Data Communication Tranmission Media Notes IMS DAVV Nir PDF

Notes : Computer Communication IMS-DAVV
Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava
What is Computer Network :

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications.
The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines,
radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
Why we are using computer network

Computer on its own is referred to as a stand-alone machine, and most
domestic computer users use their PCs in this way. However even small
commercial organizations may want to link their computers together. Two
computers linked together so that they can exchange data form a network.
However when we think of networks, we tend to think of lots of machines

linked together.
Advantages of linking machines ( Computer on Network or LAN)?

Sharing of resources such as scanners and printers;
Common information can be shared.
Easier to install a program on a central computer rather than having to do
it individually for each computer.
E-mails can be sent between users.
New users and equipment can be added easily.
Different types of computers can connect to each other.
Disadvantages are:
If a file server goes down, the users cannot access programs.
If the network is not operating properly, hardware and software sources
cannot be accessed.
The networks efficiency depends a lot on the skill of its manager. A poorly
managed network (or one where the manager is obstructive) becomes
frustrating to use and may be less efficient than stand-alone machines.
Hard to keep secure from hackers.
If a network is not well designed, it might not able to manage the network
traffic and performance of network going down ( Slow Network for access
data ).
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Computer Network Technology

Server : Server provide services to client. Like internet Server , Mail Server ,
Database server, application .
Client : Who get services from server or request services from other computer
systems
Client /Server technology
Nodes and servers share data roles
Nodes are called clients
Servers are used to control access
Database software
Access to data controlled by server
Server is the most important computer
Peer to Peer Technology
All nodes are equal
Nodes access resources on other nodes
Each node controls its own resources
Distributing computing
How can computers communicate?

Actually in quite a similar way to humans
The Hardware (the physical components of the network
Transmitter ( Vocal Cords in humans)
Channel (Media) [ Air in humans]
Receiver [Ear in humans]
Transceiver
Topology
How is the network connected
Protocols
What rules does the network follow to facilitate communication
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Type of Computer Network

Local Area Network - A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined
to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a
writing lab, school, or building.
LAN computers more than a mile apart. In a typical LAN configuration, one
computer is designated as the file server. It stores all of the software that controls
the network, as well as the software that can be shared by the computers
attached to the network.
Computers connected to the file server are called workstations.
The workstations can be less powerful than the file server, and they may have
additional software on their hard drives.
LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface cards in each computer.
Benefits of LANs:
Sharing of hardware resources.
Sharing of software and data.
Consolidated wiring/cabling.
Simultaneous distribution of information.
More efficient person-to-person communication
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MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A communications network that covers a geographic area such as a city
or suburb.
Consists of many local area networks linked together.
Span the distance of just a few miles.
WAN (Wide Area Network)

Consists of a number of computer networks including LANs.
Connected by many types of links.
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas, such as Sirt,Libya
connected to India or other part of the world. Satellite uplinks may be used to
connect this type of network.
Page 4 of 19
Network Topology
Topology refers to the way in which the network of computers is connected. Each
topology is suited to specific tasks and has its own advantages and disadvantages. The
choice of topology is dependent upon type and number of equipment being used, planned
applications and rate of data transfer required, response time, and cost.
Topology can also be defined as the geometrically interconnection pattern by which the
stations (nodes/computers) are connected using suitable transmission media
The Bus Topology In Bus Topology, all stations attach through appropriate
hardware interfacing known as a tap, directly to a linear transmission medium
A continuous coaxial cable to which all the devices are attached.
All nodes can detect all messages sent along the bus.
Key Characteristics of Bus Topology are:
o Flexible
o Expandable
o Moderate Reliability
o Moderate performance
BUS TOPOLOGY
The Ring Topology In the ring topology, the network consists of a set of
repeaters joined by point-to-point links in a closed loop as shown in Fig. .
Nodes linked together to form a circle.
A message sent out from one node is passed along to each node in
between until the target node receives the message.
Page 5 of 19
RING TOPOLOGY
The Star Topology In the star topology, each station is directly connected to a
common central node as shown in Fig.
Each node is linked to a central node.
All messages are routed through the central node, who delivers it to the
proper node.
STAR TOPOLOGY
Key features of Star Topology :

