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INTRODUCTION
The earthquake engineering is the scientific field concerned with protective society,
the natural environment and the environment from earthquake by the seismic risk. The
purpose of the seismic engineering is to, minimize the damage and disturbance to
residents in moderate and minor earthquake, maintain the key function of the infrastructure
/building are Protect the lives of those outside the building & to Protect other
property and the environment. For brittle buildings, there is a clear threshold below
which little damage occurs, above which collapse is likely. Sudden brittle failures such as
shear failures are the main cause of collapse and should be avoided. For a building to be
earthquake resistant it must be, Configured well, detailed well, constructed well. Some
recommendations for the structure for improving seismic resistance are, Building must
resist horizontal loads from any direction, horizontal force must be transferred to the
ground, configure building to resist loads, ensure building elements are tied together
and avoid structural weakness in the building configuration the column with excellent
ductile behaviour should be capable of absorbing and dissipating seismic energy. Figure
1.1 shows coloumn damage Reinforced concrete circular columns show almost the same
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In order to establish FRP as strengthening or retrofitting material for masonry
structures in India, more experimental research work is to be carried out. More experimental
work in this context will also be useful to form IS codes or guidelines for application of FRP
for strengthening or retrofitting material for masonry structures. The mathematical model for
FRP strengthened masonry columns has been developed for Indian conditions. Development
of mathematical model for FRP retrofitted masonry walls subjected to in-plane lateral load
considering the available experimental results can be done. A complete testing setup,
experimental studies on FRP strengthened masonry elements. The advanced composite fiber
wrap system can be applied in the field for strengthening of masonry columns. More than
60% of area of India falls under seismic zone III and above, hence FRP retrofitting can be
The fiber composites are linear elastic material without any defined yield
point. Ductility can be defined as the capability of a structure to deform, while carrying
the load even when the maximum load bearing capacity is exceeded. The ductility is
divided into material ductility and structural ductility. The steel bars in the structural
members are often considered to have a very ductile behaviour. A structure in brittle
failure in the shear may be strengthened, so that the failure mode changes to more ductile
The energy is transformed from some initial form to final form, the capacity of the
final form to do mechanical work is less than that of the initial form. A reinforced concrete
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1.1.3 Deformability
Plastic hinge length and ultimate curvature are the crucial parameters that enable
inelastic deformability. High rates of loading and high axial compression and high shear
stress reversals reduce deformability and confinement of the core concrete increase
deformability.
structure can have entire immune to damage from earthquake. The goal of the earthquake
resistant construction is to erect structures, that for better during seismic activity than their
flexible pads (Base isolators), when the earthquake strikes the building, the building does not
move, it will be suitable for hard soil only. The type of the base isolators be Lead rubber
Seismic dampers are used in place of structural elements diagonal braces. It acts
like hydraulic absorbers in car. When seismic energy transmitted through them, dampers
absorb part of it and thus damp the motion of the building. The introductions of the
transverse confinement can significantly improve the strength, ductility and energy
dissipation capacity of reinforced concrete columns and enhance the seismic resistance.The
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increased transverse confinement can also improve the deformability and flexural strength of
concrete columns.The required transverse confinement should be enhanced with the increase
Basically FRP is composed of fibers and matrix. The fibers will provide strength and
stiffness e.g. carbon, glass, aramid. Matrix protects and transfers load between the fibers e.g.
