effect of DCP on DMI in fattening lambs. Animals were fed 10% Alfalfa hay
and 90% concentrate mixture. The DCP was mixed in concentrate at a level of 0, 15, 30,
45 and 60% in each diet. The results exposed that DMI decreased with an increased level
of DCP in concentrate mixture.

Bhattacharya and Harb (1973) performed an experiment to examine the effect of

DCP on nutrient intake in Awassi lambs. Citrus pulp was dried at 90C. The DCP was
mixed in concentrate at the level of 20, 40 and 60% (on DM basis). The diets were fed to
lambs in 4x4 Latin square design. Results revealed that DMI tended to decrease with
increase in the level of DCP. McCullough and Sisk (1972) evaluated the effects of different
levels of DCP on nutrient intake in steers. Two experimental diets having 15 and 25% DCP
of dietary DM along with ad libitum corn silage were offered to steers. Results showed that
there is a non-significant difference on nutrient intake between both levels of DCP. Deaville
et al. (1994) executed an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP on nutrient intake in
Suffolk crossbred wethers. Four Suffolk crossbred wethers were equally divided into two
experimental groups. Experimental diets containing 26 and 24% DCP of dietary DM
(concentrate energy source) along with ad libitum grass hay. The results revealed a non-
significant difference on nutrient intake between both treatments.

Welch and Smith (1971) performed an experiment to examine the effects of DCP
on nutrient intake in dairy heifers. Four dairy heifers having average weight 500 kg were
kept in separate metabolic crates and offered four different levels i.e. 21, 30, 40 and 53%

12
of DCP in concentrate feed along with ad libitum feeding of hay. Experiment was 84 days
long. At the end of experiment, results revealed that there is a non-significant effect of DCP
on nutrient intake in dairy heifers. Loggins et al. (1968) performed an experiment to study
the effect of DCP on nutrient intake in lambs. There were seventy-six lambs equally divided
into two experimental groups and fed 67.7 and 74.5% DCP in the concentrate rations along
with ad libitum feeding of Bermuda grass hay to the lambs. Experiment was 90 days long.
The results revealed a non-significant effect of DCP on nutrient intake in lambs fed
different levels of DCP, as results were similar among all the treatments.

Aregheore (2000) conducted two research trial to evaluate the effect of DCP as a
by-product on DM intake of small ruminants. Four by-product feeds (BPF) from groundnut
shells, maize cobs, cassava peels and citrus pulp + peel waste were used to make treatment
diets. Goat (12 heads) and sheep (16 heads) of 16-18 months having average weight of
12.96 and 14.05 kg respectively were selected. They were divided into three and four
groups respectively. At the end of the experiment, it was observed that there was a better
intake of diet containing cassava peels. Diet containing citrus pulp was observed to have
second best DM intake.

Belibasakis and Tsirgogianni (1996) conducted a research to investigate the effect

of DCP on nutrient intake. They selected twenty Friesian cows and divided them into two
groups of ten cows. Two experimental diets were designed. First diet having 20% DCP
while, the other one having 15% beet pulp. They offered the feed twice a day to ensure ad
libitum feeding. At the end of the experiment, they found a non-significant effect on DM,
CP and ME intake.

Broderick et al. (2002) executed a research to investigate the effect of DCP on

nutrient intake in cows. They selected 48 lactating Holstein cows having 596 kg body
weight. Cows were divided into two groups and stalled individually. All diets contained
50% alfalfa silage 10% ryegrass silage, 28% NDF. In addition, concentrates were added to
six diets HMEC (high moisture ear corn), CSC (cracked shelled corn), HCP (50:50 mixture
of high moisture ear corn and DCP) and their combination with ESBM (expeller soybean
meal). At the end of the experiment, they observed a higher intake with CSC and its
combination with ESBM as compared to HMEC, HCP and their combinations with ESBM.
DM intake calculated by Bampidis and Robinson (2006) is given in Table 2.2.

13
Table 2.2 Dry matter intake in animals fed DCP by several sources
Reference Animal Feedstuff Level of DM intake
DCP (kg/day)
Hadjipanayiotou and Louca Male Barley plus DCP 0 6.90
(1976) calves concentrate
60 7.00

Martinez and Fernandez (1980) Male DCP concentrate 0 1.00

lambs
30 0.91

60 0.93

Martinez and Fernandez (1980) Male DCP concentrate 0 0.93

lambs
15 0.94

30 0.96

45 0.78

Martinez and Fernandez (1980) Female DCP concentrate 0 0.82

lambs
15 0.84

30 0.82

45 0.82

Vijchulata et al. (1980) Steers Corn plus DCP 0 9.13

TMR
40 8.28

Vijchulata et al. (1980) Steers Corn plus DCP 0 10.76

TMR
60 10.66

14
Nutrient Digestibility

Abdullah (2013) executed an experiment to examine the effect of DCP on the

nutrient digestibility in Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. He fed animals 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP in
diet. At the end of the experiment, a non-significant effect was observed on dry matter
digestibility (DMD) in in bulls receiving various levels of DCP. Similar effects were
observed on CP, NDF and ADF digestibility in bulls fed 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP of the
dietary concentrate.

Franzolin et al. (2010) performed an experiment to examine the effect of DCP on

nutrient digestibility in buffalos. Buffalos were supplemented with concentrate ration
having DCP at 12 and 30%. Results revealed better nutrient digestibility in buffalos fed
concentrate having 30% DCP. Similarly, Cruz et al. (2010) stated that supplementation of
citrus pulp in the diet increased DM, OM, and CP intake and apparent digestibility. They
reported that inclusion of citrus pulp up to 75% of the dietary DM proved beneficial. The
higher digestibility in animals fed citrus pulp may be attributed to better nutrient
composition and greater solubility of carbohydrates in the rumen.

Nam et al. (2009) executed an in vitro experiment to examine the effect of DCP on
nutrient digestibility. Feed was supplemented with 22.2 g DCP per kg. It was compared
with untreated feed (wheat 3.1, wheat bran 6.9, corn gluten feed 4.4, cotton seed meal 3.7,
coconut meal 1.1, soy bean meal 18.1, limestone 1.2, lupins 1.2, corn flaked 30.5, salts 0.6,
cotton hulls 6.2, alfalfa cube 2.4, rice straw 5.0, alfalfa pellet 2.2, sugar beet pulp 7.3 and
alfalfa hay (long) 6.1%). Results showed higher nutrient digestibility in diet containing
DCP than control diet. This might be due to presence of total soluble solids (carbohydrate,
organic acids, pectin and fat) and neutral detergent soluble carbohydrates in DCP, which
would be rapidly, digested.

Macedo et al. (2007) carried out a trial to assess the effect of fresh citrus pulp in
replacement of sorghum silage on nutrient digestibility in male crossbred sheep. Mean body
weight of all male sheep was 28.3 kg (2.41). Sorghum silage was substituted by fresh
citrus pulp at 0, 25, 50 and 75% levels in the feed. It was noticed that digestibility of DM
and CP showed quadratic effect while OM digestibility showed positive linear effect. NDF
digestibility did not differ among all treatments. Cooke et al. (2007) performed an
experiment to observe the effect of DCP on nutrient digestibility in Brahman British cows.

15
There were twenty-four cows equally divided into two experimental groups and offered
two different TMRs having molasses and DCP along with ad libitum feeding of forage hay.
At the end of experiment, they found that digestibility was more in cows fed DCP
supplemented diet than those fed diets supplemented with TMR plus molasses.

Villarreal et al. (2006) examined effect of DCP on nutrient digestibility in steers.

Experiment was performed on three steers (average body weight 324 16 kg) who were
randomly offered three different levels of DCP (0, 1.25 and 2.5 kg DCP / animal/day) in a
3x3 Latin square design along with ad libitum feeding of a basal diet (star grass) to the
steers. Results concluded that by increasing the levels of DCP in the diets of steers, a linear
increase in total dietary DM and OM digestibility were noticed. Nutrient digestibility in
animal fed DCP might be higher due to highly fermentable fiber contents in DCP.

Oni et al. (2008) conducted a study on the effect of DCP in replacement of brewers
dried grains on the nutrient digestibility in dwarf goats. Sixteen goats were equally divided
into four groups. Control group had 88.5% brewers dried grains whereas, in other three
experimental groups, it was replaced with 25, 50 and 75% DCP. Enterolobium cyclocarpum
was used as a basal feed. Molasses, vitamin mineral premix, salt and urea were also used
in all diets. This study indicated that DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibility were higher
when brewers dried grains were replaced by DCP at 75%. Higher digestibility at 75% level
of dried citrus pulp in the goat diet might be due to very low DMI at 75% levels of DCP in
the feed. Low intake resulted in maximum utilization, and very small amount of urine and
feces output were evidenced.

Chaudhry and Naseer (2006) performed an experiment to examine the effect of

citrus pulp silage with mixture of corn forage and poultry litter on nutrient digestibility of
sheep. Levels of citrus pulp in the silage were 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. At the end of
experiment, they noticed better nutrient digestibility in sheep fed silage containing 30%
citrus pulp than those offered 0, 10, 20 and 40% citrus pulp based silage. Pereira and
Gonzlez (2004) performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP on nutrient
digestibility in ruminally cannulated wethers. Wethers were offered TMRs having 40%
DCP and 40% dried beet pulp along with ad libitum feeding of Prairie hay. Results revealed
that wethers fed DCP based TMR showed better nutrient digestibility than those fed dried
beet pulp based TMR.

16
 Castrillo et al. (2004) examined the effects of substitution of barley with citrus pulp
on diet intake, digestibility and production of lactating ewes offered mixed diets based on
ammonia-treated barley straw. For this purpose, they used twenty-eight lactating ewes of
days 12 to 52 after lambing. Four dietary concentrates containing 100: 0 (T1); 66: 33 (T2);
33: 66 (T3) and 0: 100 (T4) of barley to citrus pulp proportions, respectively, were fed to
these ewes. These animals were offered a common diet for 11 days after lambing as an
adaptation period. After that, 850 g/day of each experimental concentrate along with 850
g/day of chopped barley straw were offered to these ewes for a period of 14 days. After
that, each animal received same quantity of the concentrate but barley straw was fed at ad
libitum. Total collection method was used to determine the digestibility. It was observed
that OM and NDF digestibility increased linearly (P> 0.05) as the levels of citrus pulp was
increased in the diet. However, a non-significant effect was observed on DM digestibility
due to variation in the ash contents of these diets.

