Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Public forest - not been the subject of the present system of classification for the
determination of which lands are needed for forest purposes
Permanent forest or forest reserves - needed for forest purposes
Alienable and disposable lands - declared as not needed for forest purposes
Forest lands - include the public forest, the permanent forest or forest reserves, and
forest reservations
National park - forest land reservation essentially of primitive or wilderness character
which has been withdrawn from settlement or occupancy and set aside as such
exclusively to preserve the scenery, the natural and historic objects and the wild
animals or plants therein, and to provide enjoyment of these features in such a
manner as will leave them unimpaired for future generations
Kaingin - portion of the forest land subjected to shifting and/or permanent slash-and-
burn cultivation
Selective logging - systematic removal of the mature, over-mature and defective
trees in such manner as to leave adequate number and volume of healthy
residual trees
Lease - privilege granted by the State to a person to occupy and possess, in
consideration of a specified rental, any forest land of the public domain in order
to undertake any authorized activity
License - privilege granted by the State to a person to utilize forest resources as in
any forest land, without any right of occupation and possession over the same,
to the exclusion of others, or establish and operate a wood-processing plant, or
conduct any activity involving the utilization of any forest resources
License agreement - privilege granted by the State to a person to utilize forest
resources within any forest land with the right of possession and occupation
Permit - short-term privilege or authority granted by the State to a person to utilize
any limited forest resources or undertake a limited activity with any forest land
without any right of occupation and possession
Ecosystem - ecological community considered together with non-living factors and
its environment as a unit.
Silviculture - establishment, development reproduction and care of forest trees
Classification:
1. Agricultural 5. Mineral
2. Industrial or Commercial 6. Timber or forest
3. Residential 7. Grazing Land
4. Resettlement 8. Others as provided by law
- Not classified needed for forest purpose forest reserves
Timber Inventory
- Subscribed and sworn by forest officers who conducted survey
- Harvestable timber and young trees
No harvest of standing/felled timber in alienable and disposable lands allowed
unless 100% timber inventory has been conducted
No harvest unless been subject of at least 5% made not earlier than 5 years
prior to issuance of license
Prohibited Acts:
1. Cutting, gathering or collecting timber and other products without license
2. Unlawful occupation or destruction
3. Kaingin
4. Pasturing Livestock
5. Illegal Occupation of National Parks system and recreation areas and vandalism
6. Destruction of wildlife Resources
7. Survey by unauthorized person
8. Misclassification and survey by government official/employee
9. Unlawful possession of implements and devices used by forest officers
Categories:
1. Strict nature reserve - an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem,
features and/or species of flora and fauna of national scientific importance
maintained to protect nature and maintain processes in an undisturbed state
2. Natural park - extractive resource uses are not allowed and maintained to protect
outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for
scientific, educational and recreational use
3. Natural monument - focused on protection of small features to protect or
preserve nationally significant natural features on account of their special interest
or unique characteristics
4. Wildlife sanctuary - area which assures the natural conditions necessary to
protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or
physical features of the environment where these may require specific human
manipulations for their perpetuation
5. Protected landscapes and seascapes - areas of national significance which
are characterized by the harmonious interaction of man and land while providing
opportunities for public enjoyment
6. Resource reserve - extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area
normally with difficult access designated as such to protect natural resources of
the area for future use and prevent or contain development activities
7. Natural biotic areas - area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in
harmony with the environment to adapt to modern technology at their pace
8. Other categories established by law, conventions or international agreements
which the Philippine Government is a signatory
DENR shall:
1. notify the public thru conduct of public hearings, LGUs invited to submit their
views on proposed action
2. Recommend issuance of Pres. Proclamation until Congress enact a law
declaring such
Disestablishment of a protected area or modification t its boundary shall take
effect pursuant to an act of Congress (revert to public forest)
DENR shall have power to evict indigenous communities from their present
occupancy nor resettle them to another area without their consent but must be
with notice and hearing
Exploitation and utilization of energy resources found within NIPAS shall be
allowed only thru a law passed by Congress
Prohibited Acts:
1. Hunting, destroying, disturbing, or mere possession of any plants or animals or
products derived therefrom without a permit from the Management Board;
2. Dumping of any waste products detrimental to the protected area, or to the plants
and animals or inhabitants therein;
3. Use of any motorized equipment without a permit from the Management Board;
4. Mutilating, defacing or destroying objects of natural beauty, or objects of interest
to cultural communities (of scenic value);
5. Damaging and leaving roads and trails in a damaged condition;
6. Squatting, mineral locating, or otherwise occupying any land;
7. Constructing or maintaining any kind of structure, fence or enclosures, conducting
any business enterprise without a permit;
