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glossary

of terms

Engine
Products
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Contents

Caterpillar Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65


Caterpillar Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67-76
P. C. Related Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77-82
P. C. Related Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83-84
Terms Pertaining to the Integration of Cat and MaK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

1
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

A/F Dynamic Setting The dynamic (engine


running) setting of a device on the engine
which limits the amount of fuel injected per
Abrasion Wearing or rubbing away of a stroke as a function of the boost.
part.
Aftercooler A heat exchanger inserted into
Absolute Humidity Amount of moisture in the induction system of an engine after any
the air, indicated in grains per cubic foot. device used to compress combustion air.
Absolute Pressure Gauge pressure plus Air Bleeder A device used to remove air
atmospheric pressure (14.7 lb per in2). from a hydraulic system. Types include a
Absolute Temperature The temperature needle valve, capillary tubing to the reservoir,
measured using absolute zero as a reference. and a bleed plug.
Absolute zero is -469.69 F (-273.16 C) and Air Cleaner A device (filter) for removing
is the lowest point of temperature known. unwanted solid impurities from the air before
Absorber A device containing liquid for the air enters the intake manifold.
absorbing refrigerant vapor or other vapors. In Air Compressor A device used to increase
an absorption system, that part of the low side air pressure.
used for absorbing refrigerant vapor.
Air Conditioning The simultaneous control
Acceleration The rate of increase of velocity of all or at least the first three of the following
per time unit (example: feet per second). factors affecting the physical and chemical
Accumulator A device used for storing liquid conditions of the atmosphere within a
under pressure (sometimes used to smooth out structure: temperature, humidity, motion,
pressure surges in a hydraulic system). distribution, dust, bacteria, odors, toxic gases
and ionization most of which affect, in
Active Power The real power supplied by
greater or lesser degree, human health or
the generator set to the electrical load. Active
comfort.
power creates a load on the sets engine and is
limited by the horsepower of the engine. Air Cooled Condenser Heat of compression
Active power does the work of heating, is transferred from condensing coils to
turning motor shafts, etc., and is measured in surrounding air. This may be done either by
watts, kilowatts, and megawatts. convection or by a fan or blower.
Actuator A device which uses fluid power Air Diffuser Air distribution outlet designed
to produce mechanical force and motion. to direct airflow into desired patterns.
Additive 1. A compound which is added to Air-Fuel Ratio The ratio (by weight or by
improve fuel. 2. A substance added to oil to volume) between fuel and air.
give it certain properties. For example, a Air-Fuel Ratio Control (AFRC) A feature
material added to engine oil to lessen its on Cat engines which measures actual engine
tendency to congeal or thicken at low speed and boost pressure to reduce smoke and
temperatures. lower fuel consumption.
Advance To move the timing of the injection Air Gap The distance between two
pump or injectors to an earlier injection point. components; clearance between internal
Advanced Diesel Engine Management rotating member and stationary outside
(ADEM) The name for current generation of member. Refers to gap per side.
the electronic engine control system.

2
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Air Inlet Shutoff An engine protection Alloy A mixture of two or more different
measure used to supplement the fuel shutoff, metals, usually to produce improved
when blocking the air supply is the quickest characteristics.
way to stop the engine. Often this approach is Alnico Magnet A magnet composed of
used on larger engines when operating in aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co).
combustible environments or to achieve fast
shutdowns. Air shutoffs are not used for Alternating Current (AC) An electric
routine shutdowns. current that reverses its direction at regularly
recurring intervals such as 50 or 60 times per
Air Lock The presence of air in a pump or second in 50 Hz and 60 Hz, respectively.
pipes which prevents the delivery of liquid.
Alternating Current (AC) Metering Module
Air Pollution Contamination of the earths An apparatus which displays generator set
atmosphere by pollutants such as smoke, volts, amps, and frequency.
harmful gases, etc.
Alternator An electromechanical device
Air Return Air returned from conditioned or which produces alternating current.
refrigerated space.
Altitude Adjustment Adjusting refrigerator
Air (Saturated) A mixture of dry air and controls so unit will operate efficiently at
saturated water vapor all at the same dry-bulb altitude in which it is to be used.
temperature.
Ambient The surrounding atmosphere;
Air (Specific Heat of) The quantity of heat encompassing on all sides; the environment
absorbed by a unit weight of air per unit surrounding a body but undisturbed or
temperature rise. unaffected by it.
Air (Standard) Air with a density of Ambient Temperature Temperature of fluid
0.075 lb per ft3 and an absolute viscosity of (usually air) which surrounds object on all sides.
0.0379 x 10-5 lb mass per (ft) (sec). This is Ammeter An instrument used to indicate, in
substantially equivalent to dry air at 70 F and amperes, the current flowing through the
29.92 in. Hg barometric pressure. phases from a generator to the load.
Air Starting Valve A valve which admits Ammonia Chemical combination of
compressed air to the air starter for starting nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3). Ammonia
purposes. refrigerant is identified by R-117.
Air-to-Air Aftercooler (ATAAC) A means Amortisseur Windings Apparatus formed
of cooling intake air after the turbocharger, by copper rotor end plates and damper bars to
using ambient air for cooling. The intake air is help stabilize a generator set during parallel
passed through an aftercooler (heat exchanger) operation.
mounted in front of the radiator before going
Amperage A measure of the current or
to the intake manifold.
number of electrons passing a given point per
Aldehydes A chemical compound formed by unit of time.
incomplete combustion. Ampere (A) A unit of measurement defined
Align To bring two or more components of a as the current that 1 V can send through 1
unit into the correct positions with respect to resistance.
one another. Ampere-hour Capacity (Ah) A
Allowance The difference between the measurement of the batterys capacity to
minimum and the maximum dimensions of deliver a specified current over a specified
proper functioning. length of time.
3
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Analog A continuous performance signal Armature The movable part of a relay,


representing the value of an engine regulator, or horn, or the rotating part of a
performance characteristic. generator or starter.
Aneroid A pressure-measuring device Asbestos A heat-resistant and nonburning
containing no liquid. organic mineral.
Angle Inclination of two lines to each other. Asphalt Epoxy Additional protective coating
Angularity Having or being at an angle. on winding coil heads on the intake end of a
generator.
Anneal To toughen metals by heating and
then cooling. Aspirate To breathe (to draw out gas by
suction).
Annular In the form of an annulus; ring-
shaped. Aspirating Psychrometer A device which
draws a sample of air through it for humidity
Annulus A figure bounded by concentric measurement purposes.
circles or cylinders (e.g., a washer, ring,
sleeve, etc.). Aspiration The method used to move inlet
air into the combustion chamber; e.g. Naturally
Annunciator An alarm which produces Aspirated (NA), Turbocharged (T), and
audible and/or visual signals to give warnings of Turbocharged-Aftercooled (TA).
shutdown or fault conditions. Annunciators are
typically used in applications where the ATA Link An analog terminal adaptor that
equipment monitored is not located in a portion allows a Northern Transcom Norstar digital
of the facility that is normally attended. phone system to use analog devices such as a
fax, answering machine, or modem.
Anticipating Control One which is
artificially forced to cut in or cut out before it Atmosphere The mass or blanket of gases
otherwise would, thus starting the cooling surrounding the earth.
before needed or stopping the heating before Atmospheric Pressure (Barometric
control point is reached, to reduce the Pressure) The pressure exerted by the
temperature fluctuation or override. atmosphere, averaging 14.7 psi at sea level
Antifreeze A chemical such as alcohol, with a decrease of approximately 1/2 lb per
glycerin, etc., added to the coolant in order to 1,000 ft of altitude gained.
lower its freezing point. Atom The smallest particle of an element.
Antifriction Bearing A bearing constructed Atomizer A device which disperses liquid
with balls, rollers or the like between the (e.g. fuel) into fine particles (pulverized spray).
journal and the bearing surface to provide
rolling instead of sliding friction. Attrition Wearing down by rubbing or by
friction: abrasion.
API Gravity Gravity expressed in units of
standard API (hydrometer). Austempering A method of hardening steel
by quenching from the austenitizing
Arc Portion of a curved line or of the
temperature into a heat extracting medium
circumference of a circle.
(usually salt) which is maintained at some
Air Gap The clearance between internal constant temperature level between 400 F and
rotating member and stationary outside member. 800 F (usually near the higher temperature)
Refers to gap per side. and holding the steel in this medium until
Air Welding A method of utilizing the heat transformation is substantially complete and
of an electric current jumping an air gap to then cooling to room temperature.

4
provide heat for welding metal.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Austenite Solid solutions in which gamma Azeotropic Mixture Example of azeotropic


iron is the solvent. mixture refrigerant R-502 is mixture
consisting of 48.8% refrigerant R-22, and
Automatic Defrost System of removing ice
51.2% R-115. The refrigerants do not combine
and frost from evaporators automatically.
chemically, yet azeotropic mixture provides
Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) refrigerant characteristics desired.
Pressure controlled valve which reduces high
pressure liquid refrigerant to low pressure
liquid refrigerant.
Automatic Synchronizer A magnetic-type Babbitt An antifriction metal used to line
control relay which will automatically close bearings, thereby reducing the friction of the
the generator switch/circuit breaker when the moving components.
conditions for paralleling are satisfied. Backfire Ignition of the mixture in the
Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) intake manifold by flame from the cylinder
Automatically switches electrical load from the such as might occur from a leaking inlet valve.
normal (or preferred) power source to an Backlash The distance (play) between two
alternate supply, should normal voltage fail or be movable components such as meshed gears.
substantially reduced. It retransfers load to the
normal source when voltage has been restored. Backpressure A pressure exerted contrary to
the pressure producing the main flow. Also
Automatic Valve A valve assisted by a spring, called suction pressure or low side pressure.
which is opened by a difference of pressure
Back-Up Power Electric energy available
acting in one direction and closed by a difference
from or to an electric utility during an
in pressure acting in the opposite direction.
unscheduled outage to replace energy
Automatic Voltage Regulator Controls the ordinarily generated by the facility or the
output voltage produced by a generator by utility. Frequently referred to as standby
controlling excitation. power.
Auxiliary An aid to the main device which Baffle or Baffle Plate A device which slows
may only be used occasionally. down or diverts the flow of gases, liquids,
sound, etc.
Avoided Costs The decremental cost for the
electric utility to generate or purchase Bainite The structure that is obtained when
electricity that is avoided through the purchase steel is quenched at a constant subcritical
of power from a cogeneration facility. temperature.
Axial Fan A shaft mounted fan on some designs Balanced Valve A valve in which the fluid
between bearing and revolving field assembly pressure is equal on both sides (i.e., the
to provide additional air movement within the opening and closing directions).
unit for cooling; also used for balancing. Ball Bearing A bearing using steel balls as
Avoided Cost (Regulatory) The amount of its rolling element between the inner and outer
money that an electric utility would need to ring (race).
spend for the next increment of electric Ball Check Valve A valve consisting of a ball
generation production to produce or purchase held against a ground seat by a spring. It is used
elsewhere the power that it instead buys from a to check the flow or to limit the pressure.
cogenerator or small power producer.

5
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Banded Structure A segregated structure of Bernoullis Principle Given a fluid flowing


nearly parallel bands which run in the through a tube, any constriction or narrowing
direction of working. of the tube will create an increase in that
Barometer An instrument which measures fluids velocity and a decrease in pressure.
atmospheric pressure. Bernoullis Theorem In a stream of liquid,
Bars The term bars includes rounds, the sum of elevation head, pressure head, and
squares, hexagons, etc.; small standard shapes velocity remains constant along any line of
(angles, channels, tees, etc.) under 3"; flats 6" flow provided no work is done by or upon the
or under in width and 13/64" or over in liquid in its course of flow, and decreases in
thickness. proportion to energy lost in the flow.

Base Load The lowest level of power Bessemer Process A process for making
production needs during a season or year. steel by blowing air through molten pig iron
contained in a suitable vessel. The process is
Base Load Unit A power generating facility one of rapid oxidation mainly of silicon and
that is intended to run constantly at near carbon.
capacity levels, as much of the time as
possible. Best Practice (BP) A business idea,
procedure or process which describes the
Base Loading Use of on-site generating method of improved efficiency and results.
equipment to supply a set amount of power for a
specific time period usually on a daily basis. Bimetal Strip Temperature regulating or
indication device which works on the principle
Baseline Forecast A prediction of future that two dissimilar metals with unequal
energy needs which does not take into account expansion rates, welded together, will bend as
the likely effects of new conservation programs temperatures change.
that have not yet been started.
Black Smoke A soot-like substance emitted by
Basic Size The theoretical or nominal standard engines resulting from incomplete combustion.
size from which all variations are made.
Black Start Refers to the starting of a power
Battery A connected group of cells storing system with its own power sources, without
an electrical charge and capable of furnishing assistance from external power supplies.
a current from chemical reactions.
Blended or Heavy Fuel A mixture of
Bearing The contacting surface on which a residual fuel and a lighter fuel. This fuel type
revolving part rests. tends to create more combustion chamber
Bearing Clearance The distance between deposit formations which can cause increased
the shaft and the bearing surface. cylinder and ring wear, especially in smaller,
Bell Housing (Clutch Housing) The metal higher- speed engines.
covering around the clutch or torque converter Blister A defect in metal produced by gas
assembly. bubbles either on the surface or formed
beneath the surface.
Bendix-Type Starter Drive (Inertia Starter
Drive) A type of starter drive that causes the Block Rate Schedules Utility rate schedules
gear to engage when the armature starts that charge different rates for certain
rotating and to automatically disengage when increments of energy consumed. For example:
it stops. 3 cents for the first 1000 kW-hr, 4 cents for the
next 1000 kW-hr, 5 cents for the next 1000
kW-hr, etc.

6
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Block Wall A concrete structure which is Bottoming Cycle A means to increase the
sometimes used to muffle the noise from an thermal efficiency of a steam electric
operating generator set. generating system by converting some waste
Blowby Combustion gas leakage into the heat from the condenser into electricity rather
engine crankcase. The leakage is normally than discharging all of it into the environment.
from the combustion chamber past the piston Bound Electrons The inner-orbit electrons
rings or through the valve guides. Specific around the nucleus of the atom.
blowby is the volume of blowby at atmospheric Boyles Law of Physics The absolute
pressure divided by the engine power. pressure which a given quantity of gas at
Blower A low-pressure air pump, usually of constant temperature exerts against the walls of
one rotary or centrifugal type. the containing vessel is inversely proportional
to the volume occupied. Examples: If pressure
Blowhole A hole produced during the
is doubled on the quantity of gas, volume
solidification of metal by evolved gas which,
becomes one-half. If volume becomes doubled,
in failing to escape, is held in pockets.
gas has its pressure reduced by one-half.
Blue Brittleness Brittleness occurring in
Brake Horsepower (bhp) A measurement
steel when worked in the temperature range of
of the power developed by an engine in actual
300-700 F or when cold after being worked
operation. It subtracts the F.H.P. (friction
within this temperature range.
losses) from the I.H.P. (pure horsepower).
Boiling Point The temperature at which
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)
bubbles or vapors rise to the surface of a liquid
Mean effective pressure acting on the piston
and escape.
which would result in the given brake
Boiling Temperature Temperature at which horsepower output, if there were no losses due
a fluid changes from a liquid to a gas. to friction, cooling, and exhaustion. Equal to
Bond The holding together of different parts. mean indicated pressure times mechanical
efficiency.
Boost The gauge pressure as measured in the
inlet manifold of a diesel engine. Adjusted Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)
boost is the calculated value of boost that The quantity of fuel burned to produce one
would exist if an engine were running at horsepower for one hour.
nominal power. Boost is not synonymous with Brake Thermal Efficiency Ratio of power
inlet manifold pressure. output in the form of brake horsepower to
Bore The diameter of each cylinder in an equivalent power input in the form of heat
engine. from fuel.

Boring Enlarging the cylinders by cutting or Braze To join two pieces of metal using a
honing them to a specified size. comparatively high-melting-point material. An
example is to join two pieces of steel by using
Boring Bar (Cylinder) A tool used to brass or bronze as a solder.
machine the cylinders to a specific size.
Break-in The process of wearing in to a
Bosch Metering System A metering system desirable fit between the surfaces of two new
with a helical groove in the plunger which or reconditioned parts.
covers or uncovers ports in the pump barrel.
Breather A device that allows fumes to
Bottom Dead Center (BDC) The lowest escape from the crankcase.
point a piston reaches in its movement within
a cylinder. Breather Pipe A pipe opening into the
crankcase to assist ventilation.
7
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Brine Water saturated with chemical such as Bus Bars A set of common conductors on the
salt. load side of a circuit breaker used to conduct
Brinell Hardness The surface hardness of a generator output to the distribution system.
metal, alloy, or similar material according to Bus Capacity The maximum load that can be
J.A. Brinells method of measurement. A carried on a system without causing degradation
metals surface is struck at a given force by a of the generator frequency. In other words, the
rigid steel ball of given diameter, and the full load capacity of the system.
indentation is measured.
Bushing A metallic or synthetic lining for a
British Gallon (Imperial Gallon, gal [Imp.]) hole which reduces or prevents abrasion
A gallon measurement of 277.4 in3. between components.
British Thermal Unit (Btu) Approximate Butane A hydrocarbon gas formed
definition: The amount of heat required to synthetically by the action of zinc or ethyl
raise 1 lb of water 1 F. Exact definition: The iodide. This gas becomes a liquid when under
amount of heat required to raise 1 lb. of water pressure.
from freezing to boiling at standard
atmospheric pressure. Butterfly Valve A valve in the venturi to
control the airflow.
Broad Voltage A term used to denote 12-lead
unit, which allows low and high voltage Bypass Filter An oil filter that only filters a
connections by customer. portion of the oil flowing through the engine
lubrication system.
Brownout A controlled power reduction in
which the utility decreases the voltage on the Bypass Valve A valve that opens when the
power lines, so customers receive weaker set pressure is exceeded. This allows the fluid
electric current. to pass through an alternative channel.
Brush The pieces of carbon or copper that
make a sliding contact against the commutator
or slip rings. Cage A housing in which a valve operates
Brushless A synchronous machine having a and seats.
brushless exciter with its rotating armature and Calcium Sulfate Chemical compound
semiconductor devices on a common shaft (CaSO4) which is used as a drying agent or
with the field of the main machine. desiccant in liquid line driers.
Buoyancy The upward or lifting force Calibrate To make an adjustment to a meter
exerted on a body by a fluid. or other instrument so that it will accurately
Burning The heating of a metal to indicate its input.
temperatures sufficiently close to the melting Bus An electrical conductor that serves as a
point to cause permanent damage to the metal. common connection for two or more electrical
Burnish To polish or shine a surface with a circuits.
hard, smooth object. Caliper A tool for measuring diameter,
Bursts Ruptures made in forging or rolling. usually having curved legs and resembling a
pair of compasses.
Bus Refers to the devices that connect the
generators and loads in a paralleling system, or Calorie Heat required to raise temperature
any point fed by multiple sources and/or of one gram of water one degree centigrade.
supplying multiple loads.

8
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Calorific Value The amount of heat Capacity Credits The value incorporated
produced by burning one pound of fuel. (See into the utilitys rate for purchasing energy,
Heating Value.) based upon the savings due to the reduction or
postponement of new generation capacity
Calorimeter Device used to measure
resulting from the purchase of power from
quantities of heat or determine specific heats.
cogenerators.
Cam A component of irregular shape. It is
Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual
used to change the direction of the motion of
annual plant electricity output to the rated
another part moving against it, e.g., rotary into
plant output.
reciprocating or variable motion.
Capacity-Net Cooling The cooling capacity
Cam Follower (Valve Lifter) A part which
of an air-conditioning system or heat pump on
is held in contact with the cam and to which
the cooling cycle is the amount of Sensible
the cam motion is imparted and transmitted to
and Latent heat (total heat) removed from the
the pushrod.
inside air.
Cam-Ground Piston A piston ground to a Carbon One of the nonmetallic elements
slightly oval shape which under the heat of constituting fuel and lubricating oil.
operation becomes round.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A greenhouse gas
Cam Nose That portion of the cam that produced as a result of combustion of any
holds the valve wide open. It is the high point hydrocarbon fueled engine, including a
of the cam. human. The highest efficiency engines produce
Camshaft The shaft containing lobes or the least CO2.
cams to operate the engine valves. Carbon Monoxide (CO) A poisonous gas
Camshaft Gear The gear that is fastened to formed by combustion taking place with a
the camshaft. shortage of oxygen. Measured in parts per
million by volume.
Capability The maximum load which a CO Concentration (ppm) =
generating unit, generating station, or other 1034 x CO mass emissions (g/hr)
electrical apparatus can carry under specified Exhaust mass flow (kg/hr)
conditions for a given period of time, without Carbon Pile Carbon disks or plates capable
exceeding approved limits of temperature and of carrying high current.
stress.
Carbon Tetrachloride A colorless liquid,
Capacitor An arrangement of insulated the fumes of which are toxic. Used in fire
conductors and dielectrics for the extinguishers and for cleaning.
accumulation of an electric charge with small
voltage output. Carbonize The process of carbon formation
within an engine, such as on the spark plugs
Capacity (electric utility) The maximum and within the combustion chamber.
amount of electricity that a generating unit,
power plant, or utility can produce under Carburetor A device for automatically
specified conditions. Capacity is measured in mixing gasoline fuel in the proper proportion
megawatts and is also referred to as the with air to produce a combustible vapor.
nameplate rating. Carburetor Icing A term used to describe
the formation of ice on a carburetor throttle
plate during certain atmospheric conditions.

9
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Carburizing (cementation) Adding carbon Circuit The complete path of an electric


to the surface of iron-base alloys by heating current including, usually, the source of
the metal below its melting point in contact electrical energy.
with carbonaceous solids, liquids, or gases.
Circuit Breaker A device used to open and
Cat Data Link A communication data link close a circuit by nonautomatic means, and to
which displays status of various engine open the circuit automatically on a
parameters on the Computerized Monitoring predetermined overload of current.
System.
Closing Rating The maximum fault current
Ceiling The absolute maximum to which the into which an automatic transfer switch of a
high limit of an engine performance generator set can close.
specification may rise.
Coefficient of Expansion The change in
Cementite A compound of iron and carbon length per unit length or the change in volume
always containing 6.68% carbon and 93.32% per unit volume per degree change in
iron. temperature.
Central Cooling Same as central heating Coefficient of Performance (COP) The
except that cooling (heat removal) is supplied ratio of the rate of heat removal to the rate of
instead of heating; usually a chilled water energy input in consistent units.
distribution system and return system for air
Cogeneration Utilizing a prime power
conditioning.
generator set, this process involves harnessing
Central Heating Supply of thermal energy free heat energy from engine cooling and
from a central plant to multiple points of end- exhaust systems for heating or steam
use, usually by steam or hot water, for space generation, or to power air conditioning,
and/or service water heating. Central heating absorption chillers, or other equipment.
may be large-scale as in plants serving central
Cohesive Strength The strength property of
business districts, university campuses,
a metal that resists the tensile, disruptive stress
medical centers, and military installations or in
across a plane at right angles to the load applied.
central building systems serving multiple
zones; also district heating. Coil Spring A spring-steel wire wound in a
spiral pattern.
Cetane Measure of ignition quality of diesel
fuel at what pressure and temperature the Coil Wedge A mechanical device which
fuel will ignite and burn. prevents coil bundle from coming out of rev.
field slot passage during rotation of rev. field.
Chamfer A bevel or taper at the edge of a hole.
Two types: expansion wedges 360, 440,
Charge Air Cooler (CAC) An air-to-air or and 580, 680 frames; compression wedges
water-to-air heat exchanger to cool 800 frame.
turbocharged combustion air.
Cold Cold is the absence of heat; a
Chase To straighten up or repair damaged temperature considerably below normal.
threads.
Cold Drawing The process for finishing a
Choke A device such as a valve placed in a hot rolled rod or bar at room temperature by
carburetor air inlet to restrict the volume of air pulling it through the hole of a die of the same
admitted. shape but smaller in size.

