Copyright 2016

All rights reserved. No part of this proceedings may be reproduced,

in any form or by any means, without written permission of GUNDER.

Digitally printed in Trkiye.

Publish Date: 30 December 2016

FROM SCIENTIFIC EDITORS
It is our pleasure to present this proceeding after gathering for the great SOLAR TR2016 Conference & Exhibition in
Istanbul on December 06-08. The event was very successful and fruitful from many points of view. First, nearly 1500
participants were registered, indicating that the conference attracted great attention. Second, the scientic and advisory
board of 115 and 88 members respectively from 26 countries in total provided great dissemination of the conferences
news. Throughout the conference, scientic and training sessions in 5 different halls, SOLAR TR2016 communicated
the much-anticipated information about the sector with its audience from all segments. The gures were very attractive
with 89 paper presentations out of accepted 99 in 18 sessions, 20 poster presentations out of 23 in poster presentation
area, 40 speakers in 9 different sessions for training and current discussions, 14 visionary speakers in 3 joint sessions,
30 sponsors and company presentation stands, technology presentations, live broadcast followed by 11 different
countries and more than 10.000 people reaching session information at different times through social media.

Interest to submitting paper to the conference was also considerably satisfactory. Out of nearly 185 abstracts
covering technology, policy, law and nance aspects of solar energy were submitted. 122 of them was accepted
by the scientic committee and invited to the conference either as poster or oral presentation. It is remarkable
to highlight that we have received relatively signicant number of paper contributions from manufacturing and
service industry including software vendors in addition to academicians and researchers from universities and
research institutions.

This book covers accepted full texts and the abstracts whose authors did not submit full text. All texts submitted by
the authors were converted into the same format, meaning that typographic and graphic designs were rearranged.
There still might be some typo and converting mistakes, for which we kindly seek for your understanding since it
is always hard to perfectly manage such a complex and long editing process.

We hope Conference Proceedings to be benecial for all working in the solar energy sector.

With our kindest regards,

Dr. Blent Yeilata

Dr. Gnnur Koar
Dr. Kemal Gani Bayraktar
CONTENTS
CONFERENCE COMMITTEES ...................................................................................................................... 10

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS................................................................................................................................... 14

SUBMITTED FULL TEXTS / ABSTRACTS ....................................................................................................... 19

0006 - NEXT-GENERATION PVT SYSTEM WITH PCM LAYER AND HEAT DISTRIBUTING SHEET ........................ 20
Birol Klk, iir Klk, an Klk

0012 - CFD BASED THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF AIR HEATING
PLATE TYPE SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH DIFFERENT DUCT PROFILES .................................................................. 29
Cem orapolu, Figen Kadrgan

0014 - COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE PERTURB & OBSERVE AND INCREMENTAL

CONDUCTANCE MPPT METHODS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS.............................................................. 37
zgr elik, Ahmet Teke, Adnan Tan

0019 - EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A PV ASSISTED THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATOR ...................... 45

Manolya Akdemir, Ahmet Yilanci, Engin etin, Mustafa Gne

0021 - TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A GRID TIED PV PLANT WITH SAM (SYSTEM
ADVISORY MODEL) SOFTWARE OVER A COURSE OF 20 YEARS FOR KARS AND MERSIN ............................... 53
Burhan Kra, Melih Soner elikta

0023 - SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A 1 KWP OFF-GRID PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER

SYSTEM WITH A 2-AXIS SOLAR TRACKER..................................................................................................................... 61
Yusuf Atalay, Ahmet Yilanci, Orhan Ekren

0025 - OPTIMUM OPERATION OF SOLAR PVT SYSTEMS: AN EXERGETIC APPROACH ...................................... 72

Birol Klk

0027 - PROMISE AND CHALLENGES OF COPPER ZINC TIN SULFUR QUATERNARY MATERIAL FOR
PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 81
Yunus Emre Boya, R. Ergun, E. Arici

0033 - WIND POWER ASSISTED ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM UNDER VARYING SOLAR RADIATION ...................... 87
Ahmet Serhan Hergl

0047 - THE FUTURE OF CuInSe2 (CIS) TECHNOLOGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SILICON .................................. 92

Kadriye Merve zcan, Melih Soner elikta

0050 - APPLICATION ANALYSIS OF NET-ZERO ENERGY BUILDING USING HEAT PUMP

AND PV PANEL TECHNOLOGIES ..................................................................................................................................101
Erkan Duman, Rucan Mentee

0051 - THE IMPACT OF PV POWER PLANT PENETRATION LEVEL ON SECURITY CONSTRAINED UNIT
COMMITMENT AND AN APPROACH FOR REDUCING CURTAILMENT OF PV ENERGY .....................................109
zgr Kahraman, Zafer nver, Cem ahin, Abdullah Nadar

0053 - INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS VIA TECHNICAL

SURVEYING OF SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR NIDE REGION ........................................120
Tufan Sak, ada Gnen, Emine Erman Kara

0054 - QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMERTIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES WITH

ELECTROLUMINESCENCE..............................................................................................................................................127
Okan Ylmaz, Alp Osman Kodolba

0057 - A NOVEL HIGH CAPACITY SPACE EFFICIENT HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS 131
Elamin Awad Mohamed, Saffa Riffat, Siddig Omer
0058 - LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS : A REVIEW OF LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT STUDIES ...................................................................................................................................................148
Huseyin Saraltn, Ceylan Zafer

0059 - DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF SINGLE AXIS SUN TRACKING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM ...........153
Serdar Nuholu, Ahmet Samanc

0060 - IMPROVEMENT OF PV PANEL PERFORMANCE VIA SURFACE COOLING ................................................161

Serdar elik, Rehan Ali

0062 - THE EFFECTS OF SOILING ON SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS IN THE CAPITAL OF CYPRUS ........169
Na Cabacaba, Turgut Karahuseyin, Serkan Abbasolu

0064 - SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT DESIGN APPROACH BASED ON COMPUTER

SOFTWARE AND GRID CONNECTION ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................178
Eda Blbl Snmez, Armaan Temiz, Serkan Buhan, Abdullah Bestil, Abdullah Nadar

0067 - SIMULATING COSMIC PARTICLE RADIATION ABSORPTION AND SECONDARY PARTICLE

PRODUCTION OF SOLAR CELL LAYERS OF A LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE WITH GEANT4 .........................186
Merve Yiitolu, Doa Veske, Melahat Bilge Demirkz

0069 - DESIGN OF UNITIZED REGENERATIVE FUEL CELL HYBRID SYSTEM WITH SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE ....192
Ylser Devrim, Kbra Pehlivanolu

0070 - URBAN RENEWABLIZATION IN INDIA THROUGH PUBLIC-PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP:

A COMMUNITY ENERGY AUDIT INITIATIVE AS A WAY FORWARD ........................................................................199
Sanjay Gopal

0076 - APPLICATION OF TORREFACTION TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATED WITH PARABOLIC TROUGH ..........206

zben Ersz, Gnnur Koar

0077 - CHARACTERZATON OF HETERO-STRUCTURE SNGLE PN JUNCTON SOLAR CELLS

BASED ON III-N-V AND III-B-V ALLOYS .......................................................................................................................212
Agageldi Muhammetgulyyev, Bar Knac, mer Dnmez, Aye Erol

0081 - CROWDFUNDING FOR SOLAR: CAN IT BE REALLY DONE? .......................................................................213

Emre Ilicali

0082 - A SUSTAINABLE MODEL BY SOLAR ENERGY.................................................................................................214

M. Tlin Keskin, F. Figen Ar

0083 - PRODUCER GAS PRODUCTION BY GASIFICATION METHOD WITH THE SUPPORT OF

SOLAR ENERGY AND USE OF INDIVIDUAL HEATING AND COOKING SYSTEMS................................................218
Merdin Danmaz, Cevdet Demirta

0085 - POTENTIAL INDUCED DEGRADATION FOR C-SI MINI MODULES.............................................................228

Aynur Eray, Taha Alperen Kek

0086 - A SMALL SIZED CLIMATE CHAMBER DEVELOPED FOR POTENTIAL INDUCED

DEGRADATION MEASUREMENT ..................................................................................................................................235
Sermet Eray, Taha Alperen Kek, Aynur Eray

0087 - MODULE BASED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR BEYTEPE SOLAR HOUSE .................................................241
Sermet Eray, Alaattin Cindarik, Aynur Eray

0091 - AN IMPLEMENTATION OF CSP WITH SOLAR THERMAL TOWER POWER PLANT OF 10 MW ..............250
Mehmet Hekim, Aynur Eray

0093 - SIMULATION OF A-SI:H P-I-N SOLAR CELL USING AMPS-1D ......................................................................258

Tlay Ocak, Aynur Eray
0095 - ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF REACTIVE POWER FLOW PRODUCED BY SOLAR POWER PLANTS
ON DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ......................................................................................................................................265
Mert Kesici, Hande Temel, Bora Alboyac, Rauf Yapc, Doruk Gne

0098 - IMPROVEMENT OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC SIMULATOR WITH A NOVEL STRUCTURE .................................273

Ersoy Beer

0099 - FINANCING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS .......................................................................................278

Huzur Keskin

0108 - CALCULATION OF THE DAILY LIGHT INTEGRAL USING SOLAR RADIATION MODEL
FOR AFYON AND AYDIN PROVINCES IN TURKEY.....................................................................................................284
Mehmet Ali Dayolu

0111 - A BRIGHT FUTURE BASED CARBON NANOTUBES/TIO2 MESOPOROUS HYBRID PHOTOANODES

FOR HIGHLY EFFICIENT ELECTRON COLLECTION IN PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES ...............................................293
Bayram Kl, Ouz Can Ozer

0112 - SOLAR CENTRAL INVERTER FOR NATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY PLANT (MLGES) PROJECT ..................300
Mustafa Deniz, Umut Gvengir, Abdullah Bestil, Gkhan en

0114 - GRAPHENE/IRON PYRITE (FES2) THIN FILMS COUNTER ELECTRODE FOR DYE-SENSITIZED
SOLAR CELL ......................................................................................................................................................................308
Bayram Kl, Ouz Can zer

0118 - FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A WIND-PV-DIESEL HYBRID POWER SYSTEM

FOR A REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION SYSTEM ................................................................................................309
Murat Gkek, Cihangir Kale

0120 - TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PILOT SOLAR IRRIGATION APPLICATIONS

IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION .....................................................................................................................317
N. Mutlu, U. Atay, Y. Dagtekin, M. Sirer, Bulent Yesilata

0121 - PV INTEGRATED BUILDINGS CERTIFIED BY GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS (GBRSs) .................324
Mjde Altn

0125 - INCREASING THE AWARENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE

IN TURKEY, ROLE OF ILLER BANK ................................................................................................................................332
Asl Harmanl Olgun

0129 - DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS BASED ON ASYMMETRIC ZINC (II) PHTHALOCYANINES ..................337
Yunus Yavuz, Glenay Tun, Vefa Ahsen, Aye Gl Grek

0132 - MODELING SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY BY USING GWR ......................................................343

Serhat Sensoy, Mustafa Coskun, Mesut Demircan, Volkan Darende, Zuhal Akyurek, Necla Turkolu, hsan iek

0137 - SIZING, DESIGNING, SIMULATION AND INSTALLATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC

WATER PUMPING STATION IN TUNISIA ......................................................................................................................352
Jamel Chakchak, Numan S. etin

0138 - SPECTRAL TRANSMITTANCE OF NANOPARTICULATE MEDIA FOR SOLAR

THERMAL COLLECTORS: EFFECT OF THE SIZE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION ...........................................................362
Layth Al-Gebory, Pinar Meng

0139 - THERMODYNAMICS AND POWER ANALYSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

UNDER THE DIAGONALLY PARTIAL SHADING...........................................................................................................368
Fatih Bayrak, Hakan F. ztop, Gamze Ertrk

0147 - SOLAR POWER PLANT EFFECTS ON VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY IN GLBAI

MICROGRID DEMO SITE ................................................................................................................................................375
Atakan Akgn, Deren Atl, Emrah Kalkan, Fatih zdemir, Seyit Cem Ylmaz
0151 - THE INCREASE OF ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY ON GRID-BASED PV SYSTEMS.........................................380
Mehmet Ali zelik

0152 - NON-VACUUM AND LOW-COST PRODUCTION OF CUINGASE ABSORBER THIN FILM BY

SUBSEQUENT ELECTRODEPOSITION TECHNIQUE ..................................................................................................386
H. Yldrm, A. Peksz

0156 - INNOVATIVE FINANCING MODELS FOR SOLAR SYSTEMS ........................................................................393

Benedictta Dibia, Jie Zhu

0161 - TYPES OF PV PANELS AND A PROPER PV PANEL SELECTION FOR KAYSERI REGION ..........................401
Seyfettin Grel, Sezai Alper Tekin

0162 - BUILDINGS OF THE FUTURE: SOLAR ARCHITECTURE .................................................................................408

Mjde Altn

0163 - SPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL SITES FOR SOLAR DESALINATION PLANTS IN TURKEY.........413
Fulya Aydn, Hasan Sarpta

0165 - A COMPARISON OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT IN FLAT-PLATE

SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH INNER TUBE APPARATUS .............................................................................................421
Abdulkadir Kocer, Ismet Faruk Yaka, Afin Gngr

0166 - CARBON CAPTURE IN FAADES VIA BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOBIOREACTORS .........................427

Aya Toku, Glden Kktrk

0168 - AN EFFICIENT FUZZY LOGIC BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER

UNDER PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS ...................................................................................................................433
Nurettin Beli, Rknettin Ik

0169 - COMPARISON OF SOLAR IRRADIATION MODELS FOR ANLIURFA PROVIDENCE ..............................442

Emrah Aslan, Mehmet Akif lkhan, Nurettin Beli, Blent Yeilata

0170 - INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAICS INTO TENSILE AND INFLATABLE STRUCTURES ...........................449

Ahmet Vefa Orhon

0171 - A REVIEW ON ADAPTIVE PHOTOVOLTAIC FACADES ..................................................................................458

Ahmet Vefa Orhon

0173 - EVALUATING DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER

ACCORDING TO THE EN 50530 STANDARD ..............................................................................................................466
Onur Krcolu, Murat nl, Sabri amur

0174 - LOW COST HYBRID SOLAR TRACKER BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC ..............................................................473
Mehmet Emin Tenekeci, Abdulkadir Gm

0175 - A MODEL APPLICATION IN A COLLECTIVE SETTLEMENT AREA WITHIN THE TS 825

STANDARD IN TERMS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY ........................................................................................................474
Mut Yce, Ahmet Serhan Hergl

0180 - SOLAR POWER BENEFITS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ..............................................................................480

Seluk zdil, Ahmet Acar, Katya Kaya

0185 - DETERMINATION OF PV SOLAR ELECTRICITY POTENTIAL FOR IGDIR

DEPENDING ON DIFFERENT SOURCES ......................................................................................................................484
Levent Yaln, Burak Aydodu

0190 - AN APPLICATION OF PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR (PTC) SYSTEM TO A HOSPITAL BUILDING 490
Atilla Dnk, Selman Salam, r Diner, Yunus eri, Yunus engel, Onur Gnduru, Francesco Orioli, Yasemin
Somuncu, M. Pinar Meng
0193 - COMPARING THE ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES INCLUDED TOTAL COST AND CO2 EMISSIONS
OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN TURKEY BASED ON DIFFERENT SHARES OF SOLAR ENERGY ..................499
Merih Aydnalp Kksal, Eda Dal

0196 - A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC INVESTMENT STAGES

IN TURKEY: PV FINANCING DATABASE .......................................................................................................................506
Sedat Yldrm, Faruk Telemciolu, Kemal Gani Bayraktar, Blent Yeilata

0197 - APPLICATION SEGMENTS AND BUSINESS MODELS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

INVESTMENTS IN TURKEY .............................................................................................................................................512
Sedat Yldrm, Faruk Telemciolu, Kemal Gani Bayraktar, Blent Yeilata

0201 - AN INVESTIGATING OF UNSETTLE OPERATION ON A SOLAR HEATED BIOGAS SYSTEM

UNDER MESOPHILIC/THERMOFILIC CONDITIONS ..................................................................................................518
Ahmet Eryaar, Pnar Byk, Gnnur Koar

0202 - THE INVESTIGATION OF POSSIBLE UTILIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN

GREENHOUSE ..................................................................................................................................................................524
Gnnur Koar, Ahmet Eryaar, Sevim zgl, Elif Gdekmerdan, Mert Dzenli

0205 - EVALUATION OF GLOBAL PV MONITORING MARKET AND SOFTWARE PLATFORMS .........................531

Mehmet Akif Nacar, Blent Yeilata

0206 - WEB-BASED REAL-TIME CONTROL AND MONITORING OF SOLAR PV POWER PLANTS ....................538
Mehmet Akif Nacar

0207 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS FOR A SOLAR ASSISTED HVAC UNIT .....................................................545
Emre zmen, Cevat Tanrver

0209 - ENERGY YIELD POTENTIAL MAPS OF BIPV SYSTEMS FOR TURKEY..........................................................553

Mehmet Azmi Aktacir,Blent Yeilata, Sami Abamor, Nurettin Beli

0210 - POSSIBLE UTILIZATION OF CANAL-TOP SOLAR POWER PLANTS IN THE GAP REGION ......................557
M. Azmi Aktacir, Nurettin Beli, Ahmet E. Altparmak, Blent Yeilata

0211 - PHOTOSYNTHESIS; MIRACLE OF ORGANIC LIFE AND ITS TECHNOLOGIES ..........................................563

Sddk li

0212 - COMPARISON OF BIFACIAL AND SINGLE-SIDED SOLAR HETEROJUNCTION MODULES ...................564

A. idem Besen, Ertan Arkan, Alborz Ebrahimi

0213 - PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES UNDER LOW SUNLIGHT...................573

A. idem Besen, Ertan Arkan, Alborz Ebrahimi

0214 - MONITORING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES IN PV POWER PLANTS..............................................................581

Alper Terciyanl, Kemal Kurt, Erman Terciyanl

POSTER PRESENTATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 582

0016 - UTILIZATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANT CARBON DIOXIDE IN A SAMPLE

TWO STAGE TRANSCRITICAL HEAT PUMP..................................................................................................................583
Mut Yce

0018 - COMPARISON OF LI-FEPO4 BASED ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM AND DIESEL ELECTRIC
GENERATOR IN TERMS OF LOAD SUPPLY COST ANALYSIS ....................................................................................591
Taner arkt

0035 - FORECASTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY INCENTIVES AND INVESTMENTS BASED

ON BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................597
Ruhan Cemre Uar, Melih Soner elikta

0063 - SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS FOR FRESHWATER PRODUCTION .........................................................605

Muammer Akgn
0088 - RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND TECNOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY
TURKEY AND THE WORLD, THE APPLICATIONS........................................................................................................614
Ycel Oaz

0096 - MERSIN-SILIFKE DISTRICT OF SOLAR POWER PLANTS PLACES COULD ASSEMBLY,

THE EVALUATION OF INSTALLATION AND OPERATING COSTS ...........................................................................615
Mehmet Zile

0103 - TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES SMART BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)
IN THE OFF-GRID PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS .............................................................................................................622
Mohamadreza Shirinabady, Hamed Ahmadi Nezam Abad

0107 - THE ROLE OF URBAN PLANING IN SOLAR ENERGY ....................................................................................630

Bekir Yelmen, agatay zcan

0113 - GROWTH OF VERTICALLY ALIGNED ZNO NANOWIRES ARRAYS ON GRAPHENE LAYER AS

PHOTOANODE AND PRODUCE OF GRAPHENE/IRON PYRITE (FES2) THIN FILMS COUNTER
ELECTRODE FOR DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL ......................................................................................................638
Bayram Kl, Mansur Asgin

0117 - ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT INTERFACE STATE DENSITY AND SERIES

RESISTANCE OF AL/CZTSES/N-SI SCHOTTKY DIODE...............................................................................................639
. Faruk Yksel, Nihat Tuluolu, Osman Pakma, Faruk zel

0127 - IMPROVEMENT OF MICROPHASE SEPARATION BY ANTI-SOLVENT WASHING ....................................644

Sumeyra Buyukcelebi, Mahmut Kus

0148 - TO OPTIMIZE THE DYNAMIC INSULATION PERFORMANCE IN ORDER TO REDUCE

THE COOLING LOAD OF THE BUILDING IN HOT CLIMATE .....................................................................................645
Fawzan Aljudaiy, Siddig Omer

0150 - SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY POTENTIALS AND USE IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA ...........................646
Mahmut Aydinol, Fatma Azize Zulal Aydinol

0159 - DETERMINATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND EMISSIONS SAVINGS OF A PUBLIC BUILDING

BY THERMAL INSULATION .............................................................................................................................................654
Ahmet Serhan Hergl, Mut Yce

0167 - ANALYZING USE OF NANOTECHNOLOGICAL BUILDING MATERIALS FOR IMPROVING

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ..........................................................................................................................................661
Glen Cengiz

0172 - DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE ON SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS

FOR BATMAN PROVINCE OF TURKEY .........................................................................................................................669
Adem Ylmaz, Abdulkadir Kocer, Ismet Faruk Yaka, Afsin Gngr

0178 - FREQUENCY DEPENDENT INTERFACE STATE PROPERTIES OF A SCHOTTKY DEVICE

BASED ON CORONENE DEPOSITED ON N-TYPE SILICON BY SPIN COATING TECHNIQUE ............................674
. Faruk Yksel, Osman Pakma, Nihat Tuluolu

0179 - DISPERSION PARAMETERS OF CU2ZNSNS4 NANOCRYSTALS THIN FILM ..............................................680

Zeynep Kisnisci

0200 - ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR PV POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL IN DJIBOUTI .......................................681

Ali Gadito Mohamed, Numan etin, Ahmet Eryar

AUTHOR INDEX ......................................................................................................................................... 691

SUPPORTERS ............................................................................................................................................. 692

CONFERENCE COMMITTEES
STEERING BOARD

Gnnur KOAR Chair, Ege University

Blent YELATA Scientic Chair, Harran University
Ouz CAN General Directorate of Renewable Energy, YEGM
Bahadr TUNABOYLU TBTAK Marmara Research Center, TBTAK MAM
Metin OLAK Ege University Turkish Photovoltaic Technology Platform, UFTP
Kemal Gani BAYRAKTAR Turkish Solar Energy Society, GNDER

SCIENTIFIC BOARD

Serkan ABBASOLU International Cyprus University, TRNC

Armin ABERLE SERIS, Singapore
Mustafa ACAROLU Seluk University, Turkiye
M. Azmi AKTACR Harran University, Turkiye
smail ALTA Karadeniz Technical University, Turkiye
Necdet ALTUNTOP Erciyes University, Turkiye
Ahmet ARISOY Istanbul Technical University, Turkiye
Taner ARSAN Kadir Has University, Turkiye
Ferhunde ATAY Osmangazi University, Turkiye
Uur ATKOL Dou Akdeniz University, Turkiye
Mahmut AYDINOL Dicle University, Turkiye
Josef AYOUB Natural Resources Canada, Canada
Akn BACIOLU Hacettepe University, Turkiye
Blent BASOL EncoreSolar, USA
Kvan BAARAN Celal Bayar University, Turkiye
Mevlana Celalettin BAYKUL Eskiehir Osmangazi University, Turkiye
Adrian BEJAN Duke University, USA
Imre BENKO Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
Figen BEYHAN Gazi University, Turkiye
ek BLR Selcuk University, Turkiye
Ahmet Korhan BNARK Marmara University, Turkiye
Mehmet Efe BRESSELOLU zmir Economy University, Turkiye
Mutlu BOZTEPE Ege University, Turkiye
Roland BRNDLINGER AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria
Christoph BRUNNER AEE INTEC, Austria
Hsamettin BULUT Harran University, Turkiye
Suat CANBAZOLU nn University, Turkiye
Alexandros CHARALAMBIDES Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
Dorota CHWIEDUK Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Murat AKAN Istanbul Technical University, Turkiye
Serdar ELK Southern Illinois University, USA
Melih Soner ELKTA Ege University, Turkiye
Yunus ENGEL Adnan Menderes University, Turkiye
Engin ETN Pamukkale University, Turkiye
Numan Sabit ETN Ege University, Turkiye
Levent OLAK Bakent University, Turkiye
ner OLAK Hacettepe University, Turkiye
Yanjun DAI Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
erafettin DEM zmir Ktip elebi University, Turkiye
Yaar DEMREL University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
Taner DERBENTL stanbul Technical University, Turkiye
Sadk DOST University of Victoria, Canada
Nilfer ERCAN TEKNOPARK Istanbul, Turkiye

- 10 -
Sezai ELAGZ Cumhuriyet University, Turkiye
Aynur ERAY Hacettepe University, Turkiye
Ursula EICKER Hochschule fr Technik Stuttgart, Germany
Gibril ELJRUSHI University of Misurata, Libya
Esam ELSARRAG Gulf Organisation for Research & Development, Qatar
Cem EMEKSZ Gaziosmanpaa University, Turkiye
Mehmet ERTURUL Atatrk University, Turkiye
Hubert FECHNER University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien, Austria
Roberto FEDRIZZI EURAC Institute for Renewable Energy, Italy
Elimar FRANK University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Switzerland
Bernard FRANKOVIC Crotian Solar Energy Association, Croatia
Yogi GOSWAMI University of South Florida, USA
Serap GNE Yldz Technical University, Turkiye
Afin GNGR Akdeniz University, Turkiye
Peter HELLER DLR Institute of Solar Research, Germany
Michael G. HUTCHINS Oxford Brookes University, UK
Farzad JAFARKAZEM Islamic Azad University, Iran
Sadk KAKA TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Turkiye
Soteris KALOGIROU Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
Canan KANDLL Uak University, Turkiye
Ahmet KARAASLAN Yldz Technical University, Turkiye
Etem KARAKAYA Adnan Menderes University, Turkiye
Filiz KARAOSMANOLU stanbul Technical University, Turkiye
Engin KARATEPE Dokuz Eyll University, Turkiye
Sertap KAVASOLU Mula Stk Koman University, Turkiye
Selami KESLER Pamukkale University, Turkiye
Birol KILKI Bakent University, Turkiye
Alp Osman KODOLBA TBTAK Marmara Research Center, TBTAK MAM, Turkiye
Ramazan KSE Dumlupnar University, Turkiye
Grkan KUMBAROLU The Turkish Association for Energy Economics, Turkiye
Mahmut KU Seluk University, Turkiye
Roberto Roman LATORRE University of Chile, Chile
Peter LUND Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Ir Gaetan MASSON IEA-PVPS, Belgium
Christoph MAYR Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria
Pnar MENG zyein University, Turkiye
Daniel MUGNIER TECSOL SA, France
Nusret MUTLU GAP Republic of Turkey Ministry of Development, Southeastern Anatolia Project, Turkiye
Ilija NASOV Solarmakedonija, Macedonia
Jan Erik NIELSEN SolarKey International, Denmark
Christer NYMAN SOLECO, Finland
Kasm OCAKOLU Mersin University, Turkiye
Monica OLIPHANT University of South Australia, Australia
Haluk RS Boazii University, Turkiye
Engin ZDEMR Kocaeli University, Turkiye
Ulrike PASSE Iowa State University, USA
Melih PINARCIOLU Middle East Technical University, Turkiye
Werner PLATZER Fraunhofer ISE Solar Thermal Technology, Germany
Sabine PUTZ SOLID, Austria
Nasrudin Bin Abd RAHIM University of Malaya, UMPEDAC, Malaysia
Saffa RIFFAT University of Nottingham, UK
Hans Werner SCHOCK Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, Germany
Detlef SCHULZ Helmut-Schmidt-Universitt, Germany
Ali SERPENGZEL Ko University, Turkiye
James SPEIGHT Energy Sources, USA
Elias STEFANAKOS Clean Energy Research Center (CERC) University of South Florida, USA
Aldo STEINFELD Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland

- 11 -
Gerhard STRYI-HIPP Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Germany
Mustafa TIRIS Tegnatia, Turkiye
G. N. TIWARI Indian Institute of Technology, India
Theocharis TSOUTSOS Technical University of Crete, Greece
Francois VUILLE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland
Werner WEISS AEE Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Austria
Karl-Anders WEISS Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Germany
Harry WIRTH Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Germany
Maike WIESENFARTH Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Germany
William M. WOREK Texas A&M University Kingsville, USA
Blent YELATA Harran University, Turkiye
Ahmet YILANCI Ege University, Turkiye
Vahap YT Uluda University, Turkiye
Bedri YKSEL Balkesir University, Turkiye
mer Faruk YKSEL Seluk University, Turkiye
Ceylan ZAFER Ege University, Turkiye

ADVISORY BOARD

Blent AIKGZ United Nations Development Programme in Turkey, Turkiye

Peter AHM PA Energy, Denmark
Mesut AKSOY ESMOB, Turkiye
Yasemin ALBAYRAK Solarex, Turkiye
Ahmet ATAK TUBITAK The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Turkiye
Ceren AYAS European Climate Foundation, Turkiye
Yavuz AYDIN TURKOTED, Turkiye
Zahit BALBAY Solareld, Turkiye
Abdulkadir BALIKI TUBITAK MAM Energy Insitute, Turkiye
ahin BAYRAM Proactive Energy Management, Turkiye
Fabio BELLONI European Commission, Belgium
Mustafa BLGE MTMD, Turkiye
Abdullah BLGN Central Heating System, Turkiye
Piero DE BONIS European Commission, Belgium
Sleyman BOA Energy Law Research Institute, Turkiye
Baran BOZOLU Chamber of Environmental Engineers, Turkiye
Barry BREDENKAMP South African National Energy Development Institute SANEDI, South Africa
Murat ELK zmir Development Agency IZKA, Turkiye
brahim FT Greenpeace Akdeniz, Turkiye
Halil brahim DA Solimpeks, Turkiye
Vitaliy DAVIY IBCentre, Ukraine
Jansenio DELGADO ECOWAS ECREEE, Cape Verde
Altan DENZSEL BiYOGAZDER, Turkiye
Pedro DIAS European Solar Thermal Industry Federation, Belgium
Mario DIEL Energy Council of Foreign Investors, Turkiye
Bruce DOUGLAS Global Solar Council, Belgium
Bryan D. EKUS The Global Solar Business & Technology Association SOLARUNITED, USA
Markus ELSAESSER Solar Promotion, Germany
Arda ERMUT The Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Investment Support and Promotion Agency, Turkiye
Ahmet ERYAAR Ege University, Turkiye
Zhu GONGSHAN Asian Photovoltaic Industry Association APVIA, China
Ken GUTHRIE IEA SHC, Australia
Andreas HABERLE PSE AG, Germany
Ayen HAMAMCIOLU Chamber of Mechanical Engineers Antalya Branch, Turkiye
Fethi HNGNAR Association of Turkish Construction Material Producers, Turkiye
Felix HOLZ Deutsche Bank, Germany
Ahmad F. HOURI The Lebanese Solar Energy Society, Lebanon
Pius HSSER Swiss Solar Energy Professionals Association SWISSOLAR, Switzerland

- 12 -
Ali Naci IIKLI Energy Efciency & Management Association EYODER, Turkiye
Emre DEMEN Energy Council of Foreign Investors, Turkiye
Ulrike JAHN TV Rheinland , Germany
Tlin KESKN Clean Energy Foundation TEMEV, Turkiye
Fuat KEYMAN Sabanc University, Turkiye
Battal KILI UCTEA Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects, Turkiye
Ashraf KRAIDY League of Arab States, Egypt
Alexander KHNEL Hannover Fairs Turkey, Turkiye
mtiaz MAHTAB MESIA, United Arab Emirates
Maged K. MAHMOUD Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efciency RCREEE, Egypt
Jrg MAYER Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft BSW, Germany
Jennifer MCINTOSH International Solar Energy Society, Germany
Ricardo Enriquez MIRANDA Renewable Energy Division CIEMAT, Spain
David MOSER Institute for Renewable Energy EURAC, Spain
Sina MOSTOWFIE ICHVAC, Iran
Niels Christian NIELSEN QuantumWise, Denmark
Stefan NOWAK IEA PVPS, Switzerland
Obahan OBAOLU Association of Electricity Producers, Turkiye
Stefan OBERHOLZER Swiss Federal Ofce of Energy, Switzerland
Kerem OKUMU S360, Turkiye
Sabahattin Z General Directorate of Renewable Energy, Turkiye
Osman ZBERK Solarturk Energy, Turkiye
Seluk ZDL Turkish Green Building Council, Turkiye
Mevlut ZEN Middle Black Sea Development Agency, Turkiye
Giovanni PUGLISI ENEA, Italy
Song RAK-HYUN Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea
David RENNE International Solar Energy Society, USA
Carly RIXHAM American Solar Energy Society, USA
Rfat nal SAYMAN REC Turkey, Turkiye
Oliver SCHAEFER SolarPower Europe, Belgium
Osman SEVER Automotive Manufacturers Association, Turkiye
Muhyettin SRER United Nations Development Programme in Turkey, Turkiye
John SMIRNOW Global Solar Council, USA
Geoff STAPLETON International Solar Energy Society, Australia
Markus STEIGENBERGER Agora Energiewende, Germany
David STICKELBERGER Swiss Solar Energy Professionals Association SWISSOLAR, Switzerland
Mohammed AL TAANI Arab Renewable Energy Commission, Jordan
Arzu TEKR WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities, Turkiye
Celal TOPRAK Economy Journalists Association, Turkiye
Ouz Akar TLC Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, Mersin Branch, Turkiye
Ramazan USTA General Directorate of Renewable Energy, Turkiye
Mehmet Doan OK Sabanc University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate, Turkiye
Zafer RE Phase Change Material Products, England
Hseyin Alper TRED Turkish Standards Institution, Turkiye
Pedro VALVERDE EDP Innovation, Portugal
James WATSON SolarPower Europe, Belgium
Robin WELLING European Solar Thermal Industry Federation, Belgium
Sewang YOON Korea Photovoltaic Society, Korea
Andy Cheng ZHENG Aspiring Citizens Cleantech, Singapore

- 13 -
KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
ABDELKADER BACCOUCHE

Abdelkader BACCOUCHE works in the eld of renewable energies, energy

efciency and sustainable development at the National Agency for Energy
Conservation since 2001. He is a holder of DEA postgraduate diploma from the
National Engineering Graduate school (ENIT) and Master Degree on solar energy
from Savoy University, France, and process engineers national diploma from
ENIG. He followed and led several trainings and cycles of perfection in the eld of
energy conservation and especially solar energy. He is at present Deputy Director,
Projects manager and head of solar thermal department in charge of the national
program of promotion of solar thermal energy within the National Agency for
Energy Conservation and ISO 50001 Auditor.