8. Leaving in exposed or unsanitary conditions refuse or debris, or depositing in
ground or in bodies of water; and
9. Altering, removing destroying or defacing boundary marks or signs.
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act RA 9147
- for sustainability
- include all wildlife species in all areas of the country including protected areas
under NIPAS and critical habitats and exotic species which are subject to trade,
are cultured, maintained and/or bred in captivity or propagated in the country
Prohibited Acts:
1. Killing and destroying wildlife species
2. Inflicting injury which cripples and/or impairs reproductive system
3. Effecting any in critical habitats (dumping, squatting, mineral exploitation,
burning, logging, quarrying)
4. Introduction/Reintroduction/Restocking of Wildlife Resources
5. Trading of Wildlife
6. Collecting, Hunting or Possessing wildlife, by-products and derivatives
7. Gathering or destroying active nests, nest trees, host plants
8. Maltreating/Inflicting other injuries
9. Transporting
Chainsaw - any portable power saw or similar cutting implement, rendered operative
by an electric or internal combustion engine or similar means, that may be used
for, but is not limited to, the felling of trees or the cutting of timber
Prohibited Acts:
1. Selling, Purchasing, Re-selling, Transferring, Distributing or Possessing a Chain
Saw Without a Proper Permit
2. Unlawful Importation or Manufacturing of Chain Saw
3. Tampering of Engine Serial Number
4. Actual Unlawful Use of Chain Saw
Prohibited Acts:
1. Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places, such as roads,
sidewalks, canals, esteros or parks, and establishment, or causing or permitting
the same;
2. Undertaking activities or operating, collecting or transporting equipment in
violation of sanitation operation and other requirements or permits set forth in
established pursuant;
3. The open burning of solid waste;
4. Causing or permitting the collection of non-segregated or unsorted wastes;
5. Squatting in open dumps and landfills;
6. Open dumping, burying of biodegradable or non-biodegradable materials in flood
prone areas;
7. Unauthorized removal of recyclable material intended for collection by authorized
persons;
8. The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste in any
vehicle, box, container or receptacle used in solid waste collection or disposal;
9. Establishment or operation of open dumps
10. The manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable packaging
materials;
11. Importation of consumer products packaged in non-environmentally acceptable
materials;
12. Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented as "recyclable" or "with recyclable
content";
13. Transport and dumplog in bulk of collected domestic, industrial, commercial, and
institutional wastes in areas other than centers or facilities prescribe under this
Act;
14. Site preparation, construction, expansion or operation of waste management
facilities without an Environmental Compliance Certificate required pursuant to
Presidential Decree No. 1586 and this Act and not conforming with the land use
plan of the LGU;
15. The construction of any establishment within two hundred (200) meters from open
dumps or controlled dumps, or sanitary landfill; and
16. The construction or operation of landfills or any waste disposal facility on any
aquifer, groundwater reservoir, or watershed area and or any portions thereof.
Emission Charge System - industrial dischargers, the DOTC shall encourage the
industries and motor vehicles to abate, reduce, or prevent pollution
Prohibited Acts:
1. Ban on Incineration burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste
which process emits poisonous and toxic fumes, not apply to traditional small-
scale method of community/neighborhood sanitation
2. Smoking inside any enclosed area
3. In order to prevent the disabling of any emission control device by lead
contamination, no person shall introduce leaded gasoline into any motor vehicle
equipped with a gasoline tank filler inlet and labeled unleaded gas only.
4. Manufacture or introduce into commerce leaded gas, engines and components
Prohibited Acts:
1. Appropriation of subterranean or ground water for domestic use by an overlying
landowner without registration required by the Council.
2. Non-observance of any standard of beneficial use of water.
3. Failure of the appropriator to keep a record of water withdrawal, when required.
4. Failure to comply with any of the terms or conditions in a water permit or a water
rights grant.
5. Unauthorized use of water for a purpose other than that for which a right or permit
was granted.
6. Construction or repair of any hydraulic work or structure without duly approved
plans and specifications, when required.
7. Failure to install a regulating and measuring device for the control of the volume
of water appropriated, when required.
8. Unauthorized sale, lease, or transfer of water and/or water rights.
9. Failure to provide adequate facilities to prevent or control diseases when required
by the Council in the construction of any work for the storage, diversion,
distribution and utilization of water.
10. Drilling of a well without permission of the Council.
11. Utilization of an existing well or ponding or spreading of water for recharging
subterranean or ground water supplies without permission of the Council.
12. Violation of or non-compliance with any order, rules, or regulations of the Council.
13. Illegal taking or diversion of water in an open canal, aqueduct or reservoir.
14. Malicious destruction of hydraulic works or structure valued at not exceeding
P5,000.00.