10
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Cold Finishing The process of reducing the Commercial Engine Featurization (CEF)
cross sectional area without heating by cold A feature-based business process used by
rolling, cold drawing, cold drawing and Caterpillar dealers that describes product in
grinding, turning and polishing, or turning and customer terms (feature codes), eliminating
grinding. internal Caterpillar terms (part numbers). For
the dealer, it impacts the configuring, quoting
Cold Rolling The cold working of hot rolled
and ordering processes. Internally, at
material by passing it between power-driven
Caterpillar, it is incorporated into Marketing,
rolls. The process applies to flat bars of such a
Orders, Pricing, and Accounting. CEF includes:
size that they cannot be pulled through a die.
1) part numbers changed to feature codes, 2)
Cold Working Plastic deformation of a feature codes priced instead of part numbers, 3)
metal at a temperature low enough to ensure PC software that mechanically checks product
strain hardening. compatibility, 4) weekly updates to
compatibility and pricing via the Internet, 5)
Color Code Colored markings or wires to
electronic ordering via Internet or DBS.
identify the different circuits.
Commutator A number of copper bars
Combustion The process of burning.
connected to the armature windings but
Combustion Chamber The chamber in insulated from each other and from the
reciprocating engines between the cylinder armature. Rotation of the armature will, in
head and piston, in which combustion occurs. conjunction with fixed brushes, result in
unidirectional current output.
Combustion-Chamber Volume The volume
of the combustion chamber (when the piston is Compound A combination of two or more
at TDC) measured in cubic centimeters. elements that are mixed together.
Combustion Cycle A series of Compressed Air Air that at any pressure in
thermodynamic processes through which the excess of atmospheric pressure is considered
working gas passes to produce one power to be compressed.
stroke. The cycle is: intake, compression,
Compressibility The property of a substance
power, and exhaust.
(e.g., air) by virtue of which its density
Comfort Air-Conditioning A simultaneous increases with increase in pressure.
control of all, or at least the first three, of the
Compression The process by which a
following factors affecting the physical and
confined gas is reduced in volume through the
chemical conditions of the atmosphere within
application of pressure.
a structure of the purpose of human comfort;
temperature, humidity, motion, distribution, Compression Check A measurement of the
dust, bacteria, odors, toxic gases, and compression of each cylinder at cranking
ionization, most of which affect in greater or speed or as recommended by the manufacturer.
lesser degree human health or comfort.
Compression Gauge A test instrument used
to test the cylinder compression.
Compression Ignition The ignition of fuel
through the heat of compression.
Compression Pressure Pressure in the
combustion chamber at the end of the
compression stroke, but without any of the fuel
being burned.
11
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Compression Ratio Compares the minimum Computerized Monitoring System (CMS)


and maximum volumes between the piston An electronic display for marine or industrial
crown and the cylinder head. engines to display engine parameters and
diagnostics.
Compression Release A device to prevent
the intake or exhaust valves from closing Concentric Having the same center.
completely, thereby permitting the engine to be Conceptual Design The specification of the
turned over without compression. major components of a system and their
Compression Ring The piston rings used to operating characteristics, layout, space needs,
reduce combustion leakage to a minimum. and operating and maintenance requirements.
Compression Stroke That stroke of the Condensate Fluid which forms on an
operating cycle during which air is compressed evaporator.
into a smaller space, creating heat by Condensate Pump Device used to remove
molecular action. fluid condensate that collects beneath an
Compressor A mechanical device to pump evaporator.
air, and thereby increase the pressure. The Condensation Liquid or droplets which
pump of a refrigerating mechanism which form when a gas or vapor is cooled below its
draws a vacuum or low pressure eon cooling dew point.
side of refrigerant cycle and squeezes or
compresses the gas into the high pressure or Condense Action of changing a gas or vapor
condensing side of the cycle. to a liquid.
Condenser, Air-Cooled A heat exchanger
Compressor-Brake Horsepower A function
which transfers heat to surrounding air.
of the power input to the ideal compressor and
to the compression, mechanical, and Condenser, Electrical An arrangement of
volumetric efficiency of the compressor. insulated conductors and dielectrics for the
accumulation of an electric charge.
Compressor Efficiency A measure of the
deviation of the actual compression from the Condenser, Evaporative A condenser in
perfect compression cycle. Is defined as the which heat is absorbed from the surface by the
work done within the cylinders. evaporation of water sprayed or flooded over
the surface.
Compressor, Hermetic Compressor in
which the driving motor is sealed in the same Condenser, Thermal The part of a
dome or housing that contains the compressor. refrigeration mechanism which receives hot,
high pressure refrigerant gas from the
Compressor, Open-Type Compressor in compressor and cools gaseous refrigerant until
which the crankshaft extends through the it returns to liquid state.
crankcase and is driven by an outside motor.
Condenser, Water-Cooled Heat exchanger
Compressor Outlet Pressure Gauge pressure which is designed to transfer heat from hot
of the combustion air at the turbocharger gaseous refrigerant to water.
compressor outlet of a spark ignited engine.
Condensing Unit The part of the
Compressor, Reciprocation Compressor refrigerating mechanism which pumps
which uses a piston and cylinder mechanism to vaporized refrigerant from the evaporator,
provide pumping action. compresses it, liquifies it in the condenser, and
Compressor, Rotary Compressor which returns the liquid refrigerant to refrigerant
uses vanes, eccentric mechanisms, or other control.
12 rotating devices to provide pumping action.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Conduction, Thermal The process of heat Contour Outline.


transfer through a material medium in which
Contract To reduce in mass or dimension;
kinetic energy is transmitted by the particles of
to make smaller.
the material from particle to particle without
gross displacement of the particles. Control To regulate or govern the function
Conductivity, Thermal k factor The of a unit.
time rate of heat flow through unit area of a Control Voltage Terminal Strip Strips
homogeneous material under steady conditions provided to allow easy customer connections
when a unit temperature gradient is maintained of generator sets to regulators, space heaters,
in the direction perpendicular to the area. In or other devices.
English units its value is usually expressed in
Controlled Port Scavenging Scavenging
Btu per (hour) (square foot) (Fahrenheit degree
method using ports which are controlled by
per inch of thickness). Materials are
valves in addition to the power piston.
considered homogeneous when the value of
k is not affected by variation in thickness or Convection Transfer of heat by means of
in size of sample within the range normally movement or flow of a fluid or gas.
used in construction. Convection, Forced Transfer of heat
Conductor Any material whose properties resulting from forced movement of liquid or
allow electrons to move with relative ease. gas by means of fan or pump.
Typical examples are copper and aluminum. Convection, Natural Circulation of a gas or
Connecting Rod A reciprocating rod liquid due to the difference in density resulting
connecting the crankshaft and piston in an from temperature difference.
engine. Conventional According to the most
Conservation Steps taken to cause less common or usual mode.
energy to be used than would otherwise be the Converge To incline to or approach a certain
case. point; to come together.
Constant-pressure Combustion Combustion Converter As used in connection with LP gas,
which occurs without a change in pressure. In a device which converts or changes LP gas
an engine, this is obtained by a slower rate of from a liquid to a vapor for use by the engine.
burning than with constant-volume combustion.
Convolution One full turn of a screw.
Contaminant A substance (dirt, moisture,
Coolant A liquid used as a cooling medium.
etc.) foreign to refrigerant or refrigerant oil in
system. Cooling Load The rate of heat removed
from the chilled water passing through the
Contamination The presence of harmful evaporator measured in tons.
foreign matter in a fluid or in air.
Cooling System The complete system for
Continuous Cycle Absorption System circulating coolant.
System which has a continuous flow of energy
input. Cooling Tower Device which cools water by
water evaporation in air. Water is cooled to wet
Continuous Power Output available without bulb temperature of air.
varying load for an unlimited time. Continuous
power in accordance with ISO8528, Cooperative (electric utility) A joint
ISO3046/1, AS2789, DIN6271, and BS5514. venture organized by consumers to make
electric utility service available in their area.

13
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Coproduction The conversion of energy Crankcase Dilution When unburned fuel


from a fuel (possibly including solid or other finds its way past the piston rings into the
wastes) into shaft power (which may be used crankcase oil, where it dilutes or thins the
to generate electricity) and a second or engine lubricating oil.
additional useful form. The process may entail
Crankcase Scavenging Scavenging method
a series topping and bottoming arrangement
using the pumping action of the power piston
for conversion to shaft power and either
in the crankcase to pump scavenging air.
process or space heating. Cogeneration is a
form of coproduction; however, the concept Cranking Rotating an engine with a source
also includes a single heat producer serving of power external to the engine.
several different mechanical and/or thermal Crankpin The portion of the crank throw
requirements in parallel. attached to the connecting rod.
Core The central or innermost part of an Crankshaft The main drive shaft of an
object. engine which takes reciprocating motion and
Correction Factor A number by which an converts it to rotary motion.
engine performance characteristic is multiplied Crankshaft Counter-Balance A series of
to show the value which would have been weights attached to or forged integrally with
obtained if the engine were operating under the crankshaft to offset the reciprocating
some other set of conditions. weight of each piston and rod.
Corrosion The slow destruction of material Crank Throw One crankpin with its two
by chemical agents and electromechanical webs (the amount of offset of the rod journal).
reactions.
Crank Web The portion of the crank throw
Counterbalance A weight, usually attached between the crankpin and main journal. This
to a moving component, that balances another makes up the offset.
weight.
Crest The top surface joining the two sides
Counterbore A cylindrical enlargement of of a thread.
the end of a cylinder bore or bore hole.
Crest Clearance Defined on a screw form as
Counterelectromotive Force (cemf) The the space between the top of a thread and the
electromotive force (voltage) that opposes the root of its mating thread.
applied voltage.
Critical Compression Ratio Lowest
Countersink To cut or shape a depression in compression ratio at which any particular fuel
an object so that the head of a screw may set will ignite by compression under prescribed
flush or below the surface. test procedure. The lower the critical
Counterweight Weights that are mounted on compression ratio the better ignition qualities
the crankshaft opposite each crank throw. the fuel has. (Gasoline engine, 4:1; oil engine,
These reduce the vibration caused by putting 7:1; diesel engine, 12.5:1.)
the crank in practical balance and also reduce Critical Pressure Condition of refrigerant at
bearing loads due to inertia of moving parts. which liquid and gas have the same properties.
Coupling A device used to connect two Critical Speeds Speeds at which the
components. frequency of the power strokes synchronize
Crankcase The lower housing in which the with the crankshafts natural frequency or
crankshaft and many other parts of the engine torsional damper. If the engine is operated at
operate. one of its critical speeds for any length of
time, a broken crankshaft may result.
14
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Critical Temperature Temperature at which Customer Interface Module (CIM) A


vapor and liquid have the same properties. device which decodes Cat electronic engine
Crocus Cloth A very fine abrasive polishing monitoring information and provides a link to
cloth. remote alarms and annunciators.

Cross Current Compensating Transformer Cut-In Temperature or pressure valve which


A unit which senses circulating currents closes control circuit.
between generators in parallel operation. Cut-Out Temperature or pressure valve
which opens the control circuit.
Cross Current Compensation Method of
controlling the reactive power supplied by Cyaniding Surface hardening by carbon and
generators in a paralleling system so that they nitrogen absorption of an iron-base alloy
equally share the total reactive load on the bus, article or portion of it by heating at a suitable
without significant voltage droop. temperature in contact with a cyanide salt,
followed by quenching.
Crowned A very slight curve in a surface
(e.g. on a roller or raceway). Cycle One complete rise and fall of the
voltage of alternating current, from zero to
Crude Oil Petroleum as it comes from the maximum positive/back to zero and from zero
well (unrefined). to maximum negative and back to zero again.
Crush A deliberate distortion of an engines Cyclic Variation in the performance
bearing shell to hold it in place during characteristics which vary as the engine runs;
operation. especially, but not exclusively, those
Cryogenic Fluid Substance which exits as a characteristics which vary in a repetitive fashion.
liquid or gas at ultra-low temperatures (-250 F Cyclic Irregularity A nondimensional ratio
or lower). describing the degree of crankshaft twist
occurring between two successive firings of
Cryogenics Refrigeration which deals with
cylinders of an engine during steady-state
producing temperatures at -250 F and lower.
operation.
Current A flow of electric charge and the Cyclic Irregularity = rpm (maximum) - rpm (minimum)
rate of such a flow measured in amperes. rpm (average)
Current Transformer An auxiliary Cylinder The chamber in which a piston
instrument used to reduce generator current to moves in a reciprocating engine.
that of the instruments and apparatus. Current Cylinder Block The largest single part of an
transformers are used to step down the higher engine. The basic or main mass of metal in
line current to the lower currents that the which the cylinders are bored or placed.
control system is designed for. These signals
are utilized by AC meters, protective relays, Cylinder Head The replaceable portion of
and control devices. the engine fastened securely to the cylinder
block that seals the cylinder at the top. It often
Custom Alarm Module (CAM) A Cat unit contains the valves, and in some cases, it is
which provides flexible annunciation part of the combustion chamber.
capabilities for engines.
Cylinder Hone A tool used to bring the
Customer Communication Module (CCM) diameter of a cylinder to specification and at
Apparatus which allows users of electronic the same time smooth its surface.
engines to monitor up to eight Cat power
systems remotely, perform system diagnostics,
and receive parameter readouts in real time.
15
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Cylinder Liner A sleeve or tube interposed Decibel Unit used for measuring relative
between the piston and the cylinder wall or loudness of sounds. One decibel is equal to the
cylinder block to provide a readily renewable approximate difference of loudness ordinarily
wearing surface for the cylinder. detectable by the human ear, the range of
which is about 103 decibels on a scale
Cylinder, Refrigerant Cylinder in which
beginning with one for faintest audible sound.
refrigerant is purchased and dispensed. The
color code painted on cylinder indicates the Deferrable or Scheduled Loads Loads
kind of refrigerant the cylinder contains. which can be disconnected for extended
periods of time and restarted later without a
great effect on a facilitys operation. Delaying
energy use to a time of lower demand is
D Diode; Distance from plane of reference effective in minimizing peak demand.
to assembled unit center of gravity location Deflection Bending or movement away from
D1 Distance from plane of reference aft to the normal position, due to loading.
generator center of gravity Deglazer A tool used to remove the glaze
D2 Distance from plane of reference forward from cylinder walls.
to engine center Degree, Circle 1/360 of a circle.
Daltons Law Vapor pressure exerted on Degree-Day Unit that represents one degree
container by a mixture of gasses is equal to of difference from given point in average
sum of individual vapor pressures of gasses outdoor temperature of one day and is often
contained in mixture. used in estimating fuel requirements for a
Dead Bus The de-energized state of the building. Degree-days are based on average
power connections between outputs of temperature over a 24-hour period. As an
paralleled generator sets. example, if an average temperature for a day is
50 F, the number of degree-day for that day
Dead Center Either of the two positions would be equal to 65 F minus 50 F or 15
when the crank and connecting rod are in a degree-days (65-15 = 50) Degree-days are
straight line at the end of the stroke. useful when calculating requirements for
Dead Front A term to used to describe the lack heating purposes.
of accessibility of bare connections or apparatus Degree Wheel A wheel marked in degrees to
on the panel face of controls or switchgear. set the lifter height.
Dealer Process Improvement (DPI) A three- Dehumidifier Device used to remove
part strategy that provides the format for dealers moisture from air in enclosed space.
to identify, develop, and incorporate process Dehumidifier, Surface An air-conditioning
improvements in their business operations. unit, designed primarily for cooling and
Decarburization The removal of carbon dehumidifying air through the action of
(usually refers to the surface of solid steel) by passing the air over wet cooling coils.
the (normally oxidizing) action of media Dehumidify To remove water vapor from
which react with carbon. the atmosphere. To remove water or liquid
Deceleration Opposite of acceleration; that is, from stored goods.
implying a slowing down instead of a speeding Dehumidifying Effect The difference
up. Also called negative acceleration. between the moisture contents, in pounds per
hour, of the entering and leaving air,
multiplied by 1.060.
16
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Dehydrate To remove water in all forms Density (Fuel) The mass of fuel per unit
from matter. Liquid water, hygroscopic water, volume. The units of density used in this
and water of crystallization or water of specification are degrees API at 60 degrees
hydration are included. Fahrenheit. (API = American Petroleum
Institute)
Dehydrated Oil Lubricant which has had
most of water content removed (a dry oil). Depth of Engagement The depth of a thread
in contact with two mating parts measured
Dehydration The removal of water vapor
radially. It is the radial distance by which their
from air by the use of absorbing or absorbing
thread forms overlap each other.
materials; the removal of water from stored
goods. Desiccant Substance used to collect and
hold moisture in a refrigerating system. A
Delta Connection The connection of the
drying agent. Common desiccants are activated
three windings of a generator into a triangular
alumina, silica gel.
or delta configuration. Most commonly used
by utility companies. Has no neutral point. Design Voltage The nominal voltage for
which a line or piece of equipment is
Delta-T The temperature rise of the engine
designed. This is a reference level of voltage
coolant from the jacket water pump inlet to the
for identification and not necessarily the
engine coolant outlet.
precise level at which it operates.
Demand (Utility) The level at which
Detergent A compound of a soap-like nature
electricity or natural gas is delivered to users at
used in engine oil to remove engine deposits
a given point in time. Electric demand is
and hold them in suspension in the oil.
expressed in kilowatts.
Demand, Annual The greatest of all Detonation Burning of a portion of the fuel
demands which occurred during a prescribed in the combustion chamber at a rate faster than
demand interval in a calendar year. desired (knocking).

Demand, Billing The demand upon which Dew Point Temperature at which vapor (at
billing to a customer is based, as specified in a 100 percent humidity) begins to condense and
rate schedule or contract. It may be based on deposit as liquid.
the contract year, a contract minimum, or a Diagnosis In engine service, the use of
previous maximum and, therefore, does not instruments to troubleshoot the engine parts to
necessarily equal the demand actually locate the cause of a failure.
measured during the billing period.
Dial Indicator (dial gauge) A precision
Demand Charge The sum to be paid by a measuring instrument.
large electricity consumer for its peak usage
level. Diaphragm Any flexible dividing partition
separating two compartments.
Demand, Coincident The sum of two or
more demands which occur in the same Dichlorodifluoromethane Refrigerant
demand interval. commonly known as R-12. Chemical formula
is CCl2F2 . Cylinder color code is white.
Demand, Instantaneous Peak The maximum Boiling point at atmospheric pressure is
demand at the instant of greatest load. -21.62 F.
Dendrites A crystal formed by solidification, Die, Thread A thread-cutting tool.
or in any other way, having many branches and
a tree-like pattern; also termed pine tree and Dielectric A nonconductor of direct electric
fir tree crystals. current.
17
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Diesel Engine A type of internal combustion Direct-cooled Piston A piston which is


engine that burns fuel oil; the ignition is cooled by the internal circulation of a liquid.
brought about by heat resulting from air
Directional Control Valve A valve which
compression, instead of by an electric spark, as
selectively directs or prevents flow to or from
in a gasoline engine.
specific channels. Also referred to as selector
Diesel Index A rating of fuel according to its valve, control valve, or transfer valve.
ignition qualities. The higher the diesel index
number, the better the ignition quality of the fuel. Discharge A draw of current from the
battery.
Differential As applied to refrigeration and
heating, the difference between cut-in and Displacement or Swept Volume In a single-
cut-out temperature or pressure of a control. acting engine, the volume swept by all pistons
in making one stroke each. The displacement
Differential Fuel Pressure The gas pressure on one cylinder in cubic inches is the circular
supplied to the carburetor of a spark ignited area (in square inches) times the stroke (in
engine minus the carburetor inlet pressure. inches) times the number of cylinders.
Differential Pressure Fuel Valve A closed Distillation Heating a liquid and then
fuel valve with a needle or spindle valve which condensing the vapors given off by the heating
seats onto the inner side of the orifices. The process.
valve is lifted by fuel pressure.
Distilling Apparatus Fluid reclaiming
Differential Protection (Line) Leads pass device used to reclaim used refrigerants.
through current transformers for the purpose of Reclaiming is usually done by vaporizing and
sensing current imbalance between line-leads. then recondensing refrigerant.
Digital A numeric value representing the
Distortion A warpage or change in form
value of an engine performance characteristic.
from the original shape.
Digital Voltage Regulator (D.V.R.) A
Distribution Circuit Breaker A device used
microprocessor-based unit which regulates
for overload and short circuit protection of
voltage output of a generator.
loads connected to a main distribution device.
Dilution Thinning, such as when fuel mixes
Distribution Switchgear May include
with the lubricant.
automatic transfer switches, circuit breakers,
Diode A device which allows current to pass fusible switches, or molded case breakers. This
but only in one direction. equipment distributes utility or generator
Dip and Bake The process of treating a power to the site electrical loads.
wound electrical element with varnish to Division Plate A diaphragm surrounding the
provide protection/insulation, and to secure the piston rod of a crosshead-type engine, usually
winding insulation in place. having a wiper ring to remove excess oil from
Dipstick A device to measure the quantity of the piston rod as it slides through. It separates
oil in the reservoir. the crankcase from the lower end of the
cylinder.
Direct Current (DC) An electric current
flowing in one direction only. Dog-Leg A colloquialism applied to the
shape of a torque curve which has been
Direct Expansion Evaporator An evaporator modified to provide a steep torque rise at a
coil using a pressure-reducing device to supply speed just above the full load point to prevent
liquid refrigerant at the correct boiling point for excessive shifting of transmissions.
heat absorption into the refrigerant.
Double Acting An actuator producing work
18 in both directions.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Double Flare A flared end of the tubing Droop Transfer A small transformer
having two wall thicknesses. provided for mounting current flow through
Dowel A pin, usually of circular shape like a output line leads. A loop of one or two turns of
cylinder, used to pin or fasten something in one of the line leads passes through the coil/
position temporarily or permanently. plane of the transformer to produce sensing.
Drop-forged Formed by hammering or
Down-Draft A type of carburetor in which the
forced into shape by heat.
fuel-air mixture flows downward to the engine.
Dry Bulb An instrument with a sensitive
Draw-Out Relay An AC protective relay that element which measures ambient (moving) air
is door mounted, and can be removed from its temperature.
case without disturbing the wiring to the case, or
interrupting the connected circuits. This allows Dry Bulb Temperature Air temperature as
for easy testing and calibration of the relay. indicated by an ordinary thermometer.

Draw-Out Unit A structure that holds a Dry Cell, Dry Battery A battery that uses
circuit breaker in an enclosure. It has a no liquid electrolyte.
movable carriage and contact structures that Dry-Charged Battery A battery in a
permit the breaker to be removed from the precharged state but without electrolyte. The
enclosure without manually disconnecting electrolyte ia added when the battery is to be
power cables and control wires. placed in service.
Drawbar Horsepower Measure of the pulling Dry Sleeve A cylinder sleeve (liner) where
power of a machine at the drawbar hitch point. the sleeve is supported over its entire length.
The coolant does not touch the sleeve itself.
Dribbling Unatomized fuel running from the
fuel nozzle. Dual Element (DE) Number of elements in
an assembly, especially filters.
Drier A substance or device used to remove
Dual Fuel A term used to describe an engine
moisture from a refrigeration system.
which starts on one type of fuel and runs on
Drill A tool used to bore holes. another type.
Drill Press A fixed machine to drive a tool Dual Service Utilizing a prime power
in rotary motion. generator set for a regular, but noncritical load.
When a utility outage occurs, the unit
Drive Flange Presses on shaft of revolving automatically switches to provide emergency
field rabbet pilot and mounting bolt pattern for power immediately.
mounting to engine drive discs.
Dual Valves Refers to cylinders having two
Drive-fit A fit between two components, valves performing one function, e.g. two
whose tolerance is so small that the two parts intake valves, two exhaust valves.
must be pressed or driven together.
Dual Voltage The term used to denote 10-
Droop Load Sharing A method of making lead machine 240/480, 300/600.
two or more parallel generator sets share a
Ductility The ability of a metal to withstand
system kW load. This is accomplished by having
plastic deformation without rupture.
each governor control adjusted so that the sets
have the same droop (reduction of speed). Dynamic Balance Condition when the
weight mass of a revolving object is in he
Droop (or Speed Droop) The decrease from
same plane as the centerline of the object.
no load speed to full load speed when full load
is applied to a generator set, expressed as a
percentage of the full load speed.
19
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Dynamic Pressure The pressure of a fluid Electric Power Generation Designer (EPG
resulting from its motion, equal to one-half the Designer) A Cat software program which
fluid density times the fluid velocity squared. guides Cat dealers and consulting engineers
In incompressible flow, dynamic pressure is through specing and installing generator set
the difference between total pressure and static packages.
pressure. Electrical Operator The electric motor-
Dynamometer A device for absorbing the driven closing and tripping (opening) devices
power output of an engine and measuring that permit remote control of a circuit breaker.
torque or horsepower so that it can be computed Electrolyte A solution of sulfuric acid and
into brake horsepower. water.
Electromotive Force (emf) Forces that
move or tend to move electricity.
Ebullient Cooled Engine An engine cooled Electronic Control Analyzer Programmer
by boiling water. The cooling is accomplished (ECAP) An electronic service tool developed
by turning water into steam. The latent heat of by Caterpillar used for programming and
evaporation absorbed in this process cools the diagnosing a variety of Caterpillar electronic
engine. controls using a data link.
Ebullient System A type of high temperature Electronic Control Module (ECM) The
heat recovery system. Also known as solid engine control computer that provides power to
water system. the truck engine electronics. It accepts inputs
Eccentric One circle within another circle that monitor and outputs that control or change
but with different center of rotation. An to act as a governor to control engine rpm.
example of this is a driving cam on a camshaft. Electronic Modular Control Panel (EMCP)
Economizer A device installed in a A microprocessor-based feature on all Cat
carburetor to control the amount of fuel used generator sets which provides improved
under certain conditions. reliability through precise engine control.
Edge Filter A filter which passes liquid Electronic Technician (ET) A software
between narrowly separated disks or wires. program to run on a service tool like a
personal computer (PC). This program will
Efficiency In general, the proportion of supplement and eventually replace ECAP.
energy going into a machine which comes out
in the desired form, or the proportion of the Element, Battery A group of plates
ideal which is realized. negative and positive.
Elapsed Time Meter Totals the hours of Elongation The amount of permanent
generator set operation. extension in the vicinity of the fracture in the
tension test, usually expressed as a percentage
Elastic Limit The greatest stress which a of the original gauge length, such as 25 percent
material is capable of developing without a in two inches.
permanent deformation remaining upon
complete release of the stress. Embedded Stator Temperature Detector
Thermocouple embedded in a generators
Electric Power Generation (EPG) Producing stator winding.
energy through the use of a generator set.
Emergency System Independent power
generation equipment that is legally required to
feed equipment or systems whose failure may
present a hazard to persons or property.
20
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Emission Standard The maximum amount Engine Coolant Level On the EMS II module,
of a pollutant legally permitted to be a flashing red light and horn annunciate when a
discharged from a single source. customer-provided coolant level switch is
Emissions The gaseous products emitted in activated. This information is provided to EMS
engine exhaust. II directly and then sent on the datalink. In the
event that coolant level input is not provided, the
Emulsify To suspend oil in water in a input will be shorted on the terminal strip.
mixture where the two do not easily separate.
Engine Displacement The volume each
Encapsulation An impervious material to
piston displaces when it moves from BDC to
surround and protect an item from the
TDC times the number of cylinders. (Also see
environment.
Displacement.)
End Mounted Terminal Box (EMTB) The
latest design on very large generators; 580, 680, Engine Investment Analysis A Cat service
and 800 frames; for covering customer line lead to aid potential buyers in the decision making
connections (bus bars or circuit breakers) and process, through qualifying fuel savings and
regulator assemblies. calculating return on investment.