anisotropic behaviour affects the shear strength, dowel action and bond performance. FRP
does not exhibit yielding. Material is linear elastic under failure. Design should account for
the lack of ductility. Member does have substantial deformability. The Composite features of
the FRP are, It is Impervious to chloride ion and other chemical attack. The Tensile strength
of the FRP is greater than steel. It weighs only th weight of the steel transparent to
magnetic fields and radar frequency. It is electrically and thermally non conductive
FRP Rebar
The fiber reinforced beam can be used at, Any concrete susceptible to corrosion
by chloride ions or chemicals, Any concrete member requiring Non- Ferrous reinforcement
or stainless steel. Its Applications are requiring thermal conductivity, Where machinery will
FRP composites
It is a composite material made of polymer matrix reinforced with fibres. The fibers
are usually glass, carbon aramid or basalt. FRP composite profiles are FRP reinforcing bars,
FRP frame connections, Externally bonded FRP, Mechanically fastened FRP & strengthening
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strips & FRP column wraps. The material type of the FRP composite . Are Carbon fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP)Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) and Basalt fiber
reinforced polymer (BFRP). Carbon fiber reinforced polymer, carbon fiber reinforced
plastic or carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP or often simply
carbon fiber, carbon composite or even carbon), is an extremely strong and light fiber-
reinforced plastic which contains carbon fibers.GFRP has a very high strength to weight
ratio. GFRP has low weights of 2 to 4 lbs. per square foot means faster installation, less
GFRP has resists against salt water, chemicals, and the environment - unaffected by
acid rain, salts, and most chemicals. Research shows that GFRP has no loss of laminate
Basalt fiber is a material made from extremely fine fibers of basalt, which is
having better physic-mechanical properties than fiberglass, but being significantly cheaper
than carbon fiber. It has been used as a building retrofitting material for structural elements
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
FRP stay in place formwork with high strength concrete There are different methods
of application of FRP composites on column. First one is the use of FRP stay in place
formwork with high strength concrete. The study about the FRP stay in place formwork with
high strength concrete was done by Togay Ozbakkaloglu and Murat saasciogluu in 2007.
The use of FRP stay in place form work will be an alternative to conventional reinforcement.
Large scale HSC columns encased in FRP casings were tested under simulated seismic
loading. The casings were manufactured from carbon FRP and epoxy resin. The corner
radius is the test parameter. The presence of internally placed cross ties integrally built with
that the confinement effectiveness of column is significantly affected by corner radius and the
deformation capacity of HSC columns can be improved significantly can be using FRP
casings. In 2012 Pedram Zohrevand, Amir Mirmiran said that the unique features of ultra-
reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes(CFFTs) to develop an ovelhybrid system of FRP tube and
UHPC, and the cyclic behaviour of this system evaluated Carbon FRP stay in place form
work can develop ductile behaviour. Theuse of FRP formwork substantially increases
deformability of square columns. Flexural capacity of columns with stay in-place form work
can be computed using plain section analysis. Figure 2.1 templates used to manufacture FRP
casings & FRP crossties. Figure 2.2 shows Placement of crossties in columns.
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Fig 2.1. Templates used to manufacture FRP casings & FRP crossties
The one another type is the use of BFRP bars or BFRP sheet reinforcement. The study
about the BFRP bars and sheets were done by Liu- Zhen Yao and Gang wu in 2016. The FRP
can be used to increase the axial load carrying capacity of the column with minimal increase in
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the cross-sectional area. the seismic behaviour of pre damaged reinforced concrete
columns repaired using early-strength cement mortar and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer and
has been investigated through lateral reversed cyclic tests on seven large-sized RC columns.
Two pre damage levels, moderate damage and severe damage were assigned to the RC
columns through cyclic loading. The axial load and residual displacement were kept constant
during the retrofitting process, and the retrofitted columns were retested after 6 days of
mortar and epoxy curing at room temperature. The ductility and energy dissipation capacities
improved after early-strength cement mortar perfusion and BFRP wrapping compared with
the original intact columns. Confinement consists of wrapping the column with BFRP sheets;
The use of the confinement increases the lateral pressure on the member which results in
more ductility and higher load carrying capacity. FRP reinforcements for structural elements
in construction have raised the interest of structural engineers since the beginning of the fiber
reinforced plastics industry and the use of FRP composite materials with various fiber
concrete members.
In 2015 Gao Ma and Hui were conducted their studies on BFRP and said that
Comparison between the numerical simulations and experimental results indicate that the
proposed method is appropriate for predicting pushover curves and the hysteresis response of
for easy implementation in fiber based analysis The bond slip affects initiates the premature
fracturing of NSM FRP bars and lead to more effective utilization of near surface mounted
(NSM) reinforcement and amore ductile column behaviour. The texture of the FRP bar is a
retrofit parameter that can be used to control the inelastic performance of lap splice. The
texture of the BFRP bars can be used to control the inelastic deformation of the RC column.
