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Calculul termic
w w
, 2 , 2
m C m K
coeficient global de cedare a cldurii prin convecie i radiaie
w w
, , m K
m C
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Ecuaia de transmitere a cldurii
1
=
t c
p
div( grad) +
c
[ ]
J
; Kg/m 3 - densitatea; c
Kg K - cldura specific
c dv
mc mc
= V
= constanta de timp termic local I =ct. =
dS S U =ct. S m R P0
S
p
= ct. = a + ; a= - coef. de propagare a temperaturii
t c c
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Ecuaia de transmitere a cldurii
(a transferului termic)
p
= +
t c c
Cazuri particulare:
1. Repartiia temperaturii in regim stabilizat
2. nclzirea uniforma in timp
r c p
r (r ), = 0 =
(r , t ) = t t =
(t ), = 0, (incalzire uniforma)
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Peretele plan infinit cu pierderi
uniform repartizate. Flux termic
propriu.
d 2 p p x2
= ( x ) = + C1 x + C 2
dx 2 2
p x2
max ( x) =
2
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Peretele fr pierderi strbtut de
un flux extern: rezistena termic
a peretelui fr pierderi
x
p = 0 ( x) = max ( max 1 )
l
max 1 l
RT = =
q A
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Peretele plan, cu pierderi uniform repartizate,
care cedeaz cldur ntr-o singur parte
Rezistena termic a peretelui cu pierderi
uniform repartizate in raport cu fluxul propriu:
p x2
( x) = max
2
pl2 =
l
max 1 = RTp
2 2 A
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Conductibilitatea echivalent a izolaiei
stratificate
Coeficientul echivalent de cedare a cldurii:
1 4 4 0 1 0
q= = =
L 1 1
e A A e A
gi
1
e = i
e =
gi 1 gi
+
i i i i
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Poziia stratului celui mai cald in
peretele cu pierderi uniform repartizate
q = p l A; q = p l A
gi g i
L 1 L 1
R= + i
+ ; R = + i
+
2 gi 2 g i
i i i i
R R
l=L l = L
R + R R + R
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
nclzirea unei anvelope (coji)
cilindrice simetrice
Ec:
p 1 p
= (r ) r =
r r r
w w
[C] ; p 3 ;
m m C
pr2
p = ct. (r ) = + C1 ln r + C 2
4
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Coaja cilindrica
p=0 q1 r
q1 = 2 r1 l [ w ] (r ) p =0 = 1 + ln
(r1 ) = 1 r r1 2 l r1
11 r2r2
RRt t== lnln [K/w]
22l l r1r1
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Coaja cilindrica stratificata
rn +1
ln
e = n r1
1 ri +1
i =1 i
ln
ri
1
e =
1 n
1 ri +1
r1 + ln
rn +1 i =1 i ri
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Stratul cel mai cald (r = rm )
pr C p rm2
= m + 1 =0 C1 =
r rm 2 rm 2
p (ri2 r 2 ) p rm2 r
i = + ln ; i = 1, 2
4 2 ri
m = ( m 1 ) + (1 01 ) + 01 = ( m 2 ) + ( 2 02 ) + 02
p r12 rm2 2 rm p (rm2 r12 )
+ rm ln + + 01 =
2 2 r1 2 r1 1
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
nclzirea unei anvelope
cilindrice simetrice pentru p = ct.
r22 r12 r1 r2 2
+ + + (02 01 )
2 1 2 p
rm =
1 r2 1 1
ln + +
r1 1 r1 2 r2
2
p (ri2 rm ) p rm2 rm
m i = + ln
4 2 ri
1 = 0 rm = r1
2 = 0 rm = r2
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Conductibilitatea echivalent a
nfurrilor impregnate
e = i (d / )
2/3 e = 1.45 i (d / )3 / 4
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
nclzirea barei cu seciunea variabil
Ec: d 2 i ci i pi
i =
dx 2 i i i
i I 2
mi = , i = 1,2
i Ai l pi
4 condiii de frontier:
d1 d 2
= 0; =0
dx x =0 dx x =l + l
1 2
1 (l1 ) = 2 (l1 ) ;
d1 d
1 A1 = 2 A2 2
dx l1 dx l1
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Repartiia temperaturii in bara
m1 m 2 ch (1 x)
1 ( x) = m1
1 + k ch (1 l1 )
m1 m 2 ch ( 2 (l1 + l 2 x))
2 ( x) = m 2 +
1 ch ( 2 l 2 )
1+
k
th (1l1 ) 1 A11 ci i i l pi
k= i =
th ( 2 l 2 ) 2 A2 2 i i i Ai
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Variaia in timp a temperaturii corpurilor
nclzite uniform in regim permanent
Curbele de nclzire i rcire
p P
m = = ; ( p = const.)