MEHMET EFE BRESSELOLU

Dr. Mehmet Efe Biresseliolu is an Associate Professor of Energy Security and

Policy in the Department of Political Science and International Relations, and Head
of Sustainable Energy Division at Izmir University of Economics. He is also acting
as the Steering Committee Member of European Energy Research Alliances
(EERA) Joint Programme on Economic, Environmental and Social Impacts of
Energy Policies and Technologies, and the Head of Izmir Circle of Mediterranean
Citizens Assembly (ACIMEDIT). He also thaught as a Visiting Lecturer on Energy
Security and Politics at Den Haag University, University of Aalborg, Budapest
College of Management and University of Minho. Previous to his current positions,
he acted as Lecturer at EUs INOGATE Programme; Advisor to the Chairman of
Ankara Chamber of Industry; Sr. Visiting Research Fellow in Norwegian Institute of
International Affairs Energy Program; non-resident Jr. Fellow at Finnish Business
and Policy Forum and Management Trainee at Deniz Investments headquarters.
He completed his Ph.D. at IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy and also
received his Doctor Europaeus degree with the approval of Confederation of
EU Rectors. He received his MA in European Studies from Jean Monnet Center
of Excellence at University of Turku, Finland and his BA in Political Science and
Public Administration from Bilkent University, Turkey. He is also proud to be a
graduate of TED Ankara College for his high school education similar to many of
his family members. His research interest lie in the area of energy security, energy
politics, energy economics, geopolitics and sustainable energy. He published
several articles related to energy issues in the leading journals such as Energy
Policy, Renewable Energy, Energy, and Energy&Environment. He is also the author
of the European Energy Security: Turkeys Future Role and Impact (UK: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2011) and the editor of Enerji Gvenlii Perspektinden Trkiyeye
Bak (TR: EHAEY, 2015). He also writes a monthly column on energy security and
politics at Energy World, a Turkish Periodical.

- 14 -
FATH BROL

Dr. Fatih Birol took ofce as Executive Director on 1 September 2015, twenty years
after rst joining the International Energy Agency (IEA). Prior to being elected as
Executive Director, Dr. Birol held the positions of Chief Economist and Director of
Global Energy Economics, with responsibilities that included directing the agship
World Energy Outlook publication. He is also the founder and chair of the IEA
Energy Business Council. Dr. Birol has been named by Forbes Magazine among
the most powerful people in terms of inuence on the worlds energy scene. He is
the Chairman of the World Economic Forums (Davos) Energy Advisory Board and
serves as a member of the UN Secretary-Generals Advisory Board on Sustainable
Energy for All. Dr. Birol is the recipient of numerous awards from government,
industry and academia. Prior to joining the IEA, Dr. Birol worked at the Organisation
of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in Vienna, where his responsibilities
related to analysis of oil markets. A Turkish citizen, Dr. Birol was born in Ankara in
1958. He earned a BSc degree in power engineering from the Technical University
of Istanbul. He received his MSc and PhD in energy economics from the Technical
University of Vienna. In 2013, Dr. Birol was awarded a Doctorate of Science honoris
causa by Imperial College London.

CHRISTIAN BREYER

Dr. Christian Breyer has started the Solar Economy professorship at Lappeenranta
University of Technology (LUT), Finland, in March 2014. His major expertise is the
integrated research of technological and economic characteristics of renewable
energy systems specialising in energy system modeling, 100% renewable energy
scenarios and hybrid energy solutions, on a local but also global scale. Mr Breyer
has been managing director of the Reiner Lemoine Institute, Berlin, focused on
renewable energy research and worked previously several years for Q-Cells (now:
Hanwha Q.Cells) a world market leader in the photovoltaic (PV) industry in the
R&D and market development department. Mr Breyer received his PhD in the
eld of the economics of hybrid PV power plants. He is member of international
working groups like European Technology and Innovation Platform Photovoltaics
(ETIP PV), IEA-PVPS Task 1 and 8, member of the scientic committee of the EU
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (PVSEC) and the International Renewable
Energy Storage Conference (IRES), chairman for renewable energy at the Energy
Watch Group, expert for the 100% renewables initiative and founding member
of DESERTEC Foundation. Mr Breyer is member of the executive team of the
Neo-Carbon Energy project in Finland focused on power-to-gas solutions. He
authored and co-authored about 140 scientic publications (accessible at www.
researchgate.net/prole/Christian_Breyer).

OUZ CAN

Dr. Ouz Can, General Manager of General Directorate of Renewable Energy,

graduated from Istanbul Technical University with a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering
and holds an M.S. in Energy from the same university and a Ph.D. in Engineering
Management from Marmara University. In his seminars, papers and publications,
Dr. Can has worked on smart transport systems, renewable energy, waste
management, climate change and sustainability. Dr. Can has experience working
at bak A.. as the R&D manager, at stanbul Enerji A..as the Study and Project
Manager, at sta A.. as the System Development Manager, and at Recydia A..
as the General Manager. He served as a Board Member of Sureko and Recydia
A.., and as a founding member, Board Member and General Secretary at sectoral
NGOs. Dr. Ouz Can is married with two children.

- 15 -
STANISLAS DHERBEMONT

Stanislas dHerbemont joined REScoop.eu recently as project manager. He holds

two Master degrees (Business Management & Finance) and studied at ESCE (Paris)
and MA.IB (Mainz). Stan used to be the coordinator of Tournesol Microgrids, an
organisation that supports decentralised energy systems throughout Europe. Stan
contributes to various European projects under the Horizon 2020 programme:
REScoop MECISE, REScoop Plus, PV Financing. He is in charge the Wise Grid
project for REScoop.eu.

PEDRO DIAS

Pedro Dias is currently the Secretary General of the European Solar Thermal
Industry Federation, the voice of the solar thermal industry in Europe, actively
promoting the use of solar thermal technology for renewable heating and cooling
with members across 17 European countries. He holds a management degree from
IPVC in Portugal, and has a large experience in both the non-governmental and
private sectors, having previously worked in the heating sector, more specically
in gas retail and commercialisation of heating equipment. At ESTIF, he combines
his professional experience and his passion for renewable energy.

BRUCE DOUGLAS

Bruce Douglas has been working in renewable energy for 20 years and is currently
the Chief Executive Ofcer of Global Solar Council (GSC) and the Chief Operating
Ofcer of SolarPower Europe, a member-led association based in Brussels
representing organizations active along the whole solar value chain. Previously, he
was Chief Operating Ofcer at the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) for
10 years, founding Secretary General of the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC)
and Managing Director of FLiDAR, an offshore wind startup company, which he
led to protability and exit over four years. He has a Master of Renewable Energy
Systems Technology and is uent in English and French.

PHILIPP GODRON

Philipp Godron is responsible for international energy policies and global

energy transition at Agora Energiewende, providing transparency to interested
stakeholders worldwide on what went well in Germany and which mistakes they
may wish to avoid when transforming their energy sectors. He is responsible
for Agoras Turkey program. Before joining Agora, Philipp has been team lead
at Desertec Industrial Initiative (Dii) for ve years, coordinating Diis market and
regulatory analyses as well as power grid simulations. Philipp started his career
with German utility E.ON, where he was in charge of regulatory affairs and strategy
development of the companys grid operations.

- 16 -
GEORGE KARAGIANNAKIS

Dr. George Karagiannakis is a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Research &
Technology Hellas in Thessaloniki, Greece. He is a Chemical Engineer and his
main expertise is in the eld of materials & reactor concepts development for high
temperature thermochemical processes driven by concentrated solar radiation
or other environmentally friendly heat sources. He is the author of more than 50
publications in peer-reviewed scientic journals & conference proceedings. He has
more than 300 hetero-citations and an h-index of 13. During the last 15 years, he has
participated in more than 20 EU-funded and national projects. Dr. Karagiannakis
is the appointed national representative of Greece in the SolarPACES Technology
Collaboration Programme of the International Energy Agency.

BIROL KILKI

Dr. Birol Klk received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Middle
East Technical University. He graduated in 1972 with an honors degree from von
Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics in Belgiuma NATO Research Center. Dr.
Klk has been working on heat transfer, high-performance buildings, quantum
mechanics, uid dynamics, heat pumps, energy strategies, aerodynamics, exergy
analysis, combined heat and power, tri-generation, integrated solar PV systems,
simulation, and computer aided design of green buildings. He is a founder member
of the Turkish Wind Energy Association, Turkish Solar Energy Association, and the
past Country Coordinator of Wind Energy for CENTO. He has developed seven
standards on Heat Pumps, three standards on Radiant Panel Heating and Cooling,
and authored the revised Chapter 6 in ASHRAE Handbook on Radiant Panel
Heating and Cooling and four other chapters at a capacity of principal reviewer.
He is the co-author of a most recent book on Cogeneration with renewables. He
is the Engineering Track Member of USGBC and has developed several green
energy bundles and equipment that can operate directly with low-temperature
sources and waste heat. He taught graduate and undergraduate courses at
several universities like Gannon University (full time), University of Missouri Rolla
(adjunct) and Middle East Technical University (full time) since 1972. Currently, he
is the head of Energy Engineering Graduate Program and a full-time professor
at Bakent University. In total, he has published more than 400 papers in several
journals and proceedings. Dr. Klk was always charged with the most challenging
sustainable building design and radiant projects and has worked on more than
250 unique projects. Recently, he has established a co-operation with TU Delft
University in the Netherlands on Green Initiative Sustainable Campus Project and
has authored the Ten-Year Green Campus Project and the Roadmap for Bakent
University in collaboration with OSTM and TU Delft (2012). Dr. Klk has been
appointed to the Executive Committee membership of the European Union Solar
Thermal Technology Platform in 2015.

- 17 -
HALME PAKSOY

Dr. Halime Paksoy is currently a professor in the Chemistry Department and also
the Director of the Center for Environmental Research at ukurova University. She
received a B.S. in chemical engineering in 1983 from the Bogazici University. She
obtained the M.S. in 1986 and PhD in 1992 in physical chemistry from ukurova
University. She has been concentrating on thermal energy storage technologies
since 1986. Her main research is on fundamental and applied energy storage
studies, as well as on developing thermal energy storage materials. She has
directed a NATO advanced study institute on Thermal Energy Storage for
Sustainable Energy Consumption in June 2005. She is associate editor responsible
for energy storage in the International Journal of Solar Energy. She serves as the
Turkish Delegate and previous Chair of the Executive Committee of the Energy
Conservation through Energy Storage Implementing Agreement of International
Energy Agency.

ASGEIR TOMASGARD

Dr. Asgeir Tomasgard is professor at the Norwegian University of Science and

Technology in managerial economics & optimization. Tomasgard is director of the
national research centre CenSES-Centre for Sustainable Energy Studies. He is in
the management board of the Joint Programme on the Economic, Environmental
and Social Impacts of Energy Policies and Technologies (e3s) in European Energy
Research Alliance (EERA). Tomasgard is from 2014 a permanent member of the
Climate Advisory Board of the Norwegian Minister of Climate and Environment.

DANIELA VELTE

Daniela Velte has been working for TECNALIA since April 2006 and is part of POINT,
Tecnalias expert group for Innovation and Technology Policies. She works with the
Ofce of Technology Evaluation of the European Parliament (STOA) on energy
technologies and is the coordinator of the EERA Joint Programme e3s Economic,
Environmental and Social Impacts of Energy Policies and Technologies. She is
presently participating on a study on reindustrialization focussing on the European
PV industry, a study on business opportunities related to Smart Grid Technologies
and the H2020 project ECHOES Energy CHOices supporting the Energy Union
and the Set-Plan. In 2013 /2014 she coordinated the road mapping work in the
EU-nanced project CRM_InnoNet on the substitution of critical materials, which
addressed some of the key energy technologies, such as electricity storage and
electric drives. Between 2008 and 2010 she coordinated the ESPON Applied
Research Project ReRisk Regions at Risk of Energy Poverty, and also led the
work package on social acceptance within the European Foresight Network
EFONET. Prior to joining Tecnalia, she had been partner and senior researcher
at Prospektiker European Institute for Futures Studies and Strategic Planning for
15 years. During this time she was in charge of managing most of the companys
European research projects, including EurEnDel Technology and Social Visions
for Europes Energy Future, Eco-Service Development: Reinventing Supply and
Demand in the European Union and Sustainable Consumer Services, all of which
have been published in book form. She also conducted numerous studies for the
Strategic Planning Department of the Spanish utility Iberdrola and managed the
companys strategic observatory during eight years.

- 18 -
SUBMITTED FULL TEXTS / ABSTRACTS

- 19 -
 0006 - NEXT-GENERATION PVT SYSTEM WITH PCM LAYER AND HEAT DISTRIBUTING
SHEET
Birol Klk1*, iir Klk2, an Klk3
1
Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
2
TBTAK, Ankara Turkey
3
TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands
Corresponding email: bkilkis@baskent.edu.tr
* Corresponding author: Birol Klk

ABSTRACT
A next-generation PVT (Solar Photo-Voltaic) system was developed, which minimizes the disadvantages of
conventional hydronic PVT systems such that external thermal storage is replaced by a hybrid PCM (Phase-Change
Material) layer embedded into the new hybrid PVT sandwich. Furthermore, the circulation pump is eliminated by
the usage of heat pipes. Above the PV (Photo-Voltaic) layer there is an air gap, which is covered with glass, such that
solar heat is maximized to drive the TEG (Thermo-Electric Generator) layer. TEG modules are driven by this heat,
which is conducted a nano-material heat distributing sheet. Relatively cold sides of TEG modules are maintained
by the nsulation layer below the PCM layer, which absorbs and stores the solar heat. TEG modules generate
additional electrical power and increases the exergy efciency of this new PVT system, called PHVT-3 (Third
generation PVT). Rational Exergy Management Model (REMM) efciency of the PVT-3 module is about 1.24 times
higher than a commercial PVT system, namely 0.92 versus 0.74. This paper explains the technological evolution of
PHVT-3 carried out by the authors over the recent years. The evolution starts with PVTC, namely the Photo-Voltaic
Heat and Cold module, then continues with PHVT, PHVT-2 and nally ends with PHVT-3. Fundamentals of these
modules are described and compared with respect to their REMM efciencies and the results are discussed with
further evolutionary recommendations. A patent search was also made and the advantages over these patent
claims and the technical differences are pointed out and discussed.

Keywords: Solar PVT, Exergetic performance. Phase change material, Next-generation PVT, Rational Exergy
Management Model, PCM

1. INTRODUCTION
The First-Law efciency of PV panels decrease when they warm up especially during hot seasons, when the power
demand is the highest like in summer months due to the increased cooling demand. This controversy is tried to
be solved by cooling the PV panels and thus at the same time capture some solar heat from the panel for useful
work [1]. This seemingly very effective solution however has an important draw-back, namely the conict between
the power and heat outputs. If the aim is to maintain the PV efciency at the design level, the design temperature
increase (T) of the cooling uid must be minimized. In this case, the thermal power output is substantially reduced.

Figure 1. Simple layout of a commercial hydronic PVT module [1].

If the main objective is to generate a reasonable amount of thermal power at a reasonable level of exergy, then the
average cooling temperature must be permitted to be high enough in the hydronic circuit, which compromises

- 20 -
the PV efciency. Because the unit exergy of electric power and thermal output are greatly different, the optimum
solution may not be obtained by the First Law, while the First Law cannot distinguish the quality of energy (exergy).
Secondly it does not question the solar irradiation (I) and the solar unit exergy and the total exergy supplied (S
and EXS, respectively) to the panel. It is only interested with the power of solar energy, Qs impingent on the PVT
panel surface. In spite of these facts, many studies in the literature ignore the Second Law. [2, 3, 4]. Furthermore,
electrical power demand of ancillaries, like the circulation pump, temperature peaking unit, and thermal storage
system (TES) are ignored in the performance rating of PVT unit. In fact, the PVT unit is not a stand-alone system.
It is a system working with its ancillaries. According to a recent study, ancillaries may demand more exergy than
obtained from the PV efciency gain [5]. The following recommendations were made for making PVT technology
exergy-feasible:

1. Use short hydronic circuits or use heat pipes and eliminate the circulation pump,
2. Relocate TES into the PVT module,
3. Use TEG (Thermo-electric generator) modules to supplement power generation by enhancing the solar
absorption,
4. Increase the solar absorption rate by adding a glass cover and air gap (Greenhouse effect)

These measures were implemented in a new design called the next generation PVT (PHVT-3), which is shown in
Figure 2 and explained in detail in Section 2. This module satises all recommendations mentioned above. Pump
is eliminated and thermal energy storage is realized within the module with a layer of PCM, hybridized with the
body of the PHVT-3 module. Heat pipes control the heat ow and transfer part of the solar heat whenever and as
much necessary to a manifold outside the unit. The top glass cover and the air gap over the PV surfaces act like an
ordinary at plate collector. After the sunrise, the solar irradiation captured in this collector section starts to heat
the PV panels, while PV panels pick up to generate power with the sunlight. At the rst glance this looks like a
controversy, because the aim is to cool the PV cells. Cooling is effectively achieved by transferring this additional
solar heat to the back side of the TEG modules with heat conducting g sheet.

Figure 2. Advanced Photo-Heat-Voltaic-Thermal (PHVT-3) Module [5]. Patent Pending.

While the packed-bed type of PCM layer is in the thermal charging process at a relatively cool temperature,
there exists a temperature difference across the TEG units, which on their top surface contact the PCM layer.
This temperature difference generates additional DC power. Depending upon the thermal demand heat may
be transferred to the outside manifold via the heat pipes. After the sun set the PHVT-3 module may start to back
radiate to the cooler atmosphere from the top surface. This generates a reverse heat ow starting from the bottom
of the TEG units via the heat conducting sheet. This generates some additional electrical power with a reverse
polarity. A simple polarity switch corrects the DC output. Thus, the power generation is somehow extended
to hours after the sun set, depending upon the total PCM mass (Layer thickness). This is called Sequential, Bi-
directional Heat Flow. There is an optimum PCM layer thickness limited by the solar irradiation available on the PV
surface. PCM performance is further enhanced by lling the gaps by metal dust, which improves the heat transfer
and thermal response, while the packed-bed structure increases the total heat transfer surface area. Pellets are
permitted to stay packed (in touch) with each other when they slightly expand or contract during their phase
change. Furthermore, the metal dust medium acts like the uid stream normally present in a packed bed structure

- 21 -
to enhance and homogenize the heat transfer rate. Metal dust itself also acts to be energy storage medium
and also improves the thermal response. Elimination of direct water ow through the PHVT-3 has also practical
advantages like leak proof operation and reduced unit weight (At an expense of PCM layer weight). While most
of the heat is used to generate additional power at the TEG units, the need for a temperature peaking unit for
externalheat demands is greatly reduced. In other words PHVT-3 generate more power, less heat (higher power to
heat ratio in cogeneration). All elements described above are packed in a frame (F) with inulation (IN)

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
lhan and Ali [6] have developed a pumpless, forced convection PVT system in order to partly satisfy item number
one of recommendations made above to make PVT system feasible. They investigated its performance by using
the Second Law. Their conventional exergy analysis revealed that overall, exergy efciency was obtained as about
17% for 45C set temperature and 21% for 55C set temperature. Application of PCM in PVT systems is not new.
There are certain patents available in the literature with different claims, which are summarized below.

Figure 3. Packed Bed Hybrid Layer with Metal Dust and PCM-Filled Spherical Pellets. Patent Pending.

Patents with PCM application: Xuan, Y. and et. al mention a PCM layer in their patent CN105471366 (A)-20160406,
titled Solar and thermoelectric coupling system containing PCM. (Figure 4). TEG module (4) has a heat sink at the
bottom (5). Between the PV layer with concentrating lens (1) and TEG module (5) there is a so-called thermostatic
container (3), which contains the PCM.

In his US Patent 2011/01552 14 A1, Hi-Ki Lam claims that his patent may effectively
cool the PV modules mounted on a heat sinking frame with TEG modules. Fins on
one side of TEG modules remove the PV heat, while additional power is generated
by them (Figure 5).

Figure 4. Figure 5.

These and other similar patents did not elaborate about how the PCM layer operated and did not discuss its potential
practical disadvantages like leaking. Furthermore, they do not incorporate solar at plate collector technology at the top
and after the sun set they do not operate with a reversing heat transfer mechanism. Even further, they do not generate heat.
They waste the heat and the only purpose is to cool the PV modules. In this respect, they are not PVT systems. Recently,
more successful and practical attempts to hybridize PVT modules but without PCM have been made like PVTC [7], PHVT [8,
9], PHVT-2 [10] by the Authors. Figure 6 compares different technologies in terms of the First Law performances. It must be
noted the insulating ller pockets behind each PV set in Figure 7 may be lled with PCM material. In this case PVTC may be
upgraded into a thermal energy storing module on the facade of the building. Because the PVTC module extracts heat from
the indoors for comfort purposes, overall coefcient of performance (COP) may be greater than one.

- 22 -
 Figure 6. First Law performance of different Figure 7. PVTC Technology [7].
technologies.

Figure 8. PHVT [8, 9]. Figure 9. PHVT-2[10].

3. THEORY-REMM ANALYSIS
Rational Exergy Management Model maps thermal processes into the ideal Carnot Cycle. The performance is
dened by the REMM efciency, R [11]. For solar energy, a Carnot cycle equivalent irradiation temperature Ts
is dened by Equation 1. In the calculation of R for electrothermal processes where the sum of unit exergy
destructions i (i from 1 to number of destructions, d) are proportionated to the unit solar exergy supply, s (Equation
3). For each step or process, an exergy ow bar is drawn where all unit exergy values, levels and the corresponding
temperatures are shown (Figure 9). This gure facilitates the calculation of R.

Tref
1

I 700
S TS
= = = ,(1)
Sc 1366  Tref   Tref 
 1
5778   1
5778 
   

T 

S =  1
ref  ,(2)
 Ts 

J des
^ R " 1 i "1
,(3)
JS

- 23 -
4. EXERGY-BASED PERFORMANCE EVOLUTION OF PHVT-3
In this section, typical R values of PVT, PHV, PHVT-2, and PHVT-3 are calculated and compared for the same solar
irradiation conditions.

4.1 PVT (Figure 1)

Consider a conventional hydronic PVT system with a solar absorption area of 1 m2 receiving solar radiation of
700 W/m2. Then from Equation 1 Ts = 551.6 K and S = 487 W/W. Operating temperatures are shown in Figure
10. Here there are two separate unit exergy destructions, namely between the hydronic outlet and the average
PV temperature, Tc and between the inlet temperature and the reference temperature. Tc is adjusted to Tc on the
exergy ow bar, depending upon the pump power consumption ratio c given in Equations 4 and 5.

   


( )
 
   
 =  





 

c is the pump power demand to PV output ratio. Using

the values given in the Figure, and if c is 0.05, then Tc is
344 K. Thus, the net PV power output is receded on the
Carnot cycle from Tc to Tc. Then, from Equation 3:

 
  
 
Figure 10. Exergy flow bar for PVT.  
  +  




= 
= 

 
 
 

 

Figure 11 shows the variation of Tc with c. When there is

no PVT pump (ideal case, c = 0). Tc is equal to Tc (333 K).
When the entire PV power output is consumed by the
pump (c = 1), there is no net power output, because Tc
approaches TS (551.6 K) on the exergy ow bar diagram
above. Equation 5 is a simplied version of Equation 4.

Tc' Ts
" .c  (1  c ),(5)
Tc Tc

Figure 11. Variation of Tc with c value.

In this technology, there are two exergy destruction points. One is between the PV modules and the heat
exchanging medium. The second destruction takes place between the water inlet and the reference environment.

- 24 -
4.2 PHVT (Figure 8)

      
 
  +  
 


= 
= 


   
 

 

In this conguration TEG and PV modules are touching

Figure 12. Exergy flow bar for a typical PHVT.
each other back to back and E1 and E2 powers are
generated. Because cooling of PV modules depends on
the direct contact with TEG modules, the heat transfer
is quite limited and the performance does not improve
much.

4.3 PHVT-2 (Figure 9)

In this case Tc is 322 K, Tc is 320 K. Exergy ow bar is shown in Figure 13.

This conguration provides better PV cooling by using a

heat conducting sheet, which transfers PV heat directly
to the hot side of TEG. PV module and TEG module do
not touch each other and there is an insulating layer in
between. This enhances the temperature gradient in
TEG, which is cooled directly with the water channel
ow, which is in direct contact beneath and minimizes
the pump power demand due to large channel type
circulation system.

305 
283 
 1
310  +  1
295 
Figure 13. Exergy flow bar for HVT-2.
R = 1
= 0.88

283 
 1
551.6 

4.4 PHVT-3 (Figure 2)

In this technology Tc approaches to Tc and the des1 approaches to zero. Then:

283 
0 +  1

 295 

R = 1
= 0.92

283 
 1
551.6 

Figure 14. Exergy flow bar for PHVT-2.

- 25 -
RESULTS
Figure 15 shows the daily performance of PHVT-3 on a typical summer day in Ankara. The average insolation
is about 700 W/m2. PV modules covering 1 m2 insolation area on the surface produce a peak power close to
90 W. Starting from cool temperatures from the previous day, while PCM layer picks up heat and the PV heat is
transferred faster to the hot side of TEG modules, a sharp temperature gradient exists across the TEG modules.
This temperature difference generates E2 amount of electric power and peaks at about 35 W at approximately
one hour earlier than PV power peak. After the peak output, E2 stars to decrease while a thermal equilibrium
between the TEG and PCM starts to establish. However, after the sunset, reverse heat transfer driven by the back
radiation to the atmosphere cools TEG modules faster than PCM layer cools down. This heat transfer generates
residual DC power output from TEG modules in reverse polarity, which may be changed by an automated switch
easily. Heat pipes stabilize the process and provides some heat on demand. Heat pipes may also be used to cool
the unit with an external radiating device.

Figure 15. Combined power performance on a typical summer day in Ankara, A = 1 m2.

All PVT systems were compared with respect to their REMM efciency total exergy output. In this comparison, the
following inputs were used. Results are summarized in Table 2.

Table 1. Inputs of the PVT system parameters.

System PV H TEG Tin Tout
PVT 0.18-5%* 0.6 na 318oC 328oC
PHVT 0.18-5% 0.55 0.06 310oC 320oC
PHVT-2 0.19-0.02 0.50 0.07 295oC 305oC
PHVT-3 0.20-0 0.55 0.08 295oC 305oC
*Denotes the power consumption of the circulation pump.

Table 2. Comparison of REMM efciency total exergy output of different PVT systems.
5(00(IFLHQF\ PVT PHVT PHVT-2 PHVT-3
R 0.74 0.79 0.88 0.92
Total exergy per unit
0.19 W/W 0.25 W/W 0.27 W/W 0.3 W/W
solar input

6. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Without innovative and hybrid PVT solutions, current added exergy potential of PVT systems will remain moderate
to nil [5]. The results presented in this paper strongly indicates that rst of all external TES systems need to be
embedded to the PVT panel and TEG modules must be incorporated for added power generation at an expense
of reducing the warm water exergy output. Even in the next generation PHVT systems, thermal energy output
seems to be almost negligible. Therefore, temperature peaking necessity becomes even more important in these
systems. This necessity in turn reduces the total exergy output of the system listed in Table 2. In order to minimize
this parasitic loss, PVT systems undoubtedly need to be coupled with Low Exergy Buildings that operate on very
moderate heating temperatures [12].

- 26 -
7. SYMBOLS
A Net PV surface area of the PVT array observing the solar irradiation, m2
COP Coefcient of performance, dimensionless
E Electric power, W
E1 Power from PV
E2 Power from TEG, W
Sc Solar constant, 1366 W/m2
T Temperature, K
I Instantaneous solar irradiation impingent on PV surface, W/m2
Greek Symbols
Unit exergy, W/W
First Law efciency, dimensionless
R REMM Efciency, dimensionless
7 Temperature difference (Rise) across the PVT hydronic input and output, K
Subscripts
c PVT average (for Temperature)
d The number of exergy destruction points in a system
des Destroyed, destruction
in Inlet or return
out Outlet or supply
ref Reference environment
s Solar, supply
Acronyms
AG Air gap
F Frame
GC Glass cover
HP Heat pipe
IN Insulation
NS Nano sheet
REMM Rational Exergy Management Model
PCM Phase-changing material
PV Photo-Voltaic
PVT Photo-Voltaic-Thermal
PVTC Photo-Voltaic-Thermal-Cooling
PHVT Photo-Heat-Voltaic-Thermal
TEG Thermo-electric generator
TES Thermal Energy Storage
TBTAK Turkish Scientic and Technological Research Council

- 27 -
REFERENCES
1. Klk, B. and Klk, . 2015. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar ile birleik s ve g retimi (In Turkish): Combined
heat and power production with renewable energy resources, Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers,
TTMD, Technical Publication No 32, ISBN978-975-6263-25-9, Doa Publications Inc., Istanbul.
2. Adarsh, K P., Pradeep, C P., Origanti, S S., Arun, K., and Sudhir, K T. 2015. Energy and exergy performance
evaluation of a typical solar photovoltaic module, Thermal Science, Vol. 19, suppl. 2: s625-s636.
3. Jiang F., Toh P G., Goh L H, Leung K O, and Kelvin L. 2016. Design and thermal performance test of a solar
photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector, Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol. 4, No. 6, November.
4. James A., Zahir D., Sinisa S., and Lascelle M. 2015. Performance testing of thermal and photovoltaic thermal
solar collectors, Energy Science & Engineering, Wiley O.L.
5. Kilkis, B. 2016. Optimum operation of solar PVT systems: an exergetic approach, SolarTR2016 Conference,
Istanbul.
6. lhan, C. and Ali, E G. 2015. Exergetic analysis of a new design photovoltaic and thermal (PV/T) System,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34, 4: 1249-1253.
7. Bean, R. and B. Kilkis, Fundamentals of Panel Heating and Cooling, ASHRAE Advanced Learning Institute (ALI)
Continuing Education Course Notes, rst delivered at: ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Chicago, 2003, repeated in
2006 and 2010.
8. Klk, B. Solar Tri-Generation Module for Heating, Cooling, and Power, Conference Proceedings on CD, Solar
Future 2010 Conference, 11-12 February, stanbul, 2010.
9. Klk, B. A New Building Integrated Solar Facade System for Heating, Cooling, and Power (BIPVTC) in Green
Buildings, TTMD Journal (English Edition), No: 7, pp: 26-33, Ankara, 2010.
10. Klk, B. and Klk, . 2015. Integrated, Circular Economy, and Education Model to Address the Energy-Water-
Food Nexus in Turkish Universities and Communities,10th Conf. on Sustainable Development of Energy,
Water, and Environment Systems, SDEWES Conference, 27 September-2 October, Conference. Proceedings
on CD, Dubrovnik. also under nal review to be published in: Journal of Cleaner Production.
11. Klk, . 2011. A rational exergy management model to curb CO2 emissions in the exergy-aware built
environments of the future, PhD Thesis, Bulletin/Meddelande No. 204, ISBN 978-91-7501-129-5, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
12. LowEx. 2016. Low Exergy Systems for Heating and Cooling of Buildings Guidebook, IEA ECBS, Annex 37, ISBN
95138 (soft back ed.) <http://www.lowex.net/guidebook/index.html> Last visited on October 23, 2016.