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Figure 2.3 shows confinement and figure 2.4 shows FRP sheets application and Fig.2.6.
In 2015 Amer M. Elsouri and Mohamed M. Harajii said that the approach is based
on providing adequate concrete confinement within the splice zone for allowing the
spliced bars to theoretically develop enough post elastic tension strains demanded by
large earthquakes before experiencing splitting bond failure. The accuracy of the
repaired in accordance with the proposed approach. Three types of confinement were
used and compared, namely, internal steel ties, external fiber polymer reinforced
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jackets, and a combination of both. Repair or strengthening of as built column of current
allowed the spliced bars to develop sizable post yield strains. The columns the acquire
considerably larger lateral loads and energy dissipation capacities and to experience
conditionbetween the BFRP bars and the surrounding materials was examined using bars
with smooth and rough textures. Three columns were designed with poor detail in the
longitudinal lap splices and improper transverse confinement; one sample served as a
reference, and the others were strengthened with NSM BFRP bars and an external
BFRP jacket around the plastic hinge zone. The test results were assessed in terms of the
seismic performance of a well-designed column. The test results indicated that the
texture of the FRP bars is a key retrofit design parameter that can be used to control the
In 2004 Xinbao Yang, Jun Wei, Antonio Nanni and Lokeswarappa R. Dharani found
that the stiffness of the applied FRP jacket was the key parameter in the design of external
jacket retrofits. It was concluded that the use of FRP significantly enhances strength,
ductility, and energy absorption capacity of Columns. Here the steel- I-sections encased by
concrete wrapped with epoxy saturated glass and carbon FRP sheets. Confining pressure
provided by FRP jackets and composite actions between constituent materials resulted in the
compressive behaviour. In 2012 Kian Karimi Ph.D, Wael W. El-Dakhakhni and Michael J.
Tait found that FRP enhances the strength and ductility of the RC columns wrapping by
slenderness parameter on failure mode changes from loss of c/s to loss of member stability.
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The stability using the FRP jacket were done in order to increase load carrying capacity. The
energy dissipation capacity will be 2-14 times larger than of steel columns. Figure 2.6
Precast post tensioned segmental FRP confined and unconfined crum rubber concrete
columns In 2017 Reza Hassanli, Osama Youssl and Julie E. Mills found that The effect
of the confinement on the strength of rubberized concrete was higher than that of the
conventional concrete. Increased the column post tensioning force increases the
measured peak load and decreases the ultimate drift for both unconfined and FRP-
noticeable damage throughout the cycle test. One layer of the FRP confinement for the
bottom most segments showed a significant effect on the columns peak load, ultimate
drift and post peak stiffness. Figure 2.7 shows FRP confined segments preparation
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Fig 2.7 FRP confined segments preparation
Precast post tensioned segmental FRP confined and unconfined crumb rubber
concrete columns In 2017 Reza Hassanli, Osama Youssl and Julie E. Mills found that
The effect of the confinement on the strength of rubberized concrete was higher than that
of the conventional concrete. Increased the column post tensioning force increases the
measured peak load and decreases the ultimate drift for both unconfined and FRP-
noticeable damage throughout the cycle test. One layer of the FRP confinement for the
bottom most segments showed a significant effect on the columns peak load, ultimate
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2.4 CONCRETE FILLED FRP TUBE COLUMNS
In 2005 Yan Xiao, Wenhui He, found that the concrete filled FRP tube column will be
capable of developing very high inelastic deformation capacities under seismic loading. The
main parameters of the experimental study were the axial load level, column cross-sectional
shape, concrete strength, amount and type of FRP confinement, and FRP tube corner radius.