End Play The amount of axial movement in Engine Load The engine power is
a shaft that is due to clearance in the bearings determined as a function of manifold pressure
or bushings. and speed from dynamometer test data.
Endurance Limit A limiting stress, below Engine Monitoring System (EMS) An
which metal will withstand without fracture an electronic display for marine or industrial
indefinitely large number of cycles of stress. engines to display engine parameters and
diagnostics.
Energize To make active.
Energized Systems A system under load Engine Mounting Ring A rabbet fit ring with
(supplying energy to load) or carrying rated mounting holes on end of the stator frame for
voltage and frequency, but not supplying load. engine mounting.

Energy Capacity for doing work. Enthalpy Total amount of heat in one pound
of a substance calculated from accepted
Energy Charge That portion of the billed temperature base. Temperature of 32 F is the
charge for electric service based upon the accepted base for water vapor calculation. For
electric energy (kilowatt-hours) supplied, as refrigerator calculations, the accepted base is
contrasted with the demand charge. -40 F.
Energy Consumption The amount of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A
energy consumed in the form in which it is Federal agency.
acquired by the user (excluding electrical
generation and distribution losses). Erode To wear away.
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) The heat Etching A process which determines the
transfer ability of the refrigeration system, structure and defects in metals.
expressed in Btu/h, compared to watts of
Ether A volatile, colorless, and highly
electrical energy necessary to accomplish the
flammable chemical compound which is used
heat transfer. This comparison is expressed in
as a starting aid.
Btu/h/Watt of electrical energy.
Engine The prime source of power Ethylene Glycol A compound added to the
generation used to propel the machine. cooling system to reduce the freezing point.

21
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Eutectoid Nearly all iron contains some Exhaust Air removed deliberately from a
carbon. In annealed steel, iron carbide mixes space by fan or other means, usually to remove
with iron (ferrite) in alternate thin layers and is contaminates from a location near their source.
called pearlite. As the carbon content Exhaust Analyzer (Smoke Meter) A test
increases, it causes an increase in pearlite and instrument used to measure the density of the
a decrease in ferrite. At the point of increase exhaust smoke to determine the combustion
where all the ferrite is in combination with efficiency.
carbon, the structure will be entirely of
pearlite. This is called the eutectoid, and the Exhaust Fan Normally shipped with MCE
structure is the eutectoid composition. generators, designed to mount on engine drive
disc to run inside of generator exhaust opening.
Evaporation The process of changing from
a liquid to a vapor, such as boiling water to Exhaust Gas The products of combustion in
produce steam. Evaporation is the opposite of an internal-combustion engine.
condensation. Exhaust Gas Analyzer An instrument for
Evaporative Cooling System A cooling determining the efficiency with which an
system in which the heat finally passes to the engine is burning fuel.
atmosphere by evaporation. This system may Exhaust Manifold The passages from the
be either open or closed. engine cylinders to the muffler which conduct
Evaporator Part of a refrigerating the exhaust gases away from the engine.
mechanism in which the refrigerant vaporizes Exhaust Port The opening through which
and absorbs heat. exhaust gas passes from the cylinder to the
Evaporator, Dry Type An evaporator into manifold.
which refrigerant is fed from a pressure Exhaust Valve The valve which, when
reducing device. Little or no liquid refrigerant opened, allows the exhaust gas to leave the
collects in the evaporator. cylinder.
Evaporator, Flooded An evaporator Expansion An increase in size. For example,
containing liquid refrigerant at all times. when a metal rod is heated it increases in
Excess Air Air present in the cylinder over length and perhaps also in diameter. Expansion
and above that which is theoretically necessary is the opposite of contraction.
to burn the fuel. Expansion Ratio Ratio of the total volume
Excess Oxygen The amount of free oxygen in when the piston is at BDC to the clearance
the products of combustion. It may be expressed volume when the piston is at TCD. (Nominally
as a percentage of either volume or mass. equal to compression ratio.)
Excitation The power required to energize Expansion Valve A device in a refrigerating
the magnetic field of generators in an electric system which maintains a pressure difference
generating station. between the high side and low side and is
operating by pressure.
Excitation Current Amperage required by
the exiter to produce a magnetic field. Extended Service Coverage (ESC) A Cat
Excite To pass current through a coil or service offering maintenance and or repair (up
starter. to five years) beyond that offered in a
particular products warranty.
Exciter A generator or static rectifier assembly
that supplies the electric current used to Eye Bolt A bolt threaded at one end and bent
produce the magnetic field in another generator. to a loop at the other end.

22
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Filter: Oil, Water, Gasoline, etc. A unit


containing an element, such as a screen of
varying degrees of fineness. The screen or
Fahrenheit (F) A designated temperature filtering element is made of various materials
scale in which the freezing temperature of depending upon the size of the foreign particles
water is 32 F and boiling point 212 F (when to be eliminated from the fluid being filtered.
under standard atmospheric pressure).
Fin (Flash) A thin fin of metal formed at the
Fatigue Deterioration of material caused by sides of a forging or weld where a small
constant use. portion of the metal is forced out between the
Fault (1) The failure of an operating piece of edges of the forging or welding dies.
equipment, and the specific reason for the Finishing Stone (hone) A honing stone with
failure, or (2) an electrical distribution system a fine grid.
failure, where there is a line-to-ground or line-
to-line short circuit. Fire Point Lowest temperature at which an
oil heated in standard apparatus will ignite and
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission continue to burn.
(FERC) An independent regulatory
commission within the U.S. Department of Firing Order The order in which the
Energy that has jurisdiction over energy cylinders deliver their power stroke.
producers that sell or transport fuels for resale Firing Pressure The highest pressure
in interstate commerce; the authority to set oil reached in the cylinder during combustion.
and gas pipeline transportation rates and to set
the value of oil and gas pipelines for ratemaking Firm Energy Power supplies that are
purposes; and regulates wholesale electric rates guaranteed to be delivered under terms defined
and hydroelectric plant licenses. by contract.

Feeder An electric line for supplying electric Fit The closeness of contact between
energy within an electric service area or subarea. machined components.

Feeler Gauge A strip of steel ground to a Fixed Displacement Pump A type of pump
precise thickness used to check clearance. in which the volume of fluid per cycle cannot
be varied.
Feature Based Ordering (FBO) Use of
feature codes instead of part numbers to Flake Internal fissures in large steel forgings
describe/order product. or massive rolled shapes. In a fractured surface
or test piece, they appear as sizeable areas of
Feature Code A functional characteristic of silvery brightness and coarser grain size than
a product described in customer terms. their surroundings. Sometimes known as
Ferrite Solid solutions in which alpha iron chrome checks and (when revealed by
(or delta iron) is the solvent. machining) hairline cracks. Not to be
confused with woody fracture.
Field A space or region where magnetism
exists.
Field Coil An insulated wire wound around
an (iron) pole piece.
Fillet A curved joint between two straight
surfaces.

23
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Flame Hardening (Shorterizing) A method Floor The absolute minimum to which the
for hardening the surface without affecting the low limit of an engine performance
remainder of the part, used mainly for gears or specification may fall.
other parts where only a small portion of the
Flow Control Valve A valve which is used
surface is hardened and where the part might
to control the flow rate of fluid in a fluid
distort in a regular carburizing or heat-treating
power system.
operation. The operation consists of heating the
surface to be hardened by an acetylene torch to Flowmeter An instrument used to measure
the proper quenching temperature followed the quantity or flow rate of a fluid in motion.
immediately by a water-quench and proper Fluctuating Wavering, unsteady, not constant.
tempering. A special tool is required, and either
the torch or part may be rotated so that the flame Fluid A liquid, gas, or mixture thereof.
passes over the surface at a speed that will Fluid Flow The stream or movement of a
produce the proper quenching temperature. Water fluid; the rate of a fluids movement.
quenching follows immediately, and the part is
neither scaled nor pitted by the operation. Fluid Power Power transmitted and
controlled through the use of fluids, either
Flange A metal part which is spread out like liquids or gases, under pressure.
a rim; the action of working a piece or part
spread out. Flush An operation to remove any material
or fluids from refrigeration system parts by
Flank, Side or Thread The straight part of the purging them to the atmosphere using
thread which connects the crest with the root. refrigerant or other fluids.
Flank Angles The angle between a specified Flute The grooves of a tap that provide the
flank of a thread and the plane perpendicular cutting rake and chip clearance.
to the axis (measured in an axial plane).
Flutter or Bounce In engine valves, refers to
Flare To open or spread outwardly. a condition where the valve is not held tightly
Flaring Tool A tool used to form a flare on a on its seat during the time the cam is not
tubing. lifting it.
Flash Point The temperature at which a Flux, Magnetic Magnetic force.
substance, usually a fluid, will give off a vapor Flyball Governor Conventional type of
that will flash or burn momentarily when ignited. centrifugal governor commonly called a
Flat Crank A crankshaft in which one of the mechanical governor.
bearing journals is not round.
Flywheel A device for storing energy in
Floating Piston Pin A piston pin which is order to minimize cyclical speed variations.
not locked in the connecting rod or the piston,
Flywheel Ring Gear A circular steel ring
but is free to turn or oscillate in both the
having gear teeth on the outer circumference.
connecting rod and the piston.
Float Level The height of the fuel in the Foaming Formation of a foam in an oil-
carburetor bowl, usually regulated by means of refrigerant mixture due to rapid evaporation of
a suitable valve or float. refrigerant dissolved in the oil. This is most
likely to occur when the compressor starts and
Flooded System Type of refrigerating system the pressure is suddenly reduced.
in which liquid refrigerant fills the evaporator.
Foot-pound (ft-lb) The amount of work
Flooding Act of filling a space with a liquid. accomplished when a force of 1 lb produces a
displacement of 1 ft.
24
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Force The action of one body on another Frequency The number of cycles completed
tending to change the state of motion of the within a one-second period, expressed as hertz.
body acted upon. Force is usually expressed in
Frequency Meter A unit which monitors a
pounds (kilograms).
generator sets output frequency.
Force Convection Movement of fluid by
Frequency Relay This relay can be
mechanical force such as fans or pumps.
configured to operate when the monitored
Force-Feed Lubrication A lubricating frequency is above or below a given setpoint.
system in which oil is pumped to the desired
Friction The resistance to motion due to the
points at a controlled rate by means of positive
contact of two surfaces, moving relatively to
displacement pumps.
each other.
Forged Shaped with a hammer or machine.
Friction Horsepower (FHP) A measure of
Fossil Fuel Oil, coal, natural gas, or their the power lost to the engine through friction or
by-products. Fuel that was formed in the earth rubbing of parts.
in prehistoric times from remains of living-cell
Fuel Cell A device or an electrochemical
organisms.
engine with no moving parts that converts the
Foundation The structure on which an chemical energy of a fuel, such as hydrogen,
engine is mounted. It performs one or more of and an oxidant, such as oxygen, directly into
the following functions: holds the engine in electricity. The principal components of a fuel
alignment with the driven machine, adds cell are catalytically activated electrodes for
enough weight to the engine to minimize the fuel (anode) and the oxidant (cathode) and
vibration, adds to rigidity of the bed plate. an electrolyte to conduct ions between the two
electrodes, thus producing electricity.
Four-cycle Engine Also known as Otto
cycle, where an explosion occurs every other Fuel-Flow Oil Filter All engine oil passes
revolution of the crankshaft, a cycle being through this oil filter before entering the
considered as 1/2 revolution of the crankshaft. lubrication channels.
These strokes are (1) intake stroke, (2) Fuel Knock See Detonation.
compression stroke, (3) power stroke, (4)
exhaust stroke. Fuel Level On the EMS II module, a
flashing red light and horn annunciate when a
Four-Stroke Cycle Cycle of events which is customer provided fuel level switch is
completed in four strokes of the piston, or two activated. This information is provided to
crankshaft revolutions. EMS II directly and then sent on the datalink.
Frame The main structural member of an In the event that coolant level input is not
engine. provided, the input will be shorted on the
terminal strip.
Free Electrons Electrons which are in the
outer orbit of the atoms nucleus. Fuel Mixture A ratio of fuel and air.
Free Flow Flow which encounters little Fuel Pressure The fuel pressure supplied to
resistance. the injection pumps of a diesel engine.
Freon Trade name for a family of synthetic Fuel Rate (Diesel) The mass of fuel burned
chemical refrigerants manufactured by by an engine in a specified time. Corrected
DuPont, Inc. fuel rate is the actual or observed fuel rate
corrected for fuel density.

25
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Fuel Rate (Spark Ignited) The volume of Gauge Construction Shell is a cosmetic
fuel burned by an engine in a specified time at wrapper. Only advantage no varnish clean-
the pressure and temperature being supplied to up of shell required.
the engine. Corrected fuel rate is the volume
Gauge, Low Pressure Instrument for
of fuel at standard conditions multiplied by the
measuring pressures in range of 0 psig and
lower heating value of the fuel.
50 psig.
Fuel Transfer Pump A mechanical device Gauge, High Pressure Instrument for
used to transfer fuel from the tank to the measuring pressures in range of 0 psig to
injection pump. 500 psig.
Fuel Valve A valve admitting fuel to the Gauge Pressure Pressure above atmospheric
combustion chamber. In a more general sense, pressure.
this term may also apply to any manual or
automatic valve controlling flow of fuel. Gauge Snubber A device installed in the
fuel line to the pressure gauge used to dampen
Fulcrum The pivot point of a lever. pressure surges and thus provide a steady
Full-Floating Piston Pin A piston pin free to reading. This helps protect the gauge.
turn in the piston boss of the connecting-rod eye. Gear Ratio The number of revolutions made
Full Load The maximum power an engine by a driving gear as compared to the number of
can develop when running at rated speed with revolutions made by a driven gear of different
the fuel system opened to its maximum size. For example, if one gear makes three
specified condition. revolutions while the other gear makes one
revolution, the gear ratio would be 3 to 1.
Gear-type Pump A pump which uses the
spaces between the adjacent teeth of gears for
Gallery Passageway inside a wall or casting.
moving the liquid.
Galvanic Action When two dissimilar
Generator, Electrical An electromagnetic
metals are immersed in certain solutions,
device used to generate electricity.
particularly acid, electric current will flow
from one to the other. Generator, Cooling A device used in
Gas A substance which can be changed in absorption-type refrigeration systems to heat
volume and shape according to the the absorbing liquid to drive off the refrigerant
temperature and pressure applied to it. For vapor for condensing to a liquid before
example, air is a gas which can be compressed entering the evaporator.
into smaller volume and into any shape desired Generator Power System (GPS) EPG power
by pressure. It can also be expanded by the system that uses energy off an electric generator.
application of heat.
Ghost (Ferrite Ghost) A faint band of
Gasket A layer of material used between ferrite.
machined surfaces in order to seal against
Gland A device to prevent the leakage of
leakage.
gas or liquid past a joint.
Gassing Hydrogen bubbles rising from the
Glaze As used to describe the surface of the
electrolyte when the battery is being charged.
cylinder, an extremely smooth or glossy
Gate Valve A common type of manually surface such as a cylinder wall highly polished
operated valve in which a sliding gate is used over a long period of time by the friction of
to obstruct the flow of fluid. the piston rings.
26
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Glaze Breaker A tool for removing the Grid The electric utility companies
glossy surface finish in an engine cylinder. transmission and distribution system that links
Glow Plug A heater plug for the combustion power plants to customers through high power
chamber. It has a coil of resistance wire heated transmission line service (110 kilovolt [kV] to
by a low voltage current. 765 kV); high voltage primary service for
industrial applications and street rail and bus
Governor A device that maintains a constant systems (23 kV to 138 kV); medium voltage
engine speed under various load conditions. primary service for commercial and industrial
The governor must have provision for applications (4 kV to 35 kV); and secondary
adjustment of speed (which controls generator service for commercial and residential
frequency) and of the amount of speed droop customers (120 V to 480 V). Grid can also
from no load to full load. refer to the layout of a gas distribution system
Grain A unit of weight equal to one 7000th of a city or town in which pipes are laid in
of a pound. It is used to indicate the amount of both directions in the streets and connected at
moisture in the air. intersections.
Grain Size There are two types of grains in Grid, Battery The lead frame to which the
steel which affect the physical properties of active material is affixed.
steel; the austenite grain and the ferrite grain. Grid Interconnection The intertie of a
The ferrite grain tends to remain stable in size cogeneration plant to an electric utilitys system
at temperatures below the transformation range to allow electricity flow in either direction.
unless the steel is cold worked a critical
Grinding Removing metal from an object
amount, in which case the grains grow rapidly.
by means of a revolving abrasive wheel, disk,
When steel is heated above the transformation
or belt.
range, the newly formed austenite grain is
small but tends to grow in size with increasing Grinding Compound Abrasive for
temperature and time at temperature. Grain resurfacing valves, etc.
size, as commonly used, is the size of the grain Ground, Battery The battery terminal that
that is developed in the austenite at the final is connected to the engine of the framework.
heat treating temperature and does not refer to
the ferrite grain. Except for the austenitic Ground Fault Protection This function trips
steels, the austenite grain size does not exist at (opens) a circuit breaker or sounds an alarm in
room temperature; but its pattern can be the event that there is an electrical fault between
developed by special methods. one or more of the phase conductors and ground
(earth). This ground fault protection function
Gravity The force which tends to draw all may be incorporated into a circuit breaker.
bodies toward the center of the earth. The
weight of a body is the result of all Grounding Bar A copper or aluminum bar
gravitational forces on the body. that electrically joins all the metal sections of
the switchgear. This bar is connected to the
Gravity, Specific The specific gravity of a earth or ground connection when the system is
solid or liquid is the ratio of the mass of the installed. The grounding or earthing protects
body to the mass of an equal volume of water personnel.
at some standard temperature. At the present
time a temperature of a 4 C (39 F) is Growler A test instrument used for testing
commonly used by physicists, but the engineer the armature of a starter or generator for open,
uses 16 C (60 F). The specific gravity of a short, and grounded circuits.
gas is usually expressed in terms of dry air at GSC + Synchronizing General Status
the same temperature and pressure as the gas. Control plus Synchronizing
27
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Heat Form of energy the addition of which


causes substances to rise in temperature; energy
associated with random motion of molecules.
Half-moon Key A fastening device in a shape
somewhat similar to a semicircle. (See Key.) Heat Balance Energy flow in a power
generating system.
Halide Refrigerants Family of refrigerants
containing halogen chemicals. Heat Coil A heat transfer device which
releases heat.
Hardenability This relates to the ability of
steel to harden deeply upon quenching and takes Heat Exchanger Device used to transfer
into consideration the size of the part and the heat from a warm or hot surface to a cold or
method of quenching. In testing for hardenability, cooler surface. Evaporators and condensers are
standards are established governing the method heat exchangers.
of quenching and the quenching medium which Heat, Latent Heat characterized by a change
makes it possible to compare the hardenability of state of the substance concerned, for a given
of steels of various analysis and grain size. pressure and always at a constant temperature
Hardness The ability of a metal to resist for a pure substance, i.e., heat of vaporization
penetration. The principal methods of hardness or of fusion.
determination are described under hardness Heat Load Amount of heat, measured in Btu,
testing and the correlation of these which is removed during a period of 24 hours.
determinations with the other mechanical
properties are described under physical properties. Heat of Compression Mechanical energy of
pressure transformed into energy of heat.
Hardness Testing The determination of the
ability of a metal to resist penetration; the Heat of Fusion The heat released in
hardness of the metal may be determined by changing a substance from a liquid state to a
several methods (i.e. Brinell, Rockwell, solid state. The heat of fusion of ice is 144 Btu
Superficial). per pound.
Harmonics Waveforms whose frequencies Heat Pump A name given to an air-
are multiples of the fundamental (60 Hz) wave. conditioning system that is reversible so as to
The combination of harmonics and be able to remove heat from or add heat to a
fundamental waves causes a non-sinusoidal, given space or material upon demand.
periodic wave. Harmonics in power systems
are the result of non-linear effects. Typically, Heat Pump Air Source A device that
harmonics are associated with rectifiers and transfers heat between two different air
inverters, arc furnaces, arc welders, and quantities, in either direction, upon demand.
transformer magnetizing current. There are Heat Pump Water Source A device that
both voltage and current harmonics. uses a water supply as a source of heat or for
Head Pressure Pressure which exists in the disposal of heat depending upon the
condensing side of a refrigerating system. operational demand.
Head, Static Pressure of fluid expressed in Heat Rate A measure of generating station
terms of height of column of the fluid, such as thermal efficiency, generally expressed in Btu
water or mercury. (per net kilowatt-hour).
Head, Velocity In flowing fluid, heat of fluid Heat Recovery The capture and utilization
equivalent to its velocity pressure. of heat energy which is normally wasted as a
Head-Pressure Control Pressure operating by-product of a diesel or gas engine.
control which opens electrical circuit if high
28 side pressure becomes excessive.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Heat, Sensible A term used in heating and Hermetic Motor Compressor drive motor
cooling to indicate any portion of heat which sealed within same casing which contains
changes only the temperature of the substances compressor.
involved.
Hermetic System Refrigeration system
Heat Sink An aluminum plate or extrusion which has a compressor driven by a motor
under the rectifier assembly which dissipates contained in compressor dome or housing.
heat generated by the rectifier.
Hertz (Hz) A unit of frequency equal to one
Heat Source The material from which the cycle per second.
refrigeration system extracts heat.
Hg (Mercury) Heavy silver-white metallic
Heat, Specific The heat absorbed (or given element; only metal that is liquid at ordinary
up) by a unit mass of a substance when its room temperature.
temperature is increased (or decreased) by
1-degree Common Units: Btu per (pound) High Coolant Temperature On the EMS II
(Fahrenheit degree), calories per (gram) module, a flashing red light and a horn will
(Centigrade degree). For gasses, both specific indicate the engine has started a high coolant
heat at constant pressure (c p) and specific heat temp. derate. If the ECM triggers an engine
at constant volume (c v) are frequently used. In shutdown due to high coolant temperature, the
air-conditioning, c p is usually used. light and horn will continue, and the system
shutdown light will also begin flashing.
Heat Transfer Movement of heat from one
body or substance to another. Heat may be High Heat Value (HHV) The total energy
transferred by radiation, conduction, convection, content of a fuel available by complete
or a combination of these three methods. combustion and all products of combustion at
60 F and water in a vapor state. Equals to the
Heat Treatment A combination of heating High Heat Value less the latent heat of
and cooling operations timed and applied to a vaporization.
metal in a solid state in a way that will
produce desired properties. High Idle Setting The maximum speed at
which an engine will run with the governor
Heating Value The amount of heat produced
wide open at no load condition.
by burning 1 lb of fuel.
High Side Parts of a refrigerating system
Helical Gear A gear wheel of a spiraling
which are under condensing or high side
shape. (The teeth are cut across the face at an
pressure.
angle with the axis.)
Hermetically Sealed Unit A sealed High Voltage Any AC voltage above 15000V.
hermetic-type condensing unit is a mechanical Hone A tool with an abrasive stone used for
condensing unit in which the compressor and removing metal, such as correcting small
compressor motor are enclosed in the same irregularities or differences in diameter in a
housing with no external shaft or shaft seal, the cylinder.
compressor motor operating in the refrigerant
Horsepower (hp) A unit used to measure
atmosphere. The compressor and compressor
power of an engine. An electric motor develops
motor housing may be of either the fully
one horsepower by lifting weight of 550 pounds
welded or brazed type, or of the service-sealed
through a distance of one foot in one second. It
type. In the fully welded or brazed type, the
represents the product of force and rate of
housing is permanently sealed and is not
motion. (See Brake Horsepower and Indicated
provided with means of access of servicing
Horsepower.)
internal parts in the field. In the service-sealed
type, the housing is provided with some means
of access of servicing internal parts in the field. 29
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Horsepower-hour (hp-h) A unit of energy Hydraulics That branch of mechanics or