c S
Ecuaia: Soluia:
d 0 p
grad = 0 + = t t1
dt c
(t ) = + (1 ) e
d
0 p =c [W/m3 ]
dt 0
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Masurarea pierderilor specifice in
corpurile omogene incalzite uniform
grad = 0
d
0 p = c [W/m3 ]
dt 0
d
= tan()
dt 0
d
psp = c [W/kg]
dt 0
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Suprasarcini admisibile
a) in regim de lung durat
1/ 8 1/ 8
3 s
c 0.31 p ; r 0 (T T0 ) s n
L5 n
0n = 40C 0 0n max = 0n + n = 0 + s
2 9 / 16
r I s2 r I n2 s n Is I s s
s = , n = = =
s S n S n s In I n n
9 / 16
max 0
I max adm = I n
max 40
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
b) Suprasarcini admisibile in regim de scurt durat
~ Ii ~ Is
Ii = ; Is = ; n = max 40
In In
~ ~
i = n I i16 / 9 ; s = n I s16 / 9 ;
1 = 0 + i ; = 0 + s
max = 0 + s + ( i s ) e t /
t / 0 + s max
e =
s i
~ ~
t adm I s16 / 9 I i16 / 9
= ln
~ 0
I s16 / 9 max
max 40
~ ~
I i = 0.5 ; I s = 1.5 ; max = 90 ; 0 = 10C
t adm = 1.35
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Regimul intermitent de nclzire
f
t
* = m + (* m ) A ; A = e
tp
* = * B ; B=e
t
DA = f
tc
1 A
* = m m DA
1 A B
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
nclzirea (adiabatic) la scurt
circuit
2t
I 2 t f ; t f = t p + t a ; t a = ' ' 2 1 e
d k p 0 (1 + R ) 2
= j t
2
dt c i dt =
0 2
2t
I e t ; I e = I ' ' m + n ; m = 1 e
t
B2 2 c
A() = ln(1 + R ) B ; B = C= A( k ) A( n )
R 0 kp
I I t
s= t [mm2]
s [mm 2 ]
C B k n
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
tp i n in funcie de durata scurt
circuitului t i de ' ' = I ' ' / I
B k C C
[A s0.5/mm2] [C] (U<10 kV) (U>10 kV)
Cu 13 200 165 138
Al 8.5 150 88 -
Fe 4.5
Pb 2.5
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Curbele de nclzire adiabatic
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Propagarea cmpului termic ntr-
o bar semi-infinit
x
( x, t ) = * Erfc( z ) ; z = ; a=
2 at c
2 z
u 2
Erfc( z ) = 1 e du
0
x1 t1
=
c x2 t2
*
q= A
t [w]
2
Q= * A c t [J]
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Propagarea cmpului termic ntr-
un semispaiu
= a ; a = = 1 / r
t c
* r0 r r0
(r , t ) = Erfc( z ) ; z =
r 2 at
d r0
q= r02 = 2 r0 1 + *
[w]
dr r0 a t
2 r0 *
Q = 2 r0 t + t [J]
a
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Radiaia
Puterea radiat:
4
T 2
P = 5.67 c r [ w/m ]
100
(legea Stefan Boltzmann)
4 4
T T0
Puterea transferat
100 100
P = 5.67 [w/m2]
(schimbul de cldur) prin 1 S 1
radiaie: + 1
cr S 0 cr 0
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Coeficientul global de cedare a
cldurii prin convecie i radiaie
T T0
0.25
T T
2
= 1.33 + 5.67 10 8 c r T03 1 + 1 + [w/(m2 K)]
L T0 T0
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Pierderi in materialele active
Adncimea de 2 66 85
= ; Cu = ; Al = [mm]
ptrundere: f f
1
;
;
0 H s = Bs > B max Fe = Hs
I
s u
s - permeabilitatea absolut pentru
9 mm Cu
valoarea efectiv a componentei
50 Hz = 12 mm Al
tangeniale a cmpului magnetic Hs pe ~ 1 mm Fe
suprafaa conductorului, determinat
din curba fundamental de magnetizare
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Efect pelicular net,
conductoare masive (d > 2 )
Conductoare
nemagnetice
Rezistena in c. a.:
l
R =
u
u perimetrul seciunii
splat de curent.