Increase the corner radius will increase the column lateral drift capacities. The influence of
the cross-sectional shape is found to be significant, with the circular CFFT exhibiting a larger
lateral drift capacity compared with the companion square CFFTs This will control the local
buckling of the steel tube and confining the concrete in the potential plastic hinge region. The
lateral drift capacity increases with the increase in the amount of confinement. The column
deformability decreases with increase in axial load level and concrete compressive strength.
CFFTs with FRP tube made of higher ultimate tensile strain appear to develop slightly higher
lateral drift capacity than companion CFFTs with FRP tubes constructed of fibers with lower
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In 2005 J.M. Lees and A.U Winistorfer states that non laminated FRP straps
have been found to have higher efficiencies than equivalent laminated straps,
integrity of the fusion-bonded joint. Laminating the straight legs of the strap while
leaving the curved support regions nonlaminated would reduce reliance on the joint
region. Nonlaminated prestressed CFRP strap elements have a wide range of uses in
combination with reinforced concrete, timber, and masonry structures. The CFRP straps
are un bonded, which means that in most cases they can be fairly easily inspected, and
In 2016 Shahzad Saleem Qudeer Hussain and Amorn Pimanmas, presents the results
main objective of this study is to observe the compressive behaviour of PET FRP-confined
the effectiveness of FRP confinement. In contrast to linear tensile strain stress-strain response
bilinear tensile stress-strain response. In 2013 Ahokan vvsuki The compressive stress strain
response of PET-FRP confined column is tri linear and consists of three different parts The
first part is similar to unconfined concrete with the peak strength slightly higher than that of
unconfined strength. A significant strength softening observed in 2nd position. Until the FRP
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rupture, the curve starts to ascend again. The c/s geometry significantly influence the
effectiveness of FRP confinement. PET-FRP exhibit larger rupture strain and exhibit highly
ductile behavior. In 2013 Arsalan Tavassoli and smamim shake stated that computational
method was developed to estimate the shear resisted by concrete, spirals, and CFRP
jacket and the confinement pressure provided by spirals and the CFRP jacket using
negligible. Based on this finding, repair design guidelines for standard columns were
developed to aid bridge engineers in quickly determining the number of CFRP layers needed
based on the apparent damage, column aspect ratio, diameter, and longitudinal steel ratio.
The bonding fiber reinforced polymer has been commonly used to seismic behavior of
circular reinforced columns in engineering practice. FRP jackets have a significant stress
hysteresis effect in this strengthening method. The initial lateral confined stress provided by
bpre stressed FRP strips can effectively inhibit the large emergence and development of
diagonal shear cracks and change the failure mode of specimens from brittle shear failure to
bending or bending shear failure with such ductility. For the improvement of the seismic
resistance of the structure, the bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and
This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of using GFRP as internal lateral
reinforcement in columns and presents the experimental results of seven circular columns
that were tested under simulated earthquake forces which included constant axial load and
response and shear versus deflection behaviour, a number of ductility parameters related to
curvature and displacement, and work and energy dissipation are used to evaluate the
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performance of specimens. Due to their linear elastic behaviour until rupture at a strain of
seismic resistance capacity of the concrete with the cause of corrosion of the steel in
concrete structures can be improved by the use of the Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)
as an replacement of steel.