- 28 -
 0012 - CFD BASED THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF
AIR HEATING PLATE TYPE SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH DIFFERENT DUCT PROFILES
Cem orapolu*, Figen Kadrgan
stanbul Technical University, stanbul
Corresponding email: corcem@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Cem orapolu

ABSTRACT
In this study, two designs of solar air collector ducts were compared. A conventional rectangular duct with at
absorber plate and a proposed duct with rectangular channels installed in it were compared within the frame
of thermal and hydrodynamic properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of channel addition.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was used. Ducts were modeled in software. Working uid was
air, duct and channel materials were aluminum. The effect of channel addition on air and absorber plate mean
temperatures, heat distribution, heat transfer coefcient, Nusselt number, pressure drop, friction factor and
performance enhancement ratio was investigated for different ow rates and constant heat ux.It was found that
increase in the air ow velocity increases the thermal performance. For proposed duct, better heat distribution
and more pressure drop was observed. Thermo-hydraulic performance of channeled duct was determined by
calculating overall enhancement ratio in order to discuss the overall effect of plates. Enhancement was not
observed.The proposed channel design is easy and inexpensive to build. If a panel with proposed duct would
operate in a system that runs with free solar energy, it would be feasible due to its improved thermal performance.

Keywords: Plate type solar collectors, Air heating, CFD analysis, Performance enhancement

1. INTRODUCTION
The main goal of energy applications is to utilize the unit energy with minimum cost. Depending on the
application, balance of high efciency and low fabrication, installation, operation cost has to be established. This
applies to solar collectors as well.

Solar collectors are special kind of heat exchangers that transform solar radiation energy to internal energy of
the transport medium. During operation, solar radiation is absorbed by a collector surface. It is converted to heat
and transferred to transport uid (usually air, water or oil) by means of conduction and convection. Afterwards,
the heated uid can be used for various thermal applications.

This paper is concerned with performance improvement of air heating at plate solar collectors with nonporous
absorber. This type of collector is the simplest type and is used for low temperature applications. Sketch of a
collector of this type can be seen in Figure 1. Typically, it is a box with transparent cover sheet on top surface.
Rest of the surfaces are insulated. There is an absorber surface and a duct for air ow.

Figure 1. Conventional flat plate air heating solar collector. [1]

- 29 -
Performance improvement of air heating solar collectors has been a research area since 1960s. One of the earliest
studies was conducted by Close, where he compared different designs and materials of solar air collectors. Until
now, three methods were used for analyzing solar air collector performance: analytical, experimental or numerical.
Early studies were either analytical or experimental.Analytical methods were functional for linear problems and
experimental methods were time consuming and costly. Recently, with the improvement of computer technologies
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method made it possible to simulate solar air collectors and solve non-linear
turbulence ow problems. Validation of simulation results was possible by comparing them with correlations that
had been developed earlier by experimental results. [2]

After many studies that have been conducted so far, general rules of thumb have been developed for improving
performance of air heating solar collectors. First of all, collectors should operate in turbulent ow regime of air to
take advantage of the increased forced convective heat transfer coefcients in this regime. Turbulent ow regime
can be achieved with high ow rates. Roughening the absorber plate promotes turbulence as well and enables
heat transfer enhancement, however with the cost of increased pressure drop. Improvement of performance is
also possible by adding ns to absorber plate to increase heat transfer area. Other methods are to use corrugated
nonporous absorber surfaces in order to improve solar ux absorption and to apply selective coating on absorber
surface in order to maximize energy absorption and minimize energy emission [3], [4], [5].

Considering the cons and pros of improvement methods, a new duct design is proposed for the purpose of
achieving an improved design. For the aim of increasing heat transfer area and improve heat distribution, plates
are placed and smaller rectangular channels are created in the duct. Its section view is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Cross section view of proposed channeled duct.

Thermo-hydraulic performance of the proposed duct is compared with a conventional rectangular duct by means
of CFD analysis.A CFD software is utilized to model heat transfer mechanism of the duct of at plate solar air
collectors and to solve heat and ow equations using nite volume method.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study, two different duct designs for solar air collectors were studied in within the frame of thermal and
hydrodynamic properties. There are many factors affecting the efciency of a solar air collector. Interaction of
air and heat transfer surfaces is one of these factors. The aim of the study was to propose a new duct design for
performance improvement and to compare the proposed design and conventional design by using numerical
methods, utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics software.

A at, rectangular duct with a 20mm x 800mm cross section was determined as the conventional design. In the
proposed design, plates of 1mm thickness were placed under the absorber plate and they had 50mm between
each other. The ducts were modeled in three dimensions. Details are shown in gures 3 to 5. Depth of the duct was
2360mm, 760mm being the entrance region and 1600mm being the absorber plate. Length of entrance length
was determined according to ASHRAE Standard 93-2010. It was placed in the simulation in order to achieve fully
developed ow below absorber plate.[6]

- 30 -
 Figure 3. Isometric view of modelled duct.

Figure 4. Scaled cross section view of conventional and proposed ducts.

Figure 5. Detailed cross section view showing channel plates.

- 31 -
3D Modeling and numerical analysis of the duct were done in CFD software. Finite volume method was used.
Forced convection heat transfer and turbulent, three dimensional, fully developed ow was considered. Air
was chosen as the working uid and was assumed to be incompressible for range of analysis since variation in
density is very small. Aluminum was chosen as the material of duct components and was assumed homogeneous,
isotropic and having constant thermal conductivity. By only modeling the duct and air owing through, radiation
or convection losses to environment were ignored.

Analyses were run for two different ducts separately, with 1000W/m2 constant heat ux boundary condition applied
on absorber plate and with different Reynolds numbers ranging from 3000 to 10000. To save computational
power and time, only half of the ducts were modeled since the ducts were symmetric with respect to direction
of ow. Before starting analyses, mesh optimization was done in order to obtain results that were independent
from meshing of the geometry. Also, as shown in gure 6, by comparing results of at duct analyses with Petukhov
Correlation from literature, Standard k- turbulence model was found to give accurate results. Therefore, this
model was employed for the rest of the analyses.[7]

Figure 6. Comparison of analysis results with literature for validation of turbulence model.

The boundary conditions were dened for every part of duct. Inlet of the duct was dened as velocity boundary
condition. Inlet velocities were determined according to chosen Reynolds numbers. The velocity of air was
decided such that turbulence would be enabled in all cases. Air entrance temperature was 300K. Outlet of the duct
was dened as pressure boundary condition. It was assumed that the outlet pressure was same as atmospheric
pressure. On absorber plate, constant heat ux was applied. Rest of the surfaces were adiabatic. No-slip boundary
condition was applied on all walls.

With above specications, analyses were run for two duct types. Mean air and plate temperatures and pressure
loss through duct were recorded. Average Nusselt number and average Darcy friction factor were calculated.

3. RESULTS
Figure 7 shows the mean plate temperatures and mean air temperatures for all cases. As the ow velocity increases
all temperatures decrease. The main outcome that can be drawn from this gure is that the differences between
mean plate temperatures and mean air temperatures are signicantly higher for at duct. This means that for
channeled duct heat transfer from absorber plate to air is better. Also, mean air temperatures are higher for at
duct. For at duct, excessive heating of absorber plate causes inefciency. When heat transfer areas are taken into
account, higher average heat transfer coefcients are calculated for channeled duct.

- 32 -
 Figure 7. Mean plate and mean air temperature comparison of two ducts.

This case can be visualized with images obtained from CFD software results as shown in Figures 8 and 9. These
gures show the temperature contours of absorber plates and outlets of two duct designs. It can be seen that with
addition of channels, temperature gradients of air and heat transfer surfaces became smaller. While the maximum
temperature reached around 500 K on at absorber plate, it reached around 380 K on channeled absorber plate.
The heat distribution occurs more evenly for channeled duct. The outlet views show that for at duct, air close to
absorber plate is extremely hot compared to air far from absorber plate. Whereas for channeled duct, temperature
gradients are not as extreme. In practice smaller temperature gradients obtained from channeled design is more
desirable.

Figure 8. Cross section view of flat duct outlet when Re = 3000.

- 33 -
 Figure 9. Cross section view of channeled duct outlet when Re = 3000.

Although the propagation of heat was better for channeled duct design and although higher average heat transfer
coefcients were obtained, the average Nusselt number was found less for channeled duct.

More pressure loss was observed for channeled duct. Difference in pressure losses for two duct types increases
with increasing ow rates. This is due to increase in turbulence.As a result of increase in pressure loss, the average
friction factor is enhanced by the presence of channels compared to a at duct of a solar air heater.

Thermo - hydraulic performance parameter is dened as overall enhancement ratio and it isthe ratio of Nusselt
numbers to friction factors of two cases. The enhancement in the collector performance due to addition of
obstacles may be evaluated on the basis of thisthermo - hydraulic performance parameter which incorporates
both the thermal and hydraulic considerations. From this point of view, although addition of channels has obvious
positive outcomes, the duct design with channels is thermo hydraulically less efcient than a at duct.

4. DISCUSSION
For both duct analyses, the following statements were common. According to the results for fully developed
turbulent ows, amount of heat transfer increases with increasing Reynolds number. Higher Nusselt numbers are
observed. Faster ows, meaning higher Reynolds numbers results in more turbulence and as a result heat transfer
coefcient between the surface and uid increases. However for higher Reynolds number, meaning higher mass
ow rates, smaller outlet temperatures are observed. Although the heat transfer performance is better, same
amount of heat is used for heating more air, therefore the temperature change becomes less. At the same time for
faster ows, pressure loss through the duct increases and Darcy friction factor decreases. This is due to increasing
effects of turbulence.

When the results of different designs were compared, thanks to CFD software, it was possible to visualize the
simulations. It was observed that with additions of channels, heat distribution became better. For at duct, higher
absorber plate mean temperatures and lower air mean temperatures were observed compared to channeled
duct. For channeled duct, absorber plate mean temperature was lower because heat transfer via conduction
occurred from top of the channel plate to bottom of it. As a result, air owing close to bottom plate could be
heated from the channel plate and the back plate. For at duct, only air owing close to absorber plate could be
heated and high temperature gradients were observed at outlet.

Amount of pressure drop increased with addition of channels. This is because channel plates acted as obstacles
for air ow. Amount of friction force that air had to overcome was higher since the air heat transfer surface

- 34 -
interaction area was higher. This means, more energy is required to force the uid to ow. In other words, higher
pumping power would be necessary for the operation of a channeled duct.

When Nusselt number and Darcy friction factor values obtained from analysis were compared, it was observed
that at plate duct had higher Nusselt number and lower friction factor values compared to channeled duct. This
resulted in overall enhancement ratios less than one for channeled duct. This means that the proposed design is
unfavorable from thermo-hydraulic performance point of view. Normally, addition of roughness elements such
as ns would increase turbulence, therefore increase heat transfer coefcient and Nusselt number. However, in
the proposed design channel plates created smaller ducts with smaller hydraulic diameters that had decreased
turbulence effects, therefore lower Nusselt numbers were obtained for same Reynolds number when compared
with at duct, even though the average heat transfer coefcient were higher for channeled duct. At the same time,
with increase in heat transfer area and better heat distribution, higher mean air temperatures were observed.

Although thermo-hydraulically not favorable, proposed design enables better heat distribution, higher air mean
temperatures and higher average heat transfer coefcients. If the air compressor supplying air to this duct were to
run with free solar energy, then this design would be feasible. Further experimental and economical studies could
be made for this design. Material and building cost analysis and real life transient performance analysis would
enrich the results of this study.

5. CONCLUSION
A 3D CFD analysis has been carried out in order to investigate heat transfer and uid ow behavior in the duct of
an air heating at plate solar collector. A conventional rectangular duct and a proposed duct with channels were
comparedwithin the frame of thermal and hydrodynamic properties. The effect of channels on air and absorber
plate mean temperatures, heat distribution, heat transfer coefcient, Nusselt number, pressure drop, friction factor
and performance enhancement ratio was investigated for different ow rates (from Reynolds number 3000 to
10000) and constant solar radiation (constant heat ux) of 1000 W/m2.As a conclusion, it was found that increase
in the Reynolds number increases the thermal performance of the ducts by increasing heat transfer coefcient;
and increases pressure drop. When channeled duct was compared with at duct, higher air mean temperature,
lower absorber plate temperature, therefore better heat distribution; however more pressure drop was observed.
Thermo hydraulic performance of channeled duct was determined by calculating overall enhancement ratio in
order to discuss the overall effect channel addition. Enhancement was not observed. However the proposed
duct may be feasible in real life, if powered by free solar energy due to its ease of construction and better heat
distribution properties.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks to Istanbul Technical University for providing the licensed CFD software.

- 35 -
REFERENCES
1. Seluk, K. 1974. Solar Air Heaters and Their Applications.Solar Energy Engineering, pp. 155-182
2. Close, D.J.1963. Solar Air Heaters for Low and Moderate Temperature Applications, Solar Energy Vol.7 Issue
3, pp. 117-124.
3. Charters, W.W.S., and Macdonald, R.W.G.1982. Solar Air Heating: Technology and Applications. First U.S.
China Conference on Energy, Resources and Environment, 712 November 1982, Beijing, China. pp. 464-471
4. Yadav, A.S., and Bhagoria, J.L.2013. Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Analysis of Solar Air Heater- A Review of CFD
Approach, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.23, pp. 60-79.
5. Kumar, T.S., Thakur, N.S., Kumar, A., and Mittal,V. 2010. Use of Articial Roughness to Enhance Heat Transfer in
Solar Air Heaters - A Review, Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, Vol.21, No.1, pp.35-51
6. ASHRAE. 2010. ASHRAE Standard 93-2010. Methods of Testing to Determine the Thermal Performance of
Solar Collectors.
7. Petukhov, B.S. 1970. Heat Transfer and Friction in Turbulent Pipe Flow with Variable Physical Properties,Advances
in Heat Transfer. New York: Academic Press

- 36 -
 0014 - COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE PERTURB & OBSERVE AND
INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE MPPT METHODS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
zgr elik1*, Ahmet Teke2, Adnan Tan2
1
Adana Science and Technology University/Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Adana, Trkiye
2
Cukurova University/Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Adana, Trkiye
Corresponding email: ozgurcelik@adanabtu.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: zgr elik

ABSTRACT:
Power generation from photovoltaic (PV) systems will have a signicant role in the future electricity supply. However,
power generation capability of PV modules signicantly affected by erratic behavior of atmospheric parameters
and environmental parameters such as shading, soiling, etc. Due to the effect of these factors and non-linear
IV/ PV characteristics of PV modules, many researches focus on development of the algorithms to track and
maintain PV panels operating point on maximum power point (MPP). However, many of these algorithms are
complex, not economical, and insufcient in terms of specifying accurate tracking direction and convergence
speed to reach MPP under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. This paper presents detailed analysis of
widely-known maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods; Incremental Conductance (INC) and Perturb &
Observation (P&O) method. The model consists of PV array block, boost converter, MPPT control block designed
with FORTRAN coding and load. Performances of the commonly utilized MPPT methods are evaluated in terms
of dynamic response, complexity, tracking accuracy and efciency under uniform insolation by using the model
constructed in an electromagnetic transient software package PSCAD/EMTDC.

Keywords: Photovoltaic (PV) System, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), BOOST Converter.

1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing energy demands become a major concern in parallel with the developments in the industry
and growth in population. The energy sources including coal, natural gas petroleum and other liquid fuels
consumption for electricity generation grows over the world, however these energy resources constitutes some
issues such as global warming, impact of carbon emissions and environmental pollution. Therefore, sustainable
and environmental friendly resource search emerge. Among the alternative energy sources solar energy is
envisaged to a substantial renewable energy source due to being abundant and sustainable [1, 2]. However, PV
systems are suffering from high fabrication cost and low energy conversion efciency. Since the power generation
capability of the PV panels highly relies on the atmospheric parameters, it is important to operate the PV panel
at its MPP. Utilization of MPPT controller is an effective and easy way to extract maximum power from PV panel.
Therefore, several MPPT methods are proposed to control DC-DC converters or inverters in order to obtaining
maximum output power from a PV system. Approximately 40 different methods are reported in literature to track
the maximum power point [3]. These methods can be divided into 3 main headings named as ofine, online
and hybrid MPPT methods. The mostly used of these methods are constant voltage, short circuit, fuzzy logic
and articial neural network based methods which are known as ofine MPPT methods, hill-climbing, P&O, INC,
power, voltage or current feedback methods which are known as online MPPT methods [2-4]. These methods
differ in many features such as complexity, number of required sensors, efciency, oscillation around the MPP,
correct tracking under rapidly changing atmospheric parameters, convergence speed, overshoot, digital or
analog implementation and cost [4, 5].

In this paper, the two most widely used MPPT methods named as the P&O and INC are simulated and compared
under different atmospheric conditions. A comprehensive evaluation and comparison between these two
methods is achieved. These methods are realized through the boost converter to extract maximum power from
the PV panel and maintain panel at MPP. The analysis and comparison is performed under slowly changing and
rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Especially different irradiation levels, which are changed deeply or
slowly, are applied. The merits and demerits of the examined MPPT methods in terms of overshoot, convergence
speed and efciency are provided.

- 37 -
2. PV PANEL MODELING
In order to investigate a dynamic behavior of a PV system, it is crucial to create an accurate solar cell model. There
are differently designed analytical models that used to represent the PV module characteristics, available in the
literature. The developed models differ in terms of the number of parameters which are combined to achieve
better PV panel characteristic. The widely employed model is model is the current source in parallel with a diode,
with a parallel and series resistor [5, 6]. In this paper, a generalized ve parameters model which is shown in Fig.
1 is utilized to model E19/240 PV panel. Some of pre-dened constants, which are provided with the gure, are
used to carry out the panel.

IPV DC Electrical Data of E19\240 PV Panel

Rs Short Circuit Current (Isc) 6.3A
+
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 48.6V
D Rsh VPV Rated Current (Impp) 5.93A
Rated Voltage (Vmpp) 40.5V
- Peak Power 240W
Figure1. A generalized five parameters PV model

The ve parameters model demonstrate a remarkable relationship between simplicity and accurate PV
characteristic extraction. The single diode model can be mathematically expressed as:

 V + I pv  V + IR
I pv = I ph
I o *  e nsVt
1
S
,(1)
  Rsh

The ve parameters of the model are given as Iph is the photo generated current in standard test conditions (STC),
Io is the dark saturation current in STC, Rs is the series resistance of the PV module, Rsh is the shunt resistance
of the PV module, A is the diode quality factor and Vt is the junction thermal voltage:

AkTSTC
Vt = ,(2)
q

G
I ph = (I + a *(T
TSTC )),(3)
GSTC SC
STC

Io =
(I SC
STC
+ a * (T
TSTC ) ) ,(4)
( )
 VOC
STC + y T
TSTC 
 
 AVt 
e
1

I/V characteristic of the modeled PV panel at different irradiance levels are given in Fig.2.

- 38 -
 Figure 2. I\V characteristic of modeled Sun Power E19\240 PV panel

3. DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER MODELING

A boost converter is employed to increase the supply voltage source into higher voltages at the load terminal and
provide operation of the PV panels at the MPP. The MPPT system will modify the value of input resistance to make
it equal to output resistance by using DC-DC converter. The boost converter design fundamentally consists of the
selection of the inductor, the input and output capacitors, the power switches and the output diodes. It is crucial to
select proper inductor and capacitor values due to the ripples in the input and output waveform. These ripples are
signicantly affect the MPPT controller performance and consequently overall efciency of the system. On the other
hand, these ripples directly have inuence on the lifespan of the converter components especially capacitors. The
limit values of the ripples on the current and voltage dened as 10% and 1%, respectively. Switching frequency of
the DC-DC converter is specied as 20 kHz [7, 8]. The design equations are provided below [9];

Vout D(1
D)
Lboost  ,(5)
f s I

I out
max D 2
Cin  ,(6)
0.02(1
D) f sVin

To investigate the performance of the boost converter, dynamic analyses of the simulated converter, which is
operated in continuous conducting mode, is conducted. State space equation of modeled boost converter is
given in Eq. 7.

Also using the state space averaging model, the small-signal transfer functions of boost converter is derived in
Eq. 7.

The bode plot of the employed converter is demonstrated in Fig. 3.

- 39 -
 Bode Diagram
40

20
System: TFb

Magnitude (dB)
0 Frequency (rad/s): 321
Magnitude (dB): 21.5

-20

-40

-60
0

-45
Phase (deg)

System: TFb
-90
Phase Margin (deg): 7.85
Delay Margin (sec): 0.000251
-135 At frequency (rad/s): 546
Closed loop stable? Yes

-180
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)

Figure 3. Bode plot of the

4. BASICS OF P&O AND INC MPPT METHODS

There are a several iterative MPPT algorithms are proposed in the literature which are generally named as online
methods. The widely used of these methods are P&O and INC methods. In these methods the instantaneous
variables of PV panel (voltage and current) are employed to generate control signals.

P&O method not require characteristic knowledge of the PV panel or the measurement of solar radiation and
temperature. Also it can be easily implemented with analogue or digital circuits [10]. P&O algorithm operates
by applying small perturbations to the reference voltage of the solar panel in order to change the system
operating point. In this method, the operating voltage and current of the panel is sensed, and then instant power
is calculated. After that the calculated power is compared with previously calculated power value. If the harvested
power increases, this means that the operating point begins to move toward the MPP and the operating voltage
must be perturbed in the same direction, if harvested power decreases, the perturbation direction of reference
voltage must be reversed. Hence, the control signal is not stable and even under steady state conditions the
output oscillates around the maximum value [11, 12]. The owchart shows operating principle of P&O method is
provided in Fig.4. The voltage generated by P&O algorithm is used as reference voltage and compared with PV
output voltage. The error between two signals is amplied by processing through a PI and used as control signal
[12].

Figure 4. Perturbation and observation algorithm

- 40 -
As in the P&O method, INC MPPT method also not requires characteristic knowledge of the PV panel or the
measurement of atmospheric values. The INC method employs the slope of the PV array power characteristics
to track MPP [12-14]. The feature that makes this method advantageous is the usage of the slope of the PV array
power curve. The MPP is a unique point and slope of the curve at this point is zero. So, the perturbation is stopped
when operating point reaches to MPP. Thus, the control signal becomes constant under steady state conditions
and the output oscillations around the optimum value are prevented. This method is fundamentally based on the
derivative of the PV panel power with respect to voltage as given in Eq. 10 [15].

Eq. 10 can be explained as below;

This operating principle of INC method is demonstrated in Fig.5.

Figure 5. Incremental Conductance algorithm

INC method uses a xed step size to track the MPP. The tracking speed and accuracy are mainly dependent on
the step size. If a large step size is chosen, the convergence speed of the algorithm will be improved, however the
power losses increases due to large perturbations around the MPP. The small step size will contribute to power
harvesting, but dynamic response of the algorithm will be slower [16].

- 41 -
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The modeling and simulation of the system consists of a PV panels, boost converter, and MPPT controller
is carried out with PSCAD/EMTDC software to evaluate the performance of the system. Fig. 6 represents
the model used in the simulation.
Input Capacitor (Cin) 1mF
Inductor (Lboost) 2.5mH
Maximum Power (Pmax) 13kW
Input Voltage (Vin) 365V
Switching Frequency (fs) 20kHz

Figure 6. The circuit diagram of the modeled PV system

The P&O and INC MPPT methods are simulated and compared under the same conditions. The performances
of the MPPT methods are evaluated with different simulation cases. P&O algorithm has the drawback that after
reaching the MPP, starts oscillating around the MPP continuously all the time results in the substantial amount of
power loss as shown in Fig. 7. INC method has the advantage over the P&O of not oscillating around the MPP
under steady state conditions.

Figure 7. Oscillation of reference voltage generated by P&O algorithm

In Fig. 8 maximum power generation capability of the methods are provided. As shown from this gure the P&O
method is dramatically affected from deep changes in irradiance and it takes nearly 1.5 seconds to restore itself.

- 42 -
 Figure 8. Power generation capability of P&O and INC MPPT methods

The energy loss during the confusion and recovery periods due to the rapidly changing irradiance is demonstrated
in details in Fig. 9.

Figure 9. Reference voltage confusion and recovery

According to the simulation results, the prominent features of INC method are: convergence speed and tracking
accuracy are better than P&O algorithm; rate of overshoot and number of oscillations are lower for rapidly changing
atmospheric conditions (1000W/m2-950W/m2-600W/m2). The obtained simulation results are summarized in
Table 1.

Table 1. Performance comparison INC and P&O MPPT method

P&O MPPT Method INC MPPT Method
Overshoot (instantaneous drop rate) 135W 68W
Convergence Speed 1.35 (sec) 0.90 (sec)
Efciency 94.9% 97.26%

6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the analysis and performance comparison of the commonly used MPPT methods are performed.
The obtained simulation results indicate that, both of the methods are simple to implement and demonstrate
good performances when modest changes occur in atmospheric conditions. However, oscillations in the PV
power around the MPP even under the steady state conditions makes P&O algorithm disadvantageous. Also
under rapidly changing conditions, P&O reference voltage cannot track the MPP accurately due to the confusion
in perturbation direction and cannot restore itself in a short time. Therefore, we can conclude that the INC MPPT
achieves higher efciency for rapid changes and a better stability around the MPP. On the other hand, INC method
is more sensible to ripples on the measured control values. From the simulation results it can be concluded that
INC method has many advantageous compared to P&O method in terms of tracking speed, tracking accuracy
and efciency.

- 43 -
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research study is supported by Scientic Research Project Unit of ukurova University with the project number
of FBA-2016-6133.

REFERENCES
[1] Salam, Z, Ahmed, J, Merugu, B S. 2013. The Application of Soft Computing Methods for MPPT of PV System: A
Technological and Status Review, Applied Energy 107, pp 135-148.
[2] Salas, V, Olias, E, Barrado, A, Lazaro, A. 2006. Review of the Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for
Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 90,pp 15551578.
[3] Verma, D, Nema, S, Shandilya, A M, Dash, S K. 2016. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques:
Recapitulation in solar photovoltaic systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54, pp 10181034.
[4] Harrag, A, Messalti, S. 2015. Variable step size modied P&O MPPT algorithm using GA-based hybrid ofine/
online PID controller. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49, pp 12471260.
[5] elik . A Novel Hybrid MPPT Method for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems with Partial Shading Conditions.
MSc Thesis, ukurova University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, 130 pages.
[6] Celik, A N, Acikgoz, N. 2007. Modelling and experimental verication of the operating current of mono-
crystalline photovoltaic modules using four- and ve-parameter models. Applied Energy 84(1), pp 115.
[7] Texas Instrument, (TI) AN-1820 LM5032 Interleaved Boost Converter Application Report, 2013. Available at
http://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva335a/snva335a.pdf [accessed 29.05.2015].
[8] Choi, W Y. 2013. High-efciency DC-DC converter with fast dynamic response for low-voltage photovoltaic
sources, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 706716.
[9] M. K. Kazimierczuk, Pulse-width Modulated DC DC Power Converters. 2008.
[10] Elgendy, M A, Zahawi, B, Atkinson, D J. 2012. Assessment of Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm
Implementation Techniques for PV Pumping Applications. IEEE Transactions On Sustainable Energy, Vol. 3, No. 1.
[11] Ahmed, J, Salam, Z. 2015. An improved perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm for higher efciency. Applied Energy:150, pp 97108.
[12] Reisi, A R, Moradi, M H, Jamasb, S. 2013. Classication and comparison of maximum power point tracking
techniques for photovoltaic system: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 19, pp 433443.
[13] Kim, T Y, Ahn, H G, Park, S K, Lee, Y K. 2001. A novel maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic
power system under rapidly changing solar radiation, In: IEEE Int. Symp. Ind. Electron., pp. 10111014.
[14] Kuo, Y C, Liang, T J, Chen, J F. 2001. Novel maximum-power-point-tracking controller for photovoltaic energy
conversion system. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3.
[15] Safari, A, Mekhilef, S. 2011. Simulation and Hardware Implementation of Incremental Conductance MPPT
with Direct Control Method Using Cuk Converter. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2011:58(4), pp 1154-
1161.
[16] Loukriz, A, Haddadi, M, Messalti, S. 2016. Simulation and experimental design of a new advanced variable
step size Incremental Conductance MPPT algorithm for PV systems. ISA Transactions 62, pp 3038.

- 44 -
 0019 - EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A PV ASSISTED THERMOELECTRIC
REFRIGERATOR
Manolya Akdemir1*, Ahmet Yilanci1, Engin etin2, Mustafa Gne1
1
Solar Energy Institute, Ege University
2
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Pamukkale University
Corresponding e-mail: manolyaakdemir58@gmail.com.tr
*Corresponding author: Manolya Akdemir

ABSTRACT
In the 1970s, oil crises brought about other energy sources requirements different from fossil energy sources.
Renewable energy sources have the highest potential to take the place of primary energy sources. Solar energy is
one of the most promising and predictable renewable energy sources. Also, some locations around the world faces
absence of the electrical energy, and needs the reliable and secure energy sources. Thermoelectric refrigerator
systems have been used especially in the locations with limited electrical energy access to carry foods, medicine,
vaccine etc. Therefore, several PV assisted thermoelectric refrigerators have been designed in the world.

The purposes of this study are to design a PV assisted Thermoelectric Refrigerator, to make its optimization, and
also to analyze its performance. In the design process, a box is selected with the dimension of 50x50x50 cm3. The
conclusive refrigerator is examined in terms of electrical energy consumption for each scenario. As the best case
scenario is occurred, PV system is designed to supply the electrical energy requirement of the thermoelectric
modules. In addition, the paper includes exergoeconomic analysis of the whole system.

Keywords: Solar energy, Photovoltaics, Thermoelectric Module, Thermoelectric Refrigeration.