Barrios-Urdaneta et al. (2003) performed an experiment to examine the effect of

DCP on nutrient digestibility in ruminally cannulated ewes. Four experimental diets were
formulated by 100 + 0, 66 + 33, 33 + 66, and 0 + 100% DCP + ammonia treated wheat
straw respectively. Four ruminally-cannulated ewes were fed at a rate of 0.8 kg/ ewe/ day
in 4x4 latin square design. The results showed non-significant effects of DCP on DM and
OM digestibility whereas NDF digestibility increased with increasing the levels of DCP in
diets of cannulated ewes. This might be due to the fact that treatment differences in the
current experiment were smaller than expected due to which non-significant effects on
nutrient digestibility were observed.

Bueno et al. (2002) carried out an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP in
replacement of corn grain (concentrate energy source) and its effect on nutrient digestibility
in Saanen kids. Sixteen kids were taken into metabolic cages. Corn was replaced by DCP
at 0, 23, 46 and 66.5% as concentrate energy source and fed to animals along with ad
libitum chopped grass hay. Results revealed that DM and OM digestibility was higher in
those Saanen kids fed diet having 33% DCP. There was a higher digestibility of CP in 0%,
ADF in 100% and NDF in 100% DCP in diets.

Similar results were observed by Miron et al. (2002) who performed an experiment
to evaluate the effect of DCP on nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. Ten cows were divided
into two experimental groups. First group was fed TMR having 10% DCP and 20% corn

17
while animals of other group were offered 21% DCP and 9% corn. Both TMRs also
contained 6.5% soya bean meal, 14% extruded full fat soya bean, 28% corn silage, 19.5%
legume haylage, minerals and vitamins. They observed higher nutrient digestibility in cows
fed TMR having 21% DCP than those offered TMR having 10% DCP. Digestibility in
animals fed 10% DCP might be low because of high starch ingestion of that diet due to
which the ruminal cellulolytic population could not digest NDF in forage and DCP
effectively.

Scerra et al. (1994) conducted a study on nutritive value of Sicilian fodders and by-
products and in vivo digestibility and estimation of the energy value of DCP in rams. The
rams were fed DCP and soybean meal ad libitum. They reported significant effect of DCP
on nutrient digestibility in rams. Same results were observed by Madrid et al. (1996) who
reported better nutrient digestibility of DCP as concentrate energy source in goats when fed
along with Alfalfa hay in 50:50 proportions on DM basis and compared with those fed
100% Alfalfa hay on DM basis. This might be due to presence of rapidly digestible NDF
and cellulose present in DCP compared with Alfalfa hay. Brown and Johnson (1991) also
reported significant effects of DCP on nutrient digestibility in steers.

Ben-Ghedalia et al. (1989) evaluated the effect of DCP on nutrient digestibility in

rams. Rams were fed two diets A and B as the diet A had 84.4% DCP of dietary DM
whereas diet B had 76.5% barley grains along with 20.4% DCP of dietary DM. Results
revealed non-significant effects on OM digestibility whereas NDF digestibility was higher
in rams fed diet A and CP digestibility was higher in rams fed diet B. This might be due to
high fiber energy sources, which enhanced NDF digestibility when compared to
supplements with more highly soluble carbohydrate sources like grains (MacGregor and
Owen, 1976). Hernndez et al. (2012) performed an experiment on goats they fed them
TMRs having 0, 10, 20 and 30% DCP. They found a significant effect of DCP level to
OMD and DMD. They reported that with the increase in DCP level of diet the digestibility
increases.

Highfill et al. (1987) observed the effect of DCP on nutrient digestibility in non-
lactating Angus cows. There were four non-lactating Angus cows having weight ranging
from 375-500 kg fitted with ruminal cannulae. Three types of concentrates i.e. Soya hulls,
corn gluten feed and DCP were used as feed ingredients. They offered TMR having ground
fescue hay at a level of 750 g/kg of DM and 250 g/kg of DM as concentrate. Results showed

18
that nutrient digestibility was higher in cows supplemented TMR having DCP than those
supplemented TMR having soya hulls and corn gluten feed. This might be due to readily
available and fermentable fiber fraction of dried citrus pulp when soya hulls and corn gluten
feed were replaced by DCP in TMR fed to non-lactating Angus cows.

Sudweeks (1977) performed three trials to evaluate the effect of DCP on nutrient
digestibility in sheep. Diet fed to sheep in the trail constituted, 10, 40 and 70% levels of
corn, DCP and soya bean mill feed on DM basis along with a single forage source (corn
silage, sorghum silage and Bermuda grass hay, respectively). The sheep were also
supplemented with soya bean meal, di calcium phosphate and salt to meet their
maintenance requirements. It was observed that nutrient digestibility increased with
increasing the levels of each of the concentrate energy source and was higher in animals
fed 70% DCP than those fed corn and soya bean mill feed. Bhattacharya and Harb (1973)
performed a trial to check the effect of DCP on nutrient digestibility in Awassi lambs. Citrus
pulp dried at 90C was used with different levels i.e. 0, 20, 40 and 60% (on DM basis).
These formulated diets were fed to Awassi lambs in 4x4 Latin square design. Results
revealed that nutrient digestibility increased by increasing the levels of DCP in diets of
Awassi lambs.

On the other hand different results were observed by OMara et al. (1999) who
conducted a comparative trial to evaluate the effects of DCP on nutrient digestibility using
sheep and cattle. Four sheep (7-9 months age) and four cattle (1.5 years age) were offered
77.7% DCP of dietary DM as concentrate energy source along with 16% hay and 0.63%
soya bean meal. Results showed nutrients digestibility coefficients were similar between
sheep and cattle as nutrient digestibility results were significant.

Similarly, Ahooei et al. (2011) executed trial to assess the effect of DCP on nutrient
digestibility in fattening swine male calves. Twenty fattening swine male calves were
equally divided in four experimental groups allocating four experimental diets with or
without urea following urea and DCP (control), 12% DCP + 0% urea, 0% DCP + 0.65%
urea, 12% DCP + 0.65% urea. All experimental diets consisted of 35% forage (corn silage)
and 65% concentrate. The experiment lasted for 100 days (15 days adaptation period and
85 days experimental period). Results revealed that supplementation of DCP in the diet had
a non-significant effect on nutrient digestibility. Non-significant result on nutrient

19
digestibility might be due to same proportions of pectin, uranic acid, glucose and fructose
in all diets due to which similar nutrient digestibility was observed in all treatments.

Taniguchi et al. (1999) carried out an experiment to study the effects of DCP on
nutrient digestibility in steers. Steers were offered four TMRs in 4x4 latin square design.
First TMR had 40% Italian ryegrass, 48% rolled barley grains and 12% soya bean meal.
Second TMR had 38% Italian ryegrass, 18% rolled barley grains, 30% DCP and 14% soya
bean meal, third TMR had 27% Italian ryegrass, 32% rolled barley grains, 30% beet pulp
and 11% soya bean meal and fourth TMR had 14% Italian ryegrass, 51% rolled barley
grains, 30% soya bean hulls and 15% soya bean meal. Results revealed that CP digestibility
in DCP treatment was lower whereas NDF digestibility was similar to other treatments in
steers.

Sparkes et al. (2010) examined the effect of replacing lucerne hay with fresh citrus
pulp on nutrient digestibility in ewes. Two treatments were used. Control treatment had
91.3, 8.3 and 0.42 % DM of lucerne, lupins and phosphate, respectively whereas the fresh
citrus pulp treatment had 57.7, 9.5, 0.48 and 32.3% DM of lucerne, lupins, phosphate and
fresh citrus pulp, respectively. They reported that animals fed fresh citrus pulp showed
higher nutrient digestibility than control diet. Similarly, Gholizadeh and Naserian (2010)
checked the effect of dried citrus pulp replacing barley grains on nutrient digestibility in
Saanen kids. Dried citrus pulp was supplemented at 7, 14, and 70% of the energy
concentrate and was fed to twelve female Saanen kids. Non-significant effects of dried
citrus pulp were observed on apparent digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and ADF.

Deaville et al. (1994) executed an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP on

nutrient digestibility in Suffolk crossbred wethers. Four Suffolk crossbred wethers were
equally divided into two experimental groups. The experimental diets consisted of 26 and
24% DCP of dietary DM (concentrate energy source) along with ad libitum grass hay. The
results revealed non-significant differences on nutrient digestibility between both
treatments. _ENREF_24Fegeros et al. (1995) performed an experiment to check the effect
of dried citrus pulp on nutrient digestibility in ewes. The ewes were fed 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30,
37.5 and 45% DCP of dietary DM along with hay. Results showed that crude fiber
digestibility was higher whereas in ewes who were fed 30% DCP lower of dietary DM than
those offered 7.5, 15, 22.5, 37.5 and 45% DCP whereas, apparent digestibility of DM and
CP were un affected at all levels of DCP in ewes.

20
 Similar results were reported by Rihani et al. (1993) who performed two
experiments to study the effect of DCP on nutrient digestibility in sheep and Sardi lambs.
In the First experiment, four iso-nitrous and iso-caloric diets having 15, 20, 25 and 30%
DCP in the concentrate were offered to four experimental groups having ten sheep each.
While in second experiment, same diets with same proportions were offered to Sardi lambs
to observe nutrient intake and digestibility. Both experiments lasted for 105 days. At the
end of experiment, they observed that nutrient digestibility was similar among all
treatments in both experiment as non-significant effects of different levels of DCP on
nutrient digestibility in sheep and Sardi lambs were observed.

Martinez and Fernandez (1980) designed a research to check the influence of DCP
on nutrient digestibility in wethers and fattening lambs. The wethers were fed 100 g/kg
alfalfa hay and 900 g/kg of a concentrate mixture. The concentrate contained 0, 150, 300,
450 and 600 g DCP per kg of diet on DM basis. These diets were fed at 46.6 g/kg BW
0.75/day to wethers in metabolic cages. It was observed that there was a linear decrease in
DM and CP digestibility but ADF digestibility tended to increase as the level of DCP in
concentrate was increased in the diet. In another experiment, performed on rams by
Martinez and Fernandez (1980), they observed that digestibility of ADF tended to increase.
However, digestibility of DM, OM and CP were remained unaltered with increasing levels
of DCP up to 600 g/kg.

McCullough and Sisk (1972) evaluated the effects of different levels of DCP on
nutrient digestibility in steers. Two experimental diets containing 15 and 25% DCP of
dietary DM along with ad libitum feeding corn silage was offered to steers. Results showed
non-significant difference among nutrient digestibility between both levels of DCP. Welch
and Smith (1971) performed an experiment to examine the effects of DCP on nutrient
digestibility in dairy heifers. Four dairy heifers having average weight 500 kg were kept in
separate metabolic cages and offered four different levels i.e. 21, 30, 40 and 53% DCP in
concentrate feed along with ad libitum feeding of hay. Experiment lasted for 84 days. At
the end of experiment, results revealed non-significant effects of DCP on nutrient
digestibility in dairy heifers.