minimizes the corrosion concerns and delivers a strong and ductile column response. The
strengthening of the structure for the flexure may lead to shear failure instead of giving the
desired increased load bearing capacity, because of the changed stiffness in an undetermined
structural system; the whole structure must be investigated. The strengthening should also
There are some factors which will affect the different strengthening scheme, they
Internal confinement
External confinement
Curvature radius of corners
Amount of FRP reinforcement
Cross sectional aspect ratio
Material of masonry blocks
Internal confinement is that, in the Internal confinement using vinyl ester will be used for
fabrication for FRP reinforcing bars and it will provide superior durability characteristic,
when embedded in concrete. In the External confinement, The strengthening is not nearly as
effective. Epoxy will be used for strengthening using FRP sheets/ plates with superior
The amount of the FRP greatly affects the length of the plastic hinge region and drift
capacity of the FRP retrofitted column. Increase in the confinement after crucial value cause
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reduction in the deformation capacity of the column. Amount of the confinement FRP jackets
affect the drift capacity of the FRP retrofitted columns. Confinement at low level will
increase the drift capacity of the column. After a critical value further increase in the
confinement will reduce the deformation capacity of the column. The latter is the effect of
cross sectional aspect ratio. Large aspect ratio has a + ve effect compared with the
The material of the masonry block is also a depending factor governing FRP
confinement. In confined masonry construction, the masonry walls carry the seismic loads
and RC confining elements are used to confine the walls. Confined masonry uses locally
available materials and known construction technologies and is particularly appropriate for up
to four- story buildings. Effect of corner radius is also a governing factor, The maximum
efficiency confining system using FRP materials is reached in case of columns with circular
cross section and is explained by the fact that the entire section of the column is involved into
confinement effectiveness
In 2010 Dong-Sheng Gu, Gang Wu, Zhi- Shen Wu and Yu-Fei Wu done their studies
on effectiveness of circular columns and concluded that, Circular columns are more effective
than rectangular columns i.e., rectangular confining reinforcement is less efficient as the
confinement action is mostly located at the corners. Square columns are also less confinement
effectiveness than circular columns because of less corner radius. In the circular columns,
confining pressure is uniform and is a function of the hoop strength of jacket. But in the
square sections, the confining pressure varies from maximum at the corners to minimum in
between the edges. The ultimate strength of the square section is lower than their peak
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strength whereas for circular sections, the peak and the ultimate strength are the same.
columns, which shows a descending post peak response in square sections but it shows a
form of plasticity due to strain hardening process in circular columns. Failure of the
cylindrical specimens were generally marked by fiber rupture at or near its mid height, after
which the specimen could not carry additional load in square specimens, a significant load
drop would accompany a popping noise after which the load would stabilize at a lower value.
In 1999 Amir mirmiran and Mohsen shahawy states that Confinement effectiveness of
fiber reinforced plastic FRP jackets (shells) in concrete columns depends on several
parameters, including concrete strength, types of fibers and resin, fiber volume and fiber
(slenderness) ratio of the column, and the interface bond between the core and the jacket. In
this paper effects of shape, length, and bond on FRP-confined concrete are studied. Square
sections are shown to be less effective in confining concrete than their circular counterparts.
Some tests on the FRP confined columns are constant axial loading test,
uniaxial compressive test and seismic loading. In the Constant axial loading test an axial
load is a force administered along the lines of the axis. Axial loading occurs when an
object is loaded so that the force is normal to the axis. In the Uniaxial compressive tests
predict to complete stress strain curves of concrete subjected to tri axial stresses, which
were caused by axial loading and lateral force. In the Seismic loading, the
done in order to find the resistance of the specimen, against seismic collapse in terms
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of ductility, deformability etc. Seismic loading should be done to predict seismic
resistance. It is concluded that whereas. Adhesive bond does not affect load-carrying
improves the performance of the section by distributing the confinement pressure more
Gaps in literature
Future study can be done in the effectiveness of the FRP confinement system
on concrete columns and to find the behaviour against severe seismic conditions.
Additional research will be necessary on the measurement of radial stress and radial
stress distribution for different type of FRP material system and geometry
CHAPTER 3
NEW MODEL OF CFRP-CONFINED CIRCULAR
CONCRETE
3.1 COLUMNS: ANN APPROACH
The application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in civil engineering
works has increased in recent years, especially in the area of strengthening concrete
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columns. The objective of this research is to develop new mathematical models for
predicting the confined compressive strength of carbon FRP (CFRP) circular concrete
columns using artificial neural networks (ANNs), which is done using 208 excremental
data results collected from the literature. Two mathematical models were developed: one
depended on six input parameters, whereas the other depended only on three important
CFRP, and tensile strength of CFRP along the hoop direction. Comparison of the new two
models using experimental data showed a good agreement and accuracy of the developed
columns. The new models were also used to perform a parametric study to evaluate the
sheets and laminates have been used widely in civil engineering construction to strengthen
reinforced concrete (RC) components because of their high strength, light weight, ease in
use, durability against weather conditions, chemical resistance properties, relative low
cost, and ease in repair.These CFRP composites are used for strengthening of columns .