NOMENCLATURE
A Total area of PV (m2)
BC Battery Capacity (Wh)
Cost ow rate related to the exergy destruction ($/s)
Cost ow rate related to the exergy production ($/s)
Exit exergy cost ($/kWh)
Input exergy cost ($/kWh)
Heat exergy cost ($/kWh)
Work exergy cost ($/kWh)
Av. cost per unit fuel exergy ($/J)
Av. cost per unit ex. production ($/J)
CRF Capital recovery factor
Physical exergy (W)
Exd Exergy destruction (W)
Exelec,max Exergy of maximum electrical energy (W)
Exin Exergy input (W)
Exergy input of control volume (W)
Exl Exergy loss (W)
Exout Exergy output (W)
Exergy output of control volume (W)
ExQH Exergy of heat transfer (W)
Exsolar Solar radiation Exergy (W)
ELD Electrical energy demand per day (Wh)
Exergoeconomic factor
hc Heat transfer coefcient (W/m2K)
hconv Convection coefcient of PV (W/m2K)
hrad Radiative heat transfer coefcient (W/m2K)
I Current (A)
i Interest rate (%)
Im Maximum power current (A)

- 45 -
Isc Short circuit current (I)
K Capital cost ($)
Kt Total heat transfer coefcient (W/m2K)
Thermodynamic loss rate (W)
Energy loss rate (W)
Exergy loss rate (W)
m System life (year)
Mc Figure merit according to temperature
N Number of system operating hour
nB Battery efciency (%)
ns System efciency (%)
Pin Consumed electrical energy (W)
Psolar Solar output energy (Wp)
Ratio of therm. loss rate to capital cost (W/$)
Ratio of energy loss rate to capital cost (W/$)
Ratio of exergy loss rate to capital cost (W/$)
Relative cost difference ($/W)
R Electrical resistivity of TEM ()
ST Direct solar radiation value on the PV (W/m2)
STd Solar irradiation value (W/m2)
ta Autonomous day
Tamb Air temperature (oC)
Tc Cold surface temperature of TEM (oC)
Tcell Temperature of PV panel cell (oC)
Th Hot surface temperature of TEM (oC)
Tm Mean Operating temperature of TEM (oC)
To Dead state temperature (oC)
Tsun Temperature of sun (6000 K)
Tsky Temperature of sky (oC)
Qc Cooling capacity of TEM (W)
QH Released heat to destination (W)
Qloss Heat loss (W)
Vm Maximum power voltage (V)
v Wind speed (m/s)
Voc Open circuit voltage (V)
Wfantotal Energy demand of fans (W)
Z Figure of Merit
Levelized (Annual) Investment cost of the system components ($/s)
Exergy efciency of PV cell (%)
Total irreversibility (W)
Seeback coefcient (V/K)
Exergy efciency
g Panel emissivity of PV panel
Stefan Boltzmann coefcient
Maintenance factor

1. INTRODUCTION
Thermoelectric modules (TEMs) have been used with two effects Peltier and Seeback. In 1821, Thomas Seeback
pioneered to thermoelectrical studies by founding Seeback effect. In his study, he observed that it can be
obtained DC current by occurring temperature difference in two different metal surfaces. Another pioneer study
was occurred in 1834 by Jean Charles Peltier who was discovered the thermoelectric effect. This process is the
reverse of Seeback effect. When a direct current is applied to a circuit of different materials, one junction gets
heated while the other junction is cooled. It is called Peltier effect. Notwithstanding the thermoelectric effect
history dates 1800s, thermoelectrical technology has been used since 2000s. Nowadays, thermoelectric modules
have been employed in military, aerospace, industrial and commercial sectors [1,2,3,4].

- 46 -
On the other hand, energy demand increases due to the population increment and rise in energy consumption
all over world. Because of global warming and air pollution, renewable energy sources have the highest potential
to take place of primary energy sources; solar energy and wind energy. Solar energy is one of the most promising
and predictable renewable energy sources to use and integrate of any systems.

Saidur et al demonstrated a thermoelectric refrigerator powered by standalone photovoltaic system for domestic
usage. Their study included the photovoltaic system sizing along with 520 Wh energy demand of refrigerator.
They used 4 solar modules of 5.7 A, 17.5 V and 100 Wp; 4 lead acid batteries of 12V and 100 Ah, a solar charge
controller of 12 A and 24 V; and an inverter of 24 V and 150 W. To maximize the electricity generation, PV array was
oriented at 15 degrees from horizontal. The peak power obtained as 230 Wp via the photovoltaic array and the
battery system met the energy demand for 3 autonomous days [5]. Other study was published by Abdul-Wahab
et al in 2009. The main goal of their study was to design and product a solar thermoelectric refrigerator in the
Oman, for Bedouin people (e.g. deserts) to supply the electricity because of absence of that. The designed solar
thermoelectric refrigerator studies were maintained experimentally and the results indicated that the temperature
of the refrigeration was decreased from 27oC to 5oC in approximately 44 min. The Coefcient of Performance
of the refrigerator (COP) was found to be 0.16 [6]. In the paper written by Atta et al, a solar water condensation
system was built using a TE cooler, solar panels, heat exchange unit and an electronic control unit. The system
was used to condensate water from the surrounding humid air. As a result, in high humidity see area 1 L of water
was produced per hour [7]. The other study was carried out by Dai et al in 2003. The main object is experimental
investigation and performance analysis of the solar driven thermoelectric refrigerator. The results demonstrated
that the refrigerator could operate in the at 5 - 10oC and COP about 0.3 [8]. Jiajitsawat and Duffy studied on a
design a portable solar refrigeration system to keep vaccine at temperature between 2 and 8 C for approximately
4 days without access to grid electricity [4]. Kaushik et al evaluated the experimental investigations on PV driven
thermoelectric cooler system for cold Storage application. The refrigerator volume had a capacity 3 liter. The
study was carried out in India and the system could be maintained with the temperature range of 10 - 15 oC. And
also, in the paper,energy and exergy analyses were conducted [9].

By Rawat et al, a refrigeration space of 1 L capacity had been refrigerated by using four Peltier modules and a heat
sink fan assembly was used to increase heat dissipation rate from hot side of the Peltier module. The experimental
result showed a temperature reduction of 11oC without any heat load and 9oC with 100 ml water kept inside
refrigeration space in 30 minute with respect to 23oC ambient temperature [10]. Singh and Kumar studied on
a thermoelectric solar refrigerator design. Matlab Simulink was used to simulate the whole system to nd out
temperature and COP values. The system consisted of a chamber, thermoelectric modules, a heat source and a
heat sink. Temperature of the system was decreased up to 12 oC without any heat load and 10 oC with 100 ml of
water in refrigeration space at 24 oC ambient temperature in the rst 30 minutes [11].

A study with the title of The behaviour of a solar thermo-electric refrigerator in the case of cooling milk was presented
the main characteristics of the refrigeration in the usage of cooling milk in winter in Romania. According to the
weather conditions, specications of the systems were demonstrated as PV power value of 87 Wp. the refrigerator
could operate a longer time up to - 3.5C [12]. The other study was carried out Computational Fluid Dynamics)
(CFD) analysis of the thermoelectric refrigerator system by Rajangam and Vekataramanan in 2015. The paper
focused on storage container design, heat sink selection, thermoelectric cooling module selection. The prototype
of 1.5 liter container was produced and the temperature decrement of the system was occurred up to 5oC. CFD
was used to evaluate the system as to enhance of the performance. The design requirements and optimization
of the system were also presented [13]. Peltier Effect Based Solar Powered Air Conditioning System included
thermodynamic validation of the system and the working temperature range was found as 20 - 55oC. The paper
included a control unit, a Peltier module, a refrigeration unit. And also, the Peltier elements were modied as
series and parallel combinations [14].

Esen and Balta studied on Peltier refrigeration powered by PV and the system included operated using air and
water-cooled fans. The system was operated with the PV and the power supply modes from 10:00 to 17:00
hours, whereas the battery was used between the hours of 18:00 to 1:00. COP value of the air-cooled system was
calculated to be 0.548. The water cooled system had a cooling performance coefcient as 0.12 [15].

This paper includes a thermoelectric refrigerator powered by PV. The system may be used for carrying vaccine
or organ, food-drink preservation etc. Especially, location where there is no electricity, the system may become
widespread in time. In the paper, a PV assisted thermolectric refrigerator is designed with determination equations

- 47 -
including sizing along with energy demand of the refrigerator volume. And also, for each system, the exergetic
analysis is carried out and exergoeconomic formulations are included. Once for all, the systems advantages and
disadvantages are demonstrated in the study.

2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
In this part, mathematical model of the proposed system is given. The whole system can be seen in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 The Proposed Thermoelectric Refrigerator Powered via PV

2.1 SIZING / NUMBERING OF THE TEM AND PV

Thermoelectric Module (TEM) numbering, and TEM and the system COP values can be found to meet the
refrigerator volume calculating the energy demand. Along with using Equation 2.1.1-5, TEM specications can
be obtained. The energy demand should be equal to Peltier cooling capacity, therefore; with selection of the
thermoelectric module, cooling capacity and COP value can be found [9];

2.1.1

Quality coefcient Figure of Merit can be calculated Equation 2.1.2. In the equation, Kt is the thermal conduction
coefcient of TEM. R demonstrates the electrical resistivity of TEM, Th is the hot surface temperature, Tc is the cold
surface temperature of TEM. The COP value of the TEM, can be obtained according to 2.1.3 2.1.5.

2
2.1.2 ZT =
RK t
Th + Tc
2.1.3 TM =
2
2.1.4 M c = ZTM + 1

Tc M
T
2.1.5 COP = ( )( c h ) / ( M c + 1)
Th
Tc Tc

- 48 -
The PV area can be obtained using Equation 2.1.6, and also capacity of the battery system can be found by using
Equation 2.1.7. ELD describes the electrical energy demand per day, s is the efciency of system, STd is the solar
radiation value in the worst case scenario [16].

E LD
2.1.6 A=

s STd
E LD
2.1.7 BC = t

B a

The overall systems COP value can be calculated by using Equation 2.1.8.

Qc
2.1.8 COPs =
Psolar

2.2 EXERGY AND EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSES OF THE TEM

Exergy balance equation of the TEM is demonstrated Equation 2.2.1 [17-18];

2.2.1 Exin = Exout + Exd + Exl

Exin, Exout, Exd, Exl demonstrate the total input exergy, the total exit exergy, the destructed exergy, the exergy lost
values, respectively.

The heat transfer exergy equation system can be demonstrated as Equation 2.2.2.

 T 
2.2.2 ExQ = QH  1
0 
H
 Th 

T0, TH are the ambient temperature and the system temperature. Exergy efciency or exergetic COP value, and
COP value of the system can be found with using Eqs. 2.2.3 and 2.2.4.

Exout
2.2.3
=
Exin
Q
2.2.4 COP = H
Pin
The cost balance is the sum of cost rates associated with all exiting exergy streams equals the sum of cost rates
related to capital investment, operating and maintenance as well as the sum of all entering exergy streams. (Eqs
2.2.5 2.2.7)

2.2.5

2.2.6

2.2.7

Zk is the initial investment cost of TEM system,  the maintenance factor, N, the operation hour per year. CRF
(Capital Recovery Cost) can be dened as Equation 2.2.8; m, the system life, i is the interest rate.

i(1+ i) m
2.2.8 CRF =
(1+ i) m
1

- 49 -
CP,k, CF,k, fk, rk describe the average cost per unit product exergy,the cost related to fuel, the cost rate related to the
exergy destruction, the exergoeconomic factor, the relative cost difference, respectively. (Equations 2.2.9 2.2.13)

2.2.9

2.2.10

2.2.11

2.2.12

2.2.13

2.3 EXERGY AND EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSES OF THE PV SYSTEM

Exergy and exergoeconomic analyses of PV include the thermal and electrical energy. Electricity production can
be written as exergy. Thermal energy can be seen as exergy destruction [19];

2.3.1

Exq is the thermal exergy and sum the solar exergy and the heat loss exergy (Eqs. 2.3.2 and 2.3.9).

2.3.2

2.3.3 U L = hconv + hrad

where; hconv = 2.8+3v, v demonstrates the wind speed (m/s), and also Tsky (the temperature of the sky) can be found
by using Tsky = T0 6. hrad can be written as Equation 2.3.4,g are the PV panel emissivity and Stefan Boltzmann
constant, respectively.

2.3.4

In the control volume, the exergy difference of the mass inlet and outlet can be dened with Equation 2.3.5.

2.3.5

In the right side, the rst term of the equation demonstrates the physical exergy changes, the second one illustrates
the chemical exergy changes of the PV module, and the terms of the equation 2.3.5 equal to each other, therefore;
the equation equals to zero, approximately.
The output exergy of the PV panel can be dened as Equation 2.3.6 [20];

2.3.6

In the Equation 2.3.6, the Voc Isc term states the produced maximum power on the PV surface by photons. The
second term is the exergy destruction because of the PV irresistibility and the third one is the heat transfer exergy,
hc = 5.7 + 3.8v and loss can be expressed Equation 2.3.7;

2.3.7

- 50 -
The output exergy of the system can be calculated as Equation 2.3.8 and the other equations can be used to nd
the exergetic efciency (Eqs. 2.3.8 2.3.10);

2.3.8

2.3.9

2.3.10

where Tsun is temperature of the sun and equals to 6000 K.

The exergoeconomic analysis is carried out by using Equations 2.3.11 2.3.15 [21].

2.3.11 Lex =  (inputs) Energy flow rates
 ( products) Energy flow rates

To evaluate the exergy loss, Equation 2.3.12 can be used.

2.3.12

In the literature, the exergoeconomic analysis of PV cells, R express the ratio between thermodynamic loss rate L
and capital cost K. Ren demonstrates the energy losses, Rex, the exergy losses. (Eqs 2.3.13 2.3.15)

2.3.13

2.3.14

2.3.15

3. CONCLUSION
In the paper, PV powered peltier refrigerator system has been modeled mathematically. The proposed system
includes a PV module, a charge regulator, Peltier, fans, refrigerator volume. Each system has been examined along
with exergy, exergoeconomic analyses.
To illustrate the advantages, it can be said that the system is eco-friendly and portable. On the other hand, COP
values of the TEM are still relatively low according to the conventional refrigerators, but it can be increased along
with solid - state physics.
As further studies, the mathematical model is going to be examined, after this step, the system is going to analyze
in Fluent to nd out temperature distribution of the refrigerator. And exergetic and exergoeconomic analyses are
going to carried out, by this way, the study will be completed.

- 51 -
REFERENCES
1. Takhistov, P. Y., 2001, 8VLQJ RI 7KHUPRHOHFWULF 0RGXOHV IRU +HDW ([FKDQJH ,QWHQVLFDWLRQ, 20th International
Conference on Thermoelectrics, Russia, 3p.
2. Tanuma, S., 1998, Thermoelectricity, Thinking of the Past and Tomorrow, 17th International Conference on
Thermoelectrics, Japan, 4p.
3. Jose, A., Dsouza, A., Dandekar,S., Karamchandan, K., Kulkarni, Pavan, 2015, Air Conditioner using Peltier Module,
2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development, India, 4p.
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Pipes, Researchgate.net/publication, 228204809, 9p.
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Investigation of a Solar Powered Thermoelectric Refrigerator, International Journal of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering (IJMME), Vol. 3 Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, No. 1, 10p.
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Refrigerator, Renewable Energy 34, 5p.
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 0021 - TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A GRID TIED PV PLANT WITH SAM
(SYSTEM ADVISORY MODEL) SOFTWARE OVER A COURSE OF 20 YEARS FOR KARS
AND MERSIN
Burhan Kra*, Melih Soner elikta
Ege University Solar Energy Institute, zmir
Corresponding email: BurhanKirac@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Burhan Kra

ABSTRACT:
In 2015 only 2.8% of world primary energy consumption is provided from renewable energy technologies
(excluding hydro). Low CO emission targets to reduce global warming effects, clean air and environmental gain to
be obtained by the elimination of fossil fuels, relatively equal distribution of renewable resources throughout the
world, continuing decline in the cost of renewable technologies and their competencies, existing pro-renewable
social and political will on global scale indicate that investment in renewables will continue. PV plants from modern
renewable technologies will play an important role in the realization of this change in coming decades. For the
sustainable growth of PV power plants, lack of information about the life cycle of PV plants among stakeholders
must be reduced to minimize LCOE. This paper conducts technical and economic analysis with SAM software
for random points in Kars and Mersin, Turkey. In this work, nancial assumptions are taken identical with 1.4$/W
installation cost, %20 equity, 12-year loan with 7% interest, 2% ination, 6% discount rate, 0.133$/kWh electricity
price rst ten years and 0.05$/kWh for the second ten years. After the simulation IRR and LCOE are found as %9,99
and 4.74/kWh for Mersin and %0,28 and 6.54/kWh for Kars.

Keywords: Photovoltaics, PV, PV power plant, Renewables, SAM

1. INTRODUCTION
Between the years 1985-2015 increase in world primary energy consumption was 83%, whereas it was 72% for CO2
emissions and 145% for electricity production [1] An increase of 51% was also observed for human population in
the same period [2]. Although abovementioned values increased in a linear shape over years, electricity production
from renewables followed an exponential increase (excluding hydro) in the same period [1].
In 2015 fossil fuels accounted for 86% of primary energy consumption whereas renewables (excluding hydro)
supplied only 2,8% of the demand [1].

Installed PV capacity rose from 1.3GW to 227-230GW between 2000 and 2015. That corresponds to 41% of
compound annual growth rate (CAGR), meanwhile world electricity production experienced %3 of CAGR in the
same 16-year period [3,1].

Share of PV in world electricity production was around 1% in 2015 and it is projected to reach a share of 16% by
2050, with an installed capacity of 4675GW. To reach this target by 2050, 130GW of annual new PV capacity must
be added to grid on average starting from 2016 [4].

Cost decrease seen in PV power plant installations is expected to continue in the coming years. With decreasing
prices, PV power plants are strong candidates to attract new investments. To have a meaningful return on
investment, the investor must optimize the costs and to achieve this one must get a good understanding of
development, construction, operation and maintenance steps of PV plants. Successful project realizations would
pave ways to new ones, leading to higher PV shares in the electricity mix.

In this paper grid tied ground mounted PV power plants over 1MW are focused, although PV plants come in
different sizes and can be seen in different locations (roof, water, off grid, etc.).

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2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
System Advisory Model (SAM) software is used for technical and economic analysis of the proposed PV power
plants in this study. SAM is an easy to use feasibility analysis platform which is also fast with an effective user
interface and well dened help library developed by NREL [5].

Synthetic hourly climate data sets are created via Meteonorm software to input SAM, although SAM provides
climate data sets to some extent. Instead of using built-in monthly irradiation values (global/diffuse horizontal)
of Meteonorm, monthly averages of different sources shown in Table 1 is inputted to Meteonorm for global
horizontal and diffuse horizontal irradiance.

Table 1. Four different sources used for monthly irradiance values

No 1 2 3 4

Firm / Organization Meteonom Soda CAMS Climate - SAF Pvgis SolarMed Atlas

Methods Used Satellite and Ground Heliosat-4 Meteosat 5-7 and SOLEMI and
Measurements MSG Helioclim-3
Years Covered 1991-2010 2005-2015 1998-2010 1991-2010

Usage Fee Yes Free of Charge Free of Charge Free of Charge

The cost values used in SAM is obtained through verbal survey with solar system and service providers during
Solarex Fair in stanbul in 2016 of April. The average of obtained cost values are inputted to SAM. Cost values
used in the paper should not be generalized due to dynamic behavior of the market and the variety of projects,
although real PV power plant costs are intended in this study.

3. RESULTS
Two random project points are selected for simulation, one in city of Mersin and the other in city of Kars. The
selected points are assumed as usable projects locations with similar specications. In contrary to the random
selection of the project locations, there are couple of factors that must be taken into consideration before selecting
the project site in practice. Awareness against the environment and the local communities must always be kept
high, in addition to protable return on investment target.

Average GHI and DHI values for Mersin can be seen in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. Variance of different
sources with respect to average can also be seen.

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Table 2. GHI values for Mersin averaged over 4 different sources and variance of sources in %
GHI - Average Satellite and Meteosat 5-7 and SOLEMI and
Heliosat-4
Meteonorm Ground Stations MSG Helioclim-3
2
kWh/m Soda CAMS 1991-2010 2005-2015 1998-2010 1991-2010
Climate-SAF Pvgis GHI - GHI - GHI - GHI -
Solarmed Atlas Meteonorm Soda CAMS Climate-SAF Pvgis SolarMed Atlas
January 78 -7% 1% -5% 11%
February 93 -8% 2% -5% 10%
March 155 -11% 3% 4% 4%
April 181 -8% 9% -3% 3%
May 219 -10% 7% -1% 4%
June 242 -12% 7% 2% 3%
July 251 -13% 7% 3% 4%
August 233 -5% 5% 0% 1%
September 180 -11% 6% 2% 3%
October 135 -8% 4% 0% 4%
November 94 -6% 3% -2% 5%
December 75 -5% 3% -5% 8%
Year 1936 -9% 5% 0% 4%

Table 3. DHI values for Mersin averaged over 3 different sources and variance of sources in %
Satellite and Meteosat 5-7 and
DHI - Average Heliosat-4
Ground Stations MSG
2 Meteonorm
kWh/m 1991-2010 2005-2015 1998-2010
Soda CAMS
Climate-SAF Pvgis DHI - DHI - DHI -
Meteonorm Soda CAMS Climate-SAF Pvgis
January 38 -4% 16% -12%
February 44 -11% 22% -11%
March 64 -16% 13% 3%
April 71 -11% 16% -4%
May 75 -2% 6% -5%
June 61 14% -11% -3%
July 56 39% -30% -9%
August 46 12% -22% 10%
September 46 13% -12% -1%
October 46 -6% 5% 1%
November 34 0% 3% -3%
December 30 -10% 11% -1%
Year 612 2% 1% -3%

Average GHI and DHI values for Kars can be seen in Table 4 and Table 5 respectively. Variance of different sources
with respect to average can also be seen.

- 55 -
Table 4. GHI values for Kars averaged over 4 different sources and variance of sources in %
GHI - Average Satellite and Meteosat 5-7 and SOLEMI and
Heliosat-4
Meteonorm Ground Stations MSG Helioclim-3
2
kWh/m Soda CAMS 1991-2010 2005-2015 1998-2010 1991-2010
Climate-SAF Pvgis GHI - GHI - GHI - GHI -
Solarmed Atlas Meteonorm Soda CAMS Climate-SAF Pvgis SolarMed Atlas
January 57 1% -13% -30% 42%
February 74 1% -10% -30% 40%
March 109 11% 2% -16% 3%
April 140 6% -6% -11% 11%
May 179 -5% 1% 0% 4%
June 214 -8% 8% 0% 1%
July 216 -5% 5% 0% 0%
August 198 -1% 0% 1% 1%
September 154 -2% 0% 2% 1%
October 106 0% -7% 1% 6%
November 69 -4% -2% -5% 11%
December 45 6% 11% -18% 0%
Year 1560 -1% 0% -5% 6%

Table 5. DHI values for Kars averaged over 3 different sources and variance of sources in %
Satellite and Meteosat 5-7 and
DHI - Average Heliosat-4
Ground Stations MSG
2 Meteonorm
kWh/m 1991-2010 2005-2015 1998-2010
Soda CAMS
Climate-SAF Pvgis DHI - DHI - DHI -
Meteonorm Soda CAMS Climate-SAF Pvgis
January 30 -20% 36% -16%
February 39 -15% 35% -20%
March 67 -15% 30% -15%
April 76 -18% 22% -4%
May 91 -9% 14% -5%
June 78 -12% 13% -1%
July 82 2% 6% -7%
August 68 -8% 9% -1%
September 55 -4% 7% -3%
October 46 -13% 15% -2%
November 34 -2% 15% -13%
December 27 -4% 26% -22%
Year 691 -10% 17% -7%

Horizon shading for the randomly selected project locations in Kars and Mersin can be seen in Figure 1. Although
the plants will experience some little percentage of irradiance loss due to landscape around them which is apparent
from the grey area between red and blue curves, horizon shading is not considered in this study. However, in
practice, horizon shading pattern can easily be incorporated into calculation for better estimation. From Figure 1,
one can conclude that the project in Mersin will more severely suffer from the landscape around it in the sense of
horizon shading.

- 56 -
 Figure 1. Horizon shading for Kars and Mersin (Climate-SAF Pvgis)

After exporting hourly climate data sets to SAM software in TMY3 format, technical and economic parameters
inputted to SAM. Fixed 20 south facing 265W polycrystalline modules with ground coverage ratio of 0.4 is used.
10 pieces of 1MWac 1000V rated central inverters are selected from the built-in library to form a 10MWac / 12.8MWdc
PV plant. Self-shading of modules is automatically calculated once planned mounting structure table geometry is
dened in SAM. Soiling losses are taken as 3% for both project locations, but snow losses are ignored. Around 5%
of DC and AC, 2% of LID, 1% of curtailment and availability losses are entered SAM. Annual module degradation
rate is taken as 0.4%.

In system cost interface, 1$/Wdc of direct capital costs and 0.4$/Wdc of indirect capital costs are distributed to sub
categories, ending up with 1.4$/Wdc of total installed cost. Annual O&M cost is taken variable throughout the
plant life ranging between 10k and 15k$/kWdc. Security costs is not included in the O&M budget and it must be
included in a more precise study.

In nancial parameters interface of SAM, power purchase agreement (PPA) price is taken as 0.133 $/kWh for the
rst 10 years and 0.05 $/kWh for the second half. Ination is taken as 2%, discount rate is taken as 6%, income tax
rate is taken as 20%, sales tax rate is taken as 18%, annual insurance rate is taken as 0.25% and net salvage value
of the plant is taken as 10% of total installed cost.

Debt percentage is taken as 80% of total capital cost with 20% of equity, debt payback time is taken as 12 years
with 7% of annual interest and 3% of up-front fee. A minimum debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) is not dened
in the simulation.

Construction loans are entered SAM to calculate construction period debt. Loans are distributed over 8 months of
construction time with 1% of up-front fee and 6% of annual interest.

3 reserve accounts are dened in nancial parameters interface. 2% of annual interest earning is entered for reserves.
First reserve account is created for 6 months of working capital, second reserve account is created for 6 months of
debt service coverage, and third reserve account is created for material replacement costs with 0.02$/Wdc with
replacement frequency of 5 years.

In depreciation interface, 10 years of linear depreciation is taken for 70% of total installed cost, 30% of the total
installed cost is assumed as non-depreciable.

Summary of simulation results can be seen in Table 6. Mersin outperforms Kars in many aspects which is expected
due to higher irradiance in Mersin. For year 1 capacity factor of 19.7% is reached in Mersin with 0.80 performance
ratio (PR) and capacity factor of 16.2% is reached in Kars with 0.82 PR. When looking at LCOE values, 4.74 /kWh
is reached in Mersin with 9.99% IRR, whereas 6.54 /kWh is reached in Kars with 0.28 IRR. A more detailed analysis
can further be held via SAM software interface over the course of project lifetime.

- 57 -
Table 6. SAM simulation summary for Mersin and Kars
Metric Mersin Kars
Annual energy (year 1) 22,133,944 kWh 18,199,592 kWh
Capacity factor (year 1) 19.7% 16.2%
Energy yield (year 1) 1,727 kWh/kW 1,420 kWh/kW
Performance ratio (year 1) 0.80 0.82
Levelized COE (nominal) 4.74 /kWh 6.54 /kWh
Net present value $550,963 $-2,655,243
Internal rate of return (IRR) 9.99 % 0.28 %
Year IRR is achieved 20 20
IRR at end of project 9.99 % 0.28 %
Net capital cost $19,939,512 $19,939,512
Equity $3,987,902 $3,987,902
Size of debt $15,951,609 $15,951,609
Minimum DSCR 0.39 0.30

4. DISCUSSION
The main reason of the difference in values in Table 6 is the climate data sets and among climate data sets, it is GHI
difference of both cities. PR in Kars is higher than it is in Mersin which is also understandable, since temperature is
lower throughout the year in Kars and no snow loss is inputted into SAM.

First year capacity factors are between 15-20%, which is typical for xed tilt installations in Turkeys climate.
Capacity factor could further be improved with higher DC/AC ratio selection, once the inverter clipping losses are
accepted and the inverter is compatible with it. Alternatively, a sun tracking system could also be used to increase
the capacity factor.

IRR value of Mersin is close to 10% which can be acceptable for many investors, whereas it is close the 0% in Kars
which does not sound well before an investment.

LCOE is 4.74 /kWh in Mersin and 6.54 /kWh in Kars and they would further get better with a longer operation
of the plants, like 25 years instead of 20 years of assumption made in this study. An increase in plants operation
time would obviously affect other nancial parameters as well.

DSCR is 0.39 in Mersin and 0.30 in Kars which are alarmingly low. Minimum DSCR occurs in Kars (Figure 2) and
Mersin (Figure 3) during year 11. This is expected due to the decrease in PPA price after year 10.
For the project in Kars, year 10, 11 and 12 ends up with a negative after-tax cash ow (Figure 2), so as a precaution
additional nancing or cash injection is needed at this years.

Similar negative after-tax cash ow is also monitored in Mersin project but it is less severe than Kars and it is
observed only on years 11 and 12 (Figure 3). For a better estimation of nancial parameters like IRR, LCOE of
the project, the cost of nancing in year 10, 11 and 12 must also be incorporated into simulation which is not
considered in this paper.

- 58 -
 Figure 2. Project after-tax cash flow for Kars

Figure 3. Project after-tax cash flow for Mersin

One important point needs to be mentioned here is the quality of the climate data sets that is used, especially the
irradiance values. Monthly irradiance values obtained through different sources do not completely cover the same
time span and obtained monthly averaged GHI and DHI values have not validated on site. Keeping the annual
irradiance variability in mind, better irradiance data sets can be formed in future works with extended data access
to climate data sets. Before investment, a more price climate data set may be needed, instead of simply averaging
monthly GHI/DHI values for a quicker feasibility analysis.

- 59 -
5. CONCLUSION
World oceans and lands are warming and our fossil based energy sector/economy needs to be updated by
means of modern, low emission, mature and comparatively worldwide evenly distributed technologies like wind
and PV (and others) to minimize the negative effects of global warming which are already in action [6].

Annual PV installations reached 50GW in 2015 adding up to 227-230GW of total worldwide PV capacity and that
corresponds to 1% of world electricity production in 2015. There are great more ways to go before supplying 16%
of world electricity from PV by 2050.

Investors and stakeholders for PV power plants must have a good understanding of PV power plant lifecycle to
realize higher IRR values at the same time not harming the environment and the local communities for a sustainable
and clean PV integration into the grid.

SAM which is free to use can easily be utilized for a quick feasibility analysis of renewable technologies. Analysis
results of a 10MWac/12.8MWdc PV plant in two random points in Mersin and Kars is demonstrated in this paper. It
is found that with the assumptions made in the simulation and the project location selection, it is possible to reach
IRR values close to 10% as well as values close to 0%.

REFERENCES
1. Bp, 2016, Bp Statistical Review Of World Energy 2016 Workbook, Bp, http://www.bp.com/en/global/
corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html, (Access Date: 06 November 2016).
2. Worldometer, World Population: Past, Present, and Future, http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/,
(Access Date: 06 November 2016).
3. REN21, 2016, Renewables 2016 Global Status Report, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/
GSR_2016_Full_Report_REN21.pdf, (Access Date: 06 November 2016).
4. IEA, 2014, Technology Roadmap Solar Photovoltaic Energy, https://www.iea.org/media/freepublications/
technologyroadmaps/solar/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf, (Access Date:
27 March 2016).
5. Blair, N., Dobos, A.P., Freeman, J., Neises, T. and Wagner, M., 2014, System Advisory Model, SAM 2014.1.14:
General Discription, NREL, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/61019.pdf, (Access Date: 06 November 2016).
6. IPCC, 2014, Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers, https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/
assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf, (Eriim Tarihi: 27 Mart 2016).

- 60 -
 0023 - SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A 1 KWP OFF-GRID
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM WITH A 2-AXIS SOLAR TRACKER
Yusuf Atalay*, Ahmet Yilanci, Orhan Ekren
Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding email: yatalay07@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Yusuf Atalay

ABSTRACT
In the last decades, photovoltaic power systems (PVPSs) have obtained an increasing importance in making the
national energy policies of various countries in the world due to environmental issues and fuel prices related to
the fossil based energy sources. However, their energy conversion efciencies are relatively low. In order to get
higher performances from PVPSs, one of the solutions is to use solar trackers to follow the position of the sun
continuously with one or two directions. Generally, photovoltaic (PV) panels are positioned with a xed angle in
the system, but in this way, they are not able to get solar irradiance high enough. In this study, a 1 kWp off-grid
PVPS with a 2-axis solar tracker installed in Izmir city, Turkey is modeled and simulated with Matlab/Simulink. In
addition, annual performance analysis of the system is presented, and it is compared with an equivalent system in
a xed 30O angle. Simulation results show that the system with a 2-axis tracker performs 33.49% better than PVPS
with a xed angle in terms of annual energy production values.

Keywords: PVPS, 2-Axis Solar Tracker, Simulation, Performance Analysis, Matlab/Simulink

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, use of renewable energy sources has been rapidly increasing due to their non-polluting,
inexhaustible, innite, and readily available properties. Also, since the fossil fuels are gradually depleted, and
the oil prices and environmental pollution are increasing, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal,
and biomass are becoming more popular. Today, many countries determine their energy policies in sustainable
energy framework.

Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the most important technologies of solar energy applications, which
converts solar irradiance to DC electricity directly. However, PV technology has some disadvantages like low
energy conversion efciency, and high fragility. Also they are easily affected by weather conditions. There are many
researches and studies in progress to overcome these issues such as improvements on materials of the PV cells
and their manufacturing techniques [1]. Moreover, performances of the PVPS vary drastically depending on some
parameters such as solar irradiance, temperature, and wind speed. The most important factor that determines the
system performance is the solar irradiance which depends on the sun's position. The sun's position varies with
time. Thus, xed PV panels are not able to get solar irradiance enough.

Solar tracker systems follow the movement of the sun and set azimuth and elevation angles accordingly. 1-axis
solar trackers are used in the PVPSs as well as 2-axis solar trackers. Although 1-axis solar trackers track only the
sun azimuth or elevation axis, 2-axis trackers track both azimuth and elevation axis as seen in Figure 1. Thanks to
solar tracking systems, performance of the PVPSs can be increased up to 57% [2]. Over the past decade, solar
tracker systems are in the focus of many research studies. In their studies [3] and [4], researchers tried to increase
the system performance for 1-axis and 2- axis solar tracker systems with additional reectors. However, there are
many solar tracker systems with different structures. In [5], the authors designed a spherical parallel manipulator
for a 3-axis solar tracker mechanism, and in [6], a parallel mechanism with a Grassmann line geometry for a 2-axis
solar tracker system is used.

- 61 -
 Figure 1. General view of 1kWp PVPS with a 2-axis solar tracker mechanism

In order to control solar tracker systems, there are two main control structures used by trackers: open-loop and
closed- loop. For closed-loop control structure, there is a feedback signal that comes from sensors like light-
dependent resistors (LDRs). Generally, sensors are positioned on the tracker system, and give feedback to the
controller about current solar irradiance. For open-loop control structure, the sun's current position is calculated
by the controller with real time, day, month, year, and position data instead of the sensors. Both control structures
have some cons and pros. Actually, there is no signicant difference between them, but closed-loop control
structure has a little bit higher performance like 7-8% depending on the application site, and meteorological
conditions [7].

This paper is organized as follows: PVPS modeling with 2- axis solar tracker mechanism has an open-loop control
structure is presented in Section 2 and in Section 3, the results are discussed. Finally, in Section 4, the results of the
simulation and the real data are concluded.

2. MODELING OF THE PVPS WITH A 2-AXIS SOLAR TRACKER MECHANISM

An on-grid PVPS consists of some components like PV modules, maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) or charge
controllers, inverters, excitation mechanism, and wiring. In addition to this, an off-grid PVPS may contain a battery
bank to use in bad weather conditions, and night times. In this study, an off-grid PVPS, which is installed and
operating at Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, consists of four parallel-connected PV Modules, two series-
connected and two parallel-connected battery bank, and a charge controller. Also, the PVPS is connected through
2 kVA inverter to AC loads. The PVPS components are given in Table 1. As shown in Figure 2, Matlab/Simulink was
used for the modeling of the PVPS.

- 62 -
 Figure 2. Matlab/Simulink model of the PVPS

Table 1. Installed PVPS components and their main specications

Component Piece Properties
PV Module 4 Pmax=250Wp, Voc=37.63V, Isc=8.59A, 15.4%
Battery 4 12V, 150Ah
Charge Controller 1 Po,max=3.5kW, 96%
Inverter 1 2KVA, 1.6kW, 93%
Tracker Mechanism 1 2-Axis

2.1. PV CELL MODEL

Although there are several equivalent models for PV cells [8], [9], ideal single-diode equivalent model is usually
used for modeling. The equivalent model of the PV cell consists of a diode D, and a parallel current source which
is generates photo-current IPV depends on solar irradiance. Also, there are a serial Rs and a parallel resistor Rsh on
the equivalent model that represents ohmic losses as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Ideal single-diode equivalent model of PV cell

In the gure, Id is the diode current, Ish is the parallel resistor current, I is the net PV cell current, and RL is the load
resistor. The net PV cell current I is derived from Kirchhoff's law:

I = I PV
I d
I sh (1)

- 63 -
We have
q(Voc + IRS )

I d = I 0 (e
kT

1) (2)
where I0 is the reverse saturation current of diode, q is the electron charge (1.602*10-19 C), Voc is the open-circuit
voltage of the PV cell, is the diode ideality factor, k is the Boltzman's constant (1.381*10-23 J/K), and T is the operating
temperature. And,

Voc + IRsh
I sh = (3)
Rsh

Also,

G
I PV = (I + K i (Tn )) (4)
Gn sc

where G is the actual solar irradiance, Gn is the nominal solar irradiance (1000 W/m2), Isc is the short-circuit voltage
of the PV cell, Ki is the temperature current constant (0.0032), and Tn is the nominal temperature (25C). Finally,
dening

3  qEg   1 1 
 T  

ak   Tn T 
I0 = I d   e (5)
 Tn 

where Eg represents the band gap energy of the silicon at 25C.

2.2. BATTERY MODEL

There are many different types of batteries in the market such as Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel-Hydrogen, Lead-Acid,
Sodium-Sulfur, and Lithium-Ion batteries. Since they are inexpensive, and easily available in the market, Lead-
Acid batteries are mostly used in the PVPS applications. Also they are preferred due to their properties like low
self-discharge, low maintenance, and easy transportation [10]. For a lead-acid battery, there are two modes of
operation: charging and discharging. When the current from the source to battery is positive (negative), the
battery is in the charging (discharging) mode. Figure 4 shows equivalent circuit model of the lead-acid battery for
both operation modes.

Figure 4. Equivalent circuit model of lead-acid battery

In Figure 4, Vin is the input voltage, Vbat is the battery voltage, Ibat is the battery current, and Rcharge and Rdischarge are the
charging and discharging resistors. Thus, the main equation of equivalent circuit becomes

Vbat = Vin + I bat R1 (6)

- 64 -
where R1 represents the resistors Rcharge and Rdischarge depending on the operation modes. In the charging mode,
Rcharge and Vin can be written as follows:

 0.139  1
Rcharg e =  0.758 +
(1.06
SOC(t))nS  SOCm
(7)


Vin = (2 + 0.148SOC(t))ns (8)

where SOC(t) is the state of charge of the battery at the moment t, SOCm is the maximum state of charge of the
battery, and ns is the number of 2V series groups in the battery. For example, if the battery voltage is 12V then ns is
6. In the discharging mode, equations are

 0.1037  1
Rdischarg e =  0.19 +
(SOC(t)
0.14)nS  SOCm
(9)


Vin = (1.986 + 0.124SOC(t))nS (10)

In order to obtaining current SOC(t), the following equation is used:

1 t  K bVin I bat 
SOC ( t ) = SOC ( t
1) +  
SOC(t
1)D  dt (11)
3600 t
1  SOCm 

where Kb is the charging and discharging efciency, and D is the self-discharge rate of the battery [11]. State of
charge respecting to Vbat is given in Table 2.

Table 2. SOC of the battery respect to Vbat

Vbat [V] SOC (%)
25.30 100 %
25.02 90 %
24.82 80 %
24.62 70 %
24.42 60 %
24.12 50 %
23.80 25 %
23.52 Discharged

2.3. CHARGE CONTROLLER MODEL

For almost all PVPSs which consist a battery bank, a charge controller is the essential component. Charge controller
controls current ow from (to) the PV modules to (from) the battery bank. When the battery bank is fully charged,
the charge controller must shut down current ow to the battery bank. In this case, if there is a load, the charge
controller allows the energy ow from the PV modules to the load. However, the charge controller should be
adjustable for different types and rates of the batteries, various sizes of the PV modules, operating temperatures,
and weather conditions [12]. Flowchart of our charge controller is shown in Figure 5.

- 65 -
 Figure 5. Flowchart of the charge controller

In Figure 5, I represents the net current that comes from PV module, Iload is the load current, and Iexmec is the current
of the excitation mechanism which contains two linear motors.

2.4. INVERTER MODEL

Inverter inverts DC current to AC current. For both on-grid and off-grid PVPSs, if there are AC loads, an inverter is
necessary. For solar PVPS applications, there are four types of inverters used: square wave, sine wave, modied-
square wave, and multilevel inverters. The sine-wave inverters are often preferred for many AC loads. The main
structure of an inverter consists of 4 switching components such as IGBTs or MOSFETs which are driven by PWM
signals as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Basic full-bridge inverter circuit

2.5. EXCITATION MECHANISM MODEL

Excitation mechanism of a 2-axis solar tracker provides both elevation (vertical) angle and azimuth (horizontal)
angle orientation. This mechanism consists of two linear motors for each motion. However, a linear motor which
orients PV module along azimuth angle, has 100o angle limit, and other linear motor has 75o angle limit. Transfer
function between input voltage Vm and output rotational angle of the linear motor is derived from Equation 12.

(s) 1
Ke 
= 
Vm (s) s  (Js + K b )(R + Ls) + (K e + K b ) 
(12)

where Ke is the electromotive force constant, Kb is the back electromotive force constant, J is the moment of inertia,
R is the electrical resistance, and L is the electrical inductance.

- 66 -
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, simulation results of our PVPS are presented. For the simulations of the modeled PVPS, real-
time solar irradiance and temperature data were used. Also, the battery bank parameters, and linear motors of
excitation mechanism parameters are given in Table 5 and Table 6 in the appendix section. First, the modeled PV
module is simulated with the parameters for the standard test conditions (STC) (25oC, 1000W/m2, 1.5 AM) shown in
Table 3. Simulation results for I-V curves of the PV module for different values of solar irradiance and temperature
are shown in Figure 7.

Table 3. PV cell parameters

Parameter Value
Pmax 250 W
Vmax 30.6 V
Imax 8.17 A
Voc 37.63 V
Ioc 8.59 A
Module eff. 17.65 %
Cell eff. 15.4 %

Figure 7. Simulation results of the PV module's I-V curves for different values of (a) solar irradiance (G), and (b)
temperature (T)

As it is presented above, the current of the PV module increases (decreases) when the solar irradiance increases
(decreases). However, the voltage of the PV module increases (decreases) when the temperature decreases
(increases). Also, in Figure 8, real-time solar irradiance (G), and temperature (T) values for rst week of April,2015
is shown. Only day-time data are used for temperature values. As it is seen in Figure 8, last day of the week is
mostly cloudy, and the maximum solar irradiance value is about 800 W/m2, and the maximum temperature value is
about 28oC for the week.

- 67 -
 Figure 8. Real-time (a) solar irradiance (G), and and (b) temperature (T) data

When the PVPS is in operation, rst, the PV module current charges to battery bank, and if the battery bank is
completely charged, the current is delivered from the PV module to the load. In Figure 9, the battery bank current
(Ibat), and the load current (Iload) are shown.

Figure 9. (a) The battery bank current (Ibat), and (b) the load current (Iload)

As given in Figure 5, the battery bank current (Ibat) is equal to difference between the net PV module current (I) and
the current of the excitation mechanism (Iexmec). For the PVPS is idle position (in night-time), there is a less power
consumed by the excitation mechanism that includes two linear motors. For this reason, when the PV modules get
the solar irradiation, the battery bank is charged rst as shown above in Figure 9. Also, the battery bank voltage
(Vbat), and the state of charge (SOC) are given in Figure 10.

- 68 -
 Figure 10. (a) The battery bank voltage (Vbat), and (b) the state of charge (SOC)

For Figure 10 (b), in the rst day of the week, the battery bank is charging from its initial state of charge which is set
to 0.25 or 25%. Additionally, the PVPS is simulated with different load prole which is given in Table 4.

Table 4. New load prole

Hour Average load [kW]
09:00 0.430
10:00 0.495
11:00 0.533
12:00 0.691
13:00 0.519
14:00 0.418
15:00 0.397
16:00 0.409
17:00 0.658
18:00 0.630
19:00 to 09:00 0

In Figures 11 and 12, the battery bank current (Ibat), the load current (Iloadn), the battery bank voltage (Vbat), and the
state of charge (SOC) are shown under the new load prole.

Figure 11. (a) The battery bank current (Ibat), and (b) the load current (Iloadn) in the new load profile

- 69 -
 Figure 12. (a) The battery bank voltage (Vbat), and (b) the state of charge (SOC) in the new load profile

As given in Table 4, the new load is applied to the PVPS between 09:00 to 18:00 hours. During this time, if the PV
module does not meet the current demand, the load current is provided from the battery bank. Finally, annual
performance analysis of the PVPS with a 2-axis solar tracker mechanism is presented, and it is compared to an
equivalent system with a xed 30o angle by HOMER software tool. The results are shown in Figure 13. The results
point out that the PVPS with a 2-axis solar tracker mechanism performs 33.49% better than PVPS with a xed angle
in terms of annual energy production values.

Figure 13. Comparison of the PVPS with a 2-axis solar tracker mechanism and equivalent system with a fixed 30o angle

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the Matlab/Simulink model of the 1-kWp PVPS with a 2-axis solar tracker mechanism is presented.
However, the PVPS is simulated with real-time data for the rst week of April, 2015. Also, the annual performances
of the PVPS with a 2-axis tracker mechanism and the PVPS with a xed angle are compared and results are
discussed. It is obviously seen from the results that performances of the PVPSs can be increased by using 1-axis or
2-axis solar tracker mechanisms.

5. APPENDIX
The linear motor and the battery bank parameters are given below.

Table 5. Linear motor parameters

Parameter Value
Emf Constant (Ke) 0.0031 V.s/rad
Back-emf Constant (Kb) 0.0031 V.s/rad
Moment of Inertia (J) 27.10-6 kg/m2
Electrical Resistance (R) 1.425
Electrical Inductance (L) 0.0015 H

- 70 -
Table 6. Battery bank parameters
Parameter Value
Charging-Discharging Eff. (Kb) 0.3
Self Discharge Rate (D) 15.10-6
Series 2V (ns) 12
Maximum SOC (SOCm) 100 %
Initial SOC (SOCi) 25 %

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for their
nancial support under project number 114M829 since the PVPS was installed as a part of this project.

REFERENCES
1. M. Abdulkadir, A. Samosir, and A. Yatim, Modelling and simulation of maximum power point tracking of
photovoltaic system in simulink model, in Power and Energy (PECon), 2012 IEEE International Conference on
IEEE, 2012, pp. 325330.
2. H. Mousazadeh, A. Keyhani, A. Javadi, H. Mobli, K. Abrinia, and A. Shari, A review of principle and sun-
tracking methods for maximiz- ing solar systems output, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, vol. 13,
no. 8, pp. 18001818, 2009.
3. T. C. Mallick, M. S. Munna, B. Barua, and K. M. Rahman, A design &amp; implementation of a single axis solar
tracker with diffuse reector, in Strategic Technology (IFOST), 2014 9th International Forum on. IEEE, 2014,
pp. 289293.
4. T. Titirsha, A. Siddique, F. Afrin, S. Sanjidah, and A. Rabbani, In- troducing dual axis solar tracker with reector
to increase optimal electricity generation in bangladesh, in Developments in Renewable Energy Technology
(ICDRET), 2014, pp. 16.
5. B.Omarali,T.Taunyazov,A.Nyetkaliyev,andA.Shintemirov,System integration of a solar sensor and a spherical
parallel manipulator for a 3-axis solar tracker platform design, in 2015 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on
System Integration (SII). IEEE, 2015, pp. 546551.
6. J. Wu, X. Chen, and L. Wang, Design and dynamics of a novel solar tracker with parallel mechanism, IEEE/
ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 8897, 2016.
7. D. C. Huynh, T. M. Nguyen, M. W. Dunnigan, and M. A. Mueller, Comparison between open-and closed-loop
trackers of a solar photo- voltaic system, in Clean Energy and Technology (CEAT), 2013 IEEE Conference on.
IEEE, 2013, pp. 128133.
8. A. P. Kumar, A. M. Parimi, and K. U. Rao, Performance analysis of a two-diode model of pv cell for pv based
generation in matlab, in Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICAC- CCT), 2014
International Conference on. IEEE, 2014, pp. 6872.
9. V. dAlessandro, F. Di Napoli, P. Guerriero, and S. Daliento, A novel circuit model of pv cell for electrothermal
simulations, in Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2014), 3rd. IET, 2014, pp. 15.
10. D. Rekioua and E. Matagne, Optimization of photovoltaic power systems: modelization, simulation and control.
Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2012.
11. C. Chin, A. Babu, and W. McBride, Design, modeling and testing of a standalone single axis active solar
tracker using matlab/simulink, Renewable Energy, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 30753090, 2011.
12. R. Messenger and A. Abtahi, Photovoltaic systems engineering. CRC press, 2010. asda

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 0025 - OPTIMUM OPERATION OF SOLAR PVT SYSTEMS: AN EXERGETIC APPROACH
Birol Klk
Baskent University, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: bkilkis@baskent.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
In this study a holistic model was developed based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which seeks the
optimum design and operating conditions in terms of the uid ow rate, thus the optimum temperature rise
across the PVT hydronic circuitry. The objective function is to maximize the total exergy output of the PVT panel
minus the major exergy destructions taking place in the ancillaries, including pump, thermal energy storage and
temperature peaking unit, all of which depend also on the operating temperature rise across the cooling circuit.
This optimization problem, which is reduced in this study to a single variable, namely the temperature difference
between the PVT input and output connections is solved and a case study is given. The paper provides the basics
of the new holistic model, fundamental equations with some simplications for an analytical solution besides a
more sophisticated numerical algorithm. Case study shows that if optimum operating conditions in terms of the
temperature rise is not maintained and a careful design is not carried out earlier, then the PVT system may have
a negative performance gain when compared with a PV system. Recommendations are made for future work by
emphasizing the exergy importance about ancillaries.

Keywords: Solar PVT, Exergetic performance, PVT ancillaries, optimum uid temperature rise in PVT, Energy
storage, Temperature peaking

1. INTRODUCTION
The First-Law efciency of PV panels decrease when they warm up especially in hot climates and seasons, when
the power demand is the highest like in summer months due to the increased cooling demand. This controversy
is tried to be solved by cooling the PV panels and thus at the same time capture some solar heat from the panel
for useful work. This seemingly very effective solution however has an important draw-back, namely the conict
between the power and heat outputs. For example, if the aim is to maintain the PV efciency at design level or
close to it, the design temperature increase of the cooling uid must be minimized. In this case, the thermal
power output is minimized. The reverse is true such that if the main objective is to generate a reasonable amount
of thermal power, then the average cooling temperature increases with increases temperature rise across the
PVT hydronic circuit, then the PV efciency may not be maintained. Because the unit exergy of electric power
and thermal output have a large difference, the optimum solution may not be obtained by the First Law, while
the First Law cannot distinguish the quality of energy (exergy). Therefore, in the rating of PVT performance the
Second Law becomes indispensable. This necessity is demonstrated in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 shows the First
Law performance of a typical PVT panel. According to Figure 1, without regarding their useful work potential of
electric power and thermal power, the total PVT efciency is 82% and there is only 18% loss accordingly. This is
the standard efciency denition used in the literature and the industry so far [1, 2, 3]. First of all, this Figure does
not consider or question the temperature of the thermal energy output at all. Is it 90oC or 60oC, or what? Secondly
it does not question the solar irradiation (I) and the solar unit exergy and the total exergy supplied (S and EXS,
respectively) to the panel. It is only interested with the power of solar energy, Qs impingent on the PVT panel
surface.

- 72 -
Figure 1. First-Law breakdown of the power output of a Figure 2. Second-Law energy breakdown
typical PVT panel [4].

Now let us consider the exergy difference between the electrical power output and the thermal power output of
the same PVT panel, typied in Figure 1. Assume that the PVT generates thermal power at 60oC (333 K) and the
solar irradiation (I) is 700 W/m2. The net surface area, A of the PVT array observing solar irradiation is 1m2. Firstly,
the unit solar exergy supplied to the PVT, S is calculated from the following Equation [4]:

Tref
1

I 700
S TS
= = = ,(1)
Sc 1366  Tref   Tref 
 1
5778   1
5778 
   

Using the ideal Carnot Cycle shown in the numerator of the last section of Equation 1, the virtually equivalent solar
source temperature Ts is 552oC. This paper recognizes that the surface temperature of the sun may not be used
for Ts, because the actual solar radiation impingent on solar collectors on earth does not have receive an intensity
equal to the solar constant below the atmosphere. Therefore, Equation 1 takes a proportion of that temperature
prorated to the actual I value-to solar constant ratio in terms of Carnot Cycle. For this example, Tref is 283K [4]. From
Equation 1:
S = 0.487 W/W, TS = 551.6 K,
EXS = I AS = QsS = 700 W/m2 1 m2 0.487 W/W=340.9 W
EXE IE E Qs = 0. 23 (From Figure 1) 1 700 = 161 W, this is 47.2% of EXS (See Figure 2).
EXH IH H Qs= 0.59 (1-283/333) 700 = 62 W, this is 62 W/340.9W = 18,2 % of EXS.
EXdes = 340.9 W-161W-62W = 117.9 W = 34.6% of EXS. It must be noted that unit exergy values, are not
directly additive, but Ex (4) values are additive. Figure 2 shows the results and demonstrates how the First Law
analysis and the results given in Figure 1 may be misleading. First of all, Figure 1 shows a large thermal power
generation (59%). But according to Figure 2, it has only 18.2% useful work potential with respect to the solar
exergy input. Exergy destruction versus energy loss is 34.6% and 18%, respectively. Conversely, Figure 1 shows
that electric power generation is only 23% - a small portion of the heat produced. But it has 47.2% useful work
potential, almost 2,6 times more than the heat generated. According to Figure 1, the total efciency (apples and
oranges added) is an impressive 82 %, but in fact the exergy efciency (total useful work potential) with respect to
the total solar exergy input is 65.4%, less than advertised gures. Furthermore, this percentage is only 18.2 percent
points better than a PV panel under the same operating conditions. In other words, a PVT panel contributes by
only 18.2 percent points to the performance of a PV panel and for most of the time, this increase is offset by the
exergy consumption of ancillaries. This example shows the importance of exergy-based analysis especially when
simultaneous outputs have different exergy values.

- 73 -
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Existing Photo-Voltaic Thermal (PVT) systems are tested and rated just considering the panel itself in terms of
the First Law of Thermodynamics. In this respect, the total efciency is the simple sum of the electric power and
thermal power generation efciencies without paying attention to the exergy difference between electricity
and hot water output at a given temperature. In addition, exergy analyses available in the literature isolate the
solar panels from their ancillaries and the loads [1-a]. For example, a commercial PVT system is advertised to
be a revolutionary hybrid solar panel producing up to four times more energy [1-b]. In their technical data, the
electrical power output is 250 W and thermal power output is 912 W for a panel of 60 monocrystalline cells. The
only reference is a maximum temperature that is 74.7oC. Jiang et. al presented a thermal performance test for PVT
collector [2]. In their work, they prototyped two PVT panel, one glazed the other one unglazed using mc-Si PV cells
and eld tested at the eld with tropical climate (Singapore) in accordance with EN12975. They calculated the
total efciency by simply adding the partial power and heat generation efciencies without considering the pump
power consumption. James A. and et al indoor tested several collectors, including conventional PVT panels [3].
Their results showed that thermal efciency was 33% compared to 54% for the conventional solar collector. The
electrical efciency of the PVT collector was 6.7% compared to 7.2% for the conventional PV laminate under same
test conditions. They also investigated the effect of inlet temperature on the power output and observed a sharp
decrease with an increase in the inlet temperature but they did not specify the temperature rise in the hydronic
circuit.

3. MODELING OF PVT SYSTEM

A new working model of the PVT system was identied, which is composed of PVT Panel, PVT ancillaries, and the
demand sides. This model is summarized in Figure 3. Ancillaries include TES and TP to store and temperature
peak the thermal PVT output, respectively. Depending upon diverse thermal demands, TP peaks the temperature
accordingly. PVT panel generates DC power. In sustainable buildings of today, DC circuitry is common.
Nevertheless, IN (Inverter) on the demand side may be employed to convert part of the power supply to AC
current. PVT System includes the PVT Panel(s), P1, TES and TP units. The rest is considered to be under responsibility
of the demand side. In an open DHW circuit TDHW must be greater than ASHRAE Standard 189 in order to avoid the
risk of Legionella Disease risk to humans [5].

Figure 3. Working model of a typical PVT application.

This temperature in closed-circuit heating systems especially in radiant panel systems, where make-up water and
air removal are seldom such that human intervention is minimal TDH may be substantially smaller, which increases
the Rational Exergy Management Model (REMM) efciency [4, 6]. If the thermal storage tank (TES) is large enough
and in thermal equilibrium with the PVT and the load side, TTES temperature may be taken equal to Tout from the
PVT system (limiting case). Temperature peaking (TP) unit may be an electric heater (exergetically the worst case),
a gas boiler (depending on the size of the PVT system) or most preferably, another concentrating solar collector
system-if feasible. In the latter case -EXTP term that reduces the net total exergy output (EXE+EXH) of the PVT system
applies, because the solar energy could have been used in other more useful work rather than making up the
temperature decit of the PVT system. Return temperature from the TES must be preferably not less than 50oC
(Tin). This may necessitate to position the temperature peaking (TP) unit upstream the TES tank. But this measure

- 74 -
increases the heat losses from the tank or requires more insulation. Exergy destruction (EXTES) due to heat loss from
TES is proportional to the surrounding temperature (To) across an overall surface heat transfer coefcient (h) at the
tank surface (Including radiation). Average tank surface temperature depends on the tank temperature (TTES), tank
size, orientation, air movement, degree of insulation etc. In a simplistic approach, its optimum design value may
be taken to be 5oC lower than TTES.

In the PVT system the average PVT temperature (Tc) that affects the PV efciency (IE) is taken to be equal to the
average temperature of the cooling circuitry (TAV). With a linear temperature distribution assumption in the cooling
circuitry, Tc is equal to the arithmetic sum of Tin and Tout (Tin7). In a greater detail, Tc may be considered to be a
function of wind speed (vW) of air movement that sweeps the PVT surface, Reynolds number in the cooling piping,
pipe diameter, and the actual temperature distribution (non-linear) in the cooling circuitry, and back heat losses.

Exergy destruction at P1 (-EXP1), primarily depends on the pressure-drop length LP of the closed-loop circuitry
served by pump P1, Re, uid properties, 7 and Qs. When the rst four parameters are substituted by a factor c,
- EXP1 may be approximated by a term d(QsIH7m). It is evident that the heart of the PVT system is the circulation
pump with a smart driver, beyond many other variables. This pump runs on DC current with variable ow control,
driven by the optimization algorithm [7]. (VolvarTM: Patent Pending, 2016).

4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

Figure 4 shows a simple (linearized) relation between the electrical exergy output and the thermal exergy output
in terms of the temperature rise in the PVT cooling circuitry. A zero 7 means a theoretically complete cooling
(Flow rate approaching innity), which enables the PV cells to retain their standard efciency thus the design EXE
is maintained. This point also corresponds to no uid ow, so EXH is zero. PVT system is just a PV system. While 7
is increased the average uid temperature Tav, thus Tc keep increasing such that EXE decreases and EXH increases.
Their sum may exhibit a peak point corresponding to Topt. The maximum is 10oC under practical constraints [8] to
minimize the Legionellosis risk.

Figure 4. Simplified Exergetic performance of PVT system without considering ancillaries.

Referring to Figure 3 and taking the exergy destructions at the circulation pump, P1, TES, and TP unit, the objective
of the design and control algorithm is given by Equation 2.

ExT = E XE + E XH
E XP1
E XTES
E XTP , (2) {Maximize}

With the constraints:
EXT > 0, Tin > Tref +5oC (288 K), 3o&7oC, TDHWoC, where;
E XE =
E
Qs
 IE XE::
 IE =  RPV 1

(Tin + T / 2
298K )  , (4)

- 75 -
Dependence of () on 7 is small [9]. Yet a more detailed analysis requires information about PV surface air velocity
(vW), Reynolds number, thermal resistance of PV cooler interface etc. Ignoring these subtle dependences, it is
0.004/oC for mono-Si cells [10]. The corresponding RPV is 0.13. Qs is ,$.

E XH =
H
Qs
 IH , (5)

 Tref  , (6)

H =  1

 Tin + T 

IH =
RC
c (Tin + T / 2 )
Ta  ^0RGLHGIRU397IURPDWSODWHFROOHFWRU>@`

An initial approximate solution may be obtained from the rst two terms in Equation 2 by setting, dEXTG7 equal
to zero. For example, with F . .RC = 0.55,
Tref = 283 K, and Tin is 293 K, approximate 7opt is 9.1 K. It must be noted that Equation 8 is limited by the condition
Frc7ref/Tin2.

2 Tref
Topt =
Tin , (8)
c +  RC 

Now considering the pump P1, TES, and TP terms in Equation 2 for a complete optimization,

 Q 

E XP1 = d  s mIH  , (9)

T 
 Tref 
E XTES = h (Tin + T
5
T o )  1

, (10) {Fuel efciency related portion of EXTS is assigned to the
 Tin + T
5 
load side, i.e. building}

 T   T 
E XTP =
VDC p (TD
Tin
T )  1
ref  = k (TD
Tin
T )  1
ref  , (11)
 TD   TD 

5. CASE STUDY
A case study was carried out in order to investigate the performance of a typical PVT based on exergy and to nd
out whether an optimum point may be reached. Results and inputs are given in Table 1. In this table temperature
rise is varied from 3 K to 23 K for an input temperature Tin of 293 K (20oC). Even at the optimum point (7 = 9 K) in
Table 1, conventional PVT technology is not exergy-rational while PV yields more exergy (91.68 W) than PVT (74.41
W). For a successful PVT technology, ancillaries must be embedded into the PVT panel. (Figure 5 [12]). In this case,
at optimum 7 a positive attribute by at least 6.74 W is possible. The glass cover above an air gap increases the
heat absorption and TEG modules increase the power output. This system has encapsulated PCM layer to replace
TES and does not require pump or TP. PCM pellets are embedded in an aluminum or copper metal dust medium
in order to improve the thermal response and conductivity.

- 76 -
Table 1. Variation of PVT performance with 7.
7K IE EXE IH EXH EXP1 EXTES EXTP EXT
3 0.136825 95.78 0.58 6.88 12.42 3.73 16.29 70.22
4 0.13585 95.10 0.58 6.86 8.64 4.19 15.34 73.79
5 0.134875 94.41 0.58 6.84 8.15 4.66 14.38 74.07
6 0.1339 93.73 0.58 6.81 7.76 5.13 13.42 74.24
7 0.132925 93.05 0.58 6.79 7.44 5.59 12.46 74.35
8 0.13195 92.37 0.57 6.76 7.17 6.06 11.50 74.40
9 0.130975 91.68 0.57 6.74 6.94 6.53 10.54 74.41
10 0.13 91.00 0.57 6.72 6.73 7.00 9.58 74.40
11 0.129025 90.32 0.57 6.69 6.55 7.46 8.63 74.37
12 0.12805 89.64 0.57 6.67 6.39 7.93 7.67 74.31
13 0.127075 88.95 0.56 6.64 6.24 8.40 6.71 74.25
14 0.1261 88.27 0.56 6.62 6.10 8.87 5.75 74.17
15 0.125125 87.59 0.56 6.59 5.98 9.34 4.79 74.07
16 0.12415 86.91 0.56 6.57 5.86 9.81 3.83 73.97
17 0.123175 86.22 0.56 6.55 5.75 10.28 2.88 73.86
18 0.1222 85.54 0.55 6.52 5.65 10.75 1.92 73.75
19 0.121225 84.86 0.55 6.50 5.55 11.22 0.96 73.63
20 0.12025 84.18 0.55 6.47 5.46 11.69 0.00 73.50
21 0.119275 83.49 0.55 6.45 5.38 12.16 0.00 72.41
22 0.1183 82.81 0.55 6.43 5.29 12.63 0.00 71.31
23 0.117325 82.13 0.54 6.40 5.22 13.10 0.00 70.21

6. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Without such innovative solutions, current added exergy potential of PVT systems will remain negative: Figure
6-a shows a weak optimum, which has output below the PV. Sometimes even such a weak optimum point is not
available and either the maximum total output is at the highest 7 (Figure 6-b) or at the lowest possible 7. Figure
5-b further shows that when the inlet temperature increases the total exergy output decreases even more. During
operation large volumetric ow rate swings become necessary in adjusting the 7. Following measures may make
PVT technology with variable pump technology exergy-feasible:

1. Use short hydronic circuits or use heat pipes and eliminate the circulating pump [12, 13],
2. Remove TP unit to upstream TES at an expense of added tank insulation,
3. Use two separate tanks. One for DHW another one for space heating,

Figure 5. PHVT-3 model PVT [12], Patent Pending.