Loggins et al. (1968) performed an experiment to study the effect of DCP on

nutrient digestibility in lambs. There were seventy-six lambs equally divided into two
experimental groups and fed 67.7 and 74.5% DCP in the concentrate ration along with ad

21
libitum feeding of Bermuda grass hay to the lambs. Total length of the experiment was 90
days. The results revealed non- significant effects of DCP on nutrient digestibility in lambs
fed different levels of DCP as results were similar among all the treatments.

Aregheore (2000) conducted two research plans to evaluate the effect of DCP as a
by-product on nutrient digestibility of small ruminants. Four by-product feeds (BPF) from
groundnut shells, maize cobs, cassava peels and citrus pulp + peel waste were used to make
treatment diets. Goat (12 heads) and sheep (16 heads) of 16-18 months having average
weight of 12.96 and 14.05 kg respectively were selected. They were divided into three and
four groups respectively. At the end of the experiment, they observed better nutrient
digestibility in sheep fed citrus pulp + peel waste while there was a less digestibility of
DCP as compared to cassava peels.

Bahrami et al. (2010) executed a research to examine the effect of different levels
of dried grape pomace on digestibility in lambs. They selected 25 Lori-Bakhtiari male
lambs having 100 days of age and initial weight of 25kg. They were arranged in completely
randomized design of five treatments with five replicates each, who were fed 0, 5, 10, 15
and 20% dried grape pomace. Average daily weight gain was recorded. At the end of the
experiment, they reported that there was an increased digestibility of DM, CP, OM and
NDF in lambs fed 5 and 10% DGP as compared to those fed 15 and 20% DGP. Brown and
Johnson (1991) performed an experiment on steers to find out the effect of DCP on
digestibility. The feed was based on citrus pulp or liquid cane molasses and their
combination with cottonseed meal. They observed similar digestibility between animals
fed citrus pulp or molasses. Nutrient digestibility of DCP calculated by Bampidis and
Robinson (2006) is given in Table 2.3.

22
Table 2.3 Nutrient digestibility in animals fed DCP by several sources
Levels Digestibility (%)
Animal
Reference Feedstuff of
Type DM OM CP ADF NDF
DCP

McCullough and Wethers Concentrate 15 - - 72.2 - -

Sisk (1972)
25 - - 69.5 - -

Bhattacharya and Lambs Corn plus 0 81.3 - 77.3 - -

Harb (1973) DCP
20 79.6 - 75.8 - -

40 79.2 - 76.8 - -

60 75.3 - 68.0 - -

Schaibly and Wing Steers Corn silage 0 63.9 - 69.1 - -

(1974) plus DCP
27 69.6 - 69.1 - -

55 75.0 - 69.8 - -

82 73.7 - 62.4 - -

Wing (1975) Steers Corn plus 0 65.5 - 60.5 - -

DCP
10.8 63.0 - 60.0 - -

21.7 64.5 - 57.3 - -

32.7 64.0 - 59.0 - -

39.2 63.0 - 58.0 - -

Sudweeks (1977) Wethers DCP

70.0 - 69.0 - -
Concentrate

Martinez and Wethers DCP 0 83.2 85.6 85.8 41.4 -

Fernandez (1980) Concentrate
15 81.7 85.3 84.3 60.0 -

30 81.2 84.6 83.3 69.3 -

45 80.2 85.8 82.6 75.1 -

23
 60 78.7 86.0 83.0 76.3 -

Martinez and Lambs DCP 0 76.0 78.1 72.8 34.1 75.5

Fernandez (1980) Concentrate
30 75.2 78.5 70.7 62.1 73.9

60 72.6 76.6 70.6 69.3 67.5

Martinez and Lambs DCP 0 80.0 79.3 76.2 39.0 78.6

Fernandez (1980) Concentrate
30 78.1 80.2 73.0 67.2 71.9

60 76.5 79.6 72.6 77.1 64.3

Chen et al. (1981) Lambs CCMS diet 0 66.6 67.7 54.3 - 78.9

10 65.8 66.5 49.9 - 81.5

20 65.1 66.1 47.4 - 84.8

Wing et al. (1988) Cows CMDS 0 64.4 66.0 53.7 45.4 -

TMR
6 69.0 70.4 52.0 43.5 -

12 62.4 63.7 50.4 43.6 -

18 55.3 57.0 49.4 41.2 -

Ben-Ghedalia et al. Ram Barley 20.4 - 82.1 74.6 - 63.6

(1989) DCP SBM
84.4 - 81.1 65.2 - 79.4

Brown and Steers ASH plus 0 - 58.5 - 61.9 65.9

Johnson (1991) DCP
20 - 61.7 - 58.3 62.5

Taniguchi et al. Steers Barley 0 - - 68.1 - 60.1

(1999) DCP
30 - - 64.7 - 59.0

Bueno et al. (2002) Kids Corn plus 0 72.4 74.2 73.3 51.1 53.9
DCP
23 74.6 76.3 71.0 62.7 59.7

46 74.0 75.3 71.9 66.7 63.7

66.5 71.9 74.4 70.3 70.0 67.0

24
Miron et al. (2002) Cows Corn DCP 9.6 62.1 - 58.8 - 49.3

20.7 65.4 - 61.3 - 53.8

Barrios-Urdaneta Ewes Barley 0 68.2 70.8 - - 64.7

et al. (2003) DCP
26.8 69.3 72.0 - - 67.4
concentrate
54.2 68.9 72.2 - - 68.4

82.3 69.3 72.6 - - 69.3

25
Nitrogen Metabolism

Ariza et al. (2001) evaluated the effect of hominy-based diet and dried citrus pulp
based diet in cattle. They used hominy feed at the level of 25% and dried citrus pulp at the
level of 23% of dietary treatment. The hominy based diet contained 33.2% NDF, 17.9%
CP, 8.8% NDSF and 35.9% neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates (NDFC) on DM basis
while dried citrus pulp based diet had 34.7% NDF, 17.2% CP, 14.4% NDSF and 33.7%
NDFC on DM basis. They observed that ammonia N concentration was higher for hominy
diet as compared to citrus pulp diet because CP degradation was higher for hominy feed.
They did not observe any difference in total N, microbial N, non-ammonia N and dietary
N flow. They concluded that microbial protein synthesis was higher in cows provided citrus
pulp diet as compared to hominy diet because dried citrus pulp provided optimum
conditions for microbial utilization of other carbohydrates.

Fonseca et al. (2001) studied the effect of inclusion of maize and citrus pulp with
urea treated wheat straw on nitrogen metabolism of female lambs. In an experiment, they
supplemented 50 g fishmeal and 0, 100, 200 and 300 g maize per kg of diet on DM basis
with wheat straw. In another experiment, they added 50 g fishmeal and 0, 100, 200 and 300
g citrus pulp per kg of diet on DM basis along with wheat straw. The results of these
experiments showed that urinary N excretion increased linearly by increasing the level of
both maize and citrus pulp. They reported that urinary N excretion directly related to DM
intake and OM digestibility.

Kim et al. (2007) planned a study to check the effect of dried citrus pulp
supplementation on nitrogen utilization in young steers. They compared the effect of dried
citrus pulp alone and dried citrus pulp supplemented with urea, expeller soybean meal and
solvent soybean meal on N intake and digestibility. They reported that the supplementation
of dried citrus pulp with soya-based supplements improved the N intake and digestibility.

Ammerman et al. (1972) performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP on

nitrogen balance. They selected twenty-four wethers having average weight 45.5 kg. Four
types of experimental diets were formed. First having pangolagrass hay, second hay plus
125 g cottonseed meal and third hay plus 135 g of a supplement congaing biuret while diet
four was without biuret having citrus pulp in it. Six wethers were randomly allotted to every
experimental diet. Experiment lasted for 32 days and animals were fed ad libitum.

26
Voluntary intake was measured during last 11 days. At the end of the experiment, it was
noted that with the inclusion of DCP in the diet there was a less intake and excretion of
nitrogen. A negative nitrogen balance was observed.

Ben-Ghedalia et al. (1989) studied the effect of DCP on nitrogen metabolism in

Merino rams. They selected four rams with 2 years of age and 60 kg of weight. Rumen of
the rams was cannulated. Rams were kept in metabolic cages. They were randomly
assigned to two treatments. In treatment one they were fed barley based concentrate while
in treatment two they were fed citrus pulp based concentrate. They reported an increased
intake of nitrogen with citrus pulp based concentrate. They also reported a higher
digestibility of nitrogen, which indicate higher retention in the body and positive nitrogen
balance.

Oni et al. (2008) conducted a study on the effect of DCP in replacement of brewers
dried grains on the nitrogen metabolism in dwarf goats. Sixteen goats were equally divided
into four groups. Control group had 88.5% brewers dried grains whereas, in other three
experimental groups, it was replaced with 25, 50 and 75% DCP. Enterolobium cyclocarpum
was used as a basal feed. Molasses, vitamin mineral premix, salt and urea were also used
in all diets. This study indicated that intake of nitrogen was maximum at 25% DCP. They
noticed a decreased nitrogen in 25%. Results revealed an increased nitrogen balance in
goats fed 25% of DCP.

Rihani et al. (1993) performed two trials to evaluate the effect of DCP on nitrogen
metabolism in sheep and Sardi lambs. In the First trial, four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric
diets were fed to four groups of sheep having ten sheep in each. First feed contained DCP
with ammoniation with urea, second ammoniation with ammonium hydroxide, third urea
without DCP and fourth supplementation with horse bean. While in second experiment,
same diets with same proportions were offered to Sardi lambs to observe nutrient intake.
Both experiments were 105 days long. At the end of experiment, they observed that
nitrogen intake was not significantly different. Similarly there was no difference in fecal
excretion of nitrogen while, they observed a less outgo of nitrogen in sheep and lambs fed
citrus pulp based diet as compared to others. The nitrogen retention in the body was similar
with horse bean and it was more than other treatments.

Bueno et al. (2002) carried out an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP in
replacement of corn grain (concentrate energy source) and its effect on nitrogen balance in

27
Saanen kids. Sixteen kids were taken into metabolic cages. Corn was replaced by DCP at
0, 23, 46 and 66.5% as concentrate energy source and fed to animals along with ad libitum
chopped grass hay. Results revealed that there was a non-significant effect of different
levels of DCP on nitrogen metabolism.