Confinement of the columns using CFRP jackets is done by wrapping the fibers along the
hoop direction of the concrete columns. Concrete expands laterally when subjected to
axial compression. The FRP jacket provides a confining pressure to the concrete to resist
the expansion caused by the axial compression. Ultimate failure occurs when the FRP
jacket ruptures because of the tensile stress along the hoop direction .Because of the FRP
confinement, both the compressive strength and ultimate strain of the concrete can be
improved . Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have experienced increased interest over the
last years and have been successfully applied across a range of engineering problems,
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with FRP reinforcements , prediction of the compressive strength of concrete ,linear and
concrete joints , and many other engineering applications. Naderpour et al. employed the
concrete independently from the network. The model consisted of an empirical chart and
In the present study, new mathematical models are developed based on ANNs
using a database built from existing tests on CFRP-confined circular concrete specimens.
This new model is then compared with the experimental data. Finally, the trained network
model is used to perform a parametric study to evaluate the effect of various parameters on
The confining pressure provided by the FRP jacket, as derived from empirical
models, is a function of the columns diameter, stiffness of the FRP jacket, and
in the concrete when the confining jacket and the member is loaded such that the concrete
starts to dilate and expands laterally. The stress is related to the thickness and strength of
the FRP.
(1)
Where is the tensile strength of the FRP along the hoop direction, t is the total
thickness of the FRP, and d is the diameter of the confined concrete. Several existing
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(2)
Where and are the compressive strength of the confined and unconfined concrete,
coefficient. A number of strength models have been proposed specifically for the FRP-
knowledge acquisition and organizational skills of the human brain. The function of
artificial neurons is similar to that of real neurons ; they are able to communicate via
signals sent among them by a large number of biased and weighted connections. Each
neuron has its own transfer function, which describes how to convert a weighted sum of
input to output. The multi-layer perceptron is the most widely used type of ANN . It is
both simple and based on solid mathematical grounds. The input quantities are processed
through successive layers of neurons.An input layer (with the number of neurons equal
to the number of variables in the problem) and an output layer always exist. The layers in
between are called hidden layers. Without a hidden layer, the perceptron can only
perform linear tasks. All problems, which can be solved by a perceptron, can be solved
with only one hidden layer; however, using two or more hidden layers is sometimes more
efficient.
network adjusts internally the weight values to set the non-linear relationships between the
input and the output without giving explicitly the function expression. Further, the BP
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neural network can be generalized for the input that is not included in the training patterns.
The BP algorithm is used to train the BP neural networks. This algorithm looks for the
minimum error function in the weight space using the method of gradient descent. The
the learning problem. The input feed forward can be described by the following steps
Once the input vector i x is introduced into the input layer, it can calculate the input to the
hidden layer
as
(3)
where j b is the bias and ji w is the synaptic weight that connects input neuron i to hidden
neuron j.