- 77 -
 Figure 6-a. Case study with Tin = 293 K Figure 6-b. Case study with Tin = 313 K

4. Use Thermo-Electric Generating (TEG) modules to supplement power generation

5. Increase PV and reduce the value such that higher temperatures (Tc) in the PV panel is made affordable to
increase the output temperature, thus the thermal exergy output.
6. Couple PVT systems with LowEx Buildings [14] rather than DHW (>60oC),
7. Develop fuzzy controls for proper and timely response to swinging ow rates needed. Controlled experiments
may be necessary to determine the thermal response of the system.

8. SYMBOLS
A Net PV surface area of the PVT array observing the solar irradiation, m2
c Exergy demand of the hydronic pump P1, W
Cp Specic heat, Jkg-1K-1
d Coefcient of Equation 9
Ex Exergy, W
k Product 9D&p, WK-1
LP Pressure-drop length of the closed-loop PVT hydronic circuitry served by pump P1, m
Q Power, W
Re Reynolds Number
Sc Solar constant, 1366 W/m2
T Temperature, K
I Instantaneous solar irradiation impingent on PV surface, W/m2
V Volume ow rate in hydronic circuitry, m3/s
wV Wind speed of moving air wetting the PVT surface, m/s

Greek Symbols
Unit exergy, W/W
Mass density, kgm-3
PV temperature coefcient, K-1
Efciency
7 Temperature difference (Rise) across the PVT panel hydronic input and output, K

Subscripts
a Ambient, average
av Average
c PVT average (for Temperature)
D
Demand, demand side
des Destroyed
E
Electric
f Source

- 78 -
h Overall surface heat transfer (loss) coefcient of TES, W/K
H
Heat, heating system
I
First Law
in Inlet or return
max Maximum
o Surrounding (for Temperature)
opt Optimum
out Outlet or supply
p Pump
RC
Standard (Rating) condition of the collector side of PVT
RPV
Standard (Rating) condition of the PV side of PVT
ref Reference
s Solar, supply
T
Total

Superscripts
m exponent in Equation 9

Acronyms
AC Alternating current
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc.
CW Cold water
DC Direct current
DHW Domestic Hot Water
IN Inverter
P Pump
PCM Phase-change material
PV Photo-Voltaic
PVT Photo-Voltaic-Thermal
TEG Thermo-electric generator
TES Thermal Energy Storage
TP Temperature Peaking

- 79 -
REFERENCES
1. a. DualSun. 2016. DualSun Wave, A revolutionary hybrid solar technology, data sheet, <https://dualsun.fr/en/
product/2-in-1-solar/>, last visited on 23.10.2016.
1. b. Adarsh, K P., Pradeep, C P., Origanti, S S., Arun, K., and Sudhir, K T. 2015. Energy and exergy performance
evaluation of a typical solar photovoltaic module, Thermal Science, Vol. 19, suppl. 2: s625-s636.
2. Jiang F., Toh P G., Goh L H, Leung K O, and Kelvin L. 2016. Design and thermal performance test of a solar
photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector, Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol. 4, No. 6, November.
3. James A., Zahir D., Sinisa S., and Lascelle M. 2015. Performance testing of thermal and photovoltaic thermal
solar collectors, Energy Science & Engineering, Wiley O.L.
4. Klk, B. and Klk, . 2015. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar ile birleik s ve g retimi (In Turkish), Turkish
Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers, TTMD, Technical Publication No 32, ISBN978-975-6263-25-9, Doa
Publications Inc., Istanbul.
5. ASHRAE. 2015. BSR/ASHRAE Standard 188P, Prevention of Legionellosis Associated with Building Water
Systems, ASHRAE: Atlanta.
6. Klk, . 2011. A rational exergy management model to curb CO2 emissions in the exergy-aware built
environments of the future, PhD Thesis, Bulletin/Meddelande No. 204, ISBN 978-91-7501-129-5, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
7. ALCOR. 2016. Volvar Pump Drive Technology, Alcor Energy White Paper, < http://www.energizingfuture.com/
en/products/>Last visited on October 24, 2016.
8. QAIST. 2012. Quality assurance in solar heating and cooling technology, Summary Report, Technical Research
Institute of Sweden, Deliverable D2.2 R2.13.
9. Swapnil D., Jatin, N., and Bhrath, S. 2013. Temperature Dependent Photovoltaic (PV) Efciency and Its Effect on
PV Production in the World A Review, PV Asia Pacic Conference 2012, Energy Procedia, 33:311-321.
10. RETSCREEN. 2003. Clean energy project analysis: Retscreen engineering & cases textbook, Photovoltaic
project analysis chapter, Minister of natural resources Canada 2001-2004, ISBN: 0-662-35672-1.
11. Fabio, S. 2008. Analysis of a Flat-plate Solar Collector, Project Report 2008 MVK160 Heat and Mass Transport
May 08, 2008, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
12. Kilkis, B. Kilkis, Siir, and Kilkis, San. 2016. A next-generation PVT system with a PCM layer and heat- distributing
sheet, SolarTR2016 Conference, Istanbul.
13. Ilhan, C. and Ali, E G. 2015. Exergetic analysis of a new design photovoltaic and thermal (PV/T) System,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 12491253.
14. LowEx. 2016. Low Exergy Systems for Heating and Cooling of Buildings Guidebook, IEA ECBS, Annex 37, ISBN
95138 (soft back ed.) < http://www.lowex.net/guidebook/index.html> Last visited on October 23, 2016.

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 0027 - PROMISE AND CHALLENGES OF COPPER ZINC TIN SULFUR QUATERNARY
MATERIAL FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
Yunus Emre Boya*, R. Ergun, E. Arici
Istanbul Technical University; Energy Institute, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Trkiye
*Corresponding author: Yunus Emre Boya

ABSTRACT
The main motivation in studies for photovoltaics today is to combine high solar energy conversion efciencies
together with low cost technologies for the production of low weight solar modules. Such thin lm PV technologies
are based on direct band gap material such as copper indium (gallium) diselenide (CIGS), copper indium
diselenide (CIS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). However, due to toxicity of Cd and Se and availability issues of
In and Te, the production of the PV devices based on these absorber layer is limited. There is a recent attention
on the absorber materials that are non-toxic, low cost and easily available. It has been achieved with forming
with Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) material by replacing the two In(III) ion with Zn(II) and Sn(IV). This I2-II-IV-VI4 semiconductor
has an excellent potential with a band gap of 1.4-1.5 eV, a large absorption coefcient of more than 104 cm-1 and
non-toxic and relatively low cost features. Also all the elements used in CZTS material are earth abundant and
environmental friendly.

Based on recent science and technology reports, we want to compare the advantages and the weakness of CZTS
in comparison to CIGS. We discuss about our experience on CZTS thin lm coating and post-treatment techniques
required for CZTS solar cell preparation using wet coating methods as well as the challenges to prepare CZTS thin
layers with controlled phase purity.

Keywords: Kesterite, photovoltaic, CZTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 MATERIALS
Thin lm solar cells as an alternative to Si based solar cells gain interest because of their easy manufacturability
and scalability. These thin lm PV technologies are based on direct band gap materials such as copper indium
(gallium) diselenide (CIGS), copper indium diselenide (CIS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). However, due to the
toxicity (Cd and Se) together with the limited resources of some elements (In and Te), there are still on-going
research activities for earth abundant inorganic thin lm solar cell materials as low cost and environment friendly
alternatives [1-3].

Figure 1. displays the earth crust content and the current world trading price of the elements used in CZTS, CIS
and CdTe absorbers. Clearly, the abundance of zinc and of tin in earth crust is much higher than that of indium
(x1500 for Zn and x 45 for Sn). Consequently, the material costs for zinc and for tin are roughly two orders of
magnitude lower [4].

The structural relationship between ZnS, CIS and CZTS is displayed in gure 2.

ZnS, as a binary IIVI semiconductor, crystalize in cubic zinc blende structure in which both atoms have a tetrahedral
coordination.

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Figure 1. Content and world trading price of the elements used in absorbers CdTe, Cu2ZnSnS4, CuInSe2 for thin
film solar cells [4]

CuInS2 can be generated by replacing Zn atom by Cu- and/or In-atoms. This progression introduces the possibility
of cation ordering: the lowest energy thermodynamically stable- structures are the chalcopyrites, favorable for
photovoltaic applications. A disadvantage of CIS is the sensitivity of semiconducting properties (p-or n-type) on
stoichiometrical variations.

Figure 2. Relationship between binary, ternary, and quaternary semiconductors to produce Cu2ZnSnS4. [14]

Replacing two In (III) atoms by one Zn (II) -atom and one Sn (IV)-atom of CIS forms CZTS. Experimentally, CZTS
has been reported to crystallize in both, kesterite and stannite structures. The general consensus is that kesterite
CZTS is the ground-state structure, but the energy difference between kesterite and stannite (ca. 3 meV per atom)
is small, indicating that disorder in the cation sublattice may occur under standard growth conditions [15].

In quaternary compounds, there is another possibility for cation mutation: to replace one Cu (I) and one In (III) by
two Zn (II) atoms [14]. Therefore, secondary phases including ZnS, SnS, Cu2S, and Cu2SnS3 can occur during the
CZTS synthesis and post-treatment procedures. To understand the effects of the crystal variations and secondary
phases on solar cell performance, the electrical properties and interface effects should be discussed, in detail, a
fact making the solar cell physics complicate. Through the possible changes in atomic conguration, the material
can display locally metallic (Cu2S), semiconducting (Sn2S) or isolating (ZnS) behavior. Alternatively, synthesis
strategies for high purity kesterite CIS has to be developed.

- 82 -
1.2 CZTS/SE SOLAR CELL
CZTS has a direct band gap of 1.5 eV and a high absorption coefcient more than 104 cm-1, which makes it a
proper material for thin lm photovoltaics applications. As a p-type semiconductor, CZTS can easily create p-n
junctions with n-type semiconductors. Low-cost material growth compatible with existing CIS technologies and
multilayer structures with similar workfunctions makes the knowledge transfer between CIS and CZTS solar cell
designs possible. The basic solar cell structure of CZTS is the same as used for standard CIS solar cells (Fig. 3).

The typical solar cell stack is: Soda lime glass / molybdenum (Mo) 500-700 nm by sputtering / p-CZTS (1- 2 micro
meters) / n - CdS (chemical bath deposition: 500 1000 nm) / I - ZnO (50-90 nm by sputtering) / Al : ZnO (500-
1000 nm by sputtering).

Figure 3. CZTS-based thin film solar cell design [18]

In comparison to CIS having energy conversion efciencies over 20% [13], the energy conversion efciency of
CZTS is still low. Depending on the CZTS thin lm fabrication method such as evaporation [5], sputtering [6],
electrodeposition [7], sol-gel based method [8], pulsed laser [9], nanopartical based [10], chemical bad deposition
[11], the CZTS solar cell efciency in Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/Al conguration varies between 0.16-12 %.

From the literature it appears that secondary phases of CZTS can provide shunting current paths through the solar
cell or act as recombination centers, both degrading solar cell performance.

But the enormous potential on CZTS has been recognised all over the world., it is expected that CZTS will
substitute CIGS, once the solar to electricity conversion efficiency is competitive. One of the recent records
for CZTS efciencies is 12 % [12]. The experience showed that kestrite type CZTS after selenization, by partly
replacing sulfur by selene- leads to enhanced solar cell performance [12]. Different strategies for developing new
preparation and post-treatment methods for CZTS thin layers are followed in many research groups.

EXPERIMENTAL
CZTS is synthesized according to our previous reports and references [16-17].

Nanocrystalline CZTS thin lms (300-500 nm) were prepared from highly concentrated CZTS dispersion in toluene
by spin coating onto Mo substrate. The lms were annealed at temperatures of 350oC under N2 environment, rst.
Post-annealing under N2/Se environment was carried out at temperatures 500-550oC. Absorption studies were
carried out using a HP 8453 spectrometer. The morphology of the CZTS layers was investigated using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). IPCE measurements are investigated using solar cell spectral response measurement
system Model QEX10 for CZTS solar cells in Mo/CZTS/PCBM/Ag conguration.

2. OUR FIRST STUDIES ON CZTS THIN FILMS AND ITS SOLAR CELL CHARACTERISTICS
The experimental part of this report concerns itself the thin lm properties of CZTS, synthesized by hot injection
method under different treatment conditions and the rst results on CZTS / [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl
ester (PCBM) bilayer solar cells fabricated in our laboratory. PCBM (HOMO: - 6.2 eV and LUMO: -4.2 eV) is an
organic n-type semiconductor investigated as an alternative material to n-CdS (HOMO -6.0 eV LUMO -4.0 eV).

- 83 -


0,05
Glass/Mo/CZTS/PCBM/Al
Incident Photon to Current Efficiency [a.u.]

0,04

0,03

0,02

0,01

0,00
400 600 800 1000
Wavelength [nm]

Figure 4. Absorbance and IPCE spectra of CZTS

Figure 4 displays the photo current (IPCE) spectra of Mo/CZTS/PCBM/Ag solar cell in comparison to the absorbance
spectrum of CZTS in toluene dispersion.The obtained photocurrent for CZTS/PCBM is low, the photo-generated
excitons mostly recombine before they reach the electrodes. However, current generation onset at around 900
nm is more or less identical to the absorbance onset of CZTS indicating that our synthesized material creates
current by absorbing monochromatic light.

Figure 5(I) displays the SEM image of CZTS spin-coated on Mo electrode and annealed at 120 oC under N2.
As reported in our earlier studies [17], the material has Cu-poor, Zn-rich kestrite phase with a perfect material
composition Cu:Zn:Sn:S of 2.0: 1.2: 1.0:2.8.

Spray coating and annealing at 120 oC under N2 lead to a better morphology. Annealing the sample at 330oC
under N2 leads to morphological development without any stoichiometric changes.

After optimizing the CZTS thin lm morphology, the device structure Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/Al has been characterized
in comparison.

CdS lms were fabricated by chemical bath deposition [19]. Each sample were coated in chemical bath for 12
minutes.

Zinc oxide gels were produced chemically [20]. The prepared zinc oxide gels were dispersed in ethanol to be
able to coat ZnO lms by spray coating. A 100 nm thick aluminium was coated as a counter electrode by thermal
evaporation.

Figure 5. (I)SEM images of CZTS thin films spin-coated, annealed at 120 oC under N2 (II) a) Spray-coated
annealed at at 120 oC under N2 (b), spray coated, annealed at 330 oC for 1h.

The best solar cell performance in our experiments was related to the thickness of CdS layers. Figure 6 display
current-voltage relationship in Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/Al conguration with increasing growth time of CdS layer.
A growth time in the range of 8-13 minutes responds to thicknesses approx. 30-50 nm. Because of the high
roughness values of about 20 nm, a detailed analysis of the thickness relationship was not possible in this study.

- 84 -
Figure 6. Current-voltage characteristics of Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/Al dioedes in dark and unter AM 1.5 conditions
in relation to growth time of CdS layer.

The best solar cell efciency measured unter AM 1.5 conditions was % 0.1 with an open circuit voltage of 318 mV
and short circuit current of 0.48 mA/cm2. It should be also noted, that the transparency of the ZnO window was
about 0.8-1.2 % in the range of 400-900 nm (not shown here). We work on the optimization of the ZnO layer in
our future work.

In summary, the controlled synthesis and thin lm preparation of kesterite CZTS can be established very easily in
laboratory scale studies. On the other hand, the growth of additional layers such as CdS and ZnO as homogenous
compact layers one on the top of other might be more challenging in terms of highly crystalline, transparent
and homogeneous thin lm preparation at low temperatures. Replacing CdS/ZnO bilayer by PCBM, an electron
transporting organic interlayer prepared from toluene solution by spin-coating, is possible. The optimization of
PCBM layer on CZTS is less complicate and can offer an alternative for CZTS solar cell fabrication.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge the nancial support from EU, NEW-INDIGO grant (114M122).

- 85 -
REFERENCES
1. A. A. Harry and P. Albert, Nat. Mater., 9, 205213, (2010).
2. M. A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa and W. Warta, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl., 19, 8492, (2011).
3. D. B. Mitzi, M. Yuan, W. Liu, A. Kellock, J. Chey, S. J. V. Deline and A. G. Schortt, Adv. Mater., 20, 36573662, (2008).
4. K. Ramasamy, M. A. Malik and P. OBrien, Chem. Commun. 48, 5703-5714, (2012).
5. Shin, B., Gunawan, O., Zhu, Y., Bojarczuk, N. A., Chey, S. J., Guha, S., & Prog, Photovolt.Res.Appl. 2011.,
DOI:10.1002/pip.1174.
6. T. Fukano, S. Tajima, T. Ito, Applied Physics Express, 6 (2013) 062301.
7. Ahmed, S., Reuter, K. B., Gunawan, O., Guo, L., Romankiw, L. T., & Deligianni, H. Adv. Energy. Mater 2,(2012) 253-259.
8. Maeda, K., Tanaka, K., Fukui, Y., & Uchiki, H. Sol. Energy. Mater Sol. Cells 95(2011) 2855-2860.
9. A.V. Moholkar, S.S. Shinde, G.L. Agawane, S.H. Jo, K.Y. Rajpure, P.S. Patil, C.H. Bhosale, J.H. Kim, Journal of
Alloys and Compounds, 544 (2012) 145-151.
10. K. Woo, Y. Kim, J. Moon, Energy & Environmental Science, 5 (2012) 5340.
11. Wangperawong, A., King, J. S., Herron, S. M., Tran, B. P., Pangan-Okimoto, K., & Bent,S. F. Thin Solid Films 519
(2011) 2488-2492.
12. W. Wang, M.T. Winkler, O. Gunawan, T. Gokmen, T.K. Todorov, Y. Zhu, D.B. Mitzi, Adv. Energy Mater. 4 (2014) 1301465.
13. Empa. Thin lm solar cells: New world record for solar cell efciency. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 18 January
2013.<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130118064733.htm>.
14. A. Walsh , S. Chen , S. Wei , and X. Gong, Adv. Energy Mater. 2, (2012) 400409.
15. C. R. A. Catlow , Z. X. Guo , M. Miskufova , S. A. Shevlin , A. G. H. Smith , A. A. Sokol , A. Walsh , D. J. Wilson , S.
M. Woodley ,Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368 (2010) 3379 .
16. Guo, Qijie, et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 132.49 (2010): 17384-17386.
17. R. Ergun, C. Calli, E. Arici, SolarTR-3, Third Turkish Solar Electricity and Exhibition Conference, Ankara
(proceedings in print)
18. Shin, B., Gunawan, O., Zhu, Y., Bojarczuk, N. A., Chey, S. J., & Guha, S. Research and Applications, 21(1), (2013) 72-76.
19. Hedlund, D. (2013). Ammonia free CdS buffer layerfor Cu (In, Ga) Se2 solar cells by chemical bath deposition
20. Womelsdorf, H. J., Hoheisel, W., & Passing, G. (2004). U.S. Patent No. 6,710,091. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent
and Trademark Ofce.)

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 0033 - WIND POWER ASSISTED ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM UNDER VARYING SOLAR
RADIATION
Ahmet Serhan Hergl
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Kocaeli, Trkiye
Corresponding email: serhan.hergul@kocaeli.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
In this paper, it has been examined hydrogen energy production methods because of the diminishing energy
resources, increasing energy consumptions and limited fossil energy sources by using proton exchange membrane
(PEM) electrolyzer. In the laboratory conditions, hydrogen is produced using the wind and solar energy systems.
By using a wind turbine and under different solar radiation conditions behavior of the proton exchange membrane
was investigated. Operating points of the system are determined. Current and voltage graphs according to the
volumetric amount of hydrogen production were obtained. In case of parallel operation of wind turbines and
photovoltaic panels result in new operating points were obtained and determined performance curves. New
working points dened and marked according to the energy source. Mathematical discussions are done proximity
to the maximum power point of the new working conditions.

Keywords: PEM electrolyzer, solar energy, wind energy, maximum power point, energy efciency, hybrid systems.

1. INTRODUCTION
Increasing Turkey energy demands and reliability problems with supply chains necessitate using energy resources
more efciently. Both use of renewable energy sources and use of energy sources more efciently are key factors
to meet the rising demands [1]. Besides in terms of environmental issues energy efcient and environmentally
friendly technologies offer an opportunity for reducing emissions. In this aspect, hydrogen production is a
promising technology. Although hydrogen is seen as an alternative source, it is necessary to produce hydrogen
by electrolysis using energy efcient technologies. Also, energy storage capacity is important in these types of
systems [2].

Therefore, it is important how the electrolysis of the water is done. The use of fossil fuel sources to produce
hydrogen is not reasonable in this respect. With this work, primarily the energy required for electrolysis process is
derived from renewable energy sources. Firstly, only the solar energy was used and then the electrolysis process
was carried out by using solar and wind energy together.

Ghribi et al. [3] investigated that using PEM electrolyzer produced hydrogen by solar energy in different locations
amount of hydrogen production is estimated. Researchers have used the maximum power point tracking system
for controlling of electrolyzer input voltage. By developing a mathematical model, Douglas [4] had studied the
behavior of the PV-battery system for varying electrical loads. Using Thevenin battery model battery and PV system
Matlab/Simulink models conversion efciency and satisfaction of domestic loads are examined. Even though
Miland and Ullberg [5] pointed out that when the converter has not used the control of the output voltage does
not provide the exibility to work efciently. Optimization is more complicated because the work done is a great
deal of power as an electrical application and because there is also a battery storage option. For this reason, the
requirements of the control systems may be obligatory.

Pascuzzi et al. [6] highlighted that in such systems electrolyzer is a crucial component and data collected where
the plant located. Abdin et al. [7] investigated that sizing the system components is done by using solar energy
to solve off-grid supply problems. They reviewed that hydrogen is a promising clean energy source. The work
focused on hydrogen storage and hydrogen production methods using mainly renewable energy sources in
particular solar energy. Electrolysis of hydrogen is an old technology and numerous studies have been made
up to this point. There are also new areas and working scenarios that need to be explored in order to make such
systems more likely to be widespread and it is environmentally compatible only water as a combustion product.
So that with the study a small-scale electrolysis system is designed to observe PEM electrolyzer system. Operating
point of the electrolyzer is investigated which is the moment system begins to produce hydrogen.

- 87 -
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Electrolyzers produce hydrogen and oxygen as a result of electrical potential difference. By achieving this
experimental study hydrogen production from pure water using proton exchange membrane electrolyzer with
different kinds of energy sources such as solar and wind energy systems accomplished. Different radiation
intensities are set by the short circuit currents measured from the solar panels by using multimeters. Then the
wind turbine system was connected to the solar panel system in parallel and new operating points were observed.
Wind turbine system is designed in a wind tunnel. Then the products of electrolysis system were used in a fuel
cell. Fuel cell by using hydrogen and oxygen converts electricity in direct current form. Volumetric ow rate of
hydrogen is also measured. Only by-products of the system are water and heat. In terms of thermodynamics,
electrochemical reaction energy balance is dened by Gibbs Free energy equation.

* +76

Here in the equation (1), H is enthalpy and T.S refers to irreversible heat released during the reaction. The
ratio of gibbs free energy to enthalpy change refers to ideal efciency. There is a linear relationship between
the hydrogen production and current or the charge passing through the electrolyzer. As the amount of current
owing in the system increases, the heat release in the electrolyzer rises. Electrolyzer normal operating conditions
in terms of temperature in the range of 70-90 oC and the cell voltage is 1.85-2.05 V [8].

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the experiment by using a variable load box, current-voltage (I-V) diagrams of the solar cells obtained. The load
was gradually loaded from the open circuit to the short circuit. First of all, the aim is to determine the operating
voltage of the PV cell. The operating voltage of the wind turbine is tuned through the tunnel. In this way, they can
be connected together in parallel. In the following gure, PEM electrolyzer and fuel cell connected to each other.
The fuel cell is also connected to the variable load adjustment box.

Figure 1. Schematic view of solar assisted PEM Electrolyzer&Fuel Cell system

That gure is only representing the basic schema of hydrogen production. By using this setup, hydrogen production
rates of the system under different radiation intensities are observed.

- 88 -
Table 1: The performance values of PEM electrolyzer
Voltage (V) Current (A) VH2 (ml/min) VH2 (ml/s) Time (s)
1,47 0 0 0 0
1,57 0,08 0,66 0,011 134
1,71 0,10 0,9 0,015 177
1,83 0,12 1,02 0,017 117
1,92 0,13 1,06 0,0176 110
2,01 0,135 1,08 0,018 110
2,09 0,14 1,14 0,019 105
2,2 0,15 1,18 0,0196 225
2,29 0,16 1,2 0,02 94
2,37 0,17 1,32 0,022 90
2,45 0,25 1,86 0,031 65
2,55 0,44 3 0,05 40
2,64 0,67 4,92 0,082 25
2,75 0,8 6,3 0,105 19
2,82 0,89 6,66 0,111 18
2,89 1 7,98 0,133 15

Figure 2. I-V & I-ml/min hydrogen production figure

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The consumed power rises with logarithmically and represents the solar cell performance. Here in the gure
hydrogen production rate is shown. The time elapsed is given stand for passing time to produce 1 ml of hydrogen.

Electrolyzer system started to produce hydrogen at 1,57 V in the experiment. The current ow throughout the
experiment increases by increasing voltage. Until the one ampere which is the electrolyzer limit, hydrogen
production is observed. In the nal case, 7,98 ml/min hydrogen production is observed.

Figure 3. 50% and 75% of the solar radiation I-V curve

The power of solar panel is adjusted by using halogen lamp. The distance between the lamp and the solar panel
determine the power. In the case of 50% and 75% of the solar radiation, the I-V characteristics of the wind turbine
alone and wind turbine and the PV panel is shown and also when the PV panel is operated alone.

Figure 4. Solar Panel & Wind Turbine connected to PEM electrolyzer&FC System

As shown in gure 4, solar panel and the wind turbine linked to parallel. Solar radiation measured by distance
adjustment, total current ow and volumetric ow rate of the hydrogen is observed.

Then the following gure is obtained.

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 Figure 5. Solar panel and wind turbine I-V characteristics

As can be seen in the gure, wind turbine generator and solar panel connected in parallel. A solar panel is known
as a current source. The generator of the wind turbine is permanent magnet type. Permanent magnet direct
current generator is called as the voltage source. By using two different voltage and current sources, different
results are obtained in the current-voltage graphs. When only the current source is used, the operating points of
the system are marked. In the latter case, the operating points of the system operated with the wind turbine are
marked.

4. CONCLUSION
In the case of 50% and 75% of the solar radiation, the I-V characteristics of the wind turbine alone and wind
turbine and the PV panel alone and also when the PV panel operated alone is shown in the gures. As can be seen
from the gures and obtained values, hybrid systems provide more hydrogen production at higher voltages than
standalone systems. Because solar panels work as current sources. Electrolyzer system has at least 1,57 voltage
to begin produce hydrogen in the experiment but it needs valuable currents. However, working with the wind
generator operating points of the system approaches to the maximum power points. Using a voltage source with
the current source makes the system more reliable in terms of operating at the maximum power point.

REFERENCES
1. Brahim Laouna, Abdallah Khellafa, Mohamed W. Naceurb, Arunachala M. Kannanc. 2016. Modeling of
solar photovoltaic-polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer direct coupling for hydrogen generation.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41, pp. 1012010135.
2. A.M. Chaparro, J. Soler, M.J. Escudero, E.M.L. de Ceballos, U. Wittstadt, L. Daza. 2005. Data results and
operational experience with a solar hydrogen system. Journal of Power Sources, 144, pp. 165169
3. Djamila Ghribi, Abdellah Khelifa, Said Diaf, Maiouf Belhamel. 2013. Study of hydrogen production system
by using PV solar energy and PEM electrolyser in Algeria. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, pp.
8480-8490.
4. Tamunosaki Douglas. 2016. Dynamic modelling and simulation of a solar-PV hybrid battery and hydrogen
energy storage system, Journal of Energy Storage, 7, pp. 104114.
5. Harald Miland, ystein Ulleberg. 2012. Testing of a small-scale stand-alone power system based on solar
energy and hydrogen, Solar Energy, 86, pp. 666680.
6. Pascuzzi, S. Anifantis, A.S. Blanco, I. Scarascia Mugnozza, G. 2016. Electrolyzer Performance Analysis of an
Integrated Hydrogen Power System for Greenhouse Heating. A Case Study, Sustainability, 8, 629.
7. Z. Abdin, C.J. Webb, E.MacA. Gray. 2015. Solar hydrogen hybrid energy systems for off-grid electricity supply:
A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (52), pp. 17911808.
8. Analysis of Economically Viable Potential of Renewables In Malta Energy System, Sustainable Energy
Engineering Masters of Science Final Thesis, Antoine Busuttil, Zagreb, 2008.

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 0047 - THE FUTURE OF CuInSe2 (CIS) TECHNOLOGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SILICON
Kadriye Merve zcan*, Melih Soner elikta
Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding email: kmerveozcan@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Kadriye Merve zcan

ABSTRACT
New technologies are emerging everyday to offset the increasing energy demand. Especially, the research on
converting solar energy to electricity has yielded production of many new and different type of photovoltaic cells.
Crystalline silicon cells dominate the market, though there are advantages in the thin lm sector it is too important
to be ignored. This paper rstly investigated advantages of the CuInSe2 solar cells those the highest efciency
thin-lm technology. Then, in order to analyze the future development CuInSe2 solar cell industry, the bibliometric
method is applied to the scientic studies. The data obtained by bibliometric analysis were examined distribution
by, countries, years, the number of citations and number of publications of organizations. Thus, about the future
market share of CIS technology was able to do forecasting.
When analyzed according to the years of work done in the country, the rst in the USA has been involved for many
years and has followed it developed European countries and Japan. However, the table has changed in the last 5
years. China and South Korea have shown a great attack. Nowadays, according to the number of research ranking,
the rst country is China. Despite the later start to work in China, also cited in the analysis conducted for the 1996-
2015 year is rst. A growing number of studies show that CuInSe2 technology will increase its market share in the
coming years. China and South Korea growing share of this market will be an important place.

Keywords: CuInSe2, Photovoltaic Technologies, Bibliometrics, Solar Cell, Thin-Film

1. INTRODUCTION
During the last years solar cells based on CuInSe2 (CIS) has emerged as a potential candidate for low cost thin
lms solar cells production. The 19.5 % efciency obtained in ZnO/CdS/CIS [1] hetrostructure is encouraging and
is considered as an interesting stimulant for the development of thin lm solar cells technology. Currently CIS
solar cells have attracted interest for spatial applications because of the stability of CIS solar cells against electron
and proton irradiation then silicon or III-V semiconductors [2].

CuInSe2 (CIS)-based chalcopyrite compounds are attracting considerable interests as light-absorbing materials
for thin lm solar cells on account of their inherent advantages of high absorption coefcient, adjustable bandgap
and high stability under high energy irradiation. The potential of these compound semiconductors was well
demonstrated by the record power conversion efciency over 20% for the devices fabricated with CuInGaSe2
(CIGS) type thin lms [3,4].

There is a worldwide effort to reduce the material for solar cells production with a higher ratio power on weight.
The reduction of different active layers thicknesses will have two direct consequences: (i) the reduction of solar
cell cost and (ii) the use of less scare material; such as In and harmful and toxic ones such as Se and Cd on the
other hand. Thereafter, the thickness is an important parameter to study and to optimize its inuence on solar cells
properties [2].

The maximum values of the laboratory efciency of solar cells and modules are summarized in Figure 1.1. The
average values for the modules available in the market will be lower.

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 Figure 1.1 Efficiency comparison of technologies (Data: Green et al.: Solar Cell Efficiency Tables (Version 47),
Progress in PV: Research and Applications 2016. Graph: PSE AG 2016) [5].

Figure 1.2 Typical layout of a CIGS-based PV cell [10].