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Conductoare nemagnetice
Rezistenta si reactana (intern) in c. a.
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Efect pelicular net, conductoare masive (d > 2 )
Conductoare feromagnetice
Rezistena i reactana l s
R = xint = 0.6 R []
intern in c. a. : u
l e j 59 l
Impedana magnetic : Z mag = 0.86 = (0.45 + 0.74 j ) [A/Wb]
s u u s
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Convecia. Teoria similitudinii
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Criterii de similitudine
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Convecia natural
Convecia natural Gr Pr c n curgerea
(ecuaia criterial) I 10-4 10-3 0.5 0
Nu m = c [Gr Pr ]m
n
II 10-3 - 5103 1.18 1/8 laminar
+ 0 III 5103 - 2107 0.54 1/4 intensiv
m = IV 2107 - 1013 0.135 1/3 turbulent
2
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Convecie natural in aer :
c [w/(m2 K)]
I II III IV
Fire subiri Bare d = 1 cm Sfere, plci Perei verticali
1/ 8
1/ 4
c = 1.58 ()1/ 3 p
c = 0.5 p c = 0.31 5 p c = 1.33 p
L
L L
p presiunea in [atm]; = 0 .
In spaii nguste: e = k ; k 0.18 4 Gr Pr ; Gr Pr < 10 3 k = 1
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Convecia forat in evi
A) Regimul laminar (Ref < 2200)
Nusselt mediu pe lungimea evii l de diametru interior (ud) d.
Pentru seciuni necirculare cu perimetrul ud u diametrul
determinant este d = 4 A / u
Nu f = 0.15 (Re Pr) f 0.33 (Gr Pr) f 0.1 (Prf / Prs ) 0.25 l
l/d 1 2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50
l 1.90 1.70 1.44 1.28 1.18 1.13 1.05 1.02 1
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
B) Regimul turbulent
(Ref > 10000) in evi drepte i curbe
0 .8 0.43 0.25 2d
Nu f = 0.021 Re f Prf (Prf / Prs ) l ; l 1 +
l
5 < Ref < 103 Nu f = 0.5 Re 0f.5 Prf0.38 (Prf / Prs ) 0.25
103 < Ref < 2105 Nu f = 0.25 Re 0.6 Pr 0.38
(Pr / Pr ) 0.25
f f f s
2105 < Ref < 2106
Nu f = 0.023 Re 0.8
f Prf
0.37
(Prf / Prs ) 0.25
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
d) Splarea transversal a
fascicolelor de evi in regim mixt
(Re = 10 10 )
3 5
c n s i
Coridor 0.26 0.65
( s2 / d ) 15 i=1 i =2 i3
0.6 0.9 1
In ah 0.41 0.60 ( s1 / s2 )1 / 6 , s1 / s2 < 2
0.6 0.7 1
1.12 , s1 / s2 2
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
e) Splarea forat a unui perete plan.
Determinante: lungimea L pe direcia curgerii i temperatura
iniial a jetului.
Re f < 10 5
(laminar) Nu f = 0.76 Re 0f.25 Prf0.43 (Prf / Prs ) 0.25
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Clase de izolaie
Y 90 Bumbac, hrtie
A 105 Idem, impregnate
(PET)
B
ln() = A +
T
graficul lui
Arrhenius
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Analogie termoelectric
Mrimi electrice Mrimi termice
1 Problema: New-nume-tip-precizie
2 Modelul: Edit geometry: varfuri + muchii
3 Materiale + muchii: Select- click dr. - proprietati
4 Dublu click nume: - parametri
5 Build mesh
6 Rezolvarea = Solve
7 Vizualizarea. Local values
8 Add contour
9 Grafic X-Y plot / View table
10 Integral calculator
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G.A. Cividjian: Calculul termic
Reabilitarea termica a apartamentului cu
pereti de beton prefabricat (3 camere)