equivalent to that expended in 1 hp applied for engineering which deals with the action or use
1 hour. Equal to approximately 2,545 Btu. of liquids forced through tubes and orifices
under pressure to operate various mechanisms.
Hot Gas Bypass Piping system in
refrigerating unit which moves hot refrigerant Hydrocarbons (HC) Emissions consisting
gas from condenser into low pressure side. of unburned fuel or lubricating oil, which
cause eye irritation and unpleasant odors.
Hot Gas Line The line that carries the hot
Measured in parts per million by volume.
discharge gas from the compressor to the
HC concentration (ppm) = 2067 xHC mass emissions (g/hr)
condenser.
Exhaust mass flow (kg/hr)
Hot Shortness Brittleness in metal when hot.
Hydrogen One of the elements constituting
Hot Spot Refers to a comparatively thin fuel and lubricating oil.
section or area of the wall between the inlet and
Hydromechanical Governor A governing
exhaust manifold of an engine, the purpose being
system which uses engine lubricating oil
to allow the hot exhaust gases to heat the
pressure to support the action of a mechanical
comparatively cool incoming mixture. Also used
control any mechanical governor assisted
to designate local areas of the cooling system
by a hydraulic servo valve.
which have attained above average temperatures.
Hydrometer A test instrument for
Hot Well (expansion tank) A system used
determining the specific gravities of liquids.
when static head exceeds 17.4 m (57 ft), or a
boost pump imposes excessive dynamic head.
Humidifier Device used to add to and
control the humidity in a confined space. ID Inside diameter.
Humidistat An electrical control which is Idle To operate (an engine) without
operated by changing humidity. transmitting power.
Humidity Moisture; dampness. Relative Idling Refers to the engine operating at its
humidity is a ratio of quantity of vapor present slowest speed with a machine not in motion.
in air to the greatest amount possible at given An engine running without load.
temperature.
Ignition The start of combustion.
Hunting Alternate overspeeding and
underspeeding of the engine caused by Ignition Delay The period between when
governor instability. fuel injection begins and when fuel actually
starts to burn.
Hybrid An engine which combines the
features of reciprocating and rotating engines. Ignition Lag The time between start of
injection and ignition.
Hydraulic Governor A governor which uses
a control valve to allow oil pressure to work Immersed To be completely under the
directly on the terminal shaft through a power surface of a fluid.
piston.
Hydraulically Actuated Electronically
Controlled Unit Injector (HEUI) A Cat
system which manages precise injection of
fuel in an engine to achieve optimal efficiency
and performance.
30
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Impact Testing Method to determine the Indicator Card A graphic record of the
tendency of a metal toward brittleness. Samples cylinder pressures made by an indicator.
are mounted and struck with a single pendulum-
Indirectly Cooled Piston A piston cooled
type blow of such force as to fracture the
mainly by the conduction of heat through the
specimen. The energy required is measured in
cylinder walls.
foot-pounds and is affected by the striking
velocity, temperature, form, and size of sample. Induction Using the magnetic field to impart
If the sample resists fracture in the test, it is electricity into an object which is not
described as tough; if it fractures easily, it is otherwise connected to the first ones.
brittle or notch sensitive. See Cohesive Strength.
Induction Generator A nonsynchronous AC
Import/Export Control Requires varying generator similar in construction with an AC
generator set power output with site load to motor, and which is driven above synchronous
keep the amount of power imported from or speed by external sources of mechanical
exported to the utility near constant. The power.
generator sets operate in parallel with the utility,
and their output is raised and lowered to match Induction Hardening A method of
changes in the site load. This scheme requires a hardening the surface of a part electrically. A
monitoring device at the point in the system to be high frequency current, varying from a few
kept near constant and is typically accomplished thousand cycles to several million cycles per
with a programmable logic controller (PLC). second, is passed through a coil that is held
very close to the surface to be hardened. This
Inboard Exciter Exciter components are induces eddy currents into the surface of the
physically inboard of ball bearing. This design part which, together with hysteresis effect of
is okay where shaft deflection between bearing the rapid reversals, heats the surface, and by
center and engine drive flange mounting is not conduction may through heat the part, if
a problem. desired. Quenching may be done immediately
Inclusions Particles of impurities, usually in water, or in some cases the cold core of the
oxides, sulphides, silicates, and such, which steel itself may be the quenching medium. The
are mechanically held during solidification or surface finish is in no way affected by this
which are formed by subsequent reaction of method nor is the part distorted.
the solid metal. These impurities are called Induction Motor An AC motor which
nonmetallic inclusions and may or may not be operates on the principle of rotating magnetic
harmful depending on their type, size, field. The rotor has no electrical connection,
distribution, and the end product to be but receives electrical energy by transformer
manufactured. action from field windings.
Indicated Horsepower (ihp) An elevated Induction System Those components of an
engine power measurement which includes the engine involved in providing combustion air to
entire amount of horsepower developed in the an engine.
combustion chamber, before any is lost
Inductor An apparatus formed by wrapping
through friction or operation of satellite
a number of turns of insulated wire around a
systems.
form; used to introduce inductance into an
Indicated Thermal Efficiency The ratio of electric circuit.
indicated horsepower to equivalent power input
Industrial Air-Conditioning Air-
in the form of heat from fuel.
conditioning for uses other than comfort.
Indicator An instrument for recording the
variation of cylinder pressure during the cycle.
31
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Industrial Grade Relay An AC protective Inline A type of cylinder arrangement in an


relay that is installed within the switchgear engine where the cylinders are aligned in a row.
enclosure and cannot be easily removed for
Input Shaft The shaft carrying the driving
testing and calibration.
gear, such as in a transmission by which the
Inertia That property of matter which causes power is applied.
it to tend to remain at rest if already
Insert Bearing A removable, precision-made
motionless or to continue in the same straight
bearing.
line of motion if already moving.
Insulated Case Circuit Breaker A power
Inhibitor Any substance which retards or
circuit breaker that is provided in a preformed
prevents such chemical reactions as corrosion
case, similar to a molded case breaker.
or oxidation.
Insulator Materials or substances that
Injection Pump A high-variable pressure
effectively block the movement of electrons.
pump delivering fuel into the combustion
An example is glass.
chamber.
Intake Manifold A connecting casting
Injection System The components necessary between the air filter or turbocharger and the
for delivering fuel to the combustion chamber port openings to the intake valves.
in the correct quantity, at the correct time, and
in a condition satisfactory for efficient burning. Intake Valve The valve which allows air to
enter into the cylinder and seals against exit.
Injector A device used to bring fuel into the
combustion chamber. Integral The whole, made up of parts.
Injector Actuation Pressure Control Valve Intercooler Heat exchanger for cooling the
(IAPCV) A component of the Cat HEUI fuel air between stages of compression.
system that controls the pressure of the oil Internal Rate of Return Discount rate at
which actuates the unit injector. which the present value of an investment is
Inlet Air Pressure The dry air pressure equal to the investment.
supplied to the inlet of an engine. This is Internal-Combustion Engine An engine
normally barometric pressure minus water that burns fuel within itself as a means of
vapor pressure minus inlet air restriction. developing power.
Inlet Air Restriction The pressure drop of
Interrupted Quenching Refers to the use of
the combustion air from atmospheric pressure
two or more quenching media to obtain the
to the compressor inlet of a supercharged
final structure required. The part may be
engine or to the inlet manifold of a naturally
removed after a definite time in the original
aspirated engine.
quenching medium and then finish cooled in
Inlet Fuel Pressure The fuel pressure another medium. Several methods have been
supplied to the fuel inlet of a diesel engine. developed. See Austempering, Isothermal
Inlet Fuel Pressure (ABS) The gas pressure Quenching, Martempering.
supplied to the fuel inlet of a spark ignited Interruptible This refers to the practice of
engine. operating on-site power systems, at the request
Inlet Fuel Temperature The temperature of of a utility, to reduce electrical demand on the
the fuel supplied to the fuel inlet of either a utility grid during periods of high consumption.
diesel or spark ignited engine.
Inlet Manifold Pressure Absolute pressure
32
in the inlet manifold of a spark ignited engine.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Interruptible Loads Loads which can be Isothermal Quenching A method of


temporarily disconnected without damage or hardening steel by quenching from the
any apparent reduction in facility performance. austenitizing temperature into an agitated salt
Such loads may include electric motors, bath which is maintained at a constant
driving pumps and fans, or lighting circuits. temperature level above the point at which
martensite is formed (usually 450 F or higher),
Interruptible Power Electric energy
holding in this for sufficient time to permit
supplied by an electric utility subject to
transformation, transferring the steel
interruption by the electric utility under
immediately to some medium maintained at
specified conditions.
some higher temperature level for tempering and
Interrupting Capacity The magnitude of cooling in air. The advantages of this method of
electrical current that a device can safely interrupted quenching are a minimum of
interrupt (open against), without failure of the distortion and residual strains with higher
component. hardness which can be tempered to produce the
needed physical properties. Larger sections can be
Interrupting Rating The maximum current
hardened by this method than by austempering.
allowed by the normal source protective device
on a generator set, that the automatic transfer
switch is capable of interrupting. It applies when
line voltage falls below the preset value of the
Jacket A covering used to isolate or insulate,
voltage sensing relay, and the standby source is
especially engine heat.
present. The switch then could transfer before the
normal service protective device clears the fault. Jacket Water Cooling water which
Inverter An electromechanical or electronic circulates through the engine.
device for converting direct current into Jet A small hole in a carburetor passage to
alternating current. measure the flow of gasoline.
Irregular Straighteners Used to straighten Jet Cooling A method of passing cooling oil
hexagons, flats, and squares. Essentially below the piston by means of a jet or nozzle.
consisting of two groups of rolls placed at
right angles to each other. Each group of rolls Joiminy Hardenability Test A test used to
consists of five or more rolls set in the same determine the hardenability of any grade of
plane and adjusted to provide reciprocate steel. It is based on the premise that (1)
bending of the steel in the same plane. irrespective of their chemistry, steel bars of the
same size loose heat at a predetermined
Isochronous The condition of maintaining number of degrees per second under fixed
constant speed, regardless of load, at steady- conditions and (2) that the structure and
state conditions, for constant electrical physical properties vary with the rate of
frequency output. cooling. See Hardenability and Quenching.
Isochronous Governor A governor having Journal The portion of a shaft, crank, etc.,
zero speed droop. which turns in a bearing.
Isochronous Load Sharing A method of
controlling the speed of paralleled generator
sets so that all sets share the load equally,
without any droop in frequency. Kelvin Scale (K) A temperature scale having
Isolators Materials used between the the same size divisions as those between
foundation of a generator set and its mounting Celsius degrees, but having the zero point at
surface. absolute zero.
33
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Key A fastening device wherein two kVAR The abbreviation for Kilo-Volt-
components each have a partially cut groove, Amperes Reactive. It is associated with the
and a single square is inserted in both to fasten reactive power that flows in a power system.
them together such as between the shaft and Reactive power does not load the sets engine
hub to prevent circumferential movement. but does limit the generator thermally.
Keyway or Keyseat The groove cut in a
component to hold the key.
Killed Steel A steel sufficiently deoxidized to Lacquer A solution of solids in solvents
prevent gas evolution during solidification. The which evaporate with great rapidity.
top surface of the ingot freezes immediately and Lag To slow down or get behind; time
subsequent shrinkage produces a central pipe. A interval, as in ignition lag.
semikilled steel, having been less completely
deoxidized, develops sufficient gas evolution Laminar A layer of fluid.
internally in freezing to replace the pipe by a Laminar Flow A smooth flow in which no
substantially equivalent volume of rather deep- crossflow of fluid particles occurs.
seated blow holes. Land The projecting part of a grooved
Kilometer (km) A metric measurement of surface; for example, that part of a piston on
length equal to 0.6214 mi. which the rings rest.
Kilovolt (kV) 1000 volts. Lap A surface defect appearing as a seam
caused from folding over hot metal, fins, or
Kilowatt (kW) 1000 watts. A term for rating sharp corners and then rolling or forging, but
electrical devices. Generator sets in the United not welding them into the surface.
States are usually rated in kW. Sometimes called
active power, kW loads the generator set engine. Lap (lapping) A method of refinishing
(grinding and polishing) the surface of a
Kilowatt-Hour (kW-h) The most commonly component.
used unit of measure telling the amount of
electricity consumed over time. It means one Latent Heat Heat energy absorbed in
kilowatt of electricity supplied for one hour. process of changing form of substance
(melting, vaporization, fusion) without change
Kinetic Energy The energy which an object in temperature or pressure.
has while in motion.
Letter Drills Drills on which the size is
Knock A general term used to describe designated by a letter.
various noises occurring in an engine; may be
L-Head Engine An engine design in which
used to describe noises made by loose or worn
both valves are located on one side of the
mechanical parts, preignition, detonation, etc.
engine cylinder.
Knurling A method of placing ridges in a Line A tube, pipe, or hose which is used as a
surface, thereby forcing the areas between conductor of fluid.
these ridges to rise.
Linear Moving in one direction only.
kVA The abbreviation for Kilo-Volt-
Amperes, a common term for rating electrical Liner The sleeve forming the cylinder bore
devices. A devices kVA rating is equal to its in which the piston reciprocates.
rated output in amps multiplied by its rated Linkage A movable connection between two
operating voltage. units.
Liquid Matter which has a definite volume
34 but takes the shape of any container.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Liquid Absorbent A chemical in liquid Load Management The utilization of


form which has the property to take on or generator sets in order to control the amount of
absorb moisture. electrical power purchased from a utility. This
can be accomplished by switching specific
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) A device for
loads from utility power to generator power, or
alphanumeric displays using a pattern of tiny
operating generator(s) in parallel with the
sealed capsules which contain a transparent
utility.
liquid crystal that becomes opaque when an
electric field is applied to it; the contrast Load Sense Demand A paralleling system
between the transparent and opaque areas operating mode in which the system monitors
forms letters or numbers. the total kW output of the generator sets, and
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Natural gas controls the number of operating sets as a
that has been condensed to a liquid, typically function of the total load on the system. The
by cryogenically cooling the gas to -327.2 F purpose of load demand controls is to reduce
(below zero). fuel consumption and limit problems caused
by light load operation of reciprocating diesel
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A mixture generator sets.
of gaseous hydrocarbons, mainly propane and
butane that change into liquid form under Load Shedding The process by which the
moderate pressure. total load on a paralleling system is reduced,
on overload of the system bus, so that the most
Liter (L) A metric measurement of volume critical loads continue to be provided with
equal to 0.2642 gal (U.S.). reliable electrical service. Overload is typically
Live Wire A conductor which carries current. determined as a bus underfrequency condition.

Load The power that is being delivered by Load-Line Angle The angle of a load line
any power-producing device. The equipment with respect to the shaft center or bearing
that uses the power from the power-producing radial centerline.
device. (Also see Cooling Load and Engine Lobe The projecting part, usually rounded,
Load.) on a rotating shaft.
Load Current Amperage required by the Low Coolant Temperature On the EMS II
load that is supplied by an electrical power module, a flashing red light and horn
source. annunciate when the coolant temperature falls
Load Curve A curve on a chart showing below a value programmed within EMS II.
power (kilowatts) supplied, plotted against Low Heat Value (LHV) The total heat
time of occurrence, and illustrating the varying produced by burning a given mass of fuel
magnitude of the load during the period minus the latent heat of evaporation of water
covered. produced by the combustion process.
Load Factor The mathematical ratio of the Low Side That portion of a refrigerating
actual load divided by the connected load. system which is under the lowest evaporating
Load Following Operation of equipment to pressure.
match production to demand. Low Side Pressure Pressure in cooling side
Load Line A center line indicating the of refrigerating cycle.
points of contact where the load passes within Low Voltage Any AC voltage between 120V
the bearing. and 600V.

35
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

LP-Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Made Magnetizing Current Transformers, motors


usable as a fuel for internal combustion and other electromagnetic devices containing
engines by compressing volatile petroleum iron in the magnetic circuit must be
gases to liquid form. When so used, must be magnetized in order to operate. It is customary
kept under pressure or at low temperature in to speak of the lagging inductive current as a
order to remain in liquid form, until used by magnetizing current.
the engine.
Main Bearing A bearing supporting the
Lubricant A substance to decrease the crankshaft on its axis.
effects of friction, commonly a petroleum
Main Breaker A circuit breaker at the input
product (grease, oil, etc.).
or output of the bus, through which all of the
Lubricator A mechanical oiler which feeds bus power must flow. The generator main
oil at a controlled rate. breaker is the device that interrupts the sets
power output. Main breakers provide
Lug Condition when the engine is operating
overcurrent protection and a single disconnect
at or below its maximum torque speed, or
point for all power in a switchboard or device.
slowing the speed of an engine by adding load.
Maintenance Costs The cost of servicing
and repair of equipment, including parts and
labor.
Machinability The factors involved in
Maintenance Power Electric energy
determining machinability are cutting speed
supplied by an electric utility during scheduled
and feed, resultant surface produced, and tool
outages of the cogenerator.
life. There are, however, many variables
involved in each of these factors such as Makeup Water The water required to
hardness, grain size, structure, inclusions, size replace the water lost from a cooling tower by
and shape of tool, coolant, etc. The standard evaporation, drift, and bleedoff.
for machinability ratings is SAE 1112 (AISI
Mandrel A mounting device for a stone,
B.1112) Bessemer screw stock rated as 100%
cutter, saw, etc.
although other materials may be used.
Manifold A pipe with one inlet and several
Magnaflux A method used to check
outlets, used to collect and direct fluids and
components for cracks.
gases.
Magnaflux Testing A method of inspection
Manometer A device for measuring a
used to locate cracks, cavities or seams in steel
vacuum. It is a U-shaped tube partially filled
bars at or very close to the surface. Special
with fluid. One end of the tube is open to the
equipment has been developed for this test and
air and the other is connected to the chamber
several methods are used. In principle the part
in which the vacuum is to be measured. A
is magnetized and magnetic powder is applied,
column of Mercury 30 in. high equals
wet or dry. Flaws that are not otherwise visible
14.7 lbs. per square in., which is atmospheric
will be indicted by the powder clinging to
pressure at sea level. Readings are given in
them. Due to many variables that may be
terms of inches of Mercury.
present in this test, considerable experience is
needed for uniform interpretation or results. Manual Control A device which allows
manual control of output voltage.
Magnetic Field The affected area of the
magnetic lines of force. Manual Valve A valve which is opened,
closed, or adjusted by hand.

36
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Marine Duty A generator with features to Mean Effective Pressure (mep) The
meet marine duty certification. PM, calculated combustion in pounds per square
thermocouples in winding for heat sensing, inch (average) during the power stroke, minus
green paint, and space heaters. the pounds per square inch (average) of the
remaining three strokes.
Marine Power System (MPS) Software A
Cat computer program which automatically Mean Indicated Pressure (mip) Net mean gas
sizes marine engines, gears, and propellers, pressure acting on the piston to produce work.
based on desired vessel performance. A Mechanical Advantage The ratio of the
complete report is compiled for buyers to resisting weight to the acting force. The
reference comparisons between various system distance through which the force is exerted
configurations. divided by the distance the weight is raised.
Marmon Clamps Circular clamps used for Mechanical Efficiency (1) The ratio of
air pipe connection. They include metal rings brake horsepower to indicated horsepower, or
to aid in sealing. ratio of brake mean effective pressure to mean
Martempering A method of hardening steel indicated pressure. (2) An engines rating
by quenching from the austenitizing which indicates how much of the potential
temperature into some heat extracting medium horsepower is wasted through friction within
(usually salt) which is maintained at some the moving parts of the engine.
constant temperature level above the point at Mechanical Governor A simple type of
which martensite starts to transform (usually governor using flyweights for speed sensing
about 450 F), holding the steel in this medium and throttle control.
until the temperature is uniform throughout,
cooling in air for the formation of martensite Mechanical Injection Mechanical force
and tempering by the conventional method. pressurizing the metered fuel and causing
The advantages of this method of interrupted injection.
quenching are a minimum of distortion and Mechanical Properties Those properties
residual strains. The size of the part can be that reveal the reaction, elastic and inelastic, of
considerably larger than for austempering. a material to an applied force or that involve
Martensite A microconstituent or structure the relationship between stress and strain; for
in quenched steel characterized by an acicular example, Youngs modulus, tensile strength,
or needle-like pattern on the surface polished fatigue limit. These properties have often been
and etched. It has the maximum hardness of designated as physical properties, but the term
any of the decomposition products of mechanical properties is much to be preferred.
austenite. It is a transition lattice formed by the See Physical Properties.
partial transformation of austenite. Mechanically Operated Valve A valve
which is opened and closed at regular points in
Mass Elastic System Pistons, rods,
a cycle of events by mechanical means.
crankshaft, flywheel, coupling, driven
equipment, and associated shafting. Medart Equipment developed for
straightening cold drawn bars measuring from
Matter Any substance which occupies space
about 1/2" to 2-7/8" in diameter. These
and has weight. The three forms of matter are
straighteners have one concave and one
solids, liquids, and gases.
straight roll which revolve the bar as it passes
between them. Much of the sizing of the bar
and the brightness of the finish is
accomplished in this operation.
37
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Medium Voltage Any AC voltage between Mixed Cycle Where fuel burns partly at
1000 and 15,000 VAC. constant volume and partly at constant
Megawatt (MW) One million watts pressure. Sometimes applied to the actual
combustion cycle in most high-speed internal
Megawatt Hour (MWh) One thousand combustion engines.
kilowatt-hours, or an amount of electricity that
Mixture Control A screw or adjustable valve
would supply the monthly power needs of a
to regulate the air/fuel provided by a carburetor.
typical home having an electric hot water
system. Modem Modulator/demodulator
Metal Fatigue When metal crystallizes and Modulus of Elasticity The ratio, within the
is in jeopardy of breaking because of vibration, limit of elasticity, of the stress to the
twisting, bending, etc. corresponding strain. The stress in pounds per
square inch is divided by the elongation in
Metering Fuel Pump A fuel pump delivering fractions of an inch for each inch of the
a controlled amount of fuel per cycle. original gage length of the specimen.
Methyl Chloride (R-40) A chemical once Molded Case Circuit Breaker Automatically
commonly used as a refrigerant. The chemical interrupts the current flowing through it when the
formula is CH3Cl. Cylinder color code is current exceeds the trip rating of the breaker.
orange. The boiling point at atmospheric Molded case refers to the use of molded plastic
pressure is -10.4 F. as the medium of electrical insulation for
Metric Size Size of a component, part, etc., enclosing the mechanisms, and for separating
in metric units of measurement (e.g., meters, conducting surfaces from one another and from
centimeters). grounded metal parts.
Micrometer (m) One one-millionth of a Molecule The smallest portion to which a
meter or 0.000039 in. substance may be reduced by subdivision and
still retain its chemical identity.
Micrometer (mike) A precision measuring
tool that is accurate to within one one-thousandth Molliers Diagram Graph of refrigerant
of an inch or one one-hundredth of a millimeter. pressure, heat, and temperature properties.
Millimeter (mm) One one-thousandth of a Monochlorodifluoromethane A refrigerant
meter or 0.039370 in. better known as Freon 12 or W-22. The
chemical formula is CHCIF2. Cylinder color
Milling Machine A machine used to remove
code is green.
metal, cut splices, gears, etc., by the rotation of
its cutter or abrasive wheel. Monocoque Construction Integral
construction of stator assembly where outside
Minimum Generation Generally, the
shell provides a major portion of construction
required minimum generation level of a utility
strength.
systems thermal units. Specifically, the lowest
level of operation of oil-fired and gas-fired Motor An actuator which converts fluid
units at which they can be currently available power or electric energy to rotary mechanical
to meet peak load needs. force and motion. This term should be used in
connection with an electric motor and should
Misfiring When the pressure of combustion
not be used when referring to the engine of a
of one or more cylinders is lower than the
machine.
remaining cylinders, one or more cylinders
have an earlier or later ignition than the others. Motor Inrush Current The current required
to start an electric motor at rest. This current is
equal to the current that would be drawn by
38 the motor if the rotor were not allowed to turn.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Muffler A chamber attached to the end of the Network A system of transmission or


exhaust pipe which allows the exhaust gases to distribution lines so cross-connected and
expand and cool. It is usually fitted with baffles operated as to permit multiple power supply to
or porous plates and serves to subdue much of any principal point on it.
the noise created by the exhaust.
Neutron A neutral charged particle of an
Multifuel A term used to describe an engine atom.
which can burn a variety of different fuels.
New Material Release Announces new or
Multimegawatt Many million watts. different items of interest that would be of
Multiple Rating Engine An engine which value to dealers and sales representatives.
has a variable full load fuel setting to provide Newtons Third Law For every action there
more than one full load power. is an equal, opposite reaction.
Multiviscosity Oil An oil meeting SAE Nitrogen Oxide (NO) The combination of
requirements. nitrogen and oxygen that occurs during the
combustion process.
Nominal The specified or target value of an
National Electrical Manufacturers engine performance characteristic. The
Association (NEMA) A non-profit U.S. nominal value is usually accompanied by
trade association of manufacturers of electrical tolerances defining the acceptable range of the
apparatus and supplies. This organization characteristic relative to the nominal.
facilitates understanding between Nonferrous Metals Any metals not
manufacturers and users of electrical products. containing iron.
Natural Convection Movement of a fluid Non-Interruptible Loads Loads which
caused by temperature differences (density cannot tolerate even a momentary power
changes). outage without causing damage or severe
Natural Gas Hydrocarbon gas found in the functional loss to a facility. A computer is a
earth, composed of methane, ethane, butane, noninterruptible load, as any power lapse could
propane and other gases. result in loss of vital data or computer-
controlled action.
Naturally Aspirated A term applied to an
engine which has no method of compressing Nonlinear Loads Any load for which the
air supplied to the inlet manifold. relationship between voltage and current is not
a linear function. Some common nonlinear
Needle Bearing A roller-type bearing in loads are fluorescent lighting, SCR motor
which the rollers are smaller in diameter than starters, and UPS systems. Nonlinear loads
in length proportional to the race. cause abnormal conductor heating and voltage
Negative Terminal A terminal from which distortion.
the current flows back to its source. North Pole (magnet) The pole from which
NEMA 1 Enclosure This enclosure the lines of force emanate (thereafter entering
designation is for indoor use only when dirt, the south pole).
dust, and water are not a consideration. Not In Auto (EPG only) On the EMS II
Personnel protection is the primary purpose of module, a flashing red light annunciates when
this type of enclosure. the engine control switch is not in auto. The
Neoprene A synthetic rubber highly resistant engine control switch information will be
to oil, light, heat, and oxidation. available on the datalink.
39
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Notching A method of producing stator Oil Gallery A pipe-drilled or cast passage in


laminations by indexing and punching stator the cylinder-head block and crankcase that is
slots one at a time. used to carry oil from the supply to an area
requiring lubrication or cooling.
NOx [combination of nitric oxide (NO) and
nitrogen dioxide (NO2 )] A harmful Oil Pressure The engine oil pressure at full
chemical present in combustion air formed by load at a specified location on the engine.
decomposition and recombination of molecular
Oil Pump A mechanical device to pump oil
oxygen and nitrogen. Measured in parts per
(under pressure) into the various oil galleries.
million by volume.
NOx Concentration (ppm) = Oil Pumping An engine condition wherein
629 x NOx mass emissions (g/hr) excessive oil passes by the piston rings and is
Exhaust mass flow (kg/hr) burned during combustion.
NOx RACT Reasonable Available Control Oil, Refrigeration Specifically prepared oil
Technology being applied to NOx on existing used in refrigerator mechanism circulates to
stationary sources in nonattainment areas. same extent with refrigerant. The oil must be
Nozzle The component containing the fuel dry (entirely free of moisture), otherwise,
valve and having one or more orifices through moisture will condense out and freeze in the
which fuel is injected. refrigerant control and may cause refrigerant
mechanism to fail. An oil classified as a
Number Drills Drills on which the size is refrigerant oil must be free of moisture and
designated by a number. other contaminants.
Oil Seal A mechanical device used to
prevent oil leakage, usually past a shaft.
Octane Measurement which indicates the Oil Separator Device used to remove oil
tendency of a fuel to detonate or knock. from gaseous refrigerant.
Off-Peak Time periods when power demand Oil Slinger A special frame disk fastened to
are below average. For electric utilities, a revolving shaft. When the shaft rotates and
generally nights and weekends; for gas oil contacts the disk, it is thrown outward away
utilities, summer months. from the seal, and thus reduces the force on
the seal.
Ohm () A unit used to measure the
opposition or resistance to flow of electric Oil-Bath Air Cleaner An air filter that utilizes
current in a circuit. a reservoir of oil to remove the impurities from
the air before it enters the intake manifold or the
Ohmmeter An instrument for measuring the
compressor of the turbine.
resistance in a circuit or unit in ohms.
Open Circuit A circuit in which a wire is
Ohms Law The number of amperes flowing
broken or disconnected.
in a circuit is equal to the number of volts
divided by the number of ohms. Open-Type System A refrigerating system
which uses a belt-driven compressor or a
Oil Cooler A heat exchanger for lowering
coupling-driven compressor.
the temperature of oil.
Opposed A type of cylinder arrangement in
Oil Filter A device for removing impurities
an engine where the cylinders are placed
from oil.
opposite one another.