Cells made from CIGS are usually a heterogeneous structure formed by the joining of semiconductors with
different band ratios. Zinc is sometimes added to improve transparency, but the most common material used for
the anterior layer of CIS cells is CdS.

Results of adding small amounts Gallium in the lower layer absorbent body is increased bandgap so, increases
the efciency of the cell. This particular variation is called "CIGS" solar cell. In Figure 1.2 the structural components
of a CuInSe2 cell are shown in layers.

Figure 1.3 Efficiency Drop at Elevated Temperatures [26]

The efciency of solar panels is reduced as the temperature increases. Figure 1.3 shows the effect of temperature
increase on productivity for different thin lm solar cells. CuInSe2 cells are much more suitable for use at higher
temperatures than other thin lm technologies.

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 Figure 1.4 Spectral sensitivity of different solar cell types [11]

Figure 1.5 Energy pay-back time of rooftop PV systems in Germany (Data: M.J. de Wild-Scholten 2013. Graph:
PSE AG 20146) [5]
Depending upon the materials and the technology used, solar cells are better or worse at
converting the different colour bands of sunlight into electricity. The spectral sensitivity
describes the wavelength range in which a cell works most efciently and inuences the
efciency under different irradiance conditions. Sunlight has the greatest energy in the visible
light range between 400nm and 800nm [6]. The spectral sensitivities of the different solar cells
are shown in Figure 1.4. Crystalline solar cells are particularly sensitive to long-wavelength
solar radiation, but uses thin-lm cells are better than visible light. Amorphous silicon cells can
absorb the optimal short-wavelength light. In contrast, CdTe and CIS medium-wavelength light
absorbers are better.

Data from studies in Germany Figure 1.5 are given. On the basis of the data, it can be interpreted
that the low production costs of CuInSe2 cells is an advantageous situation.

2. METHODS
Bibliometrics is the measurement of literature and information data by using mathematics and statistics to explore,
organize, and analyze large amounts of historical data in order to help researchers to identify the hidden patterns
that may assist their decision-making process [12,13].

Several analysis tools have been applied in the eld of bibliometrics, such as simple document counting,
word frequency analysis, citation analysis, co-word analysis, cluster analysis, and cooperation analysis. Some

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proprietary softwares have been produced for bibliometrics analysis, such as the Thomson Data Analyzer
(TDA) developed by Thomson Reuters, CiteSpace [14] developed by Chen, and so on. It can help researchers
to identify hidden patterns by classifying information according to authors, keywords, phrases, organizations,
countries, collaborations, citations, and so on. It has also been widely applied to detect the taxonomic structure
of a research domain [1516] and forecast emerging technologies [17,18]. Daim et al. present a method for
forecasting emerging technologies by using bibliometrics and patent analysis [12]. Kajikawa et al. attempt to
detect emerging technologies by using citation network analysis, and the result offers an intellectual basis for
constructing an energy roadmap [18,19]. Bengisu and Nekhili used science and technology database to forecast
emerging technologies with the aid of S-curves [20].

Some scholars point out that bibliometric approach can be a key component for science and technology
roadmapping to construct a reliable roadmap [19] and that the combination of roadmapping with bibliometrics
has to be addressed well in advance of the implementation of a roadmapping process [21].

This paper uses the term CuInSe2 as the query to search published papers on the Web of Science (SCI-
EXPANDED) database. 4312 published papers were retrieved from the database from 1975 to 2015.

3. RESULTS
The total number of USA's SCI papers had reached 1975 by the end of 2015, accounting for 18% of global
numbers (Table 3.1). The second largest share of research belongs to Germany with 12%.

As can be seen from Table 3.1, from 2006 to 2015, the number of China's and South Koreas annual SCI papers
on CuInSe2 solar cells increased constantly and since 2000, has outstripped that of the England and Russia. The
rapid increase in China, has led to the decline of America's second. The number of articles in countries between
2006 and 2010; Germany 90, Japan 69, China 94, United 117 while these gures have been between 2011-2015,
Germany 127, Japan 126, American171 and China 283.

Table 3.1 The percent of SCI paper numbers related to CuInSe2 solar cells by top ten country (1975-2015).

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 Figure 3.1 SCI paper numbers related to CuInSe2 solar cells by country and year.

Table 3.2 Top 20 countries with strongest citation bursts (1975-2015).

As seen in Table 3.2, the rate of reference in studies on the CuInSe2 eld is high in China in recent years. The
increase in the number of citations and the increase in the number of works show parallelism in the same years.

Table 3.3 summarizes the top 10 institutions in the eld of CuInSe2 working between 1975-2015. According
to the table, the majority of the organization who work in the area CuInSe2 are in USA and Germany. The rst
two organizations of ranking are in USA, United States Department of Energy and National Renewable Energy
Laboratory.

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Table 3.3 Top 10 organizations enhanced that most studies (1975-2015).

4. MARKET OVERVIEW AND DISCUSSION

In the foreseeable future, monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon technology will continue to dominate the
market. However, it requires high costs of raw materials processing, provided great improvement in yield increase
leads to a shift of interest in thin lm technology.

Figure 4.1 Global solar modul production, 2014 (48,961 MW) by technology [7]

As shown in Figure 4.1, in 2014, the market share of CIGS was about 3 percent and all thin lm technologies
correspond to a total of 10%. Efciency enhancement studies in CIGS technology are giving positive results.
Silicon-like efciencies at low thin-lm costs. CIGS is the only technology that offers this promise [8]. Prominent
manufacturers of CIGS photovoltaics were the now-bankrupt companies Nanosolar and Solyndra. Current market
leader is the Japanese company Solar Frontier, producing solar modules free of any heavy metals such as cadmium
or lead [9].

Figure 4.2 shows the annual production of different PV technologies. Thin lm technology has not yet competed
with Si technology due to its low productivity. The increase in production over the years has emerged due to
improvements in productivity. Considering the increase in market share among thin lm technologies in Figure
4.3, CI(G)S technology of thin-lm technology is expected to be more prominent in the coming years.

Alternative PV technologies, including thin lms, had been expected to gain an increasing share of the market, but
instead their share shrank from 15% in 2009 to about 10% in 2013. Thin lms (TF) are based on cadmium telluride
(CdTe), copper-indiumgallium-selenide (CIGS), or amorphous silicon (a-Si), plus some variants [22].

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 Figure 4.2 Annual PV production by technology (Data: from 2000 to 2010: Navigant; from 2011: IHS. Graph:
PSE AG 2016) [5]

Figure 4.3 Market share of thin film technologies (Data: from 2000 to 2010: Navigant; from 2011: IHS. Graph:
PSE AG 2016) [5]

Table 4.1 Technology goals and key R&D issues for cells and modules [22]

Solar PV industry roadmap of the work done, the result will be R&D work is expected to increased efciency of
CuInSe2 cells and provide competition with crystalline silicon cells. When Table 4.1 is examined it is expected that
the yield of CIGS cells will be increased up to 19% in 2017. In 2025, the increase in yield is expected to continue
to reach 22%

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5. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes a framework that bibliometric analysis, in order to strategize and plan the future development
path of the new, technology-based industries. Bibliometrics was applied to analyze the existing position of science
and technology in the emerging technologies' domain.

The results of the studies were reached on the following data:

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) has gained a reputation as the thin-lm solar cell technology with the highest efciencies.
Only recently the highest efciency obtained in a laboratory environment was 19.9% [23] (corrected with the
new solar spectrum to 20.0%). After the market introduction of CIGS technology [24], it became apparent
that for a real success of this new technology another boost from cost reduction and performance measures
is vital. However, saved material costs very often cannot outweigh the negative impacts of such measures
on device performance. Consequently, efciency development has become one of the main focuses of the
ZSW's CIGS research today.
Many of these companies are pure players, but a lot of companies already that are established in silicon
technology are also attempting to enter the thin-lm technology market. Many manufacturers (such as
Sharp, ErSol and Q-Cells) see the expansion of their thin-lm activities as a type of hedging to their existing
technology portfolio, while others are dedicated solely to this technology (e.g. Wrth Solar, Kaneka, First Solar
and Shell). Thus, with the increasing number of manufacturers focusing on this market would eventually lead
to major growth in the near future [25].

As the support of bibliometric analysis, CuInSe2 technology will continue to increase in studies is to be predictable.
This paper, may be further integrated, which may improve the validity of analyzing the full-lifecycle industrial
emergence in the future. This can be also a potential direction for future research.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper is supported by Ege University Solar Energy Institute, has been prepared for the Technology Foresight
course.

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REFERENCES
1. M.A. Contreras, K. Ramanathan, J. AbuShama, F. Hasoon, D.L. Young,B. Egaas, R. Nou, Prog. Photovoltaics 13
(2005) 209.
2. N. Touafek, M. S. Aida, R. Mahamdi,. CuInSe2 Solar Cells Efciency Optimization, American Journal of Materials
Science 2012, 2(5): 160-164 DOI: 10.5923/j.materials.20120205.05
3. Repins, I.; Contreras, M. A.; Egaas, B.; DeHart, C.; Scharf, J.; Perkins, C. L.; To, B.; Nou, R. Prog. Photovolt: Res.
Appl. 2008, 16, 235.
4. Green, M. A.; Emery, K.; Hishikawa, Y.; Warta, W. Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl. 2011, 19, 84.
5. Fraunhofer ISE, PSE AG, Photovoltaics Report, 20 October 2016
6. Planning And Installing Photovoltiac Systems : A Guide For Installers, Architects, and Engineers / Deutsche
Gesellschaft fur Sonnenenergie (DGS). - 2nd ed. 978-1-84407-442-6
7. GTM Research, PV Pulse Module Production is Reported in MWdc
8. Available: http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2014/01/cigs-solar-cells-simplied
9. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells
10. Available: http://ssd.phys.strath.ac.uk/images/8/81/CIGS_solar_cell.gif
11. ISET Kassel; Mulligan, 2004
12. T.U. Daim, G. Rueda, H. Martin, P. Gerdsri, Forecasting emerging technologies: use of bibliometrics and patent
analysis, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 73 (8) (2006) 9811012.
13. M.J. Norton, Introductory Concepts in Information Science, 2001. (New Jersey).
14. C. Chen, CiteSpace: visualizing patterns and trends in scientic literature, Retried 12-26-2013 http://cluster.
ischool. drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/current/
15. R.N. Kostoff, H.J. Eberhart, D.R. Toothman, Hypersonic and supersonic ow roadmaps using bibliometrics and
database tomography, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 50 (5) (1999) 427447
16. R.N. Kostoff, R. Tshiteya, K.M. Pfeil, J.A. Humenik, G. Karypis, Power source roadmaps using bibliometrics and
database tomography, Energy 30 (5) (2005) 709730.
17. N. Shibata, Y. Kajikawa, Y. Takeda, K. Matsushima, Detecting emerging research fronts based on topological
measures in citation networks of scientic publications, Technovation 28 (11) (2008) 758775.
18. Y. Kajikawa, J. Yoshikawa, Y. Takeda, K. Matsushima, Tracking emerging technologies in energy research:
toward a roadmap for sustainable energy, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 75 (6) (2008) 771782.
19. Y. Kajikawa, Y. Takeda, K. Matsushima, Computer-assisted roadmapping: a case study in energy research,
Foresight 12 (2) (2010) 415.
20. M. Bengisu, R. Nekhili, Forecasting emerging technologies with the aid of science and technology databases,
Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 73 (7) (2006) 835844
21. R.N. Kostoff, R.R. Schaller, Science and technology roadmaps, IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 48 (2) (2001) 132143
22. IEA Technology Roadmap, Solar Photovoltaic Energy, 2014
23. Repins I, Contreras MA, Egaas B, DeHart C, Scharf J, Perkins CL, To B, Nou R. 19.9%-Efcient ZnO/CdS/
CuInGaSe2 solar cell with 81.2% ll factor. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2008; 16:
235239. Wiley Online Library | CAS | Web of Science Times Cited: 438
24. Powalla M, Dimmler B, Gross K-H. CIS thin-lm solar modulesan example of remarkable progress in PV. In
Proceedings of the 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Palz W, Ossenbrink HA, Helm P
(eds). WIP: Munich, Germany, 2005; p. 1689.
25. Available: http://www.altenergymag.com/content.php?post_type=1557
26. Available: http://www.slideshare.net/madhavanvee/thin-lms-in-india

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 0050 - APPLICATION ANALYSIS OF NET-ZERO ENERGY BUILDING USING HEAT PUMP
AND PV PANEL TECHNOLOGIES
Erkan Duman*, Rucan Mentee
Firat University, Department of Computer Engineering, Elaz, Trkiye
Corresponding email: erkanduman@rat.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Erkan Duman

ABSTRACT
The question of Is it possible to optimize the integration of two renewable energy sources (sun and ground)
so that there is no need to pay any bill for heating and cooling?" is the basic idea of our study. Our aim is to
prove that the integration of PV panels and Heat Pumps is applicable for Green Buildings with 0 kW/h total
energy consumption at the end of the year in our country. It has been validated by BIN analysis method and
shown by the simulation results of the proposed model. We have calculated the electricity consumption of a heat
pump on an hourly, monthly and yearly basis depending on the outdoor ambient hourly temperature values
considered that it would operates 24/7. In our country, if the heating is done by a heat pump with 4 COP its
cost will be cheaper than natural gas heating, additionally the cooling process could be carried out which is not
possible with natural gas. According to unit prices in 2016 in our city, the heating by using natural gas cost is 13
cents to obtain 1.000 kcal in Elazig while the cost of heat pump with 4 COP is 12 cents. Furthermore, we realized
that heating by heat pump with 3 COP value is cheaper than coal.

Keywords: Heat Pump, PV Panel, Green Building, Net-Zero Energy, BIN Analysis Method

1. INTRODUCTION
In order to be able to create the "Net-Zero Energy Building" or in other words the "Green Building", the primary
energy needs of the heat pump must be solved with a renewable energy source as well. It is possible to achieve this
through electric power generated from PV panels. The combination of these two is already an optimization work
from the very rst moment. Because reducing the installation cost to minimum is the rst topic to be investigated.
Unlike the classical Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), the management of renewable energy sources
is more complex, especially if there is more than one source, it is even more complex[1,2]. Both the sun and
the ground have dynamic factors. There is a need for an optimal SCADA system which will control, record and
dynamically manage these factors.

At this stage, it is necessary to analyze whether a green building under the proposed SCADA control can be
heated and cooled with a total annual energy cost of "0" kW. Accordingly, a feasibility study was carried out based
on Elaz province where we will implement our rst application. The following calculations are based on the
real-world data obtained from the earlier applications of related research project team and meteorological data
obtained from the Directorate General of Meteorology. Parameter values of the heat pump are applied according
to the applications of VBE Companys which has more than 1,600 applications implemented in Germany, and the
values for the production of PV panels are obtained from the log les of applications that Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hayrettin
CAN performed in Elaz[3,4,5].

Can (2011) share the following ndings regarding the generation of electricity from PV panels in his project report:
in grid-connected systems called On Grid, the Grid module is activated as a module for both production and
storage processes. It will be used as a storage unit with no cost in the months when the energy production is more
than consumption and it will be used for energy supply in the months when the energy production is not enough.
In our country, the electricity produced by the private individuals is sold at a higher rate than the electricity they
buy. This makes it possible to use Grid as the energy storage without having to install any accumulator, battery or
solar cell. A building selling 10kW of electricity to the state in the daytime can still make 10 cents per kW prot
even if it consumes the same amount of electricity during nights.

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Geothermal heat, as one of the renewable energy sources is based on the process of transferring heat to the
ground from Sun and core of the Earth. The heating or cooling processes using this transferred energy are
called Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) [6, 7]. The change of daytime and nighttime temperature due to
meteorological events above the ground does not affect the underground temperature, and it is xed at certain
levels in deep earth. As the depth increases, temperature also increases due to the heat of the earth core. In
Silberstein (2003 and 2016), both the basic concepts and the operating principles of the machine components,
and determining their capacities are explained in detail [8]. The 2003 version of this book was modernized and
the new edition released this year, which is our foundational reference source.

As nall and Esen (2004 and 2005) emphasize in their work, coefcient of performance (COP) of the GSHP systems
is higher than that of the air source heat pumps (ASHP), since the subterranean temperature change is more
stable than the air temperature change [9, 10]. Soil temperature is generally stable throughout the year and varies
with soil type and humidity. The range of subterranean soil temperature change is approximately 30 C/km, and
GSHP systems are more reliable and have higher performance due to the constant soil temperature in the 6.1-
45.7 m layer. The subterranean temperature remains xed as a result of the complex transaction of the heat ux
of subterranean and above ground (sun and atmosphere) parts. The temperature value here is approximately
equal to the annual average air temperature. As you move towards surface from a depth of 6.1 meters, the soil
temperature drops to the surface air temperature. The temperature value increases linearly as it is gone to the
deeper levels from 45.7 meters. Heating and cooling processes are both carried out in heat pumps. This requires
changing the machine's condenser and evaporator inputs. The electrical way to do this is to use 4-way solenoid
valves for the compressor.

After calculating the heating and cooling load of a building, it is necessary to determine what percentage of this
value is to be obtained from the earth. In fact, the answer to this problem is the theoretical prediction that the COP
coefcient of the heat pump will be at maximum. It should be decided how deep the drilling should be done,
depending on the amount of heat to be absorbed from or released to the earth. If a horizontal GSHP application
is to be made, it is necessary to tell how many square meters are needed. In horizontal type GSHP, 10-30 W/m2
heat per square meter is taken depending on soil type. If vertical GSHP is to be applied, it is possible to obtain
40-90 W/m heat per meter depth.

As a lower cost alternative to the conventional methods described above, the Ice Storage technique, which would
be preferred especially at high capacity buildings, will be evaluated in our country. It will provide a great advantage
in terms of reducing the installation cost. In addition, phase change will be performed with solar collectors. Thus,
the sunlight will be used both as electric power and as heat source [11]. Winteler et al. (2014) conducted an annual
performance assessment by absorbing heat from the sunlight using ice storage. They showed that this system
provides better performance and less installation cost than a ground source heat pump installed by vertical
drilling.

In addition, Trkeri (2014) introduced this new approach to the Turkish language literature [12]. Basic working
principle is based on the idea of constructing pools under the ground in certain sizes instead of vertical drilling or
installing horizontal heat exchanger under the ground. For example, in a house with a heat load of 10 kW, it would
sufce to bury a tank large enough to have 10 m3 of water. The cost of installation will be much lower compared to
installing vertical drilling or horizontal pipes. Heat transfer is carried out from the earth, from the water, and from
the solar collectors that are absorbing heat at the roof. As the house warms up, the water in the storage under
the ground will gradually start to freeze. It is necessary to transfer heat to here again to avoid this change. Then
the frozen ice turns into water by the hot water coming from the solar collectors on the roof of the building and
the heat of the soil. This cycle can occur simultaneously. For cooling in summer, if the solar collector connection is
cut off and this tank is completely frozen, it can cool the building during the summer season and it provides what
could be described almost free 99% saving because instead of the whole heat pump operation, it will be enough
to run only one circulation pump.

2. METHOD
In accordance with the information provided by the Directorate General of Meteorology, the calculation of the
operating cost of the heat pump for a selected house in Elaz province in consideration of the air and subterranean
temperature information in recent years has been carried out by the BIN method is as follows. In the light of the
request of our university through the Metrological Data Archive System of Turkey (TMAS)application of the Data

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Control and Statistics Department [of the Directorate General of Meteorology], the data of the outdoor hourly
temperature of the last 3 years, the hourly sunshine duration and the hourly sunshine intensity data of Elaz
province were obtained from the related database in Microsoft Excel format (.xls).

In order to calculate the operating costs of the heat pump, the degree-day method or the degree-hour method
can be used. The degree-hour method is suitable for large-scale commercial buildings, and the degree-day
method does not provide reliable results in systems where the efciency varies depending on the outdoor air
temperature. For this reason, the BIN method was chosen as it was given in the studies of Doan (2003) and Afjei
(2011) [13, 14].

The results of the heating and cooling load of the selected building which is used by VBE Heating and Cooling
Technologies, a research and development company, operating in Frat University Technocity Region are shown
in Figure 1. The heating and cooling load equations of the building, which are linearly dependent on the outdoor
temperature, are calculated. The peak value of the heating load will be observed on days when the outdoor
temperature is minimum in winter and the peak of the cooling load will be observed on days when the outdoor
temperature is highest in summer. These peak values should be lower than the capacity of the heat pump to be
used. The capacity at which the heat pump will be produced is determined after the heating and cooling load
lines are generated [15].

Different slopes of lines will appear in different buildings. Also, the assumption that no cooling is required
when the outdoor temperature is below 18 C and that no heating is required when it is above 15 C, can be
changed depending on the desired heat comfort. These limit values that are accepted widely are preferred for
the calculation values in our study.

Figure 1. Heating and Cooling Load Change Due to Outdoor Temperature of a Building for Elaz Province.

In line with the data of the last 3 years belonging to Elaz province taken from the Directorate General of
Meteorology, the Bin temperatures and how they spread to 24 hours have been shown in Table 1. Column 1
shows Bin temperatures, while columns 2, 3 and 4 show how many times these temperatures were observed
during the year in three 8-hour periods. For example, a total of 3 observations were made at temperature range
[-9, -12] throughout the year between hours 0-7. If we read the rest of the of the rst row,we will see that these
cells received a value of 0 because the temperature did not fall below -9 during the year between hours 8 to 24.
The rst time slot (a); is from 00:00 midnight to 08:00 in the morning, second time slot (b); is from 08:00 to 16:00,
and the third time slot (c); is from 16:00 to 00:00 midnight. Considering that VBE companys working hours are
between 08:00 and 18:00, and it is closed on Sundays, the following occupancy and unoccupancy ratios must be
calculated, for the columns 5 and 6. The occupancy coefcient of the time slot a is a = 0/56 = 0, since nobody is
present at the time. (8x7 = total occupancy ratio of this time slot for 56 weeks). Therefore the unoccupancy ratio
is 1-0 = 1. In the b time slot, building is full for the 8 hours, occupancy ratio for 6 days = (6x8) / (7x8) = 48/56

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= 0.857. The unoccupancy ratio is 1-0.857 = 0.143. Similarly, the occupancy and unoccupancy ratios of the time
slot "c" are calculated as (2x6) / (8x7) = 0.214 and 0.786, respectively. a, b, and c coefcients, namely occupancy
ratios are multiplied with the time slots, and these three values are aggregated to calculate the temperature of
the building when it is occupied and unoccupied. The 5th and 6thcolumns in the Table 1 are calculated in this way.
The primary electric power energy demand of the heat pump (10 kW - heat capacity) to heat this building was
calculated and shown in Table 2. First two columns are the BIN temperatures and how many hours they have
been observed throughout the year. 3rd column shows the values of the heat energy required to heat or cool the
building depending on the outdoor temperature in kW. These values are extracted from the linear equations
shown in Figure 1 above.

Table 1: Hourly Distribution of Outdoor Air Temperatures of Elaz Province over the Year.
a b c
0 0.857 0.214
BIN 00:00 - 07:00 08:00:15:00 16:00 - 23:00 OCCUPIED UNOCCUPIED
-12 3 0 0 0 3
-9 25 2 7 3.212 30.788
-6 234 62 138 82.666 351.334
-3 175 113 165 132.151 320.849
0 273 173 189 188.707 446.293
3 346 222 270 248.034 589.966
6 302 215 270 242.035 544.965
9 305 169 296 208.177 561.823
12 303 255 254 272.891 539.109
15 252 222 269 247.82 495.18
18 320 200 219 218.266 520.734
21 241 230 219 243.976 446.024
24 102 271 267 289.385 350.615
27 21 279 165 274.413 190.587
30 1 251 104 237.363 118.637
33 0 198 69 184.452 82.548
36 0 32 2 27.852 6.148
39 0 0 0 0 0

4th column shows the temperature value of the [glucose] water entering into the heat pump after being circulated
in the soil. Yet, it is formulated according to the outdoor air temperature. The source temperature is calculated
using the coldest, hottest and average outdoor temperatures. It has been observed that there is very little cost
change when the table is recalculated by several degrees of increase in the inlet source water temperature.
Therefore, precisely measuring and observing the inlet source temperature, and the load of work it will bring and
time it will consume can be eliminated. This step has been accomplished with the linear approximation approach.
Similarly, the heating and cooling capacity of the heat pump in column 5 is calculated based on the temperature
of the water entering from the source. COP value was chosen to be 4,asthe ground source heat pump will be
used. Although COP is estimated to be higher than this value, this is taken as the base value in the cost calculation.
The energy requirement will be even less in our actual application, which is supposed to work with higher COP.
However, this feasibility study was based on minimum objective.

In the 6th column, running ratio in percent was calculated with dividing the heat load of the building to the capacity of
the device at that temperature. Actually, this ratio does not give the actual running ratio; as the machine runs a bit more
in reality than in theory. For this reason, partial load factor and therefore actual load factor are calculated in the relevant
columns. The values in 6th column are the theoretical running ratios. In column 10, energy values absorbed from and
released to the earth are given. Energy absorbed from the earth for the heating is obtained from subtracting the power
used by the device from the device capacity, and multiplying this with the actual running factor. For cooling, on the
other hand, the energy used by the heat pump is also additionally released as extra energy to the earth.

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The cost calculation assumes that the heating and cooling system in the building will run24/7 (24 hours a day
7 days a week). This is the worst-case scenario. It is clear that in reality there will be always less heating and
cooling load. In fact, when considering commercial and residence buildings, occupied/unoccupied ratio needs
to be taken into account. Only in some large-scale commercial enterprises (such as poultry farms, greenhouses)
24/7calculation can be taken into account. However, even in these cases, farms have periodic product release
times and therefore idle times. For example, in a poultry farm, animals are slaughtered within 45 days periods. The
following 15 days are occupied with cleaning, maintenance and transfer of new chicks.

Table 2: Primary Energy Calculation of Heat Pump with BIN Method (For 24/7 working)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
BIN BIN Building Source Device Theoretical Partial Actual Device Energy Consumption
temperatures hours Heating Temperature Capacity Running Load Load Power Absorbed (kW)
Cooling Factor Factor Factor Input from and Electricity
Load Released
to the
Ground
HEATING
-12.00 3.00 8.77 14.07 8.95 0.98 0.99 0.98 2.24 6.61 6.61
-9.00 34.00 7.80 14.77 9.03 0.86 0.97 0.89 2.25 6.06 68.29
-6.00 434.00 6.82 15.46 9.11 0.75 0.94 0.80 2.26 5.48 782.33
-3.00 453.00 5.85 16.14 9.19 0.64 0.91 0.70 2.26 4.85 718.39
0.00 635.00 4.88 16.81 9.26 0.53 0.88 0.60 2.27 4.18 861.94
3.00 838.00 3.91 17.47 9.34 0.42 0.85 0.49 2.28 3.46 935.52
6.00 787.00 2.94 18.12 9.41 0.31 0.83 0.38 2.29 2.68 678.28
9.00 770.00 1.96 18.75 9.48 0.21 0.80 0.26 2.30 1.86 456.50
12.00 812.00 0.99 19.38 9.55 0.10 0.78 0.13 2.30 0.97 250.19
15.00 743.00 0.02 20.00 9.62 0.00 0.75 0.00 2.31 0.02 4.75
COOLING
18.00 739.00 0.00 19.00 7.96 0.00 0.75 0.00 1.79 0.00 0.00
21.00 690.00 1.84 18.50 7.98 0.23 0.81 0.29 1.77 2.79 443.56
24.00 640.00 3.70 18.00 8.00 0.46 0.87 0.53 1.76 5.22 771.73
27.00 465.00 5.56 17.50 8.03 0.69 0.92 0.75 1.75 7.34 790.33
30.00 356.00 7.42 17.00 8.05 0.92 0.98 0.94 1.73 9.20 760.72
33.00 267.00 9.28 16.00 8.09 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.70 9.80 608.66
36.00 34.00 11.14 16.50 8.07 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.72 9.79 77.77
39.00 0.00 13.00 15.00 8.14 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.67 9.81 0.00

Electric power consumption of the heat pump is calculated with multiplying BIN hours in column 2, actual load
factors in column 8, and device power input in column 9. However, this table is calculated with assuming the
building will be heated and cooled for 24/7.With this assumption total annual energy cost required for this
acceptance is calculated as 8,214 kW (4,762 kW + 3,452 kW). If it is calculated based on the BIN hours when the
building is occupied, that is, considering the hours in which the employees are in the building, there will be 2.5-
3 times less energy consumption. After these values have been updated, the total heating and cooling energy
consumption of the building in occupied hours is 3,278 kW (1,315 kW + 1,963 kW).

When we draw monthly heating and cooling load distribution of the 150 m2 [VBE company] building with the
assumption of being occupied 24/7 in a graph, we get a W-shape curved line as shown in Figure 2. In our country
where the four seasons are observed, this W-curve is valid in all over the country, but lengths of the curves are
different. The reason for drawing the primary electric energy of the heat pump on a monthly basis is due to the fact
that the hourly or monthly sunshine duration and intensity are very variable and cannot be used as a reference.
Instead, if the monthly electricity consumption, in other words the W curve, were drawn, annual electric power
generation demand from the PV panel would be calculated with an approximate value with a slight deviation.

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Table 3: Electricity Demand for Heating and Cooling of a Building in Elaz Province.
MONTHS
TEMPERATURE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-12 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-9 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
-6 129 4 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 289
-3 175 53 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 184
0 182 196 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 151
3 144 248 139 27 0 0 0 0 0 61 140 79
6 85 99 170 111 9 0 0 0 2 131 162 18
9 11 57 100 180 80 4 0 0 19 134 185 0
12 0 15 107 152 161 58 2 0 101 118 98 0
15 0 0 67 88 159 104 19 12 134 119 41 0
18 0 0 25 81 108 99 82 115 128 84 17 0
21 0 0 0 44 93 103 139 126 112 70 3 0
24 0 0 0 28 89 121 138 136 108 20 0 0
27 0 0 0 9 44 114 116 109 70 3 0 0
30 0 0 0 0 0 71 120 131 34 0 0 0
33 0 0 0 0 0 38 109 108 12 0 0 0
36 0 0 0 0 0 8 19 7 0 0 0 0
39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ELECTRICITYDEMAND
1032.37 757.9 593.22 357.26 347.69 683.42 1002.01 972.46 466.17 371.77 470 1161.6
(kW)

Table 3 shows how the consumption data for the W curve are calculated on a monthly basis. While electricity
consumption is decreasing in autumn and spring, there is an increase in electricity consumption due to heating
load in winter and cooling demand in summer. Each cell in the table shows the total hours of observed respective-
temperature per that month. In January, for example, the outdoor temperature is below -9 C for 3 hours. In
February, the outdoor temperature is between -3 and -6 for 4 hours. In the bottom row, the electricity consumption
of the heat pump according to these temperature value-hours is calculated with putting them into heat pump
energy calculation of Table 2. For example, the electric power energy that heat pump consumes for January is
found 1,032 kW. Similar, these calculations were made for all the months, and monthly heat pump primary energy
consumption was calculated according to these temperature value-hours.

Figure 2. Monthly Energy Consumption for Elaz Province

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3. RESULTS
We have PV panel electricity production data, which is derived from the log applications of the PV panel applications
previously we have implemented in the province of Elaz on a monthly basis and the Directorate General of
Meteorology. By comparing the monthly production and consumption of this production and heat pump, the
validity analysis of our projects basic purpose of net "0" kW annual energy cost can be done as shown in Figure 3.

Elaz province PV panel monthly production values obtained from "Detecting Elaz Province Solar Energy
Potential" project with the serial code TRB1/2011/DFD/39 prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hayrettin CAN and
supported by the Direct Activity Financial Support Program of Frat Development Agency are shown in Table 4.
Monthly production values of an operation with 5.3 kW production capacities for the above examined building
application, which 20 pieces of 265W PV panels would be sufcient for Elaz province sunshine duration, are
calculated.

The production values in Table 4 are calculated based on the assumption that our PV panel application will be
on the building, i.e. roof application. It should be noted that if we could actually do a at-area installation, these
values could be higher 8-10%. Just like in our general analysis approach, here, we also do the calculation based
on worst-case scenario.