Beneficial use - use of the environment or any element or segment thereof conducive
to public or private welfare, safety and health
Prohibited Acts:
1. Discharging, depositing or causing to be deposited material of any kind directly
or indirectly into the water bodies or along the margins of any surface water,
where, the same shall be liable to be washed into such surface water, either by
tide action or by storm, floods or otherwise, which could cause water pollution or
impede natural flow in the water body;
2. Discharging, injecting or allowing to seep into the soil or sub-soil any substance
in any form that would pollute groundwater. In the case of geothermal projects,
and subject to the approval of the Department, regulated discharge for short-
term activities (e.g. well testing, flushing, commissioning, venting) and deep re-
injection of geothermal liquids may be allowed: Provided, That safety measures
are adopted to prevent the contamination of the groundwater;
3. Operating facilities that discharge regulated water pollutants without the valid
required permits or after the permit was revoked for any violation of any condition
therein;
4. Disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into sea water by vessels unless
the health or safety of individuals on board the vessel is threatened by a great
and imminent peril;
5. Unauthorized transport or dumping into sea waters of sewage sludge or solid
waste as defined under Republic Act No.9003;
6. Transport, dumping or discharge of prohibited chemicals, substances or
pollutants listed under Republic Act No.6969;
7. Operate facilities that discharge or allow to seep, willfully or through gross
negligence, prohibited chemicals, substances or pollutants listed under R. A. No.
6969 into water bodies or wherein the same shall be liable to be washed into
such surface, ground, coastal, and marine water;
8. Undertaking activities or development and expansion of projects, or operating
wastewater/sewerage facilities in violation of Presidential Decree. No.1586 and
its implementing rules, and regulations;
9. Discharging regulated water pollutants without the valid required discharge
permit pursuant to this Act or after the permit was revoked for any violation of
condition therein;
10. Non-compliance of the LGU with the Water Quality Framework and Management
Area Action Plan. In such a case, sanctions shall be imposed on the local
government officials concerned;
11. Refusal to allow entry, inspection and monitoring by the Department in
accordance with this Act;
12. Refusal to allow access by the Department to relevant reports and records in
accordance with this Act;
13. Refusal or failure to submit reports whenever required by the Department in
accordance with this Act;
14. Refusal or failure to designate pollution control officers whenever required by, the
Department in accordance with this Act; and
15. Directly using booster pumps in the distribution system or tampering with the
water supply in such a way as to alter or impair the water quality.
Aquaculture - fishery operations involving all forms of raising and culturing fish and
other fishery species in fresh, brackish and marine water areas
Aquatic Resources - includes fish, all other aquatic flora and fauna and other living
resources of the aquatic environment, including, but not limited to, salt and corals
Commercial Fishing - taking of fishery species by passive or active gear for trade,
business & profit beyond subsistence or sports fishing
Registration of Fish Hatcheries and Private Fishponds, etc. - All fish hatcheries,
fish breeding facilities and private fishponds must be registered with the LGUs which
shall prescribe minimum standards for such facilities in consultation with the
Department
Prohibited Acts:
1. Unauthorized Fishing or Engaging in Other Unauthorized Fisheries Activities
o No person shall exploit, occupy, produce, breed, culture, capture or gather
fish, fry or fingerlings of any fishery species or fishery products, or engage
in any fishery activity in Philippine waters without a license, lease or
permit.
o Discovery of any person in an area where he has no permit or registration
papers for a fishing vessel shall constitute a prima facie presumption that
the person and/or vessel is engaged in unauthorized fishing: Provided,
That fishing for daily food sustenance or for leisure which is not for
commercial, occupation or livelihood purposes may be allowed
o any commercial fishing vessel to fish in bays and in such other fishery
management areas which may hereinafter be declared as over-exploited
o not listed in the registry of municipal fisherfolk to engage in any
commercial fishing activity in municipal waters
2. Poaching in Philippine Waters - any foreign person, corporation or entity to fish
or operate any fishing vessel in Philippine waters.
3. Fishing Through Explosives, Noxious or Poisonous Substance, and/or
Electricity may be allowed for research, educational or scientific purposes only
o possess, deal in, sell or in any manner dispose of, any fish or fishery
species which have been illegally caught, taken or gathered
o discovery of dynamite, other explosives and chemical compounds which
contain combustible elements, or noxious or poisonous substances, or
equipment or device for electro-fishing in any fishing vessel or in the
possession of any fisherfolk, operator, fishing boat official or fishworker
shall constitute prima facie evidence, that the same was used for fishing
in violation of this Code
o Mere possession of explosive, noxious or poisonous substances or
electrofishing devices for illegal fishing
4. Use of Fine Mesh Net - mesh smaller than that which may be fixed by the
Department
o prohibition on the use of fine mesh net shall not apply to the gathering of
fry, glass eels, elvers, tabios, and alamang and such species which by
their nature are small but already mature to be identified
5. Use of Active Gear in the Municipal Waters and Bays and Other Fishery
Management Areas
6. Ban on Coral Exploitation and Exportation
7. Ban on Muro-Ami Other Methods and Gear Destructive to Coral Reefs and
Other Marine Habitat
o destroys coral reefs, seagrass beds, and other fishery marine life habitat
o gather, sell or export white sand, silica, pebbles and any other substances
which make up any marine habitat.