40
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Opposed Piston Engine An engine having Overhaul Protection for Trucks (OPT) A
two pistons operating in opposite ends of the comprehensive Cat plan to protect against
same cylinder, compressing air between them. unexpected engine repair costs on overhauled
engines; covers 100 percent of any repair cost
Orderly Turbulence Air motion which is
for qualifying parts and labor.
controlled as to direction or velocity.
Overhead Camshaft A camshaft which is
Orifice Accurate size openings for mounted above the cylinder head.
controlling fluid flow.
Overrunning Clutch A clutch mechanism
Oscillate To swing back and forth like a that transmits power in one direction only.
pendulum; to vibrate.
Overrunning-Clutch Starter Drive A
Oscilloscope A device for recording wave mechanical device that locks in one direction
forms on a fluorescent screen, proportional to but turns freely in the opposite direction.
the input voltage.
Overspeed Engine running higher than the
Otto Cycle Also called four-stroke cycle. operational speed range. A dangerous engine
Named after the man who adopted the condition where the combustion system is
principle of four cycles of operation for each receiving more fuel than the engine load
explosion in an engine cylinder. They are demands. On the EMS II module, a flashing
(1) intake stroke, (2) compression stroke, red light and a horn annunciate when an
(3) power stroke, (4) exhaust stroke. engine overspeed has occurred. The ECM will
determine when an engine overspeed has
Outboard Exciter Exciter components are
occurred and will shut down the engine by
physically located outboard of the ball bearing.
shutting off the fuel to the engine and tripping
This design is used to keep shaft deflection
the air shutoffs (if provided).
between the bearing center and the engine
drive flange mounting to a minimum. Overspeed Governor A governor that shuts
off the fuel or stops the engine only when
Outage (electric utility) An interruption of excessive speed is reached.
electric service that is temporary (minutes or
hours) and affects a relatively small area Oversquare Engine An engine that has a
(buildings or city blocks). larger bore diameter than the length of its stroke.
Output Shaft The shaft which delivers the Overvoltage Relay Operates when the
power. monitored voltage exceeds the relay setpoint.
If monitoring a generator set the generator
Overcrank (EPG only) On the EMS II module, sets circuit breaker is typically tripped open
a flashing red light and a horn annunciate when and the generator set is shut down.
an overcrank has occurred. The ECM will
determine when an overcrank has occurred and Oxidation That process by which oxygen
will provide the information on the datalink. unites with some other substance causing rust
or corrosion.
Overcurrent Relay Operates when the
monitored current exceeds the relay setpoint.
Overcurrent protection usually consists of an
Packing A class of seal of flexible material
instantaneous setting and a timed setting. Low
used to seal two parts which move in relation
voltage circuit breakers usually include a trip
to each other.
unit that incorporates these functions.
Paper Air Cleaner An air filter with a special
paper element through which the air is drawn.

41
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Parallel Circuit An electric circuit with two or Peak-to-Peak Voltage Measurement of


more branch circuits. It is wired to allow current voltage from the maximum value of one polarity
to flow through all branches at the same time. to the maximum of the opposite polarity.
Paralleling Two or more AC generator sets Peak Voltage Measurement of voltage at the
(or one generator set and the utility) supplying maximum points of the waveform.
power to a common load. Connection of the Peaking Unit A power generator used by a
power sources is made so that the sources utility to produce extra electricity during peak
electrically function as a single source of load times.
power. Parallel operation requires that the two
sources of electrical power match in voltage, Pearlite The lamellar aggregate of ferrite
frequency, and number of phases. and carbide resulting from the direct
transformation of austenite at Arl. It is
Particle Emissions Emitted substances recommended that this word be reserved for
including soot (unburned carbon), soluble the microstructures consisting of thin plates of
organic fraction (SOF), and sulfates. lamellae; that is, those that may have a pearly
Pascals Law Pressure applied anywhere to luster in white light.
a body of confined fluid is transmitted Peen The thin end of a hammer head
undiminished to every portion of the surface of (opposite to the face).
the containing vessel.
Peening Flattening the end of a rivet, etc.,
Payback Period The time required to using the force of a hammer.
completely recover the original capital
Penetrating Oil A special oil that aids the
investment.
removal of rusted parts.
Peak Demand The maximum electrical
Perforate To make full of holes.
power (kilowatt) demand for a given facility
for a given time. Periphery The external boundary or
circumference.
Peak Load The highest electrical demand
within a particular period of time. Daily Permanent Magnet (PM) Excitation Type
electric peaks on weekdays occur in late A permanent magnet fixed on shaft which
afternoon and early evening. Annual peaks initiates current flow in PM stator when
occur on hot summer days. rotated.
Peak Load Power Plant A power generating Permanent Magnet Excitation (PME) Use
station that is normally used to produce extra of a PM pilot exciter to supply power to the
electricity during peak load times. voltage regulator and main exciter.
Peak Sharing Power customers directly Permissive Paralleling A feature of manual
assisting utilities by generating electricity during and automatic paralleling switchboards that
times of peak demand on the utility system. prevents out-of-phase manual paralleling. A
Peak Shaving The process by which loads in synchronizing check relay prevents the
a facility are reduced for a short time to limit electrical closing of the electrically operated
maximum electrical demand in a facility and to circuit breaker if the incoming set is outside of
avoid a portion of the demand charges from the the frequency or phase angle limits required
local utility. This is typically accomplished by for proper paralleling to a bus.
turning off low priority loads, transferring Personality Module (PM) The apparatus
specific loads to generator power, or generating which houses the software in a Cat electronic
electrical power in parallel with the utility. engines ECM.

42
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Petroleum An oil-liquid mixture made up of Pilot Valve A valve used to control the
numerous hydrocarbons chiefly of the paraffin operation of another valve.
series. Pinion A small gear having the teeth formed
Phase The relationship in time between two in the hub.
waveforms of the same frequency. For Pintle-Type Nozzle A closed-type nozzle
practical use, refer to single- and three-phase. having a projection on the end of the fuel
Phase Rotation (Or phase sequence) valve which extends into the orifice when the
describes the order (A-B-C, R-S-T, or U-V-W) valve is closed.
of the phase voltages at the output terminals of Pipe In diesel applications, that type of fluid
a three-phase generator. The generator phase line, the dimensions of which are designated
rotation must match the facility phase rotation. by nominal (approximate) inside diameter.
Phase Selector Switch Allows one meter to Pipe (steel defect) A cavity formed in metal
supply power to the voltage regulator and main (especially ingots) during the solidification of
exciter. the last portion of liquid metal. Contraction of
Phosphor-Bronze A bearing material the metal causes the cavity pipe.
composed of tin, lead, and copper. Piston A cylindrical part closed at one end
which is connected to the crankshaft by the
Physical Change A change which does not
connecting rod. The force of the expansion in
alter the composition of the molecules of a
the cylinder is exerted against the closed end
substance.
of the piston, causing the connecting rod to
Physical Properties It has been established move the crankshaft.
that fully hardened steels have the same
Piston Boss The reinforced area around the
mechanical properties when tempered to the
piston-pin bore.
same hardness, regardless of composition. Any
one of several compositions having the desired Piston Collapse A condition describing a
hardenability would produce the same results. collapse or a reduction in diameter of the
Since service stresses determine tensile piston skirt due to heat or stress.
strength requirements, a knowledge of this Piston Displacement The volume of air
factor will permit the determination of the moved or displaced by a piston when moved
other properties of hardness, tempering from BDC to TDC.
temperature, elongation, reduction of area and
yield. See Mechanical Properties. Piston Head The portion of the piston above
the top ring.
Pickling A treatment given hot rolled rods
Piston Lands That space of the piston
prior to cold drawing. Its purpose is to remove
between the ring grooves.
hot rolled scale and other foreign matter from
the rod; and this is commonly done by Piston Pin (wrist pin) A cylindrical alloy pin
immersing in a hot acid, generally a sulfuric that passes through the piston bore and is used
acid solution. The rolls are then rinsed in cold to connect the connecting rod to the piston.
water, followed most generally by lime coating Piston Ring A split ring of the expansion
by dipping in a vat of lime emulsion, and are type placed in a groove of the piston to seal
then heated to dry the lime and remove acid the space between the piston and the wall.
embrittlement.
Piston Ring End Cap The clearance
Pilot Shaft A shaft position in or through a between the ends of the ring (when installed in
hole of a component as a means of aligning the cylinder).
the components.
43
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Piston Ring Expander A spring placed behind Pole Shoe A soft iron piece over which the
the piston ring in the groove to increase the field coil is placed.
pressure of the ring against the cylinder wall. Port Bridge The portion of a cylinder or
Piston Ring Gap The clearance between the liner between two exhaust or scavenging ports.
ends of the piston ring. Port Scavenging Introducing scavenging air
Piston Ring Groove The grooves cut in the through ports in the cylinder wall when they
piston into which the piston rings are fitted. are uncovered by the power piston near the
end of the power stroke.
Piston Ring Side Clearance The clearance
between the sides of the ring and the ring lands. Ports Openings in the cylinder block and
cylinder head for the passage of oil and
Piston Skirt The portion of the piston which
coolant. (Also exhaust-intake connection and
is below the piston bore.
valve openings.)
Piston Speed The total distance traveled by
Positive Terminal The terminal which has a
each piston in 1 minute. The formula is piston
deficiency of electrons.
speed = stroke (ft) x rpm x 2 or stroke (in) x
rpm/6. Potential Energy The energy possessed by a
substance because of its position, its condition,
Pivot The pin or shaft on which a component or its chemical composition.
moves.
Potential Transformer (PT) An instrument
Plate (battery) A flat, square, rigid body of used to reduce the voltage to be measured by a
lead peroxide or porous lead. known ratio to a level suitable for the meter
Play The movement or slack between two movement.
components. Pounds per Square Inch (psi) A unit of
Plenum Chamber Chamber or container for measurement for pressure.
moving air or other gas under a slight positive Pour Point The lowest temperature at which
pressure. an oil will flow.
Plunger Pump A pump which displaces Power The rate of doing work. Power is the
fluid by means of a plunger. actual or observed power corrected to standard
PM (Excitation Type) A permanent magnet conditions of atmospheric pressure, inlet air
fixed on shaft which initiates current flow in temperature, and fuel density.
PM Stator when rotated. Power, Apparent A quantity of power
Pneumatics That branch of physics proportional to the mathematical product of
pertaining to the pressure and flow of gases. the volts and amperes of a circuit. This product
is generally designated in kilovoltamperes
Polar (magnet) Either end of a magnet. (kVA), and is comprised of both real and
Polar Timing Diagram A graphic method reactive power.
of illustrating the events of an engine cycle Power Conditioner A device which
with respect to crankshaft rotation. removes undesirable transients and distortion
Polarity Refers to the grounded battery from a power source.
terminal or to an electric circuit or to the north Power Factor A correction factor used to
and south pole of a magnet. figure the actual power being consumed. It is
Polarizing To develop polarization of the defined as the ratio of the actual power to the
pole shoes in respect to battery polarity. apparent power (current/voltage):
Power Factor = Actual Power (watts)
44 Apparent Power (kVA)
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Power Factor Meter Indicates the ratio Preignition Ignition occurring earlier than
between true power (kW) and apparent power intended. For example, the explosive mixture
(kVA). being fired in a cylinder as by a flake of
incandescent carbon before the electric spark
Power Factor/VAR Controller A device to
occurs.
maintain constant generator set reactive power
output while operating in parallel with a utility Preloading Adjusting taper roller bearings
or other large source. The controller interfaces so that the rollers are under mild pressure.
with the generator automatic voltage regulator Prerotation Vanes (PRVs) Vanes which are
and can usually be set to maintain a constant located at the compressor inlet. These vanes
power factor or constant kVAR output. can be rotated through the use of an actuator to
Power Pool Two or more interconnected vary the load.
electric systems planned and operated to Press-Fit Also known as a force-fit or drive-
supply power in the most reliable and fit. This term is used when the shaft is slightly
economical manner for their combined load larger than the hole and must be forced into
requirements and maintenance program. place.
Power, Real The energy or work-producing Press-Fit Pressure Force exerted per unit of
part of apparent power. It is the rate of area. (See Drive-fit.)
supply of energy, measured commercially in
Pressure An energy impact on a unit area;
kilowatts.
force or thrust exerted on a surface.
Power Take-Off (PTO) Accessory engine Pressure Cap A special radiator cap with a
drive which is used to power auxiliary pressure-relief and vacuum valve.
equipment.
Pressure Differential The difference in
PowerGram A publication designed to pressure between any two points of a system
feature an OEM (Original Equipment or a component.
Manufacturer) product that incorporates a
Pressure Drop The pressure difference at
Caterpillar product into their system. The
two ends of a circuit, part of a circuit, or the
OEM feature includes a photograph, product
two sides of a filter, or the pressure difference
description, and product features and benefits.
between the high side and low side in a
Also included within the PowerGram is a
refrigerator mechanism.
portion similar to a specification sheet, which
features the Caterpillar product. Pressure Lubrication A lubricating system
in which oil at a controlled pressure is brought
Precision Insert Bearing A precision type to the desired point.
of bearing consisting of an upper and lower
shell and a replaceable wear surface. Pressure Regulator, Evaporator An automatic
pressure regulating valve. Mounted in suction
Precombustion Chamber A portion of the line between evaporator outlet and compressor
combustion chamber connected to the cylinder inlet. Its purpose is to maintain a pre-determined
through a narrow port. Fuel is injected into and pressure and temperature in the evaporator.
is partly burned in the precombustion chamber.
Heat released by the burning causes the CO in Pressure Suction Pressure in the low
the precombustion chamber to be ejected into pressure side of a refrigerating system.
the cylinder with considerable turbulence. Pressure Time (PT) Curve A visual
representation of the pressure within the
combustion chamber during an engines
working cycle.
45
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Pressure-Relief Valve A valve that limits the Progressive Normally refers to a compound
maximum system pressure. die where all slots are gang punched at one time.
Primary Distribution Feeder An electric Prony Brake A friction brake used for
line supplying power to a distribution circuit, engine testing.
usually considered to be that portion of the
Proof Stress The load per unit area which a
primary conductors between the substation or
material is capable of withstanding without
point of supply and the center of distribution.
resulting in a permanent deformation of more
Prime Mover The engine, turbine, water than a specified amount per unit of cage length
wheel, or similar machine which drives an after complete release of load; i.e., the stress
electric generator. that will produce a very small permanent
Prime Power An application where the deformation, generally specified as 0.01% of
generator set(s) must supply power on a the original gauge length. Because this is
continuous basis and for long periods of time difficult to determine by the alternate loading
between shutdowns. No utility service is and releasing which is generally prescribed,
present in typical prime power applications. the offset method is frequently employed.

Printed Circuit An electric circuit where the Proton The positively charged particle in the
conductor is pressed or printed in or on an nucleus of an atom.
insulating material (panel) and at the same Prussian Blue A blue pigment, obtainable in
time is connected to the resistor, diodes, tubes, which is used to find high spots in a
condenser, etc. bearing.
Probability of On-Site Power Economic Test PS Pferdestarke (horsepower) German
(PROSPECT) A Cat menu-driven personal designation for metric horsepower.
computer software package which quickly
Psychrometric Chart A chart that shows the
analyzes peak shaving economic feasibility
relationship between the temperature, pressure,
and return on investment.
and moisture content of the air.
Product Information A book designed to
Pull Down An expression indicating action
educate dealers on a product or product line,
of removing refrigerant from all or a part of a
and serve as a resource guide to aid in the
refrigerating system.
sales process. It is comprehensive, yet quickly
read, with a bulleted text format. Product Pulsate To move with rhythmical impulse.
features, benefits, and diagrams; servicing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) A signal
information; maintenance schedules; consisting of variable width pulses at fixed
performance and competitive data; schematics; intervals, whose ratio of TIME ON versus
and other material may be included. total TIME OFF can be varied. (Also
Product News A publication used to update referred to as duty cycle.)
dealers on the development and availability of
a new product, product update, product ON
10%
change, or feature. In addition to a basic OFF
TIME
description of the new item, among the
ON
contents may be specifications, detailed feature 50%
breakdown, performance data, schematics, OFF
TIME
pricing and shipping information, product ON
90%
contacts, and any other pertinent statistics.
OFF
TIME
Prognostics Predict failure or potential
problems before occurrence. Example of Pulse Width
46
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Pulverize To reduce or become reduced to Qualifying Facility A cogenerator or small


powder or dust. power producer which, under federal law, has
Pump A device for moving fluids. the right to sell its excess power output to the
public utility.
Pump Down The act of using a compressor
Quenching The rapid cooling by immersion
or a pump to reduce the pressure in a container
in liquids or gases or by contact with metal.
or a system.
The operation of hardening steel consists of
Pump Scavenging Using a piston-type slowly and uniformly heating to the proper
pump to pump scavenging air. austenitizing temperature above the upper
Pumping Loss The power consumed by critical (AC3), holding for sufficient time for
replacing exhaust gas in the cylinder with fresh through heating, and then quickly cooling by
air. plunging the part into the quenching medium.

Punch Press A method of straightening Quicksilver Metallic mercury.


which employs a punch press, V block
supports, a dial gauge, and a straightedge. The
bar to be straightened in placed on V blocks R-11,Trichloromonofluoromethane Low
under the punch and rotated against a dial pressure, synthetic chemical refrigerant which
gauge or straightedge. The punch is then used to is also used as a cleaning fluid.
straighten the bar by deflecting the bar in the
direction indicated by the gauge or R-113, Trichlorotrifluoroethane Synthetic
straightedge. Neither the size nor finish is chemical refrigerant.
affected by this operation. R-12, Dichlorodifluoromethane A popular
Purging Releasing compressed gas to the refrigerant known as Freon 12.
atmosphere through some part of parts for the R-134a A commercially available,
purpose of removing contaminants from the environmentally friendly hydrofluorocarbon
part or parts. (HFC) refrigerant for use as a long-term
Push Fit The part of the bearing that can be replacement for R-12 in new equipment and for
slid into place by hand if it is square with its retrofitting medium temperature CFC-12 systems.
mounting. R-160, Ethyl Chloride Refrigerant which is
Push Rod A connecting link in an operating seldom used at the present time.
mechanism, such as the rod interposed R-170, Ethane Low temperature application
between the valve lifter and rocker arm on an refrigerant.
overhead valve engine.
R-22, Monochlorodifluoromethane
Pyrometer A temperature indicator used for Synthetic chemical refrigerant.
indicating exhaust temperature.
R-290, Propane Low temperature
application refrigerant.
R-40, Methyl Chloride Refrigerant which
Qualified Facility A cogeneration facility was used extensively in the 1920s and 1930s.
which has been granted a qualified status by R-500 Refrigerant which is azeotropic
the FERC. To obtain the qualified status a mixture of R-12 and R-152A
facility must meet the ownership requirements
(i.e., less than 50% electric utility ownership) R-502 Refrigerant which is azeotropic
and operating efficiency standards as outlined mixture of R-22 and R-115.
in the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of R-503 Refrigerant which is azeotropic
1978 PURPA). mixture of R-23 and R-13. 47
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

R-504 Refrigerant which is azeotropic Random Wound The type of winding style
mixture of R-32 and R-115. which refers to flexible bundles of main stator
R-600, Butane Low temperature application winding with round wire.
refrigerant, also used as a fuel. Rate Schedule Price list showing how the
utility will bill a class of customers.
R-611, Methyl Formate Low pressure
refrigerant. Rated The advertised value of an engine
R-717, Ammonia Popular refrigerant for when full load is removed, expressed as a
industrial refrigerating systems; also a popular percentage of full load speed.
absorption system refrigerant. Rated Horsepower Value used by the
R-764, Sulphur Dioxide Low pressure engine manufacturer to rate the power of his
refrigerant used extensively in the 1920s and engine, allowing for safe loads, etc.
1930s. Not in use at present; chemical is often Ratio The relation or proportion of one
used as an industrial bleaching agent. number or quantity to another.
Race (bearing) A finished inner and outer Reactive Droop Compensation One method
surface in which or on which balls or rollers used in paralleled generator sets to enable
operate. them to share reactive power supplied to a
Raceway The surface of the groove or path load. This system causes a drop in the internal
which supports the balls or rollers of a bearing voltage of a set when reactive currents flow
roll. from that generator. Typically, at full load, 0.8
PF, the output voltage of a set is reduced by
Rack Shutoff An engine protection measure 4% from that at no load when reactive droop
involving a hydraulic fuel rack actuator compensation is used.
installed on an engines injection pump housing.
When activated, the piston of the actuator Reactive Power Power that flows back and
moves the rack to the fuel off position. forth between the inductive windings of the
generator and the inductive windings of motors,
Radial A type of cylinder arrangement in an
transformers, etc., which are part of the
engine where the cylinders are placed radially
electrical load. This power does no useful work
like wheel spokes.
in the electrical load nor does it present load to
Radial Clearance (radial displacement) the engine. It does apply load to the generator
The clearance within the bearing and between and limits the capacity of the generator.
the balls and races, perpendicular to the shaft.
Ream To finish a hole accurately with a
Radial Load A round-the-shaft load; that rotating fluted tool.
is, one that is perpendicular to the shaft
through the bearing. Rebore To bore a cylinder to a size slightly
larger than the original.
Radiator A heat exchanger in which cooling
water gives up heat to the air without coming Receiver-Drier A cylinder in a refrigerating
into direct contact with it. system for storing liquid refrigerant and which
also holds a quantity of desiccant.
Radiator Cooling A type of cooling system
used on generator sets which involves a fan Reciprocating Action (motion) A back-and-
forcing air through an engines radiator, forth (alternating) movement.
lowering the temperature of the coolant. Reciprocating Engine A type of engine
Radius The distance from the center of a circle where pistons with pressurized gas move back
to its outer edge or the straight line extending and fourth (reciprocate) within the cylinders).
48 from the center to the edge of a circle.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

RECLAIM REgional CLean Air Incentive Refrigeration-Mechanical Refrigerating


Market is a newly adopted method of controlling effect produced by the changes in pressure in
emissions for stationary sites in the SCAQMD the system produced by mechanical action of a
around Los Angeles. Essentially, a site is pictured compressor.
with a bubble around it and is allowed a certain
Regulator An electronic device which
emission level. Each year, beginning in 1994
senses AC current, compares current to a set
and ending at the end of 2010, the emission
value, rectifies AC to DC and applies it to the
level is required to be lowered by 8.3%.
exciter stator winding in order to maintain
Rectifier A device which exhibits a very constant output voltage in the main stator
high resistance to the flow of current in one winding. (See VR1, 2, 3, 4)
direction and a very low resistance to flow in
the opposite direction. Rectifiers are used to Regulator, Electrical An electromagnetic or
change AC voltages to DC before applying it electronic device used to control generator
to the generator field. voltage.

