MIHAI ANINA MARIANA

MASTER CLOE: ENGLEZA-FRANCEZA

AN 2, SEM.1

Homework
VIII. Match the terms that indicate various forms of understandings with the correct
definition; provide their equivalents in Romanian; use these terms to fill the blanks in the
sentences under B below; translate the sentences into Romanian.

Treaty, accord; alliance; compact; convention; covenant; pact; entente; entente cordiale;
bargain; bond; charter; concord, contract; deal; settlement; agreement; protocol; pledge;
understanding.

A.

Treaty - . 2. an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law,
namely sovereign states and international organizations.

Accord - 7.an international agreement; settlement of questions outstanding among nations.

Alliance - 11.a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or
organizations.

Compact - 16.agreement by stipulation, compact, or covenant.

Convention - 3.an international agreement, especially one dealing with a specific matter, as
postal service or copyright.

Covenant - 12.an agreement in writing under seal, as to pay a stated annual sum to a
charity/(Bible) Gods promise to the Israelites and their commitment to worship him alone.

Pact - 17.a formal agreement between individuals or parties.

Entente - 5.a friendly understanding or informal alliance between states or factions.

Entente cordiale - 8.the understanding between Britain and France reached in 1904, forming
the basis of Anglo-French cooperation in the First World War.

Bargain - 13.an agreement between two or more people or groups as to what each will do for
the other.

Bond - 18.an agreement with legal force, an incentive to fulfill an obligation.

Charter - 9.a written grant by the sovereign or legislative power of a country, by which a body
such as a borough, company, or university is created or its rights and privileges defined.

Concord - 15.an agreement or covenant between two or more parties

Contract - 4.an agreement creating obligations enforceable by law.

Deal - 19.an agreement entered into by two or more parties for their mutual benefit, especially
in a business or political context.

Settlement - 6.an official agreement intended to resolve a dispute or conflict.

Agreement - 10.a negotiated and typically legally binding arrangement between parties as to a
course of action.

Protocol - 14.the original draft of a diplomatic document, especially of the terms of a treaty
agreed to in conference and signed by the parties.

Pledge - 20.solemn promise or undertaking.

Understanding - 1.an agreement made in an informal way or not expressed in words.

B.1. We have an agreement with them that we wont compete directly. 2.He thought for a long
moment, knowing no peace understanding could be reached with the Indians. 3. A protocol on
the religious orders was concluded in 1904, but had not received the assent of the Senate in
1908. 4. In 1893 a deal was made with the Eastern and South Africa Telegraph Company for the
construction of a cable from Zanzibar to the Seychelles and Mauritius, over a distance of 2210
m. 5. The event also contributed towards the conclusion of an entente between Turkey and
Rumania in the summer of 1910.6. The parties have not been able to reach/negotiate a
settlement in the case. 7. It was only when the impossibility of realizing the "Northern Pact"
became patent that his influence began to wane, and Russia sacrificed millions of roubles
fruitlessly in the endeavour to carry out his pet scheme.8. It favoured an Anglo-French entente
cordiale, seeing therein a substantial guarantee for the due carrying-out of those pacts. 9. In
April 1695 he was impeached once more by the Commons for having received a bribe of 5000
guineas to procure the new contract for the East India Company. 10. The Pope in October
signed an alliance binding him to withdraw his troops from Parma and Piacenza.11. These naval
victories were followed by a further military treaty with France against Spain, termed the treaty
of Paris (the 23rd of March 1657). 12. A tenant is not responsible, under such a ?, for
deterioration due to diminution in value caused by lapse of time or by the elements./ A
covenant is a religious covenant described in the Bible, applying to all humanity, and is
principally an agreement made between God and man. 13. By the year 1431 the faade was
nearly completed, and Contarini made a concord with Martino and Giovanni Benzon for the
marbles to cover what was yet unfinished. 14. At the opening of the conference (23rd June
1882) Italy secured the signature of a self-denying ?whereby all the great powers undertook to
avoid isolated action. 15. The compact is an intergovernmental treaty , a new stricter version of
the Stability and Growth Pact, signed on 2 March 2012 by all member states of the European
Union (EU), except the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, and Croatia. 16. The convention of
the Order with the towns and the Hanse was one great cause of its prosperity until the close of
the 14th century. 17. The charter was a military treaty and association of East European
countries, formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, and Romania, which was dissolved in 1991.18. Herbert resented his wife for
subjecting him to the bond of matrimony. 19. They closed the bargain after a week of
negotiating. 20. The conference ended with a joint pledge to limit pollution.