8. Illegal Use of Superlights
9. Conversion of Mangroves - into fishponds or for any other purposes
10. Fishing in Overfished Area and During Closed Season
11. Fishing in Fishery Reserves, Refuge and Sanctuaries
12. Fishing Or Taking of Rare, Threatened or Endangered Species
13. Capture of Sabalo and Other Breeders/Spawners mature milkfish (sabalo)
14. Exportation of Breeders, Spawners, Eggs or Fry
15. Importation or Exportation of Fish or Fishery Species maintain local
biodiversity
16. Violation of Catch Ceilings
17. Aquatic Pollution
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act RA 8435
- transforming agriculture and fisheries sectors from a resource-based to a
technology-based industry
- enhance profits and income in the sectors
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan shall focus on five (5) major
concerns:
1. Food security;
2. Poverty alleviation and social equity;
3. Income enhancement and profitability, especially for farmers and fisher folk;
4. Global competitiveness; and
5. Sustainability.
Training of Workers:
- TESDA shall organize local communities that will advise on the scope, nature
and duration of training for the programs
- DENR shall organize the training of workers in coastal resources management
and sustainable fishing techniques
- Technology and Livelihood Resource Center (TLRC) shall undertake field
training in entrepreneurship and management involved in the basic needs
program
Article 193: Sovereign right of States to exploit their natural resources pursuant
to their environmental policies and in accordance with their duty to protect and
preserve the marine environment.
Article 194: Necessary measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the
marine environment
Article 195: Duty not to transfer damage or hazards or transform one type of
pollution into another.
SECTION 6. ENFORCEMENT
Article 213: Enforcement with respect to pollution from land-based sources
Article 214: Enforcement with respect to pollution from seabed activities
Article 215: Enforcement with respect to pollution from activities in the Area
Article 216: Enforcement with respect to pollution by dumping
SECTION 7. SAFEGUARDS
Article 223: Measures to facilitate proceedings
In proceedings instituted pursuant to this Part, States shall take measures to
facilitate the hearing of witnesses and the admission of evidence submitted by
authorities of another State, or by the competent international organization, and shall
facilitate the attendance at such proceedings of official representatives of the
competent international organization, the flag State and any State affected by
pollution arising out of any violation. The official representatives attending such
proceedings shall have such rights and duties as may be provided under national laws
and regulations or international law.
Article 230: Monetary penalties and the observance of recognized rights of the
accused
1. Monetary penalties only may be imposed with respect to violations of national
laws and regulations or applicable international rules and standards for the
prevention, reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment,
committed by foreign vessels beyond the territorial sea.
2. Monetary penalties only may be imposed with respect to violations of national
laws and regulations or applicable international rules and standards for the
prevention, reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment,
committed by foreign vessels in the territorial sea, except in the case of a wilful
and serious act of pollution in the territorial sea.
3. In the conduct of proceedings in respect of such violations committed by a
foreign vessel which may result in the imposition of penalties, recognized rights
of the accused shall be observed.
Article 231: Notification to the flag State and other States concerned
States shall promptly notify the flag State and any other State concerned of any
measures taken pursuant to section 6 against foreign vessels, and shall submit to the
flag State all official reports concerning such measures. However, with respect to
violations committed in the territorial sea, the foregoing obligations of the coastal State
apply only to such measures as are taken in proceedings. The diplomatic agents or
consular officers and where possible the maritime authority of the flag State, shall be
immediately informed of any such measures taken pursuant to section 6 against
foreign vessels.
Article 233: Safeguards with respect to straits used for international navigation
Nothing in sections 5, 6 and 7 affects the legal regime of straits used for
international navigation. However, if a foreign ship other than those referred to in
section 10 has committed a violation of the laws and regulations referred to in article
42, paragraph 1(a) and (b), causing or threatening major damage to the marine
environment of the straits, the States bordering the straits may take appropriate
enforcement measures and if so shall respect mutatis mutandis the provisions of this
section.
2. States shall ensure that recourse is available in accordance with their legal
systems for prompt and adequate compensation or other relief in respect of
damage caused by pollution of the marine environment by natural or juridical
persons under their jurisdiction.