Williams et al. (1987) planned two experiments to evaluate the effect of DCP on
nitrogen metabolism in Friesian calves. They selected 40 Friesian calves in first
experiment. Diets were formulated with different ratios of barley to pulp. Diets comprised
100:0, 67:33, 33:67 and 0:100 ratio of barley to pulp. At end of the experiment they found
that there was increased level of nitrogen retention in animals fed DCP up to 33% in the
diet

Chen et al. (1981) performed an experiment to check effects of DCP in replacement

of corn on nitrogen metabolism in lambs. Three types of concentrates were formed at
different levels including 0, 10 and 20% DCP in lamb feed. Results declared that there was
an increased intake in control diet. They also reported that there was a less retention of
nitrogen in diets containing DCP.

Bhattacharya and Harb (1973) performed an experiment to examine the effect of

DCP on nitrogen balance in Awassi lambs. Citrus pulp was dried at 90C. The DCP was
mixed in concentrate at the level of 20, 40 and 60% (on DM basis). The diets were fed to
lambs in 4x4 Latin square design. Results revealed that nitrogen increased at the level of
20% of DCP while a decreased retention of nitrogen was observed in lambs fed 60% DCP
in diet.

Oni et al. (2008) conducted a study on the effect of DCP in replacement of brewers
dried grains on the nitrogen metabolism in dwarf goats. Sixteen goats were equally divided
into four groups. Control group had 88.5% brewers dried grains whereas, in other three
experimental groups, it was replaced with 25, 50 and 75% DCP. Enterolobium cyclocarpum
was used as a basal feed. Molasses, vitamin mineral premix, salt and urea were also used
in all diets. Results indicated that there was a decreased intake of nitrogen when the goats
are fed more than 25% DCP in their diets. An increased outgo of nitrogen was also noted
when the goats were fed more than 25% of DCP in their diets. The nitrogen balance tended
to decrease when the level of DCP in goat diets was increased than 25%.

Williams et al. (1987) planned two experiments to evaluate the effect of DCP on
nitrogen metabolism in Friesian calves. They selected 40 Friesian calves in first

28
experiment. Diets were formulated with different ratios of barley to pulp. Diets comprised
100:0, 67:33, 33:67 and 0:100 ratio of barley to pulp. At end of the experiment they found
that there was a decreased level of nitrogen retention in animals fed more than 33% DCP
in the diet. Nitrogen retention in animals fed DCP calculated by Bampidis and Robinson
(2006) is given in Table 2.4.

29
 Table 2.4 Nitrogen retention in animals fed DCP by several sources

Animal Levels Nitrogen

Reference Feedstuff
Type of DCP retention

Bhattacharya and Harb (1973) Lambs Corn plus DCP 0 3.7

20 3.2

40 3.6

60 2.6

Martinez and Fernandez (1980) Wethers DCP 0 5.3

Concentrate
15 7.3

30 6.0

45 4.0

60 4.3

Martinez and Fernandez (1980) Lambs DCP 0 10.9

Concentrate
30 8.3

60 7.7

Martinez and Fernandez (1980) Lambs DCP 0 11.0

Concentrate
30 9.1

60 6.7

Chen et al. (1981) Lambs CCMS diet 0 2.8

10 2.8

20 2.1

30
Growth performance and Gain to feed ratio

Bueno et al. (2002) carried out an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP in
replacement of corn grain (concentrate energy source) and its effect on weight gain in
Saanen kids. Corn was replaced by DCP at 0, 23, 46 and 66.5% as concentrate energy
source. Sixteen kids were taken into metabolic cages. They were fed concentrate along with
ad libitum chopped grass hay. Initial and final weight were recorded and analyzed. Results
revealed that growth performance was higher in those Saanen kids fed diet having 46%
DCP.

Similar results were observed by Miron et al. (2002) who performed an experiment
to evaluate the effect of DCP on weight gain in dairy cows. Ten cows were divided into
two experimental groups. Animals of group 1 were fed TMR having 10% DCP and 20%
corn while animals of other group were offered 21% DCP and 9% corn. Both TMRs also
contained 6.5% soya bean meal, 14% extruded full fat soya bean, 28% corn silage, 19.5%
legume haylage, minerals and vitamins. They observed higher weight gain in cows fed
TMR having 21% DCP than those offered TMR having 10% DCP. They reported that the
higher weight gain was due to the presence of neutral detergent soluble in citrus pulp, which
is highly digestible.

Alkire (2003) conducted an experiment to assess the effects of feeding citrus pulp
as supplements, on weight gain in beef cattle. He used Angus Brahman crossbred steers
and heifers for the experimental purposes. These steers and heifers were fed ad libitum
Bahia grass hay as a basal diet along with concentrate. The concentrate was comprised corn
and citrus pulp with increasing levels of undegradable protein. He observed comparatively
more weight gain in animals fed citrus pulp as compared to those who were not fed citrus
pulp.

Similarly, Caparra et al. (2007) also observed better gain to feed ratio in Italian
Merino lambs by replacing cereal grains with dried citrus pulp. They replaced cereal grains
with dried citrus pulp at the level of 0, 30 and 45%. They observed higher gain to feed ratio
in lambs replacing cereal grains with dried citrus pulp at the level of 45% of the DM.

In contrary, Scerra et al. (2001) performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of

DCP on weight gain and performance of Meerinizzata Italiana lambs. Two experimental
diets were formulated. Twenty lambs were selected for the experiment and divided into two

31
groups. First group was fed oat hay and wheat straw silage ad libitum and 70% commercial
concentrate while, the other group was fed with citrus pulp and wheat straw silage ad
libitum and 70% commercial concentrate. Initial weight was recorded at day zero. Final
weight was recorded after 80 days feeding. They observed no live weight difference
between both of the treatment.

Schalch et al. (2001) performed an experiment to check the effect of replacing corn
and wheat with dried citrus pulp on weight gain. They selected 28 Holstein calves. They
used dried citrus pulp at the level of 0, 150, 300 and 450 g per kg DM of concentrate. They
concluded that growth performance and weight gain were similar among all the treatments.

Aregheore (2000) conducted two research trial to evaluate the effect of DCP as a
by-product on live weight gain in small ruminants. Four by-product feeds (BPF) from
groundnut shells, maize cobs, cassava peels and citrus pulp + peel waste were used to make
treatment diets. Goat (12 heads) and sheep (16 heads) of 16-18 months having average
weight of 12.96 and 14.05 kg respectively were selected. They were divided into three and
four groups respectively. At the end of the experiment, it was observed that there was a
better average daily live weight gain in animals fed citrus pulp based diets.

Bahrami et al. (2010) executed a research to examine the effect of different levels
of dried grape pomace on lamb growth performance. They selected 25 Lori-Bakhtiari male
lambs having 100 days of age and initial weight of 25 kg. They were arranged in completely
randomized design of five treatments with five replicates each who were fed 0, 5, 10, 15
and 20% dried grape pomace. Average daily weight gain was recorded. At the end of the
experiment, they reported that there was an increased weight gain in lambs fed 5 and 10%
DGP as compared to those fed 15 and 20% DGP.

Broderick et al. (2002) executed a research to investigate the effect of DCP on body
weight gain in cows. They selected 48 lactating Holstein cows having 596 kg body weight.
Cows were divided into two groups and stalled individually. All diets contained 50% alfalfa
silage 10% ryegrass silage. In addition, concentrates were added to six diets HMEC, CSC,
HCP and their combination with ESBM. At the end of the experiment, they observed a
negative body weight gain except CSC plus ESBM.

Brown and Johnson (1991) performed a study on steers to find out the effect of DCP
on weight gain. The feed was based on citrus pulp or liquid cane molasses and their
combination with cottonseed meal. They observed there was more weight gain in animals

32
fed citrus pulp as compared to those who fed molasses or a control diet. Similarly, Ahooei
et al. (2011) executed trial to assess the effect of DCP on nutrient digestibility in fattening
swine male calves. Twenty fattening swine male calves were equally divided in four
experimental groups allocating four experimental diets with or without urea following urea
and DCP (control), 12% DCP + 0% urea, 0% DCP + 0.65% urea, 12% DCP + 0.65% urea.
All experimental diets consisted of 35% forage (corn silage) and 65% concentrate. The
experiment lasted for 100 days (15 days adaptation period and 85 days experimental
period). Results revealed that supplementation of DCP with 0.69% urea in the diet had
significant effect on weight gain. Similarly, there was a less feed conversion in diet
containing urea 0.65% with DCP.

Chen et al. (1981) performed an experiment to check effects of DCP in replacement

of corn on growth performance in lambs. Three types of concentrates were formed at
different levels including 0, 10 and 20% DCP in lamb feed. Results declared that there was
an increased weight gain with an increase in level of DCP in diet while it was observed that
daily weight gain was less than control diet but it had better marbling. Weight gain in
animals fed various levels of DCP calculated by Bampidis and Robinson (2006) is given in
Table 2.5.

33
Table 2.5 Body weight gain in animals fed DCP by several sources
Reference Animal Feedstuff Level BW Feed conversion
of DCP gain (kg DM intake/kg
(kg/d) BW gain)
Hadjipanayiotou and Male calves Barley-DCP
0 1.090 6.3
Louca (1976) concentrate
(g/kg)
60 1.070 6.5
Martinez and Male lambs DCP concentrate
0 0.312 3.2
Fernandez (1980) (g/kg)
30 0.272 3.4

60 0.234 3.9
Martinez and Male lambs DCP concentrate
0 0.259 3.6
Fernandez (1980) (g/kg)
15 0.272 3.5

30 0.256 3.6

45 0.127 5.5
Martinez and Female DCP concentrate
0 0.188 4.5
Fernandez (1980) lambs (g/kg)
15 0.199 4.3

30 0.171 4.9

45 0.143 5.7
Vijchulata et al. (1980) Steers Corn-DCP TMR
0 1.170 7.81
(g/kg)
40 1.060 7.83
Vijchulata et al. (1980) Steers Corn-DCP TMR
0 1.020 10.5
(g/kg)
60 0.990 10.7

34
Economics

Abdullah (2013) planned a study to evaluate the effect of DCP on the economics in
Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. He fed animals 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP in diet. At the end of the
experiment, he reported that Inclusion of DCP in the diets has significant effect in reducing
the feed cost. It was found that as the levels of DCP in the diets of buffalo bulls were
increased, a reduction in feed cost was observed. The feed cost was 16.15, 14.32, 12.89 and
11.91 Rs. /kg for formulating 10, 20, 30 and 40% containing DCP of the concentrate.

Sparkes et al. (2010) carried out an in vitro experiment to study the effect of
replacing lucerne hay with fresh citrus pulp and its effect on economics of the feed. There
were two treatments, the control treatment had 91.3, 8.3, 0.42 % DM of lucerne, lupins and
phosphate, respectively whereas the citrus pulp treatment had 57.7, 9.5, 0.48, 32.3% DM
of lucerne, lupins, phosphate and fresh citrus pulp, respectively. They reported a reduced
feed cost when fresh citrus pulp replaced lucerne hay as concentrate energy source in diets.