Reduction of Area The difference between Relative Humidity Ratio of the amount of
the original cross sectional area and that of the water vapor present in air to the greatest
smallest area at the point of rupture. It is amount possible at the same temperature.
usually stated as a percentage of the original Relay An electromagnetic switch which
area, also called contraction of area. utilizes variation in the strength of an electric
Rectifier Assembly An electronic device circuit to affect the operation of another
which rectifies AC current (produced by circuit.
exciter rotor winding) to DC current and Relief Valve An automatic valve which is held
applies it to the revolving field winding. shut by a spring of correct strength. Excess
Refrigerant Substance used in refrigerating pressure opens the valve and releases some of
mechanism to absorb heat in evaporator coil the gas or liquid. This valve is for protecting
by change of state from a liquid to a gas, and filters, air tanks, etc. from dangerous pressures.
to release its heat in a condenser as the Remanufactured Extended Coverage A
substance returns from the gaseous state back Caterpillar program which protects buyers from
to a liquid state. repair expenditures beyond the standard warranty
Refrigerant Charge Quantity of refrigerant period on remanufactured truck engines.
in a system.
Residual Fuel A fuel resembling tar and
Refrigerating Effect The amount of heat in containing abrasive and corrosive substances.
Btu/h or Cal/hr the system is capable of It is composed of the remaining elements from
transferring. crude oil after the crude has been refined into
Refrigeration The process of transferring diesel fuel, gasoline, or lubricating oil.
heat from one place to another by the change Resistance, Electrical The opposition offered
in state of a liquid. by a body when current passes through it.
Refrigeration System A system composed Resistor A device placed in a circuit to
of parts necessary to accomplish heat transfer lower the voltage, to reduce the current, or to
by the change in state of the refrigerant. stabilize the voltage.
Refrigeration-Absorption Refrigerating Response Check A measure of the engines
effect produced by the change in pressure in the ability to develop increasing torque at constant
system produced by the changes in the ability speed.
of a substance to retain a liquid dependent
upon the temperature of the substance. 49
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Response Check Idle Speed The engine Rimmed Steel An incompletely deoxidized
speed specified for the cool-down portion of steel normally containing less than 0.25%
the response check. carbon and having the following
characteristics: (a) During solidification an
Response Check Speed The constant engine
evolution of gas occurs sufficient to maintain a
speed at which the engine is loaded to determine
liquid ingot top (open steel) until a side and
the time to develop a specified torque.
bottom rim of substantial thickness has formed.
Response Time A measure of the time If the rimming action is intentionally stopped
required for an engine to develop a specified shortly after the mold is filled, the product is
torque or power. termed capped steel. (b) After complete
solidification, the ingot consists of two distinct
Retard (injection timing) To set the timing
zones: a rim somewhat purer than when poured
so that injection occurs later than TDC or
and a core containing scattered blowholes with
fewer degrees before TDC.
a minimum amount of pipe and having an
Reverse Flush To pump water or a cleaning average metalloid content somewhat higher
agent through the cooling system in the than when poured and markedly higher in the
opposite direction to normal flow. upper portion of the ingot.
Reverse Power Relay A device which is Ring Groove A groove machined in the
sensitive to the current flow direction. Reverse piston to receive the piston ring.
currents trip the relay, activating auxiliary Ring Job The service work on the piston
switches that control the circuit breaker and/or and cylinder including the installation of new
alarm devices. piston rings.
Reverse Rotation An engine condition Risers Bus bars that connect circuit breakers
caused by a transmission shift from forward to to the system bus.
reverse, or vice versa, when sufficient engine
Rivet A soft-metal pin having a head at one
torque is not available at idle speed to
end.
overcome propeller and driveline inertia. It
causes the engine to stall or reverse itself. Rocker Arm A first-class lever used to
transmit the motion of the pushrod to the valve
Reverse VAR Relay Detects VAR flow into stem.
generator set (leading power factor). This
condition occurs in a paralleled generator set if Rocker Arm Shaft The shaft on which the
the system is not adjusted properly or a failure rocker arms pivot.
has occurred in the excitation system. Rockwell Hardness A measurement of the
degree of surface hardness of a given object by
Revolutions per Minute (rpm) The number
pressing a steel ball or diamond cone into a
of revolutions an engines crankshaft makes in
sample and using scales which indicate
one minute.
differences between depths penetrated by
Rheostat A device to regulate current flow major and minor loads.
by varying the resistance in the circuit. Rod Refers to a connecting rod.
Roller Bearing An antifriction bearing using
straight (cupped or tapered) rollers spaced in
an inner and outer ring.
Roller Tappets (Roller Lifters) Refers to
valve lifters having a roller at one end which is
in contact with the camshaft and is used to
50 reduce friction.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Roots Blower An air pump or blower similar Safety Valve See Relief Valve.
in principle to a gear-type pump.
Sand Blast (Glass Blast) A cleaning method
Rope Brake A friction brake used for engine using an air gun to force the sand at low pressure
testing. (about 150 psi) against the surface to be cleaned.
Rotary Blower Any blower in which the Saturation A condition existing when a
pumping element follows rotary motion, substance contains the maximum of another
centrifugal blowers being the exception. substance for that temperature and pressure.
Rotary Compressor Mechanism which Saybolt Viscosimeter A container with a
pumps fluid by using rotating motion. calibrated outlet tube for determining the
viscosity of liquids. (This method is now
Rotary Motion A circular movement, such obsolete.)
as the rotation of a crankshaft.
Saybolt Viscosity The number of seconds
Rotating Engine or Turbine An engine necessary for 60 mL of liquid to pass through
which sends pressurized gas through a wheel, the outlet tube of a Saybolt viscosimeter under
forcing it to turn. standardized test conditions.
Rotation of Engine The direction of rotation Scab A rough projection on a casting caused
of the engine flywheel as viewed from the rear by the mold breaking or being washed by the
of an engine, usually expressed as clockwise molten metal or occurring where the skin from
or counterclockwise. The rotation of an engine a blowhole has partly burned away and is not
is normally counterclockwise. welded.
Rotor Rotating valve or conductor for Scale A flaky deposit occurring on steel or
carrying fluid or electrical current from a central iron. Ordinarily used to describe the
source to the individual outlets as required. accumulation of minerals and metals
Roughing Stone (hone) A coarse honing accumulating in an engine cooling system.
stone. Scavenging The displacement of exhaust gas
from the cylinder by fresh air.
Runbacks Bus extensions from the circuit
breaker that provided a location for connection Scavenging Air The air which is pumped
of the cables coming from a generator set. into a cylinder to displace exhaust gas.
Running-fit A machine fit with sufficient Scavenging Blower A device for pumping
clearance to provide for expansion and scavenging air.
lubrication. Scavenging Pump A piston-type pump
delivering scavenging air to an engine.
Scheduled Oil Sampling (S OS) A Cat
SAE Horsepower (Rated Horsepower) service which offers insight into engine wear
Formula to determine power: bore diameter2 x through periodic analysis of oil samples.
number of cylinders/2.5 = hp Score A scratch, ridge or groove marring a
SAE Viscosity Numbers Simplified viscosity finished surface.
ratings of oil based on Saybolt viscosity.
Scraper Ring An oil control ring.
Safety Factor Providing strength beyond
Screw Extractor A device used to remove
that needed as an extra margin of insurance
broken bolts, screws, etc. from holes.
against parts failure.

51
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

S-Curve The curve that results from plotting Selective Energy System The name
the time for austenite transformation against the previously used to describe a form of
temperature at which the transformation takes cogeneration in which part, but not all of the
place. These curves were originally developed sites electrical needs were met with on-site
by Davenport & Bain and reported in their paper generation with additional electricity
entitled Transformation of Austenite and purchased from a utility as needed.
Constant Subcritical Temperatures. Self Excited (SE) Excitation Type
SE (Excitation Type) A self-excited Generator where residual magnetism found in
generator where residual magnetism found in the revolving field lamination initiates current
the revolving field lamination initiates current flow in the main stator winding.
flow in the main stator winding.
Semiconductor An element which is neither
Sealed Bearing A bearing which is a good conductor nor a good insulator.
lubricated and sealed at the factory and which
cannot be lubricated during service. Semifloating Piston Pin A piston pin which
is clamped either in the connecting rod or
Sealed Unit (See Hermetic System) A motor- piston bosses.
compressor assembly in which motor and
compressor operate inside a sealed dome or Sensible Heat Heat which causes a change
housing. in temperature of a substance.
Seam A crack on the surface of metal which Separate Circuit AfterCooled (SCAC)
has been closed but not welded, usually Removal of the aftercooler from the jacket
produced by blowholes which have become water circuit, and provision of cooling from an
oxidized. If very fine, a seam may be called a independent source. It is necessary on all
hair crack or hair seam. turbocharged engines and high temperature
jacket water systems used in heat recovery
Seat A surface, usually machined, upon
applications.
which another part rests or seats. For example,
the surface upon which a valve face rests. Separate Circuit Aftercooler A heat
Seat (Rings) Rings fitted or seated properly exchanger for cooling combustion air cooled
against the cylinder wall. by a source of water external to the engine.

Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat will Separator, Battery A porous insulation


flow only from material at certain temperature material placed between the positive and
to material at lower temperature. negative plates.
Secondary Distribution System A low- Separator, Oil A device used to separate
voltage, alternating-current system which refrigerant oil from refrigerant gas and return
connects the secondaries of distribution the oil to the crankcase of the compressor.
transformers to the customers services. Series Boost An additional electronic device
Sediment Solid impurities in a liquid. added into the generator power system which
Segregation Steel is a mixture of compounds provides a power source for approximately 10
and elements which, when cooled from the seconds after a short occurs to allow protective
molten state, solidify at different temperatures. trip devices to function correctly.
Segregation is the resulting concentration of the Series Circuit An electric circuit wired so
various ingredients in different parts of the ingot that the current must pass through one unit
with the maximum concentration generally before it can pass through the other.
found at the base of the pipe.
Series-Parallel Circuit A circuit with three
or more resistance units in a combination of a
52 series and a parallel circuit.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Service Area Territory in which a utility Silica Gel Chemical compound used as a
system is required or has the right to supply drier, which has the ability to absorb moisture
electric service to ultimate customers. when heated. Moisture is released and the
compound may be reused.
Serviceable Hermetic Hermetic unit
housing containing motor and compressor Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) A
assembled by use of bolts or threads. device that passes current in one direction
only, like an ordinary rectifier, but includes a
Shaft Horsepower Power delivered at the switch to control the current flow.
engine crankshaft. This term is commonly
used instead of brake horsepower to express Single Element (SE) Number of elements in
output of large marine engines. an assembly, especially filters.
Shell-Type Condenser Cylinder or receiver Single Phase An AC system having one
which contains condensing water coils or tubes. voltage of given frequency.

Shell-and-Tube Flooded Evaporator Single Voltage Term used to denote 4-lead


Device which flows water through tubes built unit 480V or 600V.
into cylindrical evaporator or vice-versa. Single-Acting Cylinder An actuating
cylinder in which one stroke is produced by
Shim A thin, flat piece of brass or steel used to
pressurized fluid, and the other stroke is
increase the distance between two components.
produced by some other force, such as gravity
Short Circuit A circuit whose resistance is or spring tension.
reduced in power owing to one or more coil Sliding-Fit Where sufficient clearance has
layers contacting one another. been allowed between the shaft and journal to
Shrink-Fit A fit between two components allow free running without overheating.
made by heating the outer component so that it Slip-In Bearing A liner made to precise
will expand and fit over the inner component. measurements which can be used for
As the outer component cools, it shrinks and replacement without additional fitting.
thereby fits tight to the inner component.
Slit Coil A particular width of coil steel slit
Shroud The enclosure around the fan, for a die run.
engine, etc., which guides the airflow.
Slobber Unburned lubricating oil or fuel
Shunt A parallel circuit where one resistance discharged into the exhaust system along with
unit has its own ground. exhaust gasses.
Shunt Trip Feature modification allows for Slot Cell Passage into which magwire is
tripping the breakers with an electrical signal inserted. Either in stator lamination or
from a remote location. revolving field lamination.
Shunt Winding A resistance coil with its Slot Fill Calculated and actual percentage
own ground. area of the wire. Compared to the available
slot area in the lamination minus the slot and
Shutoff Valve A valve which opens and coil insulation.
thereby stops the flow of a liquid, air, or gas.
Slot Liners Insulation between top and
Significant Figures The number of digits in bottom magwire coil in slot passage.
a number defining the precision of the number.
Slot Separator The insulation between top
Silencer A device for reducing the noise of and bottom magwire coil in the slot passage.
intake or exhaust.

53
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Sludge A composition of oxidized petroleum Solenoid An electrically magnetic device


products along with an emulsion formed by the used to do work.
mixture of oil and water. This forms a pasty
Solid Absorbent Refrigeration
substance and clogs oil lines and passages and
Refrigerating system which uses a solid
interferes with engine lubrication.
substance as an absorber of the refrigerant
Small Brushless The existing line of small during the cooling part of the cycle and
generators; 360, 440, and 580 frames; where releases refrigerant when heated during the
customer line lead connection and regulator generating part of the cycle.
assembly is covered with a top-mounted, front-
covered terminal box. Solid Injection The system used in diesel
engines where fuel as a fluid is injected into
Small Power-Production Facility As defined the cylinder rather than a mixture of fuel and
in the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act air.
(PURPA), a facility that produces energy solely
by using as a primary energy source, biomass, Solid Water System A type of high
waste, renewable resources, or any combination temperature heat recovery system. Also known
thereof, and has a power production capacity as ebullient system.
that, together with any other facilities located at Soluble Organic Fraction (SOF) A particle
the same site (as determined by the emission.
Commission), is not greater than 80 megawatts.
Solvent A solution which dissolves some
S-N Curves Curves that are obtained by other material. For example, water is a solvent
plotting the number of cycles (N) as abscissa for sugar.
against the load per square inch(s) applied to
the test specimen as ordinate. They graphically Sorbite A late stage in the tempering of
illustrate the effect of rapid reversals of stress martensite when the carbide particles have
of definite value on the life of the specimen. grown so that the structure has a distinctly
granular appearance. Further and higher
Snap Ring A fastening device in the form of tempering causes globular carbides to appear
a split ring that is snapped into a groove in a clearly.
shaft or in a groove in a bore.
Sound Attenuated (SA) A term used to
Snubbers Material used to absorb energy describe a generator set enclosure which has
produced by a sudden change in motion. been specially designed to reduce the amount
Sodium Valve A valve designed to allow the and severity of escaping noise.
stem and head to be partially filled with
Sound Power Level The total sound power
metallic sodium.
being radiated from a source, such as a
SoftCruise Provides a small soft window generator set. The magnitude of the sound is
centered around the cruise set speed. SoftCruise independent of the distance from the source.
modulates fuel delivery above and below the
Space Heaters Heating elements mounted in
cruise set speed to eliminate abrupt cutoffs in
the unit to keep windings warm during
fuel delivery while in cruise, and allows the
shutdown periods which eliminate
truck to increase speed slightly above the cruise
condensation on the electric components.
set speed while going downhill (no load) to
warm-up the turbocharger. This provides Spark Ignited Engine For purposes of this
quick boost and improved engine response. specification, Spark Ignited Engine is
Solar Cell A photovoltaic cell that can convert synonymous with Gaseous Fueled Engine.
light directly into electricity. A typical solar cell
uses semiconductors made from silicon.
54
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Spark Testing An inspection method for Squish Area The area confined by the
quickly determining the approximate analysis cylinder head and flat surface of the piston
of steel. It is intended primarily for the when on compression stroke.
separation of mixed steel and, when properly
Stability The resistance of a fluid to
conducted, is a fast, accurate, and economical
permanent change such as that caused by
method of separation. It consists in holding the
chemical reaction, temperature changes, etc.
sample against a high speed grinding wheel
and noting the character and color of spark, Stabilized The steady or cyclic condition of
which is compared with samples of known an engine performance characteristic which
analysis. remains unchanged with time while the engine
is running under a given steady state condition.
Specific Fuel Consumption The fuel rate
divided by the power. Corrected specific fuel Standard Atmosphere Condition when air
consumption is the value obtained when the is at 14.7 psia pressure, at 68 F temperature.
corrected fuel rate is divided by corrected power.
Standard Conditions Used as a basis for
Specific Gravity The ratio of the weight of a air-conditioning calculations. Temperature of
given volume of any substance to that of the 68 F, pressure of 29.92 in Hg and relative
same volume of water. humidity of 30 percent.
Specific Heat Ratio of quantity of heat Standby Capacity The capacity that is
required to raise the temperature of a body one designed to be used when part or all of the
degree to that required to raise the temperature prime source of power is interrupted.
of an equal mass of water one degree.
Standby Power Output available with
Specification Sheet A technical overview of varying load for the duration of the
a particular engine or engine-related product. interruption of the normal source power. Fuel
Sales features, engine specifications, stop power in accordance with ISO3046/1,
performance data and curves, dimensions and AS2789, DIN6271, and BS5541.
weight, standard and accessory equipment, and
rating definitions and conditions are among the Standby Rate The utility charge for standby
standard contents. electricity.
Starting Air Compressed air used for
Spline A long keyway. The land between
starting an engine.
two grooves.
Starting-Air Valve A valve which admits
Split System Refrigeration or air-conditioning
compressed starting air to the cylinder.
installation which places condensing unit
outside or remote from evaporator. Also Static Electricity Electricity at rest;
applicable to heat pump installations. pertaining to stationary charges.
Spool Valve A hydraulic directional control Static Fuel System Setting A setting of a
valve in which the direction of the fluid is fuel system, either mechanical or electronic,
controlled by means of a grooved cylindrical made in an attempt to obtain the desired fuel
shaft (spool). rate at a particular engine operating point.
Settings are normally made to provide either
Spot Weld To attach in spots by localized full load fuel rate or the fuel rate at torque
fusion of the metal parts with the aid of an check rpm. They are identified respectively as
electric current. Full Load Static Fuel Setting (FLSFS) or Full
Spur Gear A toothed wheel having external Torque Static Fuel Setting (FTSFS).
radial teeth. Static Head The maximum height the
coolant water is raised. 55
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Static Pressure The pressure exerted against Structural Shapes The general term applied
the inside of a duct in all directions. Roughly to the rolled, flanged sections having at least one
defined as bursting pressure. dimension of their cross section 3 inches or
Stator The fixed or stationary portion of a greater.
generator. Stud A rod with threads cut on both ends,
Staybolt A stress bolt running diagonally such as a cylinder stud which screws into the
upward from the bedplate to the opposite side cylinder block on one end and has a nut placed
of the frame. on the other end to hold the cylinder head in
place.
Steady Flow A flow in which the velocity
components at any point in the fluid do not Stud Puller A device used to remove or to
vary with time. install stud bolts.
Stuffing Box A chamber having a manual
Stethoscope A device for conveying the sound
adjustment device for sealing.
of a body (engine noise) to the technician.
Subcooling Cooling of liquid refrigerant
Straightening Cold finished bars may
below its condensing temperature.
require straightening following cold drawing,
turning, or furnace treatment in order to meet Suction Suction exists in a vessel when the
the standard established for the particular type pressure is lower than the atmospheric
or grade being produced. These bars may be pressure, also see Vacuum.
straightened by several different types of Suction Line Tube or pipe used to carry
equipment designed to deflect the bar so that refrigerant gas from evaporator to compressor.
equalizing stresses are set up in the bar which
keep it straight. See Irregular Straighteners, Suction Valve Often used interchangeably
and Medart, Punch Press. with intake valve.

Streamline Flow A nonturbulent flow, Sulfur An undesirable element found in


essentially fixed in pattern. petroleum in amounts varying from a slight
trace to 4 or 5 percent.
Stress The force or strain to which a
material is subjected. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2 ) An engine emission
made up of the oxidized portion of sulfur in fuel.
Stress Relief A method of relieving the SO2 (g/kW-hr) = 0.01998 x BSFC (g/kW-hr) x % sulfur
internal stress set up in metal by forming or in fuel (by weight)
cooling operations. It consists in heating to a
Sump A receptacle into which liquid drains.
temperature of approximately 1050 F for a
sufficient length of time to through heat the Sump Pump A pump which removes liquid
part, and cooling in air. from the sump tank.
Stroboscope (timing light) An instrument Supercharger A blower or pump which forces
used to observe the periodic motion of injection air into the cylinders at higher-than-atmospheric
visible only at certain points of its path. pressure. The increased pressure forces more air
into the cylinder, thus enabling more fuel to be
Stroke A single movement (usually repeated burned and more power produced.
continuously) of a piston within a cylinder
from one end of its range to the other; Superficial Hardness Measure of the degree
constitutes a half revolution of an engine. of surface hardness with a more sensitive depth
measuring system than is used with regular
Stroke-to-Bore Ratio The length of the Rockwell machines. It is recommended for use
stroke divided by the diameter of the bore. on thin strip or sheet material, nitrided or
lightly carburized pieces.
56
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Supplemental Thermal The heat required Synchronous Recurring operation at exactly