High Speed
Very Flexible
High Reliability
High Maintainability
The Tree Topology - (hierarchical Topology)

Page 6 of 19
Looks like an upside-down tree where end nodes are linked to interior
nodes that allow linking through to another end node.
TREE TOPOLOGY
Mesh Topology (fully connected network) In this topology each node or station
is connected to every other station. All nodes are connected to all other nodes. as
shown in Fig.
MASH TOPOLOGY
The key characteristics of this topology are as follows:
Fully connected
Robust Highly reliable
Not flexible
Poor expandability
Page 7 of 19
Transmission Media
Transmission media can be defined as physical path between transmitter and
receiver in a data transmission system
Simplex
Unidirectional, one device transmitting at a time
Half-duplex
Bi-directional, one device transmitting at a time
Full duplex
Bi-directional, both devices can simultaneously transmit
The world of computer networks and data communications would not exist if
there were no medium by which to transfer data.
The two major categories of media include:
Conducted media
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Wireless media
Terrestrial Microwave
Satellite Microwave
Mobile Telephone
Coaxial Cable : A single wire wrapped in a foam insulation surrounded by a

braided metal shield, then covered in a plastic jacket. Cable can be thick or thin.
Base band coaxial technology uses digital signaling in which the cable carries
only one channel of digital data.
Broadband coaxial technology transmits analog signals and is capable of
supporting multiple channels of data.
Page 8 of 19
Characteristics of Coaxial Cables

Two types Thin baseband and Think baseband Coaxial cables
1- UTP Category: Thin baseband single channel

Typical Use: LANs
Signaling Technique: Digital
Maximum Data Rate: 10 Mbps
Maximum Range: 100 meters (328 feets)
Advantages:
Low noise
Disadvantages:
Insecure
2 UTP Category: Thick broadband multi channel

Typical Use:
LANs
Cable TV
Long distance telephone
Signaling Technique: Analog
Maximum Range: 2-3 miles
Advantages:
Low noise
Multiple channels
Disadvantages:
Insecure
Twisted Pair : In twisted pair technology, two copper wires are strung
between two points:
Figure CAT5 cable (twisted cable)
In twisted pair technology, two copper wires are strung between two points
Two or more pairs of single conductor wires that have been twisted around each
other.
Twisted pair wire is classified by category. Twisted pair wire is currently
Category 1 (CAT1) through Category 7 (CAT7).
Twisting the wires helps to eliminate electromagnetic interference between the
two wires.
Page 9 of 19
Shielding can further help to eliminate interference.
Characteristics of Twisted Pair Cables

1 - UTP Category: Category 1 (CAT1)
Typical Use: Telephone wire
Signaling Technique: Analog and Digital
Maximum Data Rate: < 100 Kbps
Advantages:
Inexpensive
Easy to install and interface
Widely used
Disadvantages:
Insecure
Noise

Typical Use: T1, ISDN
Maximum Data Rate: < 2 Mbps
Advantages:
Inexpensive
Widely used
Disadvantages:
Insecure
Noise
Page 10 of 19

Typical Use: LANs
Maximum Range: 100 meters (328 feet)
Advantages:
Inexpensive
Widely used
Disadvantages:
Insecure
Noise
4- UTP Category: Category 4 (CAT4)

Typical Use: LANs
Advantages:
Inexpensive
Widely used
Disadvantages:
Insecure
Noise

Typical Use: LANs
Advantages:
Inexpensive
Widely used
Disadvantages:
Insecure
Noise
Typical Use: LANs
Advantages:
Draft standard in early stages
Page 11 of 19

Typical Use: LANs
Advantages:
Draft standard in very early stages
Twisted Pair Cable
Page 12 of 19
Fiber Optic Cable

A thin glass cable approximately a little thicker than a human hair surrounded by
a plastic coating and packaged into an insulated cable.
A photo diode or laser generates pulses of light which travel down the fiber optic
cable and are received by a photo receptor.
Core Multimode 50 m
Singlemode 812 m
Cladding
In fiber optic technology, the medium consists of a hair-width strand of silicon or

glass, and the signal consists of pulses of light. For instance, a pulse of light
means ``1'', lack of pulse means ``0''. It has a cylindrical shape and consists of
three concentric sections: the core, the cladding, and the jacket as shown in
Figure .
Page 13 of 19
Characteristics of Fiber Optic Cable