1. Avem un acord cu ei de a nu fi competitori directi. 2. A stat pe ganduri mult timp, tiind c nu

se poate ajunge la o intelegere de pace cu indienii. 3. Un protocol privind ordinele religioase a
fost ncheiat n 1904, dar nu a primit consimmntul Senatului n 1908. 4. n 1893 s-a ajuns la o
nelegere cu Societatea Telegraph din Africa de Est si de Sud pentru construirea unui cablu din
Zanzibar pana n Seychelles i Mauritius de o distan de 2210 m. 5. Evenimentul a contribuit, de
asemenea, la ncheierea unei nelegeri ntre Turcia i Romnia n vara anului 1910.6. Prile nu
au reuit s ajung la o intelegere/ s negocieze o soluionare n acest caz. 7. Numai atunci cnd
imposibilitatea de a realiza "Pactul de Nord" a fost confirmata, incepuse s-i scad influenta, iar
Rusia a sacrificat fr mil milioane de ruble n efortul de a-i duce la capat manevra. . 8. Acest
lucru a favorizat o nelegere cordiala intre Anglia si Franta, vznd n ea o garanie substanial
pentru buna desfurare a acestor pacte. 9. n aprilie 1695 a fost pus sub acuzare nc o dat de
ctre Camera Comunelor pentru acceptarea unei mite de 5000 de Guinee pentru obtinera noului
contract pentru compania din India de Est. 10. n octombrie, Papa a semnat o alian obligandu-l
s-i retrag trupele din Parma i Piacenza.11. Aceste victorii navale au fost urmate de un alt
tratat militar cu Frana mpotriva Spaniei, numit tratatul de la Paris (23 martie 1657). 12.
Conform.un chiria nu este responsabil pentru o deteriorare cauzat de diminuarea valorii
cauzat de pierderea intervalului de timp sau de elemente./ Un legmnt este o fagaduinta sacra
descrisa n Biblie, care se aplic ntregii omeniri i este n principiu un acord fcut ntre
Dumnezeu i om. 13. Pn n anul 1431 faada a fost aproape finalizat, iar Contarini a fcut o
concordie/ o intelegere cu Martino i Giovanni Benzon pentru ca marmur s acopere ceea ce
nc nu era terminat. 14. La deschiderea conferinei (23 iunie 1882), Italia a asigurat semntura
unei ___, prin care toate marile puteri s-au angajat s evite aciunea izolat. 15. Conventia este
un tratat interguvernamental, o nou versiune mai strict a Pactului de stabilitate i cretere,
semnat la 2 martie 2012 de toate statele membre ale Uniunii Europene (UE), cu excepia Cehiei,
Regatului Unit i Croaiei. 16. Convenia Ordinului cu oraele i Hanse a fost o mare cauz a
prosperitii sale pn la sfritul secolului al XIV-lea. 17. Carta a fost un tratat militar i o
asociere a rilor est-europene, constituit n 1955 de Uniunea Sovietic, Bulgaria, Cehoslovacia,
Germania de Est, Ungaria, Polonia i Romnia, care a fost dizolvat n 1991.18.
_______________________. 19. Au ncheiat negocierile dup o sptmna. 20. Conferina s-a
ncheiat cu un angajament comun de limitare a polurii.