An experiment was executed on Saanen kids to evaluate the effect of inclusion of

DCP on economics by Gholizadeh and Naserian (2010). DCP was used to replace barley
grain at 7, 14 and 70% as energy source. Twelve female Saanen kid having average age of
88 days and 7 kg of weight were fed above-mentioned diets. At completion of the
experiment, they reported feed cost reduced with the increase of inclusion level of DCP in
the diet as replacer to barley gains while using DCP as alternate energy source.

Nam et al. (2009) executed an in vitro trial to observe the effect of DCP on feed
cost. Feed was supplemented with 22.2 g/kg of DCP. It compared with non-supplemented
feed (wheat 3.1, wheat bran 6.9, corn gluten feed 4.4, cotton seed meal 3.7, coconut meal
1.1, soy bean meal 18.1, limestone 1.2, lupins 1.2, corn flaked 30.5, salts 0.6, cotton hulls
6.2, alfalfa cube 2.4, rice straw 5.0, alfalfa pellet 2.2, sugar beet pulp 7.3 and alfalfa hay
(long) 6.1%). Collected results presented reduced feed cost in DCP supplementation than
non-supplementation.

Similarly, Macedo et al. (2007) performed an experiment on male crossbred sheep

to evaluate the effect of fresh citrus pulp as a replacement of sorghum silage on diet cost
and animal performance. Animals with mean body weight of 28.3 kg (2.41) were selected
for diet assessment. Sorghum silage was replaced by fresh citrus pulp at 25, 50 and 75% in

35
the diet. They experienced that feed cost was reduced when fresh citrus pulp replaced
sorghum silage as an energy source in crossbred sheep diets.

A relevant experiment was also performed by Caparra et al. (2007) to determine the
effect of DCP to replace grains as an alternate to energy source and the effect of this
replacement on economics in lambs. Three levels i.e. 0, 30 and 45 % of DCP were used in
concentrate diet to replace corn grains. They reported a successful replacement of corn
grains with DCP in concentrate diets for lambs and they report that the DCP is economical
to corn grains.

Oni et al. (2008) performed a trial on replacement of brewers dried grains with DCP
and its effect on feed cost in dwarf goats. Sixteen goats were equally distributed into four
sets. The control set had 88.5% brewers dried grains whereas, in other three experimental
sets, it was substituted with 25, 50 and 75% DCP. Enterolobium cyclocarpum was used as
a basal diet. Other than these ingredients, molasses, salt, urea and vitamin mineral premix
were also used in all diets. This study revealed that DCP is very efficient to reduce feed
cost in goat rations.

Alkire (2003) conducted an experiment to assess the effects of feeding citrus pulp
as supplements, on feed economics in growing beef cattle. He used Angus Brahman
crossbred steers and heifers for the experimental purposes. These steers and heifers were
fed ad libitum Bahia grass hay as a basal diet along with concentrate. The concentrate was
comprised corn and citrus pulp with increasing levels of undegradable protein. A similar
performance of calves was observed across all treatments, which indicated that use of citrus
pulp could be an economical complement to replace the cost of corn grains.

In another experiment, Alkire (2003) used one hundred fifty Angus Brahman
crossbred calves having 83 heifers and 69 steers. Average body weight of the animals was
241 kg. A 42-day preconditioning program for the experimental purposes was planned to
check the effects of feeding citrus pulp as supplement. Four types of concentrates were
prepared using citrus pulp 0, 0.22kg UIP or Urea. These calves were randomly assigned
one of the four. It was noticed that performance of calves fed on citrus pulp based diets was
similar as fed on corn. The study concluded that supplementation of citrus pulp along with
undegraded intake protein proved more economical than other dietary concentrates.

Similarly, Bueno et al. (2002)evaluated the influence of DCP in replacement of corn

grain (concentrate energy source) and its effect on cost of feed in Saanen kids rations.

36
Sixteen Saanen kid were taken into metabolic cages. DCP replaced corn at 0, 23, 46 and
66.5% as an energy source and fed to animals along with ad libitum chopped grass hay.
The results showed DCP has significant effect on feed cost in Saanen kid, as there was a
reduction in feed cost when DCP was used as corn replacer.

Effects of dried citrus pulp on economics was checked in weaned lambs by Lanza
et al. (2001). They informed a reduced cost of feed when DCP was replaced with corn in
diets of weaned lambs. Miron et al. (2002) reported the similar results. They performed an
experiment to evaluate the effects of DCP on economics in dairy cow diets. Ten cows were
divided into two experimental units equally. TMR for unit 1 animals was having 20% corn
and 10% DCP while TMR for unit 2 animals was having 9% corn and 21% DCP. Both
TMRs was containing 6.5% soya bean meal, 14% extruded full fat soya bean, 19.5%
legume haylage, 28% corn silage, minerals and vitamins. At the end of the experiment, they
concluded that with the substitution of corn with DCP had noteworthy effect in reducing
the cost of the diets of dairy cows. Broderick et al. (2002) also reported significant effects
of DCP on feed cost reduction in Holstein cows rations.

Schalch et al. (2001) replaced corn grains with DCP as concentrate source in
Holstein calves to check its effect on the economics of diets and animal production. Levels
of replacements were 0, 15, 30 and 45%. After termination of the trial the found that the
cost of diets in which the corn was replaced with DCP as concentrate source were
significant in the sense of economics. Gholizadeh and Naserian (2010) observed the effect
of DCP on economics. They replaced barley grain at 7, 14 and 70% as energy source.
Twelve female Saanen kid having average age of 88 days and 7 kg of weight were fed
above-mentioned diets. At completion of the experiment, they reported feed cost reduced
with the increase of inclusion level of DCP in the diet as replacer to barley gains while
using DCP as alternate energy source.

OMara et al. (1999) also reported that DCP can be efficiently used as an energy
source in sheep and cattle diets with less costs. Vijchulata et al. (1980) designed an
experiment to examine the effect of DCP as corn grain substituent, and its effect on feed
cost in steers. The experimental diets contained 71% corn and 0% DCP and 0.85% corn
and 60% DCP. Results revealed less feed cost in DCP treatment.

Highfill et al. (1987) performed an experiment to determine the effect of DCP on

feed cost of non-lactating Angus cows. Four non-lactating Angus cows fitted with ruminal

37
cannulae with 375-500 kg were selected. Three types of concentrated diets were formulated
in which varying levels of DCP, corn gluten and soya hulls were used. They offered TMR
having crushed fescue hay at a level of 250 g/kg DM and 750 g/kg DM concentrate each.
They informed a decreased cost of diet containing DCP as compared to the other diets
containing soya hulls and corn gluten in non-lactating Angus cows.

Chen et al. (1981) performed an experiment to check effects of DCP in replacement

of corn on feed cost in lambs. Three types of concentrates were formed at different levels
including 0, 10 and 20% DCP in lamb feed. Results declared that all levels of DCP reduced
feed cost. Lanza (1984) reported that total or partial substitution of corn grains or barley
grain with DCP in animal diet had positive effect to Friesian dairy cattle as a cost reducer.

Sudweeks (1977) executed three experiments on sheep to evaluate the effect of

varying levels of DCP inclusion in the feed and its effect on the economics of the feed. In
each experiment, varying levels i.e. 10, 40 and 90 of corn, DCP and soya bean mill feed
were fed along with one of the forage source i.e. Corn silage, sorghum silage and Bermuda
grass hay respectively. Supplementation of soya bean meal, dicalcium phosphate and slat
was ensured to meet requirements of maintenance. A reduced cost of sheep diet was
observed when DCP was used as replacer for corn and soya bean mill. The DCP had good
chemical composition and it can replace the costly gains to make the diet cheaper.

Pinzon and Wing (1976) performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP as
a replacement of corn in steers. He also evaluated its effect on feed cost. Corn was
substituted by DCP at three different levels. Levels of DCP in concentrate were 0, 19, 38
and 55%. Results of this experiment discovered a reduction in feed cost when corn was
substituted by DCP as an energy source in diets of steers.

Welch and Smith (1971) performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of DCP on
feed cost in dairy heifers. Four dairy heifers having average weight of 500 kg were kept in
separate metabolic crates. They were offered four different levels of DCP i.e. 21, 30, 40
and 53% in feed along with ad libitum feeding of hay. Experiment was 84 days long. On
completion of the experiment, they observed a reduced feed cost in the animals fed
increased levels of DCP in the diets.

Tavares et al. (2005) evaluated the cost efficiency of replacing corn with citrus pulp
and coffee hulls in dairy cows. They replaced the corn with citrus pulp and coffee hulls at
the level of 25% of total concentrate. They concluded that supplementation of citrus pulp

38
were most economical as compared to coffee hulls and control. Feed conversion efficiency
of citrus pulp based diet was also better that resulted in increased milk production. Ahmad
(2008) determined economic efficiency of citrus pulp in Awassi lambs. He divided 16
Awassi lambs into 4 equal groups and provided olive oil cake silage containing 0, 27, 48
and 54% citrus pulp. He reported that the cost per kg gain decreased by increasing the level
of citrus pulp in the silage. The decreased cost in citrus pulp based diets was due to its
cheaper cost compared to other ingredients.

Aregheore (2000) conducted two research trial to evaluate the effect of DCP as a
by-product on feed efficiency in small ruminants. Four by-product feeds (BPF) from
groundnut shells, maize cobs, cassava peels and citrus pulp + peel waste were used to make
treatment diets. Goat (12 heads) and sheep (16 heads) of 16-18 months having average
weight of 12.96 and 14.05 kg respectively were selected. They were divided into three and
four groups respectively. At the end of the experiment, it was observed that there was a less
feed efficiency in animals fed citrus pulp based diets. Inclusion of DCP at the rate of 175
and 200 g/kg in concentrate exposed similar results as other concentrate sources (Sutton et
al., 1987).

Blood metabolites

Hall et al. (2010) studied the effect of different carbohydrate sources i.e. ground
corn, dried citrus pulp and sucrose + molasses on blood parameters in lactating cows. They
used all these carbohydrates sources at the level of 20% of total ration. Non-significant
differences were observed in BUN concentration in all treatments but they reported higher
blood glucose level in cows fed dried citrus pulp based diet due to higher pectin content.