Each neuron of the hidden layer takes its input H j h , uses it as the argument for a
function, and produces an output H
j y given by
(4)
(5)
(6)
where f represents the activation function. Then
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. (7)
strength of the circular confined concrete columns .The selected database contains 208 test
results. The data collected from the field were divided randomly into two groups. The first
group, which contained 188 results, was used in the training of the neural network, and the
other data group, which contained 20 results, was used to test the obtained networks. The
and train the neural network, where the sigmoid transform function was adopted. Different
training functions are available in MATLAB .The Levenberg Marquardt (LM) technique
have been proven to be an efficient training function and are therefore used to construct
the ANN model. This training function is one of the conjugate gradient algorithms that
start the training by searching in the steepest descent direction (negative of the gradient)
on the first iteration. The LM algorithm is known to be significantly faster than the more
traditional gradient descent-type algorithms for training ANNs. The input, as well as the
output, was scaled in the range of 0.1 to 0.9. The scaling of the training data sets was
(8)
Any new input data should be scaled before being introduced to the network and
the corresponding predicted values should be unscaled before use. For each model, several
architectures of the ANN models were examined by varying the number of hidden layers
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and the training function parameters to establish a suitable and stable network for the
project. Each network must be tested and analyzed, and the most appropriate network must
The parameters used for the input nodes in the ANN modeling were as follows:
diameter (d) of the circular concrete specimen (mm), height (L) of the circular concrete
specimen (mm), compressive strength (f C) of the unconfined concrete (MPa), total thickness
(t) of the CFRP (mm), tensile strength (f FRP) of the CFRP along the hoop direction (MPa), and
elastic modulus (EFRP) of the CFRP (MPa).The target node was the compressive strength of
the confined concrete (fcc). ,The range of the input data used is listed in Table 1. The
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the corresponding ANN predictions for the test data. A linear correlation
can be observed, and the correlation coefficients are 0.977 and 0.964
for the training and the test data, respectively. Therefore, we can
conclude that the model successively predicts accurately the
compressive strength of the confined concrete.
Fig 3.2 Experimental and corresponding ANN compressive strength for the training and
test data of ANN Model
Because the weight of the BP neural network cannot be easily understood in a numerical
matrix form, it could be transformed into code values in percentage form by dividing the
weights by the sum for all the input parameters, which yields the relative importance of
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each input parameter to the output parameter. The method of partitioning weights,
proposed by Garson and adopted by Goh , was used in this study to determine the relative
importance of the various input parameters (Fig. 3.3). The major important parameter that
influences the compressive strength of the confined concrete is the tensile strength
of the CFRP along the hoop direction with an importance of 30.67%, followed by
the total thickness (t) of CFRP with an importance of 20.78% and the compressive
strength of the unconfined concrete with an importance of 19.13%. The diameter (d) of
the circular concrete specimen does not affect the compressive strength of the confined
concrete because its importance is only 4.162%. Most mathematical models consider
the column diameter as one of the main factors.
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Another application of ANNs is in building a mathematical
model. The present study contains six input and one output
parameters. A model equation can be established using the weights
as the model parameters . The mathematical equation can be
written as
Equation (9) is long and complex because it contains six independent variables. On
the other hand, it can predict accurately the compressive strength of the confined
concrete (Fig.3.2) with a correlation coefficient equal to 0.964.
The equation length depends on the number of nodes in the input and hidden layers.
To simplify the equation, the most importance input parameters, which are the
compressive strength , of the unconfined concrete the total thickness(t) of CFRP, and
the tensile strength of the CFRP along the hoop direction, were used in training the
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second ANN model with two nodes in the hidden layer. The result was the development of
an ANN model with a regression of 0.9259 (Fig. 4).The small number of connection
weights of the neural network enables the ANN model to be translated into a relatively
simple formula in which the compressive strength of the confined concrete can be
expressed as follows:
Before using Eqs. 1012, 14, and 15, all input variables must be scaled between 0.1
and 0.9 using Eq. 8 for the data ranges shown in Table 3.1. The predicted values obtained
from Eqs. 9 and 13 are scaled between 0.1 and 0.9. To obtain the actual values, these had
to be unscaled using Eq. 8. In contrast to all previous models, the second ANN model
depends on thecompressive strength of the unconfined concrete, the total thickness (t)
of CFRP, and the tensile strength of the CFRP in the hoop direction, whereas the
geometry of the column is not considered in this ANN model.
Fig.3.4. Experimental and corresponding ANN compressive strength of the test data of
second model
Gaussian distributions are perhaps the most important model for studying
the quantitative phenomena in the natural and behavioral sciences, such
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as the problems encountered in structural analysis and design. To
determine the suitability of the developed CFRP-confined model, all 208
experimental and predicted confined compressive strength values were
taken, and the results of the confined compressive strength ratio
(predicted/experimental) were statistically analyzed with a 0.5% level of
significance using the SPSS software V.16. The average and variance of all
values were found to be 92% and 0.02, respectively. Fig.5 shows the
frequency histogram of the confined compressive strength ratio (f cc)pred./
(fcc)Exp population curve. The (fcc)pred./(fcc)Exp values are distributed around
their mean values. The magnitude of the frequency becomes smaller when
the value moves away from the mean central value. The probability of
obtaining a ratio between 90% and 95% is 85%.