when recovered engine heat is insufficient to the same time. The speed at which a rotating
meet thermal demands. AC electrical machine would rotate if there
Supplementary Firing The injection of fuel were no slip. Example: Four-pole, 60 Hz
into the recovered heat stream (such as turbine generator has a synchronous speed of 1800 rpm.
exhaust) to raise the energy content (heat of Synchroscope A meter that indicates the
the stream). relative phase angle between an incoming set
Supplementary Power Electric energy voltage and the bus voltage. The synchroscope
supplied by an electric utility in addition to pointer indicates whether the set is faster or
that which the facility generates itself. slower than the bus and allows the operator to
adjust the frequency (speed) accordingly
Supply Line A line that conveys fluid from before manually paralleling to the bus.
the reservoir to the pump.
Synthetic Material A complex chemical
Surge A momentary rise and fall of pressure compound which is artificially formed by the
or speed in a system or engine. combining of two or more compounds or
Switchgear The equipment between a elements.
generator and the lines of distribution that System Shutdown On the EMS II module, a
switches the electrical load to and from a flashing red light and a horn annunciate if the
generator, protects the generator from short ECM initiates a system controlled emergency
circuits, monitors generator output, provides shutdown or if there is an active system fault.
the means to parallel two or more units onto the This may be an overspeed, low oil pressure, or
system, and controls the operation of the engine. high coolant temperature shutdown.
Synchronization The act of matching a System Voltage On the EMS II module, a
generator sets frequency and phase with that flashing red light and a horn annunciate when
of the system bus, before paralleling the set. the DC system falls below 20 volts.
Synchronize To make two or more events or
operations occur at the proper time with
respect to each other.
Tachometer An instrument indicating
Synchronizer An electronic device that rotating speeds. Tachometers are sometimes
monitors the phase relationship between two used to indicate crankshaft rpm.
voltage sources and provides a correction
signal to an engine governor, to force the Tap A cutting tool used to cut threads in a
generator set to synchronize with a system bus. bore. (See Chamfer.)
Synchronizing Check Relay A device used Tap and Die Set A set of cutting tools used
in conjunction with both types of circuit to cut internal and external threads.
breakers to assure that the incoming unit is Tapered Roller Bearing See Roller
within specified voltage and frequency limits Bearing.
before paralleling is accomplished.
Tappet The adjusting device for varying the
Synchronizing Lights Lamps connected clearance between the valve stem and the cam.
across a circuit breaker of a generator set. The May be built into the valve lifter in an engine
lights indicate when the voltage wave forms of or may be installed in the rocker arm on an
the incoming and operating power sources overhead valve engine.
coincide and paralleling can be completed. When
the lights fade from light to dark, and they are at Tappet Noise The noise caused by the
their darkest, the two sources are synchronized excessive clearance between the valve stem
and paralleling can be accomplished. and the rocker arm. 57
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Telephone Influence Factor (TIF) The Thermal Capacity The maximum amount
possible effect of generated harmonics on of heat that a system can produce.
adjacent telephone circuits. European standards Thermal Efficiency A gallon of fuel contains a
refer to it as Telephone Harmonic Factor or certain amount of potential energy in the form of
THF. The factor relates to interference by heat when burned in the combustion chamber.
magnetic induction. This is rarely a problem Some of this heat is lost and some is converted
today as telephone lines are in conduit, shielded into power. The thermal efficiency is the ratio
cable, or buried. However, some engineers use of work accomplished to the total quantity of
this factor to predict the amount of electrical heat in the fuel. (See also Brake Thermal
noise induced or conducted into control circuits Efficiency and Indicated Thermal Efficiency.)
that may trigger SCR devices.
Thermal Expansion The increase of volume
Temper The condition of a metal with of a substance caused by temperature change.
regard to harness achieved through heating
and then suddenly cooling. Thermal Growth The tendency for
materials to expand when exposed to heat.
Temper Brittleness The term applied to the Exhaust piping of a generator set undergoes
brittleness or low impact resistance that may this phenomenon.
occur in medium carbon and many alloy steels
that are slowly cooled from the tempering Thermocouple The part of a pyrometer
temperature. It may be corrected by water which consists of two dissimilar metal wires
quenching after tempering. Molybdenum in welded together at the inner end and held in a
amounts of 25% to 50% tend to retard the protective housing.
formation of temper brittleness. Thermodynamics
Temperature of Compression The 1st law of: Energy can neither be created nor
temperature of the compressed air charge in a destroyed it can only be changed from
power cylinder at the end of the compression one form to another.
stroke before combustion begins. 2nd law of: To cause heat energy to travel, a
temperature (heat intensity) difference must
Temporary Hardness Dissolved substances be created and maintained.
which precipitate out when water is heated.
Thermometer An instrument for measuring
Tensile Strength The maximum load in temperature.
pounds per square inch that the sample will
carry before breaking under a slowly applied Thermostat A temperature-responsive
gradually increasing load. In the stress/strain mechanism used for controlling heating
diagram, this is the highest point on the curve systems, cooling systems, etc. (such as between
and is probably the most used steel the cylinder block and the radiator) usually
specification. with the object of maintaining certain
temperatures without further personal attention.
Tension Stress applied on material or body.
Thimbles Separate the exhaust pipe from
Terminal The connecting point (post) of a walls or ceiling to provide mechanical and
conductor. thermal isolation.
T-head Engine An engine design wherein the Three Phase An AC system having three
inlet valves are placed on one side of the cylinder voltages of the same frequency but displaced
and the exhaust valves are placed on the other. in phase by 120 degrees relative to another.
Theory A scientific explanation tested by Throttling Reducing the engine speed (flow
observations and experiments. of fuel).
58
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Throw The distance from the center of the Ton of Refrigeration Refrigerating effect
crankshaft main bearing to the center of the equal to the melting of one ton of ice in 24
connecting rod journal. hours. This may be expressed as follows:
Thru-Bolt Term usually applied to the stress 288,000 Btu/24 hr
rod passing through the engine frame to carry 12,000 Btu/1 hr
combustion stresses. 200 Btu/min
3.52 kW
Thrust Bearing (Washer) A bearing or
washer of bronze or steel which restrains Top Center (TC) The position of the
endwise motion of a turning shaft, or crankshaft at the time the piston is at its
withstands axial loads instead of radial loads highest position.
as in common bearings. Top-Down Must meet the most stringent
Thrust Load A load which pushes or reacts law, but, based on environmental, energy, and
through the bearing in a direction parallel to economic considerations could step down to a
the shaft. less stringent law.
Thyristor Control A method of powering a Topping-Cycle A cogeneration facility in
DC motor by an AC generator. which the energy input to the facility is first
used to produce useful power, with the heat
Time Lag of Ignition See Ignition Lag.
recovered from power production then used for
Time-Of-Use Rates Electricity prices that other purposes.
vary depending on the time periods in which Topsticks Insulation wedge to prevent
the energy is consumed. In a time-of-use magwire coils from coming out of slot passage.
structure, higher prices are charged during
utility peak-load times. Torque A measure of the tendency of a force
to cause rotation, often used in engine
Timing (Diesel) The angular position of the specifications. Equal to the force multiplied by
crankshaft relative to top dead center at the the perpendicular distance between the line of
start of injection. action of the force and the center of rotation.
Timing Gears Gears attached to the
Torque at TC rpm The steady state torque
crankshaft, camshaft, idler shaft, or injection
developed by an engine at the torque check
pump to provide a means to drive the camshaft
speed.
and injection pump and to regulate the speed
and performance. Torque Check Speed The speed at which an
engine is run to check the low speed
Timing Marks The marks located on the
performance characteristics.
vibration damper, flywheel, and throughout an
engine to check injection and valve opening Torque Curve or Lug Curve A
timing. performance map created for a diesel engine,
using high idle setting and rack setting values.
Timing (Spark Ignited) The angular position
of the crankshaft relative to top dead center at Torque Shaping A way to optimize engine
the time the spark plugs are energized. response through control of horsepower at a
given engine speed.
Tolerance A permissible variation between
the two extremes of a specification of Torque Wrench A special wrench with a
dimensions. Used in the precision fitting of built-in indicator to measure the applied
mechanical parts. turning force.
Ton 12,000 Btu/Hour.
59
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Torsional Study An analysis used to predict Trap A receptacle often installed at the
operating characteristics of the vibrating lowest point in generator set exhaust piping to
system of an engine, which includes pistons, drain moisture that could reach and damage
rods, the crankshaft, the flywheel, coupling, the systems silencer.
the driven equipment, and associated shafting. Trichlorotrifluoroethane Complete name of
Torsional Vibration The vibration caused refrigerant R-113. Group 1 refrigerant in rather
by twisting and untwisting a shaft. common use. Chemical compounds which
make up this refrigerant are chlorine, fluorine,
Total Energy Systems The name previously
and ethane.
used to refer to a form of cogeneration in
which all electrical and thermal energy needs Trip Unit A device within a low voltage circuit
were met by on-site systems. A total energy breaker that provides overcurrent protection.
system was usually completely isolated from Troostite A microconstituent of hardened and
or completely served by the electrical utility tempered steel which etches rapidly and
system for back-up. Generally a user was not therefore usually appears dark. It consists of a
served simultaneously by the electric utility very fine aggregate of ferrite and cementite and
grid and the cogenerator. is normally not resolved under the microscope.
Transducer A device for converting a Tropicalization Thoroughly insulating rotor
variable physical parameter to a proportional and stator with epoxy to provide high
electrical signal. The inputs can be insulating and mechanical properties under
temperature, pressure, position, voltage, severe moisture and temperature conditions.
current, or any other physical parameter. Troubleshooting A process of diagnosing or
Outputs are typically 4-20 ma, 0-10 volts or locating the source of the trouble or troubles
some other signal easily accommodated by from observation and testing. Also see Diagnosis.
instruments and controlling devices.
Truck Engine Pro (TEP) A Cat computer
Transfer Pump A mechanical device for program to assist customers in selecting truck
moving fuel from one tank to another or engine models and options. Various drivetrain
bringing fuel from the tank to the injection and component performance analyses can be
pump. reviewed.
Transfer Switch An electrical device for Truck Owner Protection Plan (TOPP) A
switching loads between alternate power Cat plan offering a guaranteed cost per mile
sources. An automatic transfer switch monitors for all truck engine maintenance and repairs.
the condition at the sources and signals for Tube Cutter A tube-cutting tool having a
starting of the emergency system if the sharp disk which is rotated around the tube.
preferred source fails. When the emergency
source is available the load is switched. Upon Tubing That type of fluid line whose
return of the normal source the load is dimensions are designated by actual measured
retransferred to normal power and the start outside diameter.
signal is removed. Tune-Up The act of checking, testing,
Transformer A device used to convert from measuring, repairing, and adjusting the engine
one voltage level to another with very little components in order to bring the engine to
loss of power. peak efficiency.
Transmission The act or process of Turbine An engine or motor having a drive
transporting electric energy in bulk from a shaft driven either by steam, water, air, gas,
source or sources of supply to other principal etc., against curved vanes of a wheel or set of
parts of the system or to other utility systems. wheels, or by the reaction of fluid passing out
60 through nozzles located around the wheel(s).
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Turbine Generator A device that uses steam, Undervoltage Relay Operates when the
heated gases, water flow, or wind to cause monitored voltage is below the relay setpoint. It
spinning motion that activates electromagnetic can be used to detect a failure in a power
forces and generates electricity. system or to indicate that a generator set is ready
to be connected to a load on initial start-up.
Turbocharger A type of charger driven by a
turbine powered by exhaust gases. Uniflow Scavenging Scavenging method in
which air enters one end of the cylinder and
Turbocharging Increasing the intake air
exhaust leaves the opposite end.
charge to a reciprocating engine by using a
turbine driven by the energy of the engines Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) A
exhaust. power supply which maintains regulated power
Turbulence A disturbed, irregular motion of during a shortage to under- or overvoltage or
fluids or gases. no voltage.

Turbulence Chamber A combustion Unit Injector A combined fuel injection


chamber connected to the cylinder through a pump and fuel nozzle.
throat. Fuel is injected across the chamber and Updraft A carburetor type in which the
turbulence is produced in the chamber by the mixture flows upward to the engine.
air entering during compression.
U.S. gallon [gal (U.S.)] United States gallon
Turning and Polishing Whereas cold (231 in3).
drawing reduces the cross sectional area by
subjecting the bar to compressive and Utility A commercial power source that
elongating forces, turning and polishing supplies electrical power to specific facilities
accomplishes the same by turning 1/16 to from a large power grid.
3/16 inches from the diameter, depending on Utility Grade Relay Refers to a draw-out
the bar size, usually following by polishing relay.
and straightening in a combination
Utilization Factor The ratio of the
straightening and polishing machine.
maximum demand of a system (or part of a
Twist Drill See Drill. system) to its rated capacity.
Two-Cycle Engine An engine design
permitting a power stroke once for each
revolution of the crankshaft.
Vacuum A perfect vacuum has not been
Two-Stage Combustion Combustion created as this would involve an absolute lack
occurring in two distinct steps such as in a of pressure. The term is ordinarily used to
precombustion chamber engine. describe a partial vacuum; that is, a pressure
Two-Stroke Cycle The cycle of events less than atmospheric pressure in other
which is complete in two strokes of the piston words a suction.
or one crankshaft revolution. Vacuum Fluorescent (VF) A type of visual
display, often used on system control/
monitoring panels, which provides excellent
visibility in a variety of lighting conditions.
U Factor The amount of heat energy in
Vacuum Gauge A gauge used to measure the
Btu/h that will be absorbed by one square foot
amount of vacuum existing in a chamber or line.
of surface for each degree of mean temperature
difference through the surface material. Vacuum Pump Special high efficiency
compressor used for creating high vacuums for
testing or drying purposes. 61
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Valve Any device or arrangement used to Valve Margin The distance between the
open or close an opening to permit or restrict edge of the valve and the edge of the face.
the flow of a liquid, gas, or vapor. Valve Oil Seal A sealing device to prevent
Valve Clearance The air gap allowed excess oil from entering the area between the
between the end of the valve stem and the stem and the valve guide.
valve lifter or rocker arm to compensate for Valve Overlap The period of crankshaft
expansion due to heat. rotation during which both the intake and
Valve Duration The time (measured in exhaust valves are open. It is measured in
degrees of engine crankshaft rotation) that a degrees.
valve remains open.
Valve Rotator A mechanical device locked to
Valve Expansion Type of refrigerant control the end of the valve stem which forces the valve
which maintains pressure difference between to rotate about 5 with each rocker-arm action.
high side and low side pressure in a refrigerating
Valve Seat The surface on which the valve
mechanism. Valve is caused to operate by
face rests when closed.
pressure in low or suction side. Often referred
to as an Automatic Expansion Valve or AEV. Valve Seat Insert A hardened steel ring
inserted in the cylinder head to increase the
Valve Face That part of a valve which mates
wear resistance of the valve seat.
with and rests upon a seating surface.
Valve Spring A spring attached to a valve to
Valve Float A condition where the valves
return it to the seat after it has been released
are forced open because of valve-spring
from the lifting or opening means.
vibration or vibration speed.
Valve Stem That portion of a valve which
Valve Grinding Also called valve lapping. A
rests within a guide.
process of lapping or mating the valve seat and
valve face usually performed with the aid of an Valve Stem Guide A bushing or hole in
abrasive. which the valve stem is placed which allows
lateral motion only.
Valve Guide A hollow-sized shaft pressed
into the cylinder head to keep the valve in Valve, Suction Valve in refrigeration
proper alignment. compressor which allows vaporized refrigerant
to enter cylinder from suction line and prevents
Valve Head The portion of the valve upon
its return.
which the valve face is machined.
Valve Timing The positioning of the
Valve Keeper (valve retainer) A device
camshaft (gear) to the crankshaft (gear) to
designed to lock the valve spring retainer to
ensure proper valve opening and closing.
the valve stem.
Valve-in-head Engine Same as Overhead
Valve Lash Clearance set into the valve
Valve Engine.
mechanism to assure that when hot, the valve
will not be held open. Valve-seat Insert A hardened steel ring
inserted in the cylinder head to increase the
Valve Lift The distance a valve moves from
wear resistance of the valve seat.
the fully closed to the fully open position.
Vanes Any plate, blade, or the like attached
Valve Lifter A push rod or plunger placed
to an axis and moved by or in air or a liquid.
between the cam and the valve on an engine. It
is often adjustable to vary the length of the Vapor Word usually used to denote
unit. (Also see Cam Follower.) vaporized refrigerant rather than the word gas.

62
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Vapor Charged Lines and component parts Volt (V) A unit of electromotive force that
of a system which are charged at the factory. will move a current of one ampere through a
Vapor Line The large line from the inside coil resistance of 1 ft.
to the outside portion of the heat pump is dual Voltage Electric potential or potential
purpose suction line on cooling and hot gas difference expressed in volts.
line on heating. Only a high pressure gauge
must be used to measure pressure in this line. Voltage Adjust Potentiometer Controls
generator voltage output through the generator
Vapor Lock A condition wherein the fuel voltage regulator.
boils in the fuel system, forming bubbles
which retard or stop the flow of fuel to the Voltage Dip The momentary drop of generator
carburetor. output voltage that occurs whenever a load is
added to the system. There is a momentary
Vaporization The process of converting a increase in output voltage whenever a load is
liquid into vapor. removed from the system. This is called
Vaporizer A device for transforming or Voltage Rise. Voltage Rise is seldom of
helping to transform a liquid into a vapor; concern with an adequate voltage regulator.
often includes the application of heat. Voltage Droop Gradual fall of voltage with
Vee A type of cylinder arrangement in an increase in electrical load.
engine where the cylinders form the shape of Voltage Drop Voltage loss due to added
the letter V. resistance caused by undersized wire, poor
Venturi A specially shaped tube with a connection, etc.
small or constricted area used to increase Voltage Flicker Term commonly used to
velocity and reduce pressure. describe a significant fluctuation of voltage.
Vibration Damper A device to reduce the Voltage Regulator A circuit which senses
torsional or twisting vibration which occurs the generator output voltage and automatically
along the length of the crankshaft used in adjusts the field coil current to maintain the
multi-cylinder engines; also known as a desired output.
harmonic balancer.
Voltmeter A test instrument for measuring the
VIP Cycle The Vacuum Impregnation voltage or voltage drop in an electric circuit.
treatment of windings to provide improved
environment protection/insulation of windings. Volts-per-Hertz Regulation Providing fast
recovery under block loading conditions,
Viscosity The property of an oil by virtue of maintaining close voltage control over the
which it offers resistance to flow. normal load range, and producing rapid
Viscosity Index (VI) Oil decreases in viscosity response of an engine/generator set by matching
as temperature changes. The measure of this rate generator output to engine performance.
of change of viscosity with temperature is Volume The amount of space within a given
called the viscosity index of the oil. confined area.
Volatile Evaporating readily at average Volumetric Efficiency The difference
temperature on exposure with air. between the volume of air drawn in on the
intake stroke and the air mechanically entering
VolatilityThe tendency for a fluid to evaporate
the cylinder.
rapidly or pass off in the form of vapor. For
example, gasoline is more volatile than kerosene Vortex A whirling movement of a mass of
as it evaporates at a lower temperature. liquid or air.
63
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

VR3 This new regulator replaces both VR1 Waveform The graphic representation of a
and VR2 conversion of existing product line voltage plotted against time.
complete through 580 frame. VR3 meets all
Wear Testing Wear is due to several unrelated
Cat premium custom specs.
actions such as cutting, abrasion, corrosion,
VR4 This new generator is used for alternate galling, and fatigue. In wear testing, first the type
energy applications. Premium custom specs do of wear developed in service is determined,
not apply. then suitable laboratory equipment is developed
for the test, duplicating service conditions.
Weather Protective (WP) A type of
Water Brake A device for engine testing in enclosure often used for generator sets to
which the power is dissipated by churning prevent damage from natural elements.
water. Wet Bulb Device used in the measurement
Water Jacket The enclosure directing the of relative humidity. Evaporation of moisture
flow of cooling water around the parts to be lowers temperature of wet bulb compared to
cooled. dry bulb temperature in the same area.
Water Loop The test cell water piping is Wet Sleeve A cylinder sleeve which is about
plumbed to allow flow and temperature control 70 percent exposed to the coolant.
to the evaporator, measured in tons. Wheeling The use of the transmission
Water-Cooled Condenser Condensing unit facilities of one system to transmit power for
which is cooled through use of water. another system.
Water-Steam Circuit Piping to direct the White Smoke The emission caused by
flow of steam. vaporized but unburned fuel passing through
an engine; usually occurs during startup of a
Water Vapor Pressure The partial pressure
cold engine.
of the water vapor in the combustion air being
supplied to an engine. Withstand Rating The maximum current of
Watt The unit of measure for electrical power. an automatic transfer switch on a generator set
in a fault condition when the switch is closed
Watt-Hour Demand Meter Similar to a and on normal service. The ATS is required to
watt-hour meter except that it also provides an withstand the energy let through the normal
indication of the highest kW load level service protective device while that device
achieved during operation. interrupts the fault.
Watt-Hour Meter A recording device that Wrist Pin The journal for the bearing in the
totals the average power (kW) passing through small end of an engine connecting rod which
it in a period of time. The reading is kilowatt also passes through piston walls. Also known
hours a measure of the total energy as a piston pin.
consumed by the load.
Wye Connection A means of connecting
Wattmeter Simultaneously measures generator windings with the option of using
voltage current and power factor, and the neutral connection.
automatically multiplies the results to measure
true power.

64
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Yield Point The load per unit of original


cross section at which, in soft steel, a marked
increase in deformation occurs without
increase in load. In other steels and in
nonferrous metals, yield point is the stress
corresponding to some definite and arbitrary
total deformation, permanent deformation or
slope of the stress deformation; this is more
properly termed the yield strength. See Yield
Strength.
Yield Strength Stress corresponding to
some fixed permanent deformation such as 1%
or 2% offset from the modulus slope. Not to
be confused with yield point which, for steel,
may occur over a wide range of elongation. It
is the result of an effort to obtain the
equivalent of the yield point by a standard
means that provide reliable, easily
reproducible determination. In general, the
determination may be made by the offset
method or by the use of the extensometer or
other appropriate measuring device.
Yoke A link which connects two points.

Zener Diode A diode that allows current to


flow in reverse bias at the designed voltage.

65
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

CATERPILLAR ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

A Ampere asp Engine aspiration


ABDC After Bottom Dead Center ASTM American Society of Testing
ABS American Bureau of Shipping Materials
Absolute ATAAC Air-To-Air AfterCooling
AC Alternating Current ATDC After Top Dead Center
A/C Aftercooler ATS Advanced Technical Services,
ACCU Air Conditioning Condensing After Test Assembly, Automatic
Unit Transfer Switch

ADEM Advanced Diesel Engine AUX GEN Auxiliary Generator


Management AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
AEIS Automatic Ether Injection BACT Best Available Control
System Technology
AEV Automatic Expansion Valve BANANA Build Anything Not Anywhere
AFA Applied Failure Analysis Not Anytime

AFRC Air-Fuel Ratio Control BART Best Available Retrofit


Technology
AFTS Automatic Fuel Transfer System
BAT Battery
AGS Automated Graphics System
BBDC Before Bottom Dead Center
Ah Ampere-hour
BDC Bottom Dead Center
AI Accommodation Invoice
BES Brushless Excitation System
AIMS A (cluster) Information
Management System bgs below ground surface

AIS Advanced Information Services, bhp Engine brake horsepower


Assembly Information System without fan
Amb Ambient capability bkW Engine brake kilowatts without
fan
AMD Authorized Marine Dealers
B/L Bill of Lading
ANSI American National Standards
Institute B/M Bill of Material
APG Arizona Proving Ground BMEP Brake Mean Effective Pressure
API American Petroleum Institute BP Best Practice
APU Auxiliary Power Unit BPT Best Practical Treatment,
Business Plan Tracking
ARC Automatic Retarder Control
BSFC Brake Specific Fuel
AS Air Shut-off (Solenoid) Consumption
ASAP As Soon As Possible BSOC Brake Specific Oil
ASME American Society of Consumption
Mechanical Engineers BTDC Before Top Dead Center
ASN Advance Shipping Notices Btu British thermal unit
67
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

CAA Clean Air Act CIM Customer Interface Module


CAC Charge Air Cooler CIPS Caterpillar International Power
Systems
CACo Caterpillar Americas Company
CIS Corporate Information Services
CAD Computer Aided Design
CLS Caterpillar Logistics Services
CAECAM Computer Aided Engineering
CMLS Corporate Mail List System
Computer Aided Manufacturing
CMS Computerized Monitoring
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing,
System
Custom Alarm Module
COB California and Oregon Border
CAMPAR Computer Aided Marine PAR
COFA Caterpillar of Australia Ltd.
CAPL Caterpillar Asia PTE. Ltd.
COP Coefficient of Performance
CAPP Corporate Accounts Parts
Purchases COSA Caterpillar Overseas S.A.
CAPS Corporate Accounts Payable CP Coastal protected
System CPO Commercial Power Organization
CARB California Air Resources Board CPR Competitive Parts Reports
CAT PC Caterpillar Engine Power CPS Cycles Per Second
Connection
C/R Compression Ratio
CB Circuit Breaker
CS Common Service (PC-CS)
CBT Computer Based Training
CSA Canadian Standards
CCL Caterpillar China Limited Association,
CCM Customer Communication Customer Support Agreement
Module CSFC Corrected Specific Fuel
CDIS Caterpillar Dealer Information Consumption
System CSTG Caterpillar Service Technology
CDIS/DBS Caterpillar Dealer Information Group
System/Dealer Business System CT Current Transformer, Crank
CDL Cat Data Link Terminate (ESS)
CDM Clean Development Mechanism CTI Cat Training Institute
CE CE is a symbol for EEC cu in cubic inch
compliance CV Conventional Core
CEF Commercial Engine CVD Dual inlet/Dual outlet single core
Featurization D Diode, Distance from plane of
CEM Continuous Emissions reference to assembled unit
Monitoring center of gravity location,
CES Caterpillar Export Services Dual turbochargers
cemf counterelectromotive force D1 Distance from plane of
reference aft to generator center
CHP Combined Heat and Power (also of gravity
referred to as cogeneration)
D2 Distance from plane of reference
68 CID Component Identifier forward to engine center
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

DAP Dealer Advisory Panels DOLRS Dealer On-Line Registration


DBS Dealer Business System System
DB/WB Dry Bulb/Wet Bulb DOS Disc Operating System
DC Direct Current DPI Dealer Process Improvement
DCAL Dealer Customer Acceptance DPO Dealer Parts Orders
Level DPORS Dealer Parts Orders Reporting
DCD Data Carrier Detect System
DCS Dealer Channel Systems, DPSR Data Processing Service Request
Distributed Control System DSM Demand Side Management
DCSG Dealer Channel System Group DSSD Dealer System Support Division
DD Dealer-Customer Acceptance DST Detonation Sensitive Timing
Level DCAL
DSU Data Sending Unit
DDS Dealer Data System
DSUO Dealer Solicited User Order
DDT Digital Diagnostic Tool
DTR Data Terminal Ready,
DE Destruction Efficiency, Dual
Dealer Transaction Reporting
Element
DTS Dealer Terminal System
DEO Diesel Engine Oil
DTSO D-Time Sharing Option
DFD Diode Fault Detector
DFT Dealer Forecast Tracking D.V.R. Digital Voltage Regulator

DI Direct Injection ECAP Electronic Control Analyzer


Programmer
DISCO Distribution Company
ECM Electronic Control Module
DINA Direct Injection Naturally
Aspirated ECS Electronic Control System
DISTA Direct Injection Series ECU Electronic Control Unit
Turbocharged-Aftercooled ED Engine Division
DIT Direct Injection Turbocharged EDI Electronic Data Interchange
DITA Direct Injection Turbocharged- EDS Engine Data System
Aftercooled
EEC European Economic Community
DITA-JW Direct Injection Turbocharged-
EER Energy Efficiency Ratio
Aftercooled Jacket Water
EFH Engine Front Horizontal
DITT Direct Injection Turbocharged
(Dual Turbo) EFV Engine Front Vertical
DITTA Direct Injection Turbocharged- EG Emission Guidelines
Aftercooled (Dual Turbo) EIA Engine Investment Analysis
DLRTSO Dealer Time Share Option EIS Electronic Ignition System,
DMT During Machine Time Engine Information System,
D/N Dealer/Net Environmental Impact
Statement
DOE Department of Energy
DOEM Dealer Original Equipment EkW Electrical kilowatts with fan
Manufacturer EMC Electronic Media Center 69
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

EMCP Electronic Modular Control FBC Feature Based Configuration


Panel FBO Feature Based Ordering
emf electromotive force FCOLS Fuel Cut-Off Left Side (GE
EMP Engine/Machine/Lift Truck designation)
Population FCORS Fuel Cut-Off Right Side (GE
EMS Engine Monitoring System, designation)
Equipment Management System FERC Federal Energy Regulatory
EMT Engine Mounted Tachometer Commission
EMTB End-Mounted Terminal Box FGR Flue Gas Recirculation
EOCS Engine Order Communication fhp friction horsepower
System FID Flame Ionization Detector
EOD Engine Order Division FIND For Information, News &
EPA Environmental Protection Documents
Agency FIS Fleet Information Software
EPG Electric Power Generation FLI Field Link Interface
EPTC Electronic Programmable FLSFS Full Load Static Fuel Setting
Transmission Control
FMI Failure Mode Identifier
ERH Engine Rear Horizontal
FMS Factory Mutual System
ERR Engine Rear Roll
FOEM Factory Original Equipment
ERV Engine Rear Vertical Manufacturer
ESC Extended Service Coverage, frame Generator frame size
Energy Service Company
FRC Fuel Ratio Control
ESCO Energy Service Company FS Fuel Solenoid
ESO Engine Ship Order FSS Floor Standing Switchgear
ESP Engine Stop (GE designation) ft-lb foot-pound
ESS Electronic Speed Switch, FTSFS Full Torque Static Fuel Setting
Engine Supervisory System
GACT Generally Achievable Control
ESRS Engine Specification Reporting Technology
System
GCCS landfill Gas Collection and
ET Engine Test, Electronic Control Systems
Technician
GCM Generator Control Module
ETA Estimated Time of Arrival
GDD General Dimension Drawing
ETDS Engine Technical Data System
GEF Global Environmental Facility
(TMI)
GENCO Generating Company
ETR Energize To Run
gov governor
EUI Electronic Unit Injector
GPD Gallons Per Day
EVIM Engine Vision Interface Module
gpm gallons per minute
EVS Environmental Visualization
System GPR Ground Penetrating Radar
70
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

GPS Generator Power System IP Ingress Protection


GRA Generator Rear Axial IPM Integrated Planning Model
GRH Generator Rear Horizontal IPS Integrated Purchasing System
GRV Generator Rear Vertical IR Infrared
GSC Genset Status Control IS Information Systems
GSC + S General Status Control Plus ISN Integrated System Network
Synchronizing
ISO Independent System Operator,
GSE Generator Set Engine International Standards
HAP Hazardous Air Pollutants Organization
HC Hydrocarbons ITA Industrial Truck Association
HCR High Compression Rating JIT Just-in-Time (Juran lingo)
HD Heavy Duty JITD Just-in-Time Delivery (Juran
lingo)
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
JW Jacket Water
HE Harsh Environment (CIP)
Protection JWAC Jacket Water After-Cooling