Pinzon and Wing (1976) studied the effect of citrus pulp on blood urea nitrogen
(BUN) concentration in steers. They divided the animals into four equal groups and applied
four dietary treatments to them. They used citrus pulp at the level of 0, 19, 38 and 55% of
dietary DM. They collected the blood samples after 2, 4, 7 and 12 hours of feeding and
analyzed for blood urea nitrogen. They observed that by increasing the level of citrus pulp
in the diet, the blood urea nitrogen concentration tended to decrease. This is attributed to
increased nitrogen utilization by increasing the level of citrus pulp.

Oni et al. (2008) determined the effect of citrus pulp based diet on biochemical
parameters of blood in West African Dwarf goats. They made four experimental groups

39
and applied four dietary treatments to them. First group received diet containing 88.5%
brewers dried grain as control (T0) while in other treatments they replaced brewers dried
grain with citrus pulp at the level of 25 (T1), 50 (T2) and 75% (T3). They reported that blood
glucose level increased with increasing the level of citrus pulp in the diet while blood
protein levels were greater for the treatment T2 and T3 as compared to other treatments.

Cooke et al. (2007) evaluated the effect of molasses based and citrus pulp based
concentrate on blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose level in Brahman-crossbred females.
They divided the animals into two equal groups and provided two types of concentrate to
them. One group received the concentrate having 78.3% molasses while the other group
received concentrate with 74.7% citrus pulp. They reported that concentrations of blood
urea nitrogen were greater for the group received molasses based concentrate because
molasses contain greater amount of rumen degradable protein and contain more non-protein
nitrogen as compared to citrus pulp. Blood glucose level was greater for the group received
citrus pulp based concentrate because it contain a high amount of pectin as compared to
molasses.

Santos et al. (2014) performed an experiment to check out the effect of feeding
various levels of DCP to Holstein cows on blood metabolites. They formulated four diets,
3 containing soybean oil, citrus pulp 9% and citrus pulp 18%, respectively. While fourth
diet was control. At the end of the experiment, they reported that there was no significant
effect of all diets on blood glucose.

Ahooei et al. (2011) executed trial to assess the effect of DCP on blood metabolites
in fattening swine male calves. Twenty fattening swine male calves were equally divided
in four experimental groups allocating four experimental diets with or without urea
following urea and DCP (control), 12% DCP + 0% urea, 0% DCP + 0.65% urea, 12% DCP
+ 0.65% urea. All experimental diets consisted of 35% forage (corn silage) and 65%
concentrate. The experiment lasted for 100 days (15 days adaptation period and 85 days
experimental period). Results revealed that there was a non-significant effect of DCP on
blood glucose and blood urea nitrogen. While a slight increase in blood glucose was
observed diet with DCP was fed. While blood urea nitrogen decreased with inclusion of
DCP in diet.

Belibasakis and Tsirgogianni (1996) conducted a research to investigate the effect

of DCP on blood metabolites in dairy cows. They selected twenty Friesian cows and

40
divided them into two groups of ten cows. Two experimental diets were designed. First diet
having 20% DCP while, the other one having 15% beet pulp. They offered the feed twice
a day to ensure ad libitum feeding. At the end of the experiment, they found a non-
significant effect on blood glucose and BUN

41
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental Diets

Citrus pulp was collected from a juice extraction company (Citro Pak. Ltd.) in 2013.
Just after collection, it was spread on polythene sheets for sun drying at Agronomy farm,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Polythene sheets were used to prevent the soil
contamination. After drying, samples were taken and analyzed for DM, OM and nitrogen
(AOAC, 1990) NDF and ADF (Van Soest et al., 1991) were determined.

Dried Citrus Pulp was brought to Raja Muhammad Akram Animal Nutrition
Research Centre, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Four iso-caloric and iso-
nitrogenous diets containing 10, 20, 30 and 40 % citrus pulp representing low dried citrus
pulp (LDCP), medium dried citrus pulp (MDCP), high dried citrus pulp (HDCP) and very
high dried citrus pulp (VHDCP), respectively were formulated. Percentage of ingredients
used in diets formulation is given in Table 3.1. The chemical composition of the formulated
diets in given in Table 3.21 LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP indicates 10, 20, 30 and
40% inclusion level of dried citrus pulp in diets

42
 Table 3.1 Percentage of ingredients used in experimental concentrate diets

Diets
Ingredients (%)
LDCP MDCP HDCP VHDCP

Dried citrus pulp 10 20 30 40

Maize Broken 14 10 5 3

Wheat bran 10 10 7 1

Rice Polishing 17 13 10 5

Sunflower meal 10 10 11 13

Canola meal 12 13 14 16

Cotton seed cake 12 12 12 11

Molasses 13 10 9 9

Mineral Mix 2 2 2 2

Total 100 100 100 100

1
LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP indicates 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion level of
dried citrus pulp in diets

43
Table 3.2 Chemical composition of treatment diets

Diets
Ingredients (%)
LDCP MDCP HDCP VHDCP

DM 88.56 89.23 89.66 89.94

CP 16.14 16.15 16.10 16.10

ME (Mcal/kg) 2.73 2.72 2.71 2.71

NDF 27.28 28.27 28.63 27.54

ADF 13.58 14.73 15.86 16.67

1
LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP indicates 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion level of dried
citrus pulp in diets

44
Animal Management

The study was arranged with the collaboration of Livestock Production Research
Institute (LPRI), Bahadarnagar, Okara. Forty male Lohi lambs having approximately 4-5
months of age and 16-30 kg of body weight were selected from LES Bahadarnagar, Okara
and then shifted to Animal Nutrition Section, LPRI Bahadarnagar Okara. All the lambs
were weighed at day zero (first day after shifting) before morning feeding. Animals were
randomly distributed into four blocks, 10 animals in each. Animals of every block had a
different color mark on head for easy identification. The color scheme used was in this way,
10, 20, 30 and 40% were colored red, yellow, green and orange respectively. Animals were
dewormed against endo and ecto parasites before the start of the experiment.

Animals were given a 21 days adaptation period to introduce feed, environment,

housing and grouping. Animal were kept on a concrete floor containing 30% shady and
70% open area. Groups of animals were separated using bamboo partitioning. Animals
were fed ad libitum. Forage to concentrate ratio was 70:30. Fresh water availability was
ensured round the clock. Animal were weighed after every 15 days before the morning
feeding.

Digestibility trials were conducted to evaluate effect of inclusion level of dried

citrus pulp on feed efficiency by total collection method. Three animals from each group
were randomly selected and housed in metabolic pens individually. Each metabolic pen
was made up of iron rods and pipes having 3.54.5 ft2 area. An elevated wooden floor was
attached to the pens to prevent soil contamination of feces. A rubber sheet was spread on
the wooden floor for the collection of feces and urine. Metabolic pens were kept with a
tilted backside for the easy collection of urine.

Data collection

Animals were given adaptation period for metabolic pens environment. They were
offered a measured quantity of feed and water while, feed comprised 30% fodder and 70%
concentrate on DM basis. Feces were collected just after the defection and stored in the
polythene bags to prevent moisture loss in air. After 24 hour, collected feces were mixed
thoroughly and 10% of the fecal weight was preserved for making composite sample while
others were discarded. The urine excreted by each animal was acidified with 50% H2SO4

45
(v/v) and 10% of it was sampled and frozen. At the end of each collection period, preserved
urine samples were composited after thawing, and 10% of the composited sample was used
for analysis (Nisa et al., 2006).

Three lambs were selected randomly from each group for blood collection. Ten mL
of blood was extracted from jugular vein by using syringe and transferred to vacutainer.
Serum was extracted by centrifuging at 3500 rpm. It was stored in freezer for further
analysis (Morales et al., 2010). These samples were shifted to Faisalabad in frozen form
for proximate analysis.

Laboratory Analysis

The feed and fecal samples were dried and ground to analyze DM, N and OM using
methods described by AOAC (1990)_ENREF_8 while NDF and ADF using method
described by Van Soest et al. (1991). All the chemical analysis were done in Poultry
Nutrition Laboratory at Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, University of
Agriculture Faisalabad. Blood metabolites were analyzed in Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, UAF. The BUN was determined according to the method prescribed by
Berthelot (1859) and Fawcett and Scott (1960). Blood glucose was determined by using
crescent diagnostic glucose enzymatic colorimetric god-pap method (Trinder, 1969).

Statistical Analysis

The data collected for each parameter was subjected to analysis of variance using
general linear model procedure of SPSS (SPSS, 1999) and means were compared by
Duncans Multiple Range Test (Steel et al., 1997).

46
 RESULTS

Chemical composition of DCP

Chemical analysis revealed that DCP contained 90.63% DM, 94.57% OM, 6.32%
CP, 20.68% NDF, 14.32% ADF and 5.43% ash (Table 4.1).

Nutrient intake

Various levels of DCP in diets of Lohi lambs had non-significant effect (P>0.05)
on nutrient intake (Table 4.2). The DM intake was 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 and 1.30 kg/day in lambs
fed diets containing 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP. It was slightly higher in lambs fed VHDCP
diet (containing 40% DCP) than other treatments (Table 4.2). There was a non-significant
difference (P>0.05) in OM intake among all treatments. However, slight increase in OM
intake was observed numerically as the level of DCP was increased in the diet. It was 1.17,
1.18, 1.20 and 1.20 kg/day in lambs fed LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP diets,
respectively (Table 4.2).

The CP intake was not significantly different (P>0.05) among various levels of DCP
in diets. It was 0.18, 0.18, 0.19 and 0.19 kg/day in lambs fed LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and
VHDCP diets, respectively (Table 4.2). A non-significant difference (P>0.05) on NDF
intake was observed in lambs fed various levels of DCP in diets (Table 4.2). The NDF
intake was found 0.23, 0.24, 0.26 and 0.26 kg/day in lambs fed 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP.
Results revealed that intake of ADF was not significantly affected (P>0.05) by varying
levels of DCP. The ADF intake was 0.18, 0.19, 0.20 and 0.20 kg/day in lambs fed LDCP,
MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP diets, respectively (Table 4.2).

Digestibility

Various levels of DCP fed to Lohi lambs had non-significant effect on digestibility.
The DMD was 69.60, 69.57, 68.18 and 67.98% when the lambs were fed 10, 20, 30 and
40% DCP in diets, respectively (Table 4.3). The OM digestibility was non-significant
(P>0.05) among different treatments of DCP. However, a slight decrease in OM

47
digestibility (72.40, 72.35, 71.26 and 71.22%) was found with an increase in DCP level
(10, 20, 30 and 40%) in diet (Table 4.3).

A non-significant effect was observed on CP digestibility with various levels of

DCP in diets. The LDCP diet had 70.10%, MDCP diet 69.16%, HDCP diet 68.90% and
VHDCP diet had 67.55% digestibility (Table 4.3). The NDF digestibility was 49.32, 48.97,
48.74 and 47.27% in LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP diets, respectively (Table 4.3).
Digestibility of ADF was not significantly affected by increasing levels of DCP in diet. It
was 46.32, 48.97, 48.74 and 47.27% in lambs fed LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP diets,
respectively (Table 4.3).