Fig. 3.5. Histogram and normal distribution curve for the second mathematical model
3.7 PARAMETRIC STUDY
One of the advantages of the ANN models is that parametric studies can be easily
conducted by simply varying one input parameter while all other input parameters are set
to
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constant values. Parametric studies can verify the performance of the model in simulating
the physical behavior of the CFRP-confined concrete due to the variation in certain
parameter values. The second ANN model and Eq. 13 were used to complete this
parametric study. Figs. 3.6 and 3. 7 show the relationship between the compressive
under different values of tensile strength of the CFRP and total thickness(t) of the
CFRP, respectively. In general and regardless of the other parameters, the compressive
concrete. Fig.3. 6 shows the effect of the tensile strength of the CFRP on the
compressive The compressive strength of the confined concrete strongly affects the
tensile strength of the CFRP, especially under high unconfined compressive strength
and high tensile strength of the CFRP. For the unconfined compressive strength of 25
MPa, changing the tensile strength of the CFRP from 2,500 MPa to 4,000 MPa led to an
increase in the confined compressive strength from 55.18 MPa to 56.6 MPa (increasing by
2.57%), whereas for the unconfined compressive strength of 65 MPa, the same change in
the tensile strength of the CFRP led to an increase in the confined compressive
strength from 75.64 MPa to 87.27 MPa (increasing by 15.37%). strength of the
Fig 3.6 Effect of the tensile strength of the CFRP on the compressive strength of the FRP
confined concrete
Fig. 3.7 shows the effect of the total thickness(t) of the CFRP on the compressive
31
of the unconfined concrete with a constant tensile strength equal to 3,000 MPa.
For different thicknesses(t) of CFRP, the curves are parallel, that is, a low or high
unconfined compressive strength wields the same effect on the compressive strength of the
CFRP confined concrete with different thicknesses.
Two mathematical models for predicting the confined compressive strength of an
CFRP circular concrete column have been developed using the ANN approach. The
importance study showed that the diameter and height of the specimen and the elastic
modulus of CFRP had little effect on predicting the confined compressive strength of the
CFRP circular concrete column; hence, they were excluded from building the second ANN
model, leaving only three input parameters. Both parametric and importance studies
showed that the tensile strength of CFRP had an effect on predicting the confined
compressive strength of the CFRP circular concrete column. Finally, the ANN approach
was proven to be good and efficient in developing the mathematical models.
Fig 3.7. Effect of the total thickness of the CFRP on the compressive strength of the CFRP
confined concrete
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS
32
From the study on the improvement of earthquake resistance capacity of circular
columns using FRP, results shows that the deformation capacity can be increased by FRP
casings. Corner radius will affect the confinement effectiveness of columns. Axial
compression loading does not affect the lateral resisting capacity and energy dissipation
buckling and consequently enhancing the buckling capacity of the columns. FRP confined
structural applications. Specimens with FRP and UHC have higher flexural strength, initial
stiffness and lower residual drift. Circular column has maximum effective confinement and
rectangular and square column will have minimum effective confinement due to lower corner
radius. FRP jackets are effective at increasing lateral confinement of as-built columns and it will
increase the ductile behaviour. In the circular sections the confining pressure is uniform and is a
function of hoop strength of the jacket. Stress strain response of the FRP columns
CFRP circular concrete column have been developed using the ANN approach. The
importance study showed that the diameter and height of the specimen and the elastic
modulus of CFRP had little effect on predicting the confined compressive strength of the
CFRP circular concrete column; hence, they were excluded from building the second ANN
model, leaving only three input parameters. Both parametric and importance studies
showed that the tensile strength of CFRP had an effect on predicting the confined
compressive strength of the CFRP circular concrete column. Finally, the ANN approach
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33
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