UTP Category: Fiber Optic
Typical Use:
LANs
Data
Video
Audio
WANs
Signaling Technique: Light pulses
Maximum Data Rate: 10 Gbps
Maximum Range: 100 miles
Advantages:
Secure
High capacity
Very low noise
Disadvantages:
Expensive interface, but coming down in cost
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Wireless Media
Radio, satellite transmissions, and infrared light are all different forms of
electromagnetic waves that are used to transmit data.
Note in the following figure how each source occupies a different set of
frequencies
Microwave Tower
Land-based, line-of-sight transmission
Approximately 20-30 miles maximum between towers
Transmits data at billions of bits per second (Gbps)
Popular with telephone companies and business to business
transmissions
Microwave signals commonly used for longer distances (10's of km). Sender and
receiver use some sort of dish antenna as shown in Fig.
Page 15 of 19
Figure Communication using Terrestrial Microwave Tower
Difficulties:
1. Weather interferes with signals. For instance, clouds, rain, lightning, tc.
May adversely affect communication.
2. Radio transmissions easy to tap. A big concern for companies worried
about competitors stealing plans.
3. Signals bouncing off of structures may lead to out-of-phase signals that
the receiver must filter out.
Satellite Microwave
Satellite communication is based on ideas similar to those used for line-of-sight.

A communication satellite is essentially a big microwave repeater or relay station
in the sky.
Microwave signals from a ground station is picked up by a transponder, amplifies
the signal and rebroadcasts it in another frequency, which can be received by
ground stations at long distances as shown in Fig. A
Figure A Satellite Microwave Communication: point to- point

.
Page 16 of 19
Figure Satellite Microwave Communication: Broadcast links
Similar to terrestrial microwave except the signal travels from a ground station on
earth to a satellite and back to another ground station.
Satellites can be classified by how far out into orbit each one is (LEO, MEO, and
GEO).
LEO - Low Earth Orbit - 100 miles to 1000 miles. Used for pagers, wireless e-
mail, special mobile telephones, spying, videoconferencing.
MEO - Middle Earth Orbit - 1000 to 22,300 miles. Used for GPS and
government.
GEO - Geosynchronous Orbit - 22,300 miles. Used for weather, television, and
government operations
Page 17 of 19
Mobile Telephone
Wireless telephone service, such as cellular telephone, cell phone. To support multiple
users in a metropolitan area (market), the market is broken into cells. Each cell has its
own transmission tower and set of assignable channels.
Media Selection Criteria

Cost
Speed
Distance and expandability
Environment
Security
Page 18 of 19
What is a Switch?
A switch is a network device that selects a path or circuit for sending a
unit of data to its next destination
a network traffic monitoring device that controls the flow of traffic
between multiple network nodes
Page 19 of 19

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Notes : Computer Communication IMS-DAVV

Faculty : Niranjan shrivastava

What is Computer Network :

Why we are using computer network

However when we think of networks, we tend to think of lots of machines

Advantages of linking machines ( Computer on Network or LAN)?

Computer Network Technology

How can computers communicate?

Type of Computer Network

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

WAN (Wide Area Network)

Key features of Star Topology :

The Tree Topology - (hierarchical Topology)

Coaxial Cable : A single wire wrapped in a foam insulation surrounded by a

Characteristics of Coaxial Cables

1- UTP Category: Thin baseband single channel

2 UTP Category: Thick broadband multi channel

Figure CAT5 cable (twisted cable)

Shielding can further help to eliminate interference.

Characteristics of Twisted Pair Cables

2 - UTP Category: Category 2 (CAT2)

3 - UTP Category: Category 3 (CAT3)

4- UTP Category: Category 4 (CAT4)

5- UTP Category: Category 5 (CAT5)

7- UTP Category: Category 7 (CAT7)

Fiber Optic Cable

In fiber optic technology, the medium consists of a hair-width strand of silicon or

Characteristics of Fiber Optic Cable

Figure Communication using Terrestrial Microwave Tower

Satellite communication is based on ideas similar to those used for line-of-sight.

Figure A Satellite Microwave Communication: point to- point

Figure Satellite Microwave Communication: Broadcast links

Media Selection Criteria

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