X. Translate into English:

The Warsaw Pact or the War Pact, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual
Assistance, was the military alliance among countries from Eastern Europe and the Eastern
countries which wanted to defend themselves against the received threat posed by NATO (which
was established in 1949). The creation of the Warsaw Pact was sped up by the remilitarized West
Germanys accession to NATO through the ratification of the Paris Pacts by the eastern
countries. The Warsaw Pact was initiated by Nikita Hrustchev in 1955 and was signed in
Warsaw on the 14th of May 1955. The Pact lapsed on the 3rd of March 1991 and was officially
dissolved at the Prague meeting on the 1st of July 1991; all eastern European communist states
signed a pact (except Yugoslavia). The members of the Warsaw Pact pledged to defend each
other if one or more of them were attacked. The treaty also declared that the signatory states
relations were based on the principle of non intervention in internal affairs and the respect of
sovereignty and national independence- in the end, these principles would be later breached in
the case of the interventions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Albany ceased to be an active
member of the alliance in 1961, as a result of the Chinese-Soviet rift, a crisis during which the
tough Stalinist regime in Albany sided with China. Albany officially withdrew from the pact in
1968. After the official end of the Second World War, according to the speech of W. Churchill
(then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at that time) at Fulton, the Cold War and the
concept of iron curtain appeared. Following the consistent policy of defending the economic and
political system (implicitly of the economic interests of the great capital of the Western world),
the German troops, as "prisoners", on the territory of West Germany were rearmed and formed
the basis of the future "Bundeswehr" - the regular army of the RFGPs the background of the
1948 events in Czechoslovakia (expulsions of ethnic Germans, elections, economic
reconstruction) shows the infiltration of US special agents and Britain as "agitators". As a result,
Soviet troops do not leave Central and Eastern Europe conquered-liberated, stationing on the
territory of several states. On the demarcation line between the two former allied blocs, the
Soviet army did not leave Hungary until the Treaty of Warsaw was dissolved.During the
Hungarian revolution of 1956, the Hungarian government split into two factions, one headed by
Imre Nagy and another led by JnosKdr. To help ease tensions, Soviet troops have partially
withdrawn (reduced their number) from Hungary during internal disputes.

When Imre Nagys Faction stated that Hungary went out of the alliance, and its backers attacked
the military units- the garrisons of the Soviet army- followed the counterattack and the soldiers
of the Warsaw treaty came back into the country in October 1956, at the order of Jnos Kdr
and his faction and the Hungarian (partially backed by NATO from a moral, military and
especially financial point of view) opposition (improper said if the Soviet troops would have ever
gone away from Hungary) was defeated in 2 weeks time. The forces of the Treaty (agreement) of
Warsaw were also used in August 1968 after the declaration and the starting of the internal
events which took place in the Czech Republic during the Prague Spring, in order to put an end
to the reforms implemented by the Government conducted by Alexander Dubek.Vaclav Prchlik,
Lieutenant General and The Head of the military department of the Czechoslovakian Communist
Party, in a television press conference, had already declared the Treaty of Warsaw as being an
inequitable alliance and said that the Czechoslovakian army was ready to protect, by fighting if
needed, the states sovereignty. On 20th August 1968, a group made up of 23 divisions of the
Soviet army, which was backed by a Hungarian division, 2 east-German divisions, a Bulgarian
division and 2 Polish divisions, entered in Czechoslovakia. Romania was against the intervention
and, as a result, refused to contribute with troops. This military intervention was explained by the
Brejnev Doctrine, which stated that: When forces which are hostile to socialism try to make a
socialist country develop towards capitalism, this fact is not only a problem of the country in
discussion but also a problem and a worry of all the other socialist countries. This doctrine
implicitly empowered exactly to the government of the Soviet Union the right to define
socialism and capitalism according to its own aims.