Nitrogen Metabolism

Various levels of DCP had non-significant effect on nitrogen intake although, a

slight increase (30.07 to 30.62 g/day) on intake was observed as the level of DCP was
increased from 10 to 40% in the diet (Table 4.4). Nitrogen in fecal excretion was non-
significantly (P>0.05) different in various treatments of DCP. It was 8.97 g in LDCP diet,
9.30 g in MDCP diet 9.53 g in HDCP and 9.93 kg in VHDCP diet (Table 4.4). Urinary
excretion of nitrogen in lambs fed various levels of DCP was also non-significantly
different (P>0.5). Dried citrus pulp had non-significant effect (P>0.05) on nitrogen
retention in lambs. A slightly higher nitrogen retention was observed in lambs fed diets
containing higher level of DCP (Table 4.4).

Blood Metabolites

A non-significant effect of various levels of DCP on blood urea was observed in

Lohi lambs. Blood urea was 45.13, 44.92, 44.51 and 43.41 mg/dL in lambs fed LDCP,
MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP diets, respectively (Table 4.5). Blood urea nitrogen was 21.08,
20.99, 20.80 and 20.29 mg/dL in lambs fed 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP, respectively. Various
levels of DCP had non-significant effect on blood glucose. It was 56.41, 56.57, 57.93 and
58.52 mg/dL in the serum of lambs fed LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP diets,
respectively (Table 4.5).

48
Growth performance and Gain to feed ratio

There was non-significant (P>0.05) difference among initial weight of the animals
allotted to different treatment diets. The DCP had non-significant (P>0.05) effect on BWG
in Lohi lambs. Average body weight gain was 6.20, 6.28, 6.35, 6.55 kg in lambs fed 10,
20, 30 and 40% DCP diets, respectively (Table 4.6). No significant (P>0.05) difference in
final body weight was observed in lambs fed various levels of DCP (Table 4.6).

Dried citrus pulp had non-significant effect (P>0.05) on gain to feed ratio which
was 0.078, 0.079, 0.080 and 0.082 in lambs fed LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP diets,
respectively (Table 4.6). Slightly higher gain to feed ratio was observed in lambs fed LDCP
diet compared to lambs fed VHDCP diet.

Economics

There was a significant effect of various levels of DCP on price per kilogram of live
BWG. It was 200.65, 189.05, 188.85 and 188.85 Rs. in diets containing 10, 20, 30 and 40%
DCP (Table 4.7).

49
Table 4.1 Chemical composition of dried citrus pulp

Nutrients Percentage (DM basis) SEM

DM 90.56 0.01

OM 94.40 0.20

CP 6.56 0.00

Metabolizable energy * 3450 kcal/kg

NDF 20.62 0.065

ADF 14.30 0.02

Ash 5.44 0.10

*
Reported by NRC.

50
Table 4.2 Nutrient intake of DCP based diets

Dietsi
Nutrient intake
SEMii
(kg/day/head)
LDCP MDCP HDCP VHDCP

DM 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 0.019

OM 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.20 0.017

CP 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.003

NDF 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.012

ADF 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.009

i
LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP indicates 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion level of dried citrus
pulp in diets
ii
Indicates standard error mean

51
Table 4.3 Nutrient digestibility of DCP based diets
Dietsi
Digestibility (%) SEMii
LDCP MDCP HDCP VHDCP

DM 69.60 69.57 68.18 67.98 1.556

OM 72.40 72.35 71.26 71.22 1.389

CP 70.10 69.16 68.90 67.55 1.560

NDF 49.32 48.97 48.74 47.27 2.766

ADF 46.65 46.30 45.61 45.51 3.154

i
LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP indicates 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion level of dried citrus
pulp in diets
ii
Indicates standard error mean

52
Table 4.4 Nitrogen Balance of DCP based diets
Dietsi
Nitrogen (g/day) SEMii
LDCP MDCP HDCP VHDCP

Intake 30.07 30.14 30.59 30.62 0.455

Feces 8.97 9.30 9.53 9.93 0.502

Urine 14.39 14.31 14.71 17.60 0.588

N Balance 15.62 15.77 15.82 15.96 0.480

i
LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP indicates 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion level of dried citrus
pulp in diets
ii
Indicates standard error mean

53
Table 4.5 Effect of DCP on Blood metabolites

Blood Metabolites Dietsi

SEMii
(mg/dL) LDCP MDCP HDCP VHDCP

Blood Urea 45.13 44.92 44.51 43.41 1.300

Blood urea Nitrogen 21.08 20.99 20.80 20.29 0.470

Blood Glucose 56.41 56.57 57.93 58.52 2.864

i
LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP indicates 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion level of dried citrus
pulp in diets
ii
Indicates standard error mean

54
 Table 4.6 Weight gain in animals fed DCP based diets

Dietsi
Weight (kg) SEMii
LDCP MDCP HDCP VHDCP

Initial 21.50 23.50 22.80 23.10 0.554

Final 27.70 30.17 29.15 29.65 0.638

Weight gain 6.20 6.28 6.35 6.55 0.277

Daily gain (g) 82.67 83.70 84.67 87.33 3.700

i
LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP indicates 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion level of dried citrus
pulp in diets
ii
indicates standard error mean

55
Table 4.7 Feed efficiency and economics

Dietsi
Economics SEMii
LDCP MDCP HDCP VHDCP

Feed Price (Rs.) 35.17 33.93 32.72 32.09 -

Average feed
intake (DM kg/75 79.13 79.37 79.44 80.01 3.49
days)

Gain to feed ratio 0.078a 0.079b 0.080c 0.082d 0.0002

Feed conversion 12.76d 12.64c 12.51b 12.22a 0.0334

Price/kg Weight
200.65d 189.05c 188.85b 181.93a 1.1038
(Rs.)

i
LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP indicates 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion level of dried citrus
pulp in diets
ii
Indicates standard error mean
a, b, c, d in a row shows a significant difference among treatments

56
 DISCUSION

Chemical composition

Chemical composition of DCP in this study are in consistent with Abdullah (2013)
who observed 90.63, 94.57, 6.32, 20.68 and 14.32% DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF,
respectively. Similar results were observed by Belibasakis and Tsirgogianni (1996) who
found that DCP had 90.4% DM, 6.2% CP. Our study was in partial agreement with
Watanabe et al. (2010) who reported that DCP contained 89.10%, 6.35, 18.85 and 14.32%
DM, CP, NDF and ADF, respectively. Similar results were noticed by Ibrahim et al. (2011)
who observed 94.98, 6.40 and 5.02% OM, CP and ash contents, respectively. Oni et al.
(2008) also reported that DCP had 6.3 and 5.13% CP and ash contents respectively.

Contrary to this study, Fegeros et al. (1995) reported that DCP contained 83.15%
OM, 7.75% CP, 19.4% NDF and 12.8% ADF. Kour et al. (2014) observed that DCP
contained 92.05% DM, 7.6% CP, 26.35% NDF and 19.5% ADF. Ibrahim et al. (2011)
reported higher level of NDF (26.21%) and ADF (20.3%) contents. Hernndez et al. (2012)
noticed higher CP (7.6%) and lower ash (3.9%) which opposes our findings. Variations in
chemical composition of citrus pulp are attributed to the difference in soil properties used
for growing citrus (Lambert et al., 2008) or juice extraction method, which affects chemical
composition of citrus pulp (Arthington et al., 2002).

Nutrient intake

Non-significant effect on nutrient intake was observed in lambs fed 10, 20, 30 and
40% DCP. Our findings are in accordance with Loggins et al. (1968) who reported non-
significant effect of DCP on nutrients intake in lambs fed different levels of DCP. Similar
results were reported by McCullough and Sisk (1972), who fed concentrate to animals
containing 15 and 25% DCP and reported that there is no difference among different levels
of DCP in diets of steers. Santos et al. (2014) also found non-significant effect on feed
intake using various levels of DCP in diet. In accordance to our findings, OMara et al.
(1999) reported no difference in nutrient intake between cattle and sheep fed various levels
of DCP in diet.

57
 However, Madrid et al. (1996) reported a linear increase in nutrient intake with an
increase in DCP level. Similarly, Bueno et al. (2002) observed the highest intake of DM in
growing kids when replacing corn with DCP at 40%. Highfill et al. (1987) reported a higher
feed intake in Angus cows fed TMR containing DCP than those fed TMR containing corn
gluten and soya hulls. Ben-Ghedalia et al. (1989) also reported a higher intake of cell wall
contents of the feed with supplementation of DCP in the diet. The reason for slightly
increased intake might be likeness of animals for DCP due to its specific smell and taste.
Another reason might be better palatability of the citrus pulp (Franzolin et al., 2010).

Digestibility

There was non-significant effect of various levels (10, 20, 30 and 40%) of DCP on
nutrient digestibility. Our findings are in accordance with Ahooei et al. (2011) who stated
that supplementation of DCP in the diet had non-significant effect on nutrient digestibility.
McCullough and Sisk (1972) also noticed non-significant difference on nutrient
digestibility between both levels (15 and 25%) of DCP in steers. Similar findings were
observed by Barrios-Urdaneta et al. (2003) who reported non-significant effects of DCP on
DM and OM digestibility. Macedo et al. (2007) found that there was a quadratic effect of
DCP on DM and CP digestibility. Our findings are also in agreement with Castrillo et al.
(2004) who examined the effects of substitution of barley with citrus pulp on diet
digestibility and reported a non-significant effect on DM digestibility. Fegeros et al. (1995)
observed that DM and CP digestibility remained unaffected at all levels of DCP in diet of
ewes.

Contrary to this study, Sudweeks (1977) stated that digestibility increased with
increasing the levels of DCP in the diets of sheep. Miron et al. (2002) noticed an increase
in digestibility in dairy cows, when levels of DCP were increased (9.6 to 20.7% of dietary
DM) in their diets. Highfill et al. (1987) observed that nutrient digestibility was higher in
cows fed TMR supplemented with DCP than those cows fed TMR having soya hulls and
corn gluten feed. Nam et al. (2009) also stated similar results in an in vitro study that
nutrient digestibility was higher in DCP treatment than control. Other researchers (Brown
and Johnson, 1991; Macedo et al., 2007; Scerra et al., 1994) also observed higher
digestibility when the levels of DCP increased in ruminant rations. This might be due to
total soluble solids and neutral detergent soluble carbohydrates in DCP that would be
rapidly digested in the rumen (Nam et al., 2009).