HEUI Hydraulically actuated JWH Jacket Water Heater


Electronically controlled Unit kAIC k Amps Interrupting Capacity
Injector kVA, kVA Kilovolt Amp
HHV High Heat Value kVAR Kilovolt Amperes Reactive
HOC Hazardous Organic Compounds kW Kilowatt
HOPS High (rev/min) Oil Pressure L Liter
Switch
LAEEM Landfill Air Emissions
HOTS High Oil Temperature Switch Estimation Model
HP High Performance LAER Lowest Achievable Emission
hp Horsepower Rate
HV High Voltage LCD Liquid Crystal Display
HWTS High Water Temperature Switch LCR Low Compression Rating
Hz Hertz LCS Leachate Collection System
IAPCV Injector Actuation Pressure LDC Local Digital Control
Control Valve
LDPO Lift Truck Dealer Parts Orders
IAQ Indoor Air Quality
LE Low Emission
IAS Integrated Accounting System
LEC Large Engine Center
ID Inside Diameter
LED Light Emitting Diodes
IEC International Electromechanical
Commission LEL Lower Explosive Limit

ihp indicated horsepower LFG Landfill Gas


IMS Inf. Management System LFGTE Landfill Gas-To-Energy
in inch LH Left Hand
71
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

LHV Low Heat Value mmscfd million metric standard cubic


L-L Line-to-Line feet per day
LLDPE Liner Low Density Polyethylene mmtce million metric tons of carbon
equivalents
LMOP Landfill Methane Outreach
Program MOP Motor Operated Potentiometer
L-N Line-to-Neutral mph miles per hour
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas MPS Marine Power System
LOPS Low (rev/min) Oil Pressure MPU Magnetic Pick-Up
Switch MR Medium Range, Mid-Range
LP Liquefied Petroleum MRF Material Recovery Facility
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area
LR Lloyds Register MT Multi-Torque
LS Load Sharing MTBF Mean Time Between Failures
LWLS Low Water Level Switch MUI Mechanical Unit Injector
m micrometer MW Megawatt
MACT Maximum Achievable Control MWh Megawatt Hour
Technology
NA Naturally Aspirated
MASH Machine Sales History
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality
MBH 1000 Btu/hour Standard
MCG Machine Classification Guide NACD North American Cat Dealers,
MCS Material Control System North American Commercial
MD Medium Duty Division

MEP Mean Effective Pressure NARUC North American Regulatory


Utility Commission
MEPS Marine Engine Power Systems
NC No Charge, No Connection
Mg Million megagrams
NEMA National Electrical
MHA Material Handling Arrangement Manufacturers Association
mike micrometer NERC North American Electric
MIP Mean Indicated Pressure, Reliability Council
Membrane Interface Probe Net Installed net price
MIS Management Information NFPA National Fire Protection
System, Association
Marketing Information System
NI Not Installed list price
MISO Misc. Interplant Shipping Order
NI Net Not Installed net price
MIT Misc. Interplant Transfer
NIMBY Not In My Back Yard
mm millimeter
NMOC Nonmethane Organic
MMCFD 1000 x 1000 cubic feet per day Compound
MMIS Machine Marketing Information NMMm3/D Normal million meters cubed
System per day
72
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

NO Nitrogen Oxide PCTA Prechambered Turbocharged


NOPE Not On Planet Earth Aftercooled
NOxRACT NOx Reasonable Available PEEC Programmable Electronic
Control Technology Engine Control
NPI New Product Introduction PEEL Programmable Electronic
Engine Control
NPR Numerical Parts Record
PES Parts Exchange Service
NSPS New Source Performance
Standards PET Product Evaluation Test
NYMEX New York Mercantile Exchange PGS Packaged Generator Set
OA Outside Air PI Personal Involvement
OASIS Open Access Sametime PID Photo Ionization Detector
Information System PIMS Parts Marketing Information
OD Outside Diameter PINS Percentage of Industry Sales
ODP Open Drip Proof PIP Product Improvement Program
OEM Original Equipment PIR Product Inspection Report
Manufacturer PIS Product Information System
OFA Overfire Air PLC Programmable Logic Controller
OIL Office Information Letter PM Participative Management,
OLPL On-Line Price List Particulate Matter, Permanent
OPSS Oil Pressure Step Switch (ESS) Magnet, Personality Module,
Predictive Maintenance,
OPT Overhaul Protection for Trucks Preventive Maintenance
OS Overspeed (ESS) PMACT Presumptive pre-rule estimate of
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health MACT to discuss/review impact
Administration of process prior to promulgating
OTAG Ozone Transport Assessment PME Permanent Magnet Excitation
Group PMIS Parts Marketing Information
OTO On-Time-Only (pricing) System
PABACS Parts Book Automated PMS Problem Monitoring System
Compiling System PNPI Part Number Price Inquiry
PAN Product Activity Notice POC Precursor Organic Compound
PAR Performance Analysis Report POPS Percent of Potential Sales
PAT Product Acceptance Test POPS-C Percent of Potential Sales Cat
PATS Peoria Area Telephone System PPG Peoria Proving Grounds
PC Personal Computer, ppm parts per million
Pre-Combustion Chamber
ppmv parts per million by volume
PCNA Prechambered Naturally
Aspirated PPP Power Protection Program
PCT Prechambered Turbocharged PQS Power Quoter System
PRCM Programmable Relay Control
Module 73
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

PRO Professional RH Right Hand


PROSPECT Probability of On-Site Power RMN Remanufactured Parts
Economic Test Information
PRV Prerotation Valve RMS Root-Mean-Square
PS Pferdestarke (horsepower) rpm Revolutions Per Minute
PSA Power Systems Associates ROI Radius Of Influence, Return On
PSD Power Systems Distributor, Investment
Prevention of Significant ROP Repair Opportunity Planner
Deterioration rpm Revolutions per minute
psi pounds per square inch RSP Retail Sales Analysis
psig pounds per square inch gauge RTD Resistance Temperature
PSP Product Support Program Detector, Resistive Thermal
PSQ Power Systems Quote, Device
Product Support Quotation RTG Regional Transmission Group
PSSR Product Support Service RTS Ready To Ship
Representative S Single turbocharger
PT Pressure Time SA Sound Attenuated
Potential Transformer
SAE Society of Automotive
PTO Power Take-Off Engineers
PUC Public Utility Commission SC Speed Control
PURPA Public Utility Regulatory SCA Supplemental Coolant Additives
Policies Act
SCAC Separate Circuit AfterCooled
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
scfm standard cubic feet per minute
PWM Pulse Width Modulated
SCM Status Control Module
QF Qualifying Facility
SCR Silicon-Controlled Rectifier
QIR Quality Inspection Report
SCRS Service Claim Reporting System
QWS Quote Writer System
SDC Software Distribution Center
RACT Reasonable Available Control
Technology SE Self Excited, Single Element
RAN Remote Annunciator SEMS Smart Engine Monitoring System
Ratio Fan drive ratio SER Special Engineering Request
RBT Rotating Bushing Track SFE Strategy For Excellence
RDM Relay Driver Module SHP Shipment PINS
RECLAIM REgional CLean Air Incentive SI Spark Ignited
Market SIMS Service Information
REMAN Remanufactured Management System
RFI Radio Frequency Interference, SIRS Service Information Retrieval
Request For Investment System
RFM Rental Fleet Management SIS Service Information System
74 RFP Request For Proposal Size Refers to radiator size
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

SLAM State Local Air Monitor TIF Technical Information File,


SM Service Meter Telephone Influence Factor
SMART Software Management And TIM Technical Instruction Modules
Release Tracking System TMI Technical Marketing Information
SMCS Service Management Control TOPP Truck Owner Protection Plan
System TPA Truck Performance Analysis
SO Shipping Order TPM Truck Payload Measurement
SOD Sales Order Division System
SOF Soluble Organic Fraction tpy tax per year
SOL Start On Line TRANSCO Transmission Company
SOS Scheduled Oil Sampling TRG Time Requirement Guide
SOQ Statement Of Qualification TSO Time Sharing Option
SPA Software Publishing Association TSP Total Static Pressure
SPAR Special Price Assistance Request TSS Technical Support System
sq ft square foot tpy tax per year
sq in square inch TT Twin Turbocharged
SR Slave Relay TTA Twin Turbocharged-Aftercooled
SSG Machine Shipments/Sales/ UCC Uniform Commercial Code
Inventory UKO Underground Knock Out
SSI Shipments, Sales & Inventory UL Underwriters Laboratory
STA Series Turbocharged-Aftercooled UPS Uninterrupted Power System
STD Standard UTEPP Used Truck Engine Protection
STR Service Transaction Reporter Plan
T Turbocharged UTN Update To New
T&D Transmission and Distribution V Volt
TA Turbocharged-Aftercooled VDC DC to DC Voltage Converter
TAC Toxic Air Contaminant (75 to 24 Vdc)
TC Technical Center, Top Center VF Vacuum Fluorescent
TDR Time Delay Relay (ESS) VFD Vacuum Fluorescent Display
Variable Frequency Drive
TEAO Totally Enclosed Air-Over
VI Viscosity Index
TEFC Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled
VIMS Vital Information Management
TEMP Targeted Engine Marketing Plan System
Temp Rise Generator temperature rise in VIV Variable Inlet Vane
degrees centigrade above 40 C
ambient VMIS Vehicle Management
Information System
TEP Truck Engine Pro
VOB Vehicular Off-Board Bundle
TEPS Truck Engine Parts & Service
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
THF Telephone Harmonic Factor
75
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

VOP Valve Opening Pressure WP Weather Protective


VPI Vacuum Pressure Impregnated WSA World Sales Analysis
WE Engine Weight WT Total Assembled Unit Weight
WG Generator Weight WTE Waste-to-Energy
WIRECO Wires Company Y2K Year 2000
WPM Wheel Loader Payload
Measurement

76
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

P.C. RELATED TERMS

About Place in Help menu. Displays the Calculate Refreshes the information to
About window. reflect any user changes to the window. The
Acrobat A group of programs developed by application must recalculate before the user
Adobe Systems, Inc. for creating and exits, saves, prints, or displays a report.
distributing electronic documents. Cancel (ESC) Closes the window while
Acrobat Reader A program that provides preserving the last updated changes, discards
the means to view a document thats in a PDF any unsaved changes, and transfers input focus
format. to the application or box that generated the
dialog box or halts execution of a task such as
Add Adds the current record to the database printing, calculating, etc.
or adds a record from the database to the subset
Cascade Place in Window menu. Overlaps
of records the user is working with.
windows so the current active window is
Apply Changes settings or attributes. visible, but only the title bars of the other
Pressing the Apply button causes the settings windows are visible above and to the left of
to take effect and let the user see the effects of the active window.
the changes without closing the dialog box. Change Opens a dialog where the user can
Applied changes are not saved to the database edit a record. The dialog should have an OK
or the file until the user accepts the changes, button to accept the edits and a Cancel button
usually by clicking on the OK button. to disregard any changes.
Audio Video Interleave (AVI) A format for Clear Place in Edit menu. Removes the
storing audio and video files. Files in this contents of a control or window without
format have an .avi extension. AVI files are removing the window.
limited to 320 x 240 resolution and 30 frames
per second. Close
For primary window (ALT + F4)
Place in System menu.
Exists the application.
Bitmap A representation, consisting of rows Closing does not automatically save
and columns of dots, of graphics image in uncommitted changes, but prompts the user
computer memory. The value of each dot to save.
(whether it is filled in or not) is stored in one For secondary window (CRTL + F4)
or more bits of data. The density of the dots, Place in File menu.
known as resolution, determines how sharply Closes the current window and all related
the image is represented. This is often windows.
expressed in dots per inch (dpi) or simply by Closing does not automatically save
the number of rows and columns, such as 800 uncommitted changes, but must prompt the
x 600. user to do so.
Browser A short term for Web Browser. A Connect Connects to a remote computer.
software application used to locate and display This should usually be done automatically
Web pages, such as Internet Explorer or within a task. Avoid using.
Netscape.
77
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Contextual (Shift + F1) Place in Help


menu. Converts pointer to a question mark
pointer and lets the user click on the object
when the user would like an explanation. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) The protocol
used on the Internet for sending files.
Cookie A message given to a Web browser
by its server. The browser stores the message Find Place in Edit menu. Enables the user to
in a text file. The message is then sent back to enter criteria which the application uses to
the server each time the browser requests a locate all instances of an object meeting that
page from the server. The main purpose of criteria.
cookies is to customize web pages. A cookie is Frame Refers to the separate sections of the
used to store the number of (image) Results browser display area.
Per Page you wish to view.
Copy (CTRL + C) Place in Edit menu.
Copies the highlighted object to the clipboard,
but leaves it in the current record. General Place in Help menu. Displays
general information about the window or
Create Places additional objects into the application.
application. May be used with modifiers such as
Create Line, Create Point, Create Window, etc.
Cut (CRTL + X) Place in Edit menu. Help (F1) Launches context sensitive help. It
Transfers the highlighted object to the should always be the lowest or furthest right of
clipboard and removes it from the current the buttons.
record.
Hide Initiates the hiding of currently
displayed objects in the application window.
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
Default Returns the setting to the previously The authoring language used to create
defined default settings. documents on the World Wide Web.
Delete Place in Edit menu. Erases a selected
object or removes the record from the
database.
Import Place in File menu. Allows a user to
Directory Lists the contents of a directory. open a file that has a format different from the
Disconnect Disconnects from a remote default data storage format of the application.
server. This is usually done automatically That file may also be included in an open file.
within a task. Avoid using. Include Place in File menu. Allows a user to
Download To copy data (usually an entire read a file that has the default data storage
file) from a main source to ones own computer. format and whose information is added to the
information already read into the application.
Index Place in Help menu. Displays an
index of available help from which the user
Exit (ALT + F4) Place in File menu. Closes can choose.
the current application and all windows Insert Place in File menu. Other than use in
associated with it. spreadsheets, this is a data processing term,
Export Place in File menu. Allows a user to and should be used only for applications
save all or part of the open file as a different whose users have a data processing
78 file and/or a different format. background.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Internet Explorer Microsofts Web Moving Picture Experts Group (MPG or


Browser. MPEG) The family of digital video
Intranet A network based on TCP/IP compression standards and file formats.
protocols (an internet) belonging to a Achieves high compression rate by storing
corporation, accessible only by the only the changes from one frame to another,
corporations employees or others with instead of each entire frame. The video
authorization. An Intranet Web site looks and information is then encoded using a technique
acts just like any other Web site, without called Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) a
unauthorized access. technique for representing waveform data as a
weighted sum of cosines.
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
(MIDI) A standard used by the electronic
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) music industry for controlling devices such as
A lossy compression technique for color sound cards that emit music.
images. It can reduce the file size by 5 percent
though some detail is lost in the compression.
Lossy Need source for definition
Navigator Netscape Communications Web
Browser.
New Place in File menu. Creates a new work
Link A reference to another document. A
area, record, or document.
link will take you to other documents when
you click on them. Next (CTRL + F6) Place in System menu.
It is only available on secondary windows.
Switches focus to next secondary window or
the next record.
Maximize (ALT + F10) Place in System
menu. Enlarges a window to its maximum size No Indicates a negative response to a
question message and closes the dialog box.
for the screen size or primary window which
The question should be worded so it is obvious
contains it. It is not available when the window
what will happen if the user selects No.
is maximized.
Minimize (ALT + F9) Place in System
menu. Shrinks the window down to an icon
and hides all the associated windows and OK (ENTER) Accepts the information in
dialog boxes. the window as it is, preserves all changes,
More Increases the number of records closes the dialog box, and transfers input focus
displayed in a table. It is appropriate to use a to the application or box that generated the
More button if the contents of the table is dialog box.
buffered rather than populated all at once. Open (CRTL + O) Place in the File menu.
Move (ALT + F7) Place in System menu. Opens the file list dialog box. The user can
When the user selects the Move option, an then select an existing file. The file list dialog
outline of the window appears, the pointer box displays the last path used by the
changes to move the pointer, and the user is application when opened.
able to move the window or a window outline
to a new location by dragging the title bar or
using arrow keys.
79
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Print Setup Place in File menu. Displays a


standard Print Setup dialog box to enable the
user to switch between printers or specify
Paste (CTRL + V) Place in Edit menu. printer options.
Inserts contents of clipboard into record at the
insertion point. Protocol A format for transmitting data
between two devices (i.e. disk drives, printers,
Pause Temporarily stops a system action and mice, or modems).
allows the user to continue the action later.
Generally used with Resume.
PCD A file format, developed by Eastman
Kodak, for storing digital photographs. Redo (F4) Place in Edit menu. Repeats last
Transparencies or negatives are scanned using action.
fast, high performance scanners. The computer Refresh (F5) The F5 key is also used to
file created is color balanced and then converted refresh data entered by the user generally in
into a 5 or 6 resolution image pack. These conjunction with a graph.
image packs are written to a Photo CD that can
hold up to 100 high-resolution image packs. A Rename Place in File menu. Changes or
set of thumbnail prints is also produced as a creates the name of a selected object. This may
visual reference of what is on each disc. include currently unnamed objects.

Plug-In A hardware or software module that Replace (CTRL + H) Displays a dialog box
adds a specific feature to a larger system. which enables the user to replace words or
phrases for the entire document.
Portable Document Format (PDF) A file
format which captures formatting information Reset Returns the settings to the state before
from a variety of desktop publishing the dialog box was displayed and does not
applications. To view a file in PDF format, you remove the dialog box. Reset is useful for
need Adobe Acrobat Reader. complex dialog boxes.

Preferences Place in View menu. Selects Restore (ALT +F5) Place in System menu.
conditions or establishes application parameters. Returns the window to its intermediate size. It
For example: tolerance bands, colors, export is available only when window is maximized
formats, etc. Preference conditions are saved at or minimized.
shutdown and are used the next time the Resume The user wants the computer to
application is accessed by user. continue a task that is has stopped without user
Previous Switches focus to previous intervention. Those functions which have been
secondary window or the previous record. It is stopped and can be continued have a dialog
only available on secondary windows. box to let the user continue.

Print (CTRL + P) Place in File menu. Retry The user wants the system to try an
Submits current file to an output device. If unsuccessful action again. This does not continue
appropriate, displays standard Print dialog box. from current status but tries to do the last
Can also be used for printing reports. operation from the beginning. Normally used for
abnormal termination not due to user action.
Print Preview Place in File menu. Displays
the selection to be printed in a window so the RETURN The distinct name of the data
user can verify the output. entry key found in the alphanumeric portion of
the keyboard. Although pressing the ENTER
and RETURN keys often produces the same
80
result, they are different keys.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Revert Returns the contents of a document Size (ALT + F8) Place in System menu.
to what they were before unsaved changes Outline of window appears, pointer changes to
were made. It is equivalent to closing the file sizing pointer, and the user is able to size the
without saving and opening it again. window outline by dragging a window frame or
using arrow keys. Size is completed when the
Rollback Place in File menu. This is a data
user releases the mouse button or presses
processing term and should be used only for
ENTER. Size is available only when the
applications whose users have a data
window is in its intermediate size.
processing background. Returns the data base
to the status at entry of application or last Split Place in System menu. Available only
Commit. This cancels changes made by when window can be split. Displays a horizontal
Delete, Insert, and Update. or vertical bar which the user can move to the
location where the user wants the window broken
Run Initiates an action once all settings have
into two separate panes. This lets the user scroll
been made and parameters entered. Specific term
the information in one pane while leaving the
is preferred. An example might be using Load
information in the other pane stationary.
after setting all parameters to load a structure.
Stop Tells the system to stop the current
task. Used as a button to halt execution of a
task such as printing, calculating, etc.
Save (CTRL + S) Place in File menu. Saves
the current file without removing the window.
Save As Displays a standard Save As dialog
box which enables the user to change the name Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) A file
of the file, directory of the file, or format of the format for storing bitmapped images.
file so the user can have similar but distinct files. Tile Place in Window menu. Arranges the
Search Engine A program that searches open windows so that they do not overlap.
documents for specified key words and returns Tutorial Place in Help menu. Begins a tutorial
a list of documents based on the key words that of how to use the window or application.
were found.
Select Allows an item or items to be chosen
for use by other operations.
Undo (CTRL + Z) Place in Edit menu.
Select All Place in Edit menu. Selects all the Allows the user to reverse the effects of a
current information. previous operation. There are two forms of
Setup Selects conditions or establishes Undo single level and multilevel.
application parameters such as tolerance Using Help Place in Help menu. Displays
bands, colors, export formats, etc. directions on how to use Help.
Shovelware A type of promotional software
thats of questionable value.
Show Displays existing objects in the View Sets the display conditions. Typical
application window which were previously terms used are angle, direction size, filter,
hidden. number, layer, etc.

81
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

WAV A format for storing sound in files. Yes Indicates a positive response to a
WAV sound files end with a .wav extension and question message. The question should be
can be played by nearly all Windows worded so it is obvious what happens if the
applications that support sound. WAV files tend user selects Yes.
to be large. One minute of audio can require
more than 1MB of storage.
Window A rectangular area on the screen
that contains an application area, title bar,
borders, etc. When used as a menu selection,
the options will apply to control of the
window: move, size, minimize, etc.

82
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

P.C. RELATED ACRONYMS

APL A Programming Language FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface


AVI Audio Video Interleave FDO Fixed Disc Organizer
BASIC Beginners All purpose Symbolic FIFO First In First Out
Instruction Code
FLASH Flash
BIOS Basic Input/Output System
FTP File Transfer Protocol
BPS Bits Per Second
GB Gigabytes
CCD Charged-Coupled Device
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
CD-ROM Compact Disc Read Only
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Memory
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts
CGM Computer Graphics Metafile
Group
COBOL Common Oriented Business
LAN Local Area Network
Operations Language
CTS Clear To Send MB Megabytes

DCD Data Carrier Detect MHz Megahertz

DCR Divided Clock Receiver MIDI Music Instrument Digital


Interface
DIMM Dual In-line Memory Module
MMX Matrix Math Extensions
DMA Direct Memory Access
MPEG
DPI Dots per inch (MPG) Moving Picture Experts Group
DRAM Dynamic Random Access NS New Sync
Memory
OCR Optical Character Recognition
DSR Data Set Ready
PC Personal Computer
DVD Digital Video Disc
PCD Photo CD
EAROM Electronic Alterable Read Only
Memory PCMCIA (PC Card) Personal Computer
Memory Card International
EDO Extended Data Out Association
EEPROM Electronic Erasable PDF Portable Document Format
Programmable Read Only
Memory PG Protective Ground

EEROM Electronic Erasable Read Only QAL Quick Access Line


Memory QM Equalizer Mode
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read RAM Random Access Memory
Only Memory
RC Resistor/Capacitor, Receiver
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions Clock
FAT File Allocation Table RD Received Data 83
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

RI Ring Indicator TD Transmitted Data


ROM Read Only Memory TELNET Internet Standard Protocol for
Remote Logic
RTB Read The Book
TIFF Tagged Image File Format
RTS Request To Send
TX Transmitter
RX Receiver
UART Universal Asynchronous
SASI Shugart Associates Systems
Receiver/Transmitter
Interface
SCSI Small Computer Systems URL Uniform Resource Locator
Interface, USB Universal Serial Bus
Small Computer Serial Interface
VDT Video Display Terminal
SG Signal Ground
VGA Video Graphics Array
SIMM Single In-line Memory Module
WAN Wide Area Network
SVGA Super Video Graphics Array
WORM Write Once Read Many
TC Transmitter Clock
www World Wide Web
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol
Over Internet Protocol

84
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

TERMS PERTAINING TO THE INTEGRATION OF CAT AND MaK

Balance of Plant That equipment and Kiel Designed Product (KDP) The term
construction necessary to support the power used for EPG, Gas, and Petroleum engine
generation equipment, as well as other applications (previously MaK engines) which
facilities required by specification such as will be identified and sold as Caterpillar. The
facilities for controls and distribution nomenclature of these engines will follow the
equipment, personnel, etc. convention of cylinder/family name/bore size
(in cm). For example, the 16CM32 will be a 16
Caterpillar International Power Systems
cylinder, Caterpillar CM family engine of 32
(CIPS) The organization within the EPG
cm. bore.
product group at Mossville responsible for
development of the CM EPG product. Will MaK A Caterpillar business unit located in
market EPG medium speed engine products Kiel, Germany, responsible for marketing and
directly to select customers and projects. selling medium speed engine products for
marine applications. MaK will continue to be
CPO Scope of Supply Equipment which
used as a trade name for marine propulsion
carries Cat nameplate or purchased from CPO
and medium speed auxiliary engines, and will
normally includes engine, fuel and lube oil
maintain its existing nomenclature convention
handling, and treatment systems and controls
(i.e. 6M32).
may include generator if purchased from Cat.
Service Excellence Center (SEC)
Kiel The manufacturing facility for most M
Regionally located Caterpillar organizations
(MaK) and CM (Caterpillar) series engines
which will provide medium speed technical
located in Kiel, Germany. Kiel is the central
support to the existing MaK marine customer
location of the CPO organization for COSA
base as well as the Caterpillar dealer network.
and CIS, the regional service excellence center
SECs will be staffed with individuals who are
for COSA and the source plant for parts for M
technically competent and experienced with M
and CM series engines.
and CM product as well as support systems.
The SEC locations will provide emergency
parts supply for maintenance providers and
will do regional reconditioning of components
such as heads, fuel systems, valve cages,
liners, and pistons.

85
If you have any additional definitions, acronyms, or abbreviations that you would like to see
included in this publication, please fax them to: Engine Products Division, Marketing Services,
309-578-6466.
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dependability
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e n flexibility
during

global
highinnovative
velocity
leader
leadership
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reliable
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LEXQ9297 1999 Caterpillar Inc.
All rights reserved.
Printed in U.S.A.

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