IX. Translate into Romanian:

Carta drepturilor fundamentale ale Uniunii Europene prevede anumite drepturi politice, sociale
i economice pentru cetenii i rezidenii Uniunii Europene (UE) n legislaia UE. A fost
elaborata de Convenia european i prezentata n mod solemn la 7 decembrie 2000 de ctre
Parlamentul European, Consiliul de Minitri i Comisia European. Cu toate acestea, statutul
su juridic de atunci era nesigur i nu a avut efecte juridice totale pn la intrarea n vigoare a
Tratatului de la Lisabona la 1 decembrie 2009. Conform Cartei, Uniunea European trebuie s
acioneze i s legifereze n conformitate cu Carta, iar instanele de judecat ale UE vor abroga
legislaia adoptat de ctre instituiile UE care contravine Cartei. Carta este aplicabila pentru
toate instituiile Uniunii Europene i celor ale statelor membre. Ca urmare a intrrii n vigoare a
Tratatului de la Lisabona, n 2009, carta drepturilor fundamentale are aceeai valoare juridic ca
i tratatele Uniunii Europene. Carta menionat n tratat este o versiune modificat a
documentului din 2000, care a fost prezentata solemn de aceleai trei instituii cu o zi naintea
semnarii Tratatului de la Lisabona.

Articolul 51(1) al Cartei adreseaza Cartea intitutiilor Uniunii Europene, corpuri create sub legea
Uniunii si, la implementarea noilor legi ale UE, statelor membre ale UE. In plus, ambele Articole
Articolul 6 al Tratatului Uniunii amendat si respectiv Articolul 51(2) al Cartei in sine restrang
drepturile Cartei la extinderea competentelor UE. Drept consecinta, UE nu are puterea sa
legisleze reabilitarea/apararea unui drept stabilit de Carta decat daca puterea de a face asta nu
a fost stabilita in Tratatele propriu-zise. Mai mult decat atat, persoanele fizice nu vor putea sa
aduca un stat membru in fata Curtii pentru ca nu au respectat drepturile din Carta, cu exceptia
cazului in care statul membru in cauza a implementat legea. Acest ultim punct a fost subiectul
celor mai multe dezbateri. Carta nu este prima incercare de a pune principiile drepturilor
omului in mijlocul/centrul legii/dreptului Uniunii Europene. Toate statele membre ale UE sunt,
si statelelor candidate li se cere sa fie, semnatare ale Consiliului Conventiei Uniunii Europene cu
privire la Drepturile Omului, astfel ca multe principii din Conventie, precum dreptul la o
judecata corecta, au fost luate drept baza de jurisprudenta a Curtii Europene de Justitie, chiar
inainte de reiterarea formala a acestora in Carta. n interpretarea protectiei drepturilor
prevazuta de principiile generale ale dreptului/legilor UE (descris n seciunea de mai sus a
Curii), CEJ s-a ocupat deja de problem, i anume, dac drepturile protejate de aceste principii
generale au fost aplicate statelor membre .

Dup ce s-a pronunat n Johnston v Royal Ulster Constabulary c dreptul la proceduri echitabile
era unul dintre principiile generale ale dreptului UE, n ceea ce privete Kremzow v Austria, CEJ
a trebuit s decid dac un stat membru era sau nu obligat s aplice principiul i n ceea ce
privete o condamnare greit pentru crim.

Avocaii lui Kremzow au susinut c, acest caz a intrat n domeniul de aplicare al legislaiei UE,
pe motiv c sentina i condamnarea sa iluzorie au nclcat dreptul su la libera circulaie n
cadrul UE.

CEJ a rspuns c, deoarece legile n baza crora a fost condamnat Kremzow nu au fost adoptate
pentru a asigura conformitatea cu legislaia UE, situaia sa a czut n afara domeniului de
aplicare al legislaiei UE.

Formularea de la Kremzow v Austria, care se refer la "domeniul de aplicare al dreptului UE

difer de formularea din Carta care se refer la punerea n aplicare a legislaiei UE . Cu toate
acestea, memorandumul explicativ modificat, elaborat alturi de Carta din 2007, descrie
formularea utilizat n Carta ca fiind un precedent al CEJ.