58
Nitrogen Metabolism

Effects of DCP on nitrogen metabolism was non-significant, which is in agreement

with Chen et al. (1981). Bhattacharya and Harb (1973) also noticed non-significant effect
on nitrogen retention in Awassi lambs fed various levels of DCP in diet. Similarly,
Williams et al. (1987) found no effect of DCP on nitrogen retention in calves. Non-
significant effect of various levels of DCP on nitrogen retention might be due to its poor
effect on intake and digestibility.

Contrary to this study, Oni et al. (2008) reported an increased nitrogen balance in
dwarf goats fed various levels of DCP in their diets. While, Ammerman et al. (1972)
reported decreased nitrogen retention in animals fed various levels of DCP. Rihani et al.
(1993) reported that retention of the nitrogen was significantly increased by level of DCP
fed to the animals. The reason for more retention of nitrogen in body might be the higher
palatability with increase in DCP level of diet (Bhattacharya and Harb, 1973).

Blood Metabolites

Findings of our study for blood glucose level are similar with Bhattacharya and
Harb (1973) who replaced corn with DCP in diets of Awassi lambs. They concluded that
there was a non-significant effect of various levels of DCP on blood glucose level. Oni et
al. (2008) reported that there is no effect of various levels of DCP on blood glucose in West
African dwarf goats. Similar results were found by Belibasakis and Tsirgogianni (1996)
who observed no effect of DCP on blood glucose level in dairy cows. Broderick et al.
(2002) reported non-significant effect of DCP on blood glucose in cow fed DCP based
diets. The reason for non-significant results might be due to non-significant effect on intake
and digestibility of DCP based diets.

Results of blood urea nitrogen in our study are in agreement with Ahooei et al.
(2011) who reported no effect of DCP on blood urea nitrogen in male fattening calves.
Similarly, Broderick et al. (2002) observed non-significant effect, he further noticed that
there was a slight decrease in BUN with increase in level of DCP in diet. Belibasakis and
Tsirgogianni (1996) also reported non-significant difference in BUN of dairy cows fed
control and DCP diets. Similar results were observed by Pinzon and Wing (1976) who
found no effect of DCP on BUN. Non-significant results might be due to equal capacity of

59
ruminal microflora in lambs fed various levels of DCP, to detain maximum ammonia
(Butler, 1998).

Growth performance and Gain to feed ratio

Non-significant effect of DCP on weight gain in the study is supported by Caparra

et al. (2007). Scerra et al. (2001) also observed non-significant effect of DCP on body live
weight of lambs. Similarly, Santos et al. (2014) stated that there was no effect of different
levels of DCP on weight gain. Oni et al. (2008) also reported that different levels of DCP
did not influence the body weight gain in dwarf goats. Non-significant results of weight
gain in our study might be due to similarity in chemical composition of diet fed to the
lambs.

In contrary to this study, Bueno et al. (2002) reported a better growth performance
in Saanen kids fed diet having 46% DCP. Similarly, Miron et al. (2002) observed that there
was a higher weight gain in cows fed TMR having 21% DCP than those offered TMR
having 10% DCP. Alkire (2003) also reported higher weight gain in beef cattle fed DCP as
compared to other ones. Our study was not supported by Aregheore (2000) who stated
better average daily live weight gain in sheep and goat fed DCP based diets. The reason for
higher weight gain might be due to higher intake of feed by the animals with an increased
level of DCP (Williams et al., 1987).

However the feed efficiency of lambs fed DCP based diets increased with increase
in inclusion level of DCP. Similar results were reported by Chen et al. (1981) who observed
decreased feed conversion ratio in lambs with increasing levels of DCP in diet
Hadjipanayiotou and Louka (1976) also noticed similar results for feed conversion ratio in
male calves.

Economics

Results of this research are in accordance with Lanza et al. (2001) who reported
that DCP reduced the cost incurred on feed. Miron et al. (2002) also observed significant
effect of DCP on reducing the cost for diet formulation for dairy cows. Gholizadeh and
Naserian (2010) noticed feed cost reduction when barley grains were replaced with DCP in
the diet of Saanen kids. Similar findings were observed by Caparra et al. (2007) who noted
that use of DCP, as concentrate energy source is very economical in diets of lambs. Macedo

60
et al. (2007) also found a reduction in feed prices when fresh citrus pulp replaced sorghum
silage as concentrate energy source. Oni et al. (2008) concluded that DCP is very efficient
to reduce feed cost in goat rations. Results of our experiment are also supported by other
scientists (Broderick et al., 2002; Chen et al., 1981; Pinzon and Wing, 1976) who stated
less feed cost in DCP treatments than grain treatments in ruminants. This is due to the
reason that citrus pulp is a waste industrial by-product with excellent nutritional profile for
ruminants which is cheaper than cereal grains, resulting in preparing the ration economical
one (Barrios-Urdaneta et al., 2003; Miron et al., 2002; Naserian et al., 2010; Strobel and
Russell, 1986; Villarreal et al., 2006).

61
 SUMMARY
This study was planned to examine the effects of dried citrus pulp as an alternate
energy source on feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, growth performance, gain to
feed ratio and economics of lambs. Forty male lambs approximately 4-5 months of age
having 22-28 kg body weight were used in a randomized complete block design. Blocking
was done on the basis of body weight. The lambs were divided into 4 groups, 10 lambs in
each group. The diet was consisted of forage and concentrate. The concentrates contained
10, 20, 30 and 40% dried citrus pulp. The experiment was 75 days long. Animals were
dewormed against endo and ecto parasites before the start of study. First 21 days were given
as an adaptation period. Feed was offered ad libitum. Feed offered and refused was recorded
daily to determine feed intake. During collection period, three animals from each group
were shifted to separate metabolic pens to collect complete feces and urine for
determination of nutrients digestibility and nitrogen balance. Three animals randomly
selected from each group for blood collection. Serum from blood was extracted and
subjected to the analysis of blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose. The lambs were
individually weighed after every 15 days before morning feeding to determine weight gain.
Gain to feed ratio was determined by dividing weight gain over feed intake. Economics of
diets was calculated. Data thus collected was analyzed by Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
using general linear model procedure of SPSS and means was compared by Duncans
Multiple Range Test.

Analysis of dried citrus pulp was carried out to elucidate the relative contents of
DM, OM, nitrogen, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and ash that are good indicator for the
determination of nutritive value. The results have revealed that dried citrus pulp contained
90.57, 94.60 and 6.56% DM, OM and CP, respectively. The NDF, ADF and ash contents
of dried citrus pulp were 20.68, 14.32 and 5.43%, respectively.

The level of DCP had non-significant effect on nutrient intake. DM intake was 1.27,
1.28, 1.29 and 1.30 kg/day in lambs fed 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP in diet, respectively. The
OM intake was 1.17, 1.18, 1.20 and 1.20 kg/day in lambs fed LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and
VHDCP diets respectively. The lambs fed 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP in their diet had 0.18,
0.18, 0.19 and 0.19 kg/day intake of CP respectively. There was non-significant effect of

62
DCP on intake of NDF and ADF. The NDF intake was 0.23, 0.24, 0.26 and 0.26 kg/day
while ADF intake was 0.18, 0.19, 0.20 and 0.20 kg/day in lambs fed LDCP, MDCP, HDCP
and VHDCP diets respectively.

Various levels of DCP in diet had non-significant effect on digestibility of Lohi

lambs. The DM digestibility of DCP (10, 20, 30, and 40%) was 69.60, 69.57, 68.18 and
67.98%. The OM digestibility was 72.40, 72.35, 71.26 and 71.22% with inclusion of 10,
20, 30 and 40 % DCP in diet, respectively. Digestibility of CP was 70.10, 69.16, 68.90 and
67.55% in lambs fed LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP diets, respectively. The NDF
digestibility was 49.32, 48.97, 48.74 and 47.27% in lambs fed 10, 20, 30 and 40% DCP of
dietary DM, respectively. The ADF digestibility of LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP
was 46.65, 46.30, 45.61 and 45.51%, respectively.

Different levels of DCP had non-significant effect on nitrogen intake. The Intake
increased slightly (30.7, 30.14, 30.59 and 30.62 g/day) with an increase in level of DCP
(10, 20, 30 and 40%) in diet. There was no significant effect on fecal and urinary excretion
of nitrogen as well as nitrogen retention. While, it was observed that the mean retention of
nitrogen in the body slightly increased with an increase in DCP level in the lambs diet.

Non-significant effect of DCP on blood urea was observed in lambs. A slight

decrease in blood urea (45.13 to 43.41 mg/dL) was experienced when level of DCP was
increased (10 to 40%) in lambs diet. Similarly, there was no effect of DCP on BUN while,
a slight increase was observed when the level of DCP was increased. Glucose level in blood
of lambs was similar to each other in lambs fed various levels of DCP (10, 20, 30 and 40%)
in diet.

There was a non-significant difference among initial and final weight of the lambs
allotted to different treatments of DCP. Similarly, there was no significant difference in
body weight gain. While, a slight increase in the mean body weight was observed with an
increase in DCP level in diet. The highest weight gain was in lambs fed VHDCP diet while
the lowest body weight gain was in lambs fed LDCP diet.

DCP had a significant effect (P>0.05) on gain to feed ratio. It was 0.078, 0.079,
0.080 and 0.082 for lambs fed on LDCP, MDCP, HDCP and VHDCP diets, respectively.
Price per kilogram of live body weight was determined by dividing total cost of production
by total weight gain. It was 200.65, 189.05, 188.85 and 181.93 Rs. in diets containing 10,

63
20, 30 and 40% DCP, respectively. Inclusion of DCP in diet at 40% of dietary DM was
most cost effective. In conclusion, using dried citrus pulp up to 40% in Lohi lambs diet
resulted in economical feed formulation without any adverse effect on the performance of
animal.

64
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nutrient intake and in situ digestion kinetics in buffalo bulls. Inst. Anim. Nutr. Feed
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Agshghali, A.M. and N.S. Maheri. 2008. Nutritive value of some agro-industrial by
products for ruminants. World J. Zool. 3: 40-60.

Ahooei, G.R., A.R. Foroughi, A.M. Tahmasbi, A.R. Shahdadi and R. Vakili. 2011. Effects
of different levels of dried citrus pulp and urea on performance of fattening male
calves. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 10: 1811-1816.

Al Khawajah, Z.F.Z. 2003. Utilization of citrus pulp in broiler rations. An-Najah National
University, Nablus, Palestine.

Alkire, D.O. 2003. Effects of feeding citrus pulp supplements on the performance of
growing beef cattle. Univ. Flo., Florida.

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