The values of PV panel production against the monthly primary electricity consumption values of the ground
source heat pump calculated above are listed. As it can be seen in Table 4 and Figure 3, our main objective for a
"0 kW energy cost building" could be realized with optimized SCADA software. For this objective that is reached
in theory, embedded control and data collection software will be coordinated.

Table 4: Electricity Production That Would be Obtained by 20 piece 265 W PV panel application for Elaz Province
Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TOTAL

Electricity (kW)
-1032.37 -757.90 -593.22 -357.26 -347.69 -683.42 -1002.01 -972.46 -466.17 -371.77 -470.00 -1161.60 - 8.215.87
(consumption)

Electricity (kW)
460.00 677.00 700.00 761.00 791.00 865.00 914.00 867.00 783.00 620.00 558.00 256.00 8.252.00
(production)

Difference (kW) -572.37 -80.90 106.78 403.74 443.31 181.58 -88.01 -105.46 316.83 248.23 88.00 -905.60 36.13

Figure 3: Comparison of PV Panel Prudction and Heat Pump Consumption for Elaz Province

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4. CONCLUSION
As it is seen in Figure 3, there are big differences in cold months of December, January and February in favor of
consumption. Yet, when there is a need for cooling in 7th and 8th months the decit is quite little and the two are
almost nip and tuck. On the other hand, the production values obtained from the PV panels at 4th, 5th, 6th, 9th,
and 10thmonths are considerably higher than the consumption values of the heat pump; which is at a level that
can compensate the depths from winter months where we have seen decits.

The installation costs of heat pump and PV panels should be designed optimally. We will determine which kind of
heat pump to make a building completely as a green house and what is the capacity of PV panel production will
be required. As a result, it is observed that the electricity amount to be produced by 20 PV panels at 265 W powers
will be enough for a heat pump of 4 COP value for heating and cooling of 150 m2 building of VBE Company in
Elaz province. At the end of the year, the total calculation gives a 36 kW surplus. That is to say, at the end of the
year, VBE Company is not required to pay any fee for heating and cooling, but will instead be in the payee position
for an amount of 36 kW.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper was prepared as a result of our project proposal which is now at the second stage assessment of
Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-1003, Privileged Research Areas Title : Cost-
Effective Energy Efcient Buildings). Project ID: 320446. The foundation gain of our project will be to demonstrate
how to create environmentally friendly green building using renewable energy resources (ground and sun).

REFERENCES
1. Zhou, B., Li, W., Chan, K.W., Cao, Y., Kuang, Y., Liu, X. 2016. Smart Home Energy Management systems: concept,
congurations and scheduling strategies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 61, pp:30-40.
2. Lee, E. 2016, Advancing Building Energy Management System to Enable Smart Grid Interoperation,
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Volume:2016, 1-12.
3. Can, H. 2011. Fotovoltaik Gne Enerjisi Sistemi, TRB1/2011/DFD/39 nolu Elaz linin Gne Enerjisi
Potansiyelinin karlmas proje raporu, Frat Kalknma Ajans, Kalknma Bakanl
4. Can, H., 2013. Model Of Photovoltaic Panel Emulator in Matlab-Simulink, Turkish Journal Of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Sciences, Vol:21, pp. 301-308
5. Can, H., killi, D. 2014. Parameter Estimation in Modeling of Photovoltaic Panels Based on Datasheet Values,
Journal Of Solar Energy Engineering, ASME, Vol:136.
6. Atam, E., Helsen, L. 2016. Ground-Coupled heat pumps: Part 1 Literature review and research challenges in
modeling and optimal control, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, pp:1653-67.
7. Atam, E., Helsen, L. 2016. Ground-Coupled heat pumps: Part 2 Literature review and research challenges in
optimal design, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, pp:1668-84.
8. Silberstein, E. 2016. Heat Pumps, (Second Edition), Cengage Learning, USA.
9. nall, M., Esen, H. 2004. Experimental Thermal Performance Evaluation Of A Horizontal Ground-Source Heat
Pump System, Applied Thermal Engineering, 24, 14-15, 2219-32
10. nall, M., Esen, H. 2005. Seasonal Cooling Performance Of A Ground-Coupled HeatPump System in A Hot
And Arid Climate, Renewable Energy, 30, 9, 1411-24
11. Winteler, C., Dott, R., Afjei, T., Hafner, B. 2014. Heat Pump, Solar Energy and Ice Storage Systems-Modelling
and Seasonal Performance, 11th Heat Pump Conference, Canada, poster p. 3.12.
12. Trkeri, A. 2014. Buz Deposu Sistemleri, Istma, Soutma, Havalandrma, Klima, Yangn ve Shhi Tesisat
Dergisi, pp:11-16.
13. Doan, V. 2003. Su-Toprak Kaynakl s Pompalar, VI. Ulusal Tesisat Mhendislii Kongresi ve Sergisi, 1-17.
14. Afjei, T., Dott, R. 2011. Heat Pump Modelling For Annual Performance, Design and New Technologies,
Procedings of Building Simulation, Sydney, pp:2431-38.
15. Dwaikat, L.N., Ali, K.N. (2016). Measuring the actual energy cost performance of Green Buildings: A test of the
earned value management approach, Energies, 2016,9, 188

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 0051 - THE IMPACT OF PV POWER PLANT PENETRATION LEVEL ON SECURITY
CONSTRAINED UNIT COMMITMENT AND AN APPROACH FOR REDUCING
CURTAILMENT OF PV ENERGY
zgr Kahraman1*, Zafer nver2, Cem ahin1, Abdullah Nadar1
1
TUBITAK MAM Energy Institute, Electrical Power Technologies Group
2
Middle East Technical University, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
Corresponding email: kahraman.ozgur@tubitak.gov.tr
*Corresponding author: zgr Kahraman

ABSTRACT
As a main rule of electricity grid, the balance of generation and demand must be maintained. The system
operators execute Unit Commitment (UC) process in day-ahead market in order to fulll this aim. The Security
Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) algorithm creates optimal hourly schedules for generators with minimum
total electricity generation cost considering the forecasted hourly demands for the next day and the generation
offers while satisfying the constraints of generators and transmission system.

In this paper, SCUC considering PV power plants is studied. The increasing number of PV power plants and
governmental regulations targeting 20% and above Renewable Energy Sources (RES) share of the total energy
urge the analysis of the impact of large capacities of RES to electricity market and generation cost. Taking this as
the main motivation, the SCUC algorithm is modied and applied on the IEEE 118 Bus Test System. The capacity
of PV power plants and connection buses are determined using references from the literature, and the test system
is modied by placing these plants to the relevant buses. A method for reducing curtailment (Curtailment Penalty
Price (CPP)) is introduced and the applicability is veried.

Keywords: Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC), Day-Ahead Market, Curtailment Compensation, High
PV Penetration.

1. INTRODUCTION
The tendency towards Renewable Energy Sources (RES) has considerably increased due to increasing energy
demand, diminishing fossil fuels and their carbon emissions leading adverse environmental impact. This interest
leads the renewable energy investment in both low voltage side as distributed generation and transmission side
with large capacities of RES integration. This fact leads energy authorities to make regulations for increasing the
RES ratio in total installed capacity such as the California and the European Union (EU) examples. In California, the
RES ratio in total installed capacity is targeted to reach 33%, and also the EU-28 countries have a target of reaching
20% of RES in the Gross Final Energy Consumption (GFEC) ratio by 2020 [1], [2].

The increasing interest in RES requires the integration of RES into the UC algorithm which results a state of the art
topic for UC researches. The two main concerns that exist for RES integration are modeling the intermittency and
varying behavior of RES, and the effect of large RES capacities. The state of the art UC method in literature and
industrial appliances is Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) that nds the optimal generator schedule
with minimum total electricity generation cost considering the constraints of generators and transmission system.
The difference of SCUC from conventional UC is that it considers the transmission network limitations while
determining the on/off states of generating units and power outputs.

Current studies of SCUC considering RES are focused on developing a robust SCUC algorithm which includes
wind power characteristics and variable load, and give optimal schedule for generators with minimal cost [3],
[4], [5], [6]. The impact of different size of wind capacity (including 40% wind capacity over total) on SCUC, wind
curtailment, total generation cost and reserve requirements are also examined in [6]. The reason is explicit since
the most available intermittent type of RES in the USA is the wind energy (hydropower and biomass are excluded)
[7], and a number of ISOs utilize the SCUC algorithm in order to nd the optimal day-ahead schedule [8], [9], [10],
[11].

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On the other hand, it is claimed that the solar energy including Photovoltaics (PV), Concentrated PV (CPV) and
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) will be the worlds largest source of electricity by reaching 4,600 GW total installed
capacity by 2050 [12]. The total installed capacity of solar power is 227 GW by 2015 [13], and the total installed
capacity of electricity is about 5,550 GW by 2012 with an approxrimate yearly increment rate of 200 GW [14]. As
the PV capacity increases, the intermittency can cause system instability because of the technical constraints of
generators and transmission system, and this leads curtailment of available RES energy [3], [4]. The curtailment
leads undesired operation of PV which means that the generation company employing PV electricity generation
facilities limits its generation even there is excess of electrical energy that could be injected to the grid. Therefore,
this situation reduces the income of PV companies and acts as an obstacle against the renewable energy ratio
targets.

In this study, the relation between the curtailed energy and the size of PV power plants are examined. In addition,
the impact of curtailment penalty price on the reduction of PV curtailment is evaluated which can enable higher
capacities of PV power plants to be connected to the grid and paves the way for achievement of the targeted RES
penetration.

Methodology including denitions and modications on SCUC, case studies are given in chapter 2. In chapter 3,
results of the case studies are provided. Discussions on the results considering the curtailment amounts of energy
and daily electricity generation costs are given in chapter 4.

2. METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDIES

2.1. SCUC DEFINITION

The SCUC algorithm is used by the system operators in day-ahead market. It solves the optimization problem
having an objective (minimizing) function which is the sum of operational, no load, start up and shut down costs
of generators. The SCUC algorithm utilizes information which are submitted by generator companies and system
operators such as technical characteristics of generating units as well as system constraints (load generation
balance and network constraints) to derive a solution that ensures security of the system and maximizes social
welfare; and it runs for 24 hours of next day by matching the hourly demands and generations, and allocating
hourly required reserves while considering the constraints of generators and requirements of transmission system.

2.2. CURTAILMENT OCCURRENCE IN THE SCOPE OF SCUC CONSTRAINTS

The SCUC algorithm minimizes any additional costs that can occur in the presence of PV power plants. This cost
elimination can yield curtailment (limitation) of PV generation even there is potential for more generation. In this
section, the reasons of PV curtailment are discussed.

The constraints of the SCUC algorithm are grouped under three subtitles as follows:
Cost constraints of generators:
Start up and shut down costs,
Operating (including no load) costs.

System constraints and requirements:

Transmission line limitations,
Reserve requirements.

Technical constraints of generators:

Minimum up and down times,
Ramp up and down rates,
Minimum generation amounts.

The technical constraints of generators, and requirements and constraints of transmission system can make the
SCUC algorithm to commit more number of generators or more expensive generators compared with the case
without PV energy which bring extra cost in terms of start up, shut down and operational costs in the presence of
PV generation. This cost increment yields curtailments even it is technically feasible to increase the utilization of PV
energy. As given in the lists above, the technical limitations on increasing PV penetration level are the transmission

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line capacities and slow responsive conventional generators; and since the SCUC algorithm starts curtailing the
PV energy before reaching these limits, a method can be introduced in the SCUC algorithm for reducing the PV
curtailment. This is the reason that yields the idea of adding curtailment penalty price to the SCUC algorithm since
the penalty price yields more cost while the curtailed amount of RES/PV increases, and analyzing its effect on cost
increment and curtailment reduction for different PV penetration levels.

2.3. SUMMARY OF THE STANDARD AND THE MODIFIED SCUC PROBLEMS

The SCUC algorithm is designed for conventional bulk generators, and therefore, the equations for constraints
and generation characteristics are specic for thermal, nuclear or large hydropower generators [15]. However,
the characteristics of PV power plants deviate from the conventional generators such as varying output levels with
time, and intermittent nature and uncertain generation values. Therefore, in order to run the algorithm including
PV power plants, some modications on the constraints are made. In addition, in order to include the curtailment
penalty price, additional modications on the constraints and objective function are made. The complete SCUC
problem is summarized including the objective function and the constraints considered. The notations that are
used in the objective function are given as follows:

cit : Operational cost for unit i at hour t (including no load cost),

CSUit : Total start up cost for unit i at hour t,
CSDit : Total shut down cost for unit i at hour t.
PCurtpvt : Curtailed power of PV power plant pvth at hour t,
cpp : Curtailment Penalty Price,

The objective function is:

(2.1)

The list of constraints considered are given below:

Operational costs of generators,
Variable start-up and shut-down costs of generators,
Capacity limits of generators,
Operating and spinning reserve requirements of the network,
Ramp up and down constraints of generators,
Minimum up and down time constraints of generators,
Load balance and reserve requirements,
Transmission Line and DC Load Flow Constraints.

The modied SCUC algorithm differs in objective function since it includes the curtailment penalty price and
given as follows:

(2.2)

with additional four new constraints:

Hourly generation constraints of PV generation,
Modied balance constraint of generation and demand with PV,
Modied transmission line and DC load ow constraints with PV,
Curtailment Penalty Price (CPP) constraint.

Detailed formulations and algorithms can be found in the correspoding M.Sc. Thesis study given in [16].
2.4. CASE STUDIES
The IEEE 118 Bus Test System, which has 54 generators, 186 branches and 91 load sides, is used as a test system
[15], [17]. The total installed capacity of this system is 9.9 GW, and the total daily energy consumption is 95,792
MWh.

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The SCUC algorithm requires constraints and technical characteristics of the generators, the transmission system
as well as the 24 hour load data, and the generation offers. The required data are available within the IEEE 118
Bus Test System such as the annual or monthly average load data for 24 hours and generation offers, except the
hourly generation amounts of PV power plants. Therefore, two sets of hourly PV generations are created for most
probable and intermittent proles.

There are three simulation scenarios which are based on daily SCUC analysis.
Scenario A (Base Case): Daily SCUC analysis with conventional generators. PV power plants are not connected.
Scenario B (Sc. B): Daily SCUC analysis in the presence of PV power plants.
Scenario C (Sc. C): Daily SCUC analysis in the presence of PV power plants and curtailment penalty price (CPP).

Both scenarios B and C are run under two cases:

Case 1: General (most probable) 24 hours PV generation values are used.
Case 2: Modied (possible worst case) 24 hours PV generation values are used which bring sudden changes in
generated power.

Table 1 highlights the structure of performed tests. For Test 1, the SCUC algorithm runs for two cases each of
which contains Scenarios B and C. Totally, four different analyses are run on the test system with three PV power
plants each of which has 50 MW capacity at the beginning and connected to buses number 14, 54 and 95. The
four different analyses with three PV power plants are run for 24 different PV capacities which make 4*24=96
analyses, and also considering the base case (without PV), there are 97 SCUC analyses. The total number of
analyses for other tests are determined similarly.

For the methodology; a modular and parametric SCUC algorithm is developed and tested on the IEEE 118 Bus
Test System. The technical parameters of transmission network and generators are taken from the IEEE model. The
24 hours PV generation data is created by using software provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL). 529 SCUC problem les containing the IEEE 118 Bus Test System with different number and size of PV
power plants are created for seven tests each of which includes two scenarios under two cases. The problem les
are solved by using optimization software.

Table 1. Summary of Conducted Tests

No. of PV Connection CPP Value ($/
Test Included Capacity of each No. of Different Total
Power Buses of PV MWh) in
No. Analyses PV Power Plant PV Capacities No. of Analyses
Plants Power Plants Sc. C
1 (Base Case) + 50+50k (k=0,..,5),
(Case 1 - Sc. B and C) + 3 14, 54, 95 325+25k (k=0,..,17) 24 80 97
(Case 2 - Sc. B and C)
2 (Case 1 - Sc. B and C) + 50+50k (k=0,..,5),
(Case 2 - Sc. B and C) 3 15, 54, 96 325+25k (k=0,..,17) 24 80 96
3 (Case 1 - Sc. B and C) + 5, 15, 23, 50+50k (k=0,..,7),
(Case 2 - Sc. B and C) 5 49, 85 425+25k (k=0,..,15) 24 80 96
4 (Case 1 - Sc. B and C) + 5, 15, 23, 49, 59, 50+50k (k=0,..,7),
(Case 2 - Sc. B and C) 8 77, 85, 92 425+25k (k=0,..,15) 24 80 96
5 (Case 1 - Sc. C) + 5, 15, 23, 49, 59, 50+50k (k=0,..,7),
(Case 2 - Sc. C) 8 77, 85, 92 425+25k (k=0,..,15) 24 40 48
6 (Case 1 - Sc. C) + 5, 15, 23, 49, 59, 50+50k (k=0,..,7),
(Case 2 - Sc. C) 8 77, 85, 92 425+25k (k=0,..,15) 24 160 48
7 (Case 1 - Sc. C) + 5, 15, 23, 49, 59, 50+50k (k=0,..,7),
(Case 2 - Sc. C) 8 77, 85, 92 425+25k (k=0,..,15) 24 320 48

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3. RESULTS

3.1. GROUP 1
The seven tests are grouped under two subtitles depending on their scope. The rst group consists of Tests 1,
2, 3 and 4 which have different PV penetration levels with non-decreasing number of connection buses to the
test system. The second group consists of Tests 4, 5, 6 and 7 in which all the conducted tests have the same
conguration with Test 4 but have different CPP. In this section some abbreviations are used for reducing the
complexity of the text which are listed as follows:

Scenario B - Case 1: B1, Scenario B - Case 2: B2,

Scenario C - Case 1: C1, Scenario C - Case 2: C2.

Test results are given in tabular form. Some terms which are used in the tables are dened below:

Total Curtailed PV (MWh): Amount of daily total curtailed PV energy.

Percentage of Reduction in PV Curtailment (Sc. C): is obtained by dividing the difference between the curtailed
energies of Scenarios B and C to the curtailed energy in Scenario B.

Percentage of Reduction in PV Curtailment (T5, T6, T7): is obtained by dividing the differences between the
curtailed energies in Test 4 - Scenario B and Tests 5, 6 and 7 - Scenario C to the curtailed energy in Test 4 - Scenario
B.

Percentage of Cost Increment (Sc. C): is obtained by dividing the difference between the costs for Scenarios C
and B to the cost for Scenario B.

Percentage of Cost Increment (T5, T6, T7): is obtained by dividing the differences between the costs for Tests 5, 6
and 7 - Scenario C and Test 4 - Scenario B to the cost for Test 4 - Scenario B.

3.1.1. TEST 1
There are three PV generators connected to buses number 14, 54, and 95, which are the selected buses in [5] for
wind power generation with capacities providing up to 21.7% of the total daily energy demand of the IEEE 118
Bus Test System.

In order to observe the penetration level effect of PV, the total capacity of three PV generators is varied from 150
MW to 2,250 MW with an increment amount of 150 MW until 900 MW capacity, and from 975 MW to 2,250 MW
with an increment amount of 75 MW. The ratio of 2,250 MW maximum PV capacity to the total installed capacity is
18.4%. The ratio of 11,205 MWh total maximum daily PV energy to the daily energy consumption is 11.7% if there
is no curtailment.

In Test 1, 97 daily SCUC analyses which consist of four different analyses for 24 different PV capacities and a
base case are conducted. It is observed from the results of Test 1 that the CPP did not yield dramatic curtailment
reductions. By inspecting the reason for such high amounts of curtailments, it is noticed that the PV generation
may have been curtailed at the connection buses since the buses of three PV Power plants are selected the same
as in [5]. The PV capacity is needed to be more than the wind power even for the less energy ratio 11.7% since the
PV energy is not available for 24 hours. The connection buses in Test 1 which are 15, 54 and 95 are examined and
it is observed that the transmission lines connected to these buses have 1,200, 1,050 and 350 MW total capacities,
respectively. Since the maximum PV capacity for one PV power plant is 750 MW in Test 1, test is repeated with
different connection bus.

3.1.2. TEST 2
Test 2 has the same structure with Test 1 except the connection bus 95 is changed to bus 96 for which the
connected transmission lines have 875 MW total capacity. In B1, the maximum PV capacity with zero curtailment is
observed as 1,425 MW, and by CPP in C1 this capacity is increased to 1,800 MW with 0.02% increase on total cost.
The maximum reduction in curtailed energy is 208 MWh for 2,250 MW PV capacity with 2.17%. cost increment.

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Table 2. Test 2 Case 1 Table 3. Test 2 Case 2
Tot. PV Tot. Tot. Curt. Tot. Cost Tot. Cost Cost Tot. PV Tot. Tot. Curt. Tot. Cost Tot. Cost Cost
Cap. Curt. Curt. Reduc. (Sc. B) (Sc. C) Inc. Cap. Curt. Curt. Reduc. (Sc. B) (Sc. C) Inc.
(MW) (Sc. B) (Sc. C) (%) ($) ($) (%) (MW) (Sc. B) (Sc. C) (%) ($) ($) (%)
(MWh) (MWh) (MWh) (MWh)
150 0 0 - 1,608,521 1,608,484 0.00 150 0 0 - 1,615,935 1,615,994 0.00
300 0 0 - 1,591,228 1,591,278 0.00 300 0 0 - 1,605,944 1,605,945 0.00
450 0 0 - 1,574,475 1,574,479 0.00 450 0 0 - 1,596,128 1,596,127 0.00
600 0 0 - 1,557,912 1,557,950 0.00 600 0 0 - 1,586,530 1,586,533 0.00
750 0 0 - 1,541,641 1,541,684 0.00 750 0 0 - 1,577,078 1,577,049 0.00
900 0 0 - 1,525,811 1,525,784 0.00 900 0 0 - 1,568,129 1,568,084 0.00
975 0 0 - 1,518,006 1,518,006 0.00 975 0 0 - 1,563,900 1,563,832 0.00
1050 0 0 - 1,510,470 1,510,419 0.00 1050 0 0 - 1,559,680 1,559,664 0.00
1125 0 0 - 1,502,995 1,503,016 0.00 1125 0 0 - 1,555,595 1,555,616 0.00
1200 0 0 - 1,495,718 1,495,646 0.00 1200 0 0 - 1,551,599 1,551,559 0.00
1275 0 0 - 1,488,537 1,488,545 0.00 1275 1 0 100.00 1,547,707 1,547,681 0.00
1350 0 0 - 1,481,484 1,481,444 0.00 1350 28 0 100.00 1,543,853 1,543,799 0.00
1425 0 0 - 1,474,470 1,474,456 0.00 1425 36 0 100.00 1,540,063 1,540,056 0.00
1500 3 0 100.00 1,467,607 1,467,604 0.00 1500 65 0 100.00 1,536,360 1,536,460 0.00
1575 13 0 100.00 1,460,894 1,460,928 0.00 1575 106 0 100.00 1,532,789 1,533,107 0.02
1650 18 0 100.00 1,454,211 1,454,247 0.00 1650 155 0 100.00 1,529,300 1,530,202 0.06
1725 25 0 100.00 1,447,601 1,447,706 0.00 1725 229 10 95.63 1,525,944 1,527,886 0.13
1800 52 0 100.00 1,441,271 1,441,629 0.02 1800 316 0 100.00 1,522,642 1,526,193 0.23
1875 124 9 92.74 1,435,172 1,436,870 0.12 1875 380 15 96.05 1,519,298 1,526,364 0.47
1950 153 31 79.74 1,429,043 1,434,367 0.37 1950 437 73 83.30 1,516,100 1,527,660 0.76
2025 209 97 53.59 1,423,006 1,433,513 0.74 2025 479 121 74.74 1,512,934 1,529,022 1.06
2100 314 171 45.54 1,417,332 1,433,819 1.16 2100 526 172 67.30 1,509,904 1,530,590 1.37
2175 420 255 39.29 1,411,791 1,435,624 1.69 2175 579 218 62.35 1,507,079 1,532,464 1.68
2250 549 341 37.89 1,406,405 1,436,881 2.17 2250 670 269 59.85 1,504,445 1,534,702 2.01

The curtailment reductions are more in Case 2 compared with Case 1, and the cost increments are less. Therefore,
it can be said that the CPP effect on curtailment reduction is more when the PV generation has intermittent
characteristics.

The maximum PV capacity with zero curtailment in B2 is 1,200 MW, and this capacity is increased to 1,800 MW
by the help of CPP in C2 with 0.23% cost increment. The maximum reduction in curtailed energy is 401 MWh for
2,250 MW PV capacity with 2.01% cost increment.

By comparing the maximum PV capacities with zero curtailment for B1, B2, C1 and C2 in Test 2 with the capacities
in Test 1 which are 1,050 MW in B1 and B2, and 1,125 MW in C1 and C2, it is observed that the maximum PV
capacities with zero curtailment are greatly increased.

The curtailment penalty price not only decreases the curtailed PV energy but also keeps it zero until 1,800 MW for
both cases as seen in Tables 2 and 3. Although the curtailment penalty price increases the cost when curtailment
occurs, considering the reduction in curtailed amount of PV energy the cost increment may be acceptable.

3.1.3. TEST 3
In this test, the number of PV generators is increased to ve and connection buses (5, 15, 23, 49, and 85) are
selected considering the transmission capacity and closeness to the load buses. The PV capacity is varied from 250
MW to 2,000 MW with increment amount of 250 MW, and 2,125 MW to 4,000 MW with increment amount of 125
MW for each PV generator. This conguration yields 28.6% maximum installed capacity ratio and 20.8% maximum
daily energy ratio provided that there is no curtailment. With this test, for the same PV capacity amounts with Test
2, the effect of allocating PV generation to higher number of buses on generation costs and PV curtailments are
examined.

- 114 -
As the dispersion of PV generation is increased by having more number of PV power plants, the total PV capacity
with zero curtailment is increased to 2,000 MW in B1 and 2,625 MW in C1 with 0.54% cost increment. It is also
observed that the curtailment reductions for the PV penetration levels more than 3,250 MW are signicantly low
and the corresponding costs increase with higher rate compared with costs increments of less PV penetration
levels.

It is also observed that the curtailment reductions for the PV penetration levels more than 3,250 MW are signicantly
low and the corresponding costs increase with higher rate compared with costs increments of less PV penetration
levels.

Table 4. Test 3 Case 1 Table 5. Test 3 Case 2

Tot. PV Tot. Tot. Curt. Tot. Cost Tot. Cost Cost Tot. PV Tot. Tot. Curt. Tot. Cost Tot. Cost Cost
Cap. Curt. Curt. Reduc. (Sc. B) (Sc. C) Inc. Cap. Curt. Curt. Reduc. (Sc. B) (Sc. C) Inc.
(MW) (Sc. B) (Sc. C) (%) ($) ($) (%) (MW) (Sc. B) (Sc. C) (%) ($) ($) (%)
(MWh) (MWh) (MWh) (MWh)
250 0 0 - 1,596,866 1,596,879 0.00 250 0 0 - 1,609,243 1,609,267 0.00
500 0 0 - 1,568,905 1,568,890 0.00 500 0 0 - 1,592,973 1,592,940 0.00
750 0 0 - 1,541,655 1,541,696 0.00 750 0 0 - 1,576,997 1,577,011 0.00
1000 0 0 - 1,515,150 1,515,157 0.00 1000 0 0 - 1,562,056 1,562,025 0.00
1250 0 0 - 1,489,568 1,489,546 0.00 1250 0 0 - 1,547,750 1,547,720 0.00
1500 0 0 - 1,464,965 1,464,974 0.00 1500 0 0 - 1,534,261 1,534,261 0.00
1750 0 0 - 1,441,247 1,441,244 0.00 1750 123 0 100.00 1,522,638 1,523,086 0.03
2000 0 0 - 1,418,819 1,418,830 0.00 2000 372 1 99.73 1,512,259 1,516,477 0.28
2125 26 0 100.00 1,408,279 1,408,336 0.00 2125 512 19 96.29 1,507,460 1,516,326 0.59
2250 80 0 100.00 1,397,966 1,399,250 0.09 2250 667 78 88.31 1,502,951 1,518,358 1.03
2375 79 0 100.00 1,388,242 1,390,382 0.15 2375 866 141 83.72 1,498,681 1,521,713 1.54
2500 196 0 100.00 1,378,819 1,384,729 0.43 2500 1070 257 75.98 1,494,698 1,528,726 2.28
2625 354 0 100.00 1,370,054 1,377,496 0.54 2625 1302 381 70.74 1,490,815 1,537,007 3.10
2750 474 108 77.22 1,361,782 1,376,027 1.05 2750 1538 542 64.76 1,487,023 1,546,835 4.02
2875 604 258 57.28 1,353,831 1,378,528 1.82 2875 1813 704 61.17 1,483,223 1,557,240 4.99
3000 728 442 39.29 1,346,109 1,384,441 2.85 3000 2022 868 57.07 1,479,539 1,568,078 5.98
3125 978 628 35.79 1,338,576 1,390,464 3.88 3125 2264 1029 54.55 1,476,102 1,579,894 7.03
3250 1290 831 35.58 1,331,685 1,399,391 5.08 3250 2578 1221 52.64 1,472,674 1,593,989 8.24
3375 1190 1096 7.90 1,324,775 1,415,363 6.84 3375 2869 1458 49.18 1,469,454 1,610,260 9.58
3500 1527 1404 8.06 1,317,931 1,433,287 8.75 3500 3155 1704 45.99 1,466,147 1,626,985 10.97
3625 1885 1738 7.80 1,311,555 1,453,101 10.79 3625 3441 1955 43.19 1,463,098 1,643,958 12.36
3750 2259 2093 7.35 1,305,748 1,477,229 13.13 3750 3741 2192 41.41 1,459,978 1,661,338 13.79
3875 2653 2515 5.20 1,299,996 1,503,764 15.67 3875 4058 2470 39.13 1,456,918 1,680,544 15.35
4000 3110 2917 6.21 1,294,802 1,530,951 18.24 4000 4294 2740 36.19 1,453,899 1,700,962 16.99

This is so, because the limitations of transmission lines and/or generators are reached. The curtailed energies are
signicantly reduced with very small cost increments such as elimination of 354 MWh curtailed energy by 0.54%
cost increment for 2,625 MW PV capacity. The maximum reduction in curtailed energy, 459 MWh, is achieved for
3,250 MW PV capacity with 5.08% cost increment.

In Case 2, the curtailment reductions increase compared with Case 1 since the CPP is more effective when the
PV generation is intermittent. In comparison with Table 3, it is observed that the total curtailed energies for the
same PV capacities are lower. This is the result of having more number of PV power plants which enable more
transmission lines to be utilized. The curtailed energies are signicantly reduced with small cost increments such
as elimination of 813 MWh curtailed energy by 2.28% cost increment for 2,500 MW PV capacity. The maximum
reduction in curtailed energy 1,588 MWh, is achieved for 3,875 MW PV capacity with 15.35% cost increment.

- 115 -
3.1.4. TEST 4
In this test, the number of PV generators is increased to eight and connection buses (5, 15, 23, 49, 59, 77, 85, and
92) are also selected considering the transmission capacity and closeness to the load buses. The PV capacity is
varied from 400 MW to 3,200 MW with increment amount of 400MW, and 3,400 MW to 6,400 MW with increment
amount of 200 MW for each PV generator. This conguration yields 39.1% maximum installed capacity ratio and
33.2% maximum daily energy ratio if there is no curtailment. With this test, for the same PV capacity amounts with
Tests 2 and 3, the effects of allocation of PV generation to more number of buses on generation costs and PV
curtailments are examined.

In Case 1, the percentages of curtailment reduction decrease dramatically for PV penetration levels more than
4,400 MW. This shows that the limitations of transmission system and/or generators are reached. By comparing
Tables 6 and 4, it is observed that the curtailed amounts for the same or almost the same PV capacities are less
in Table 6 which is the result of having the same PV capacity from more number of PV power plants. In B1, the
maximum PV capacity with zero curtailment is observed as 3,200 MW, and this capacity increase to 3,600 MW in
C1 with 0.09% cost increment. The maximum reduction in curtailed energy, 678 MWh, is achieved for 4,400 MW
PV capacity with 2.77% cost increment.

In B2, the curtailment starts at 2,000 MW which is less than B1 and there is no 100% curtailment reduction
percentage in C2. This much of curtailment is the result of intermittency since the intermittent characteristics of PV
generation requires fast responsive generators for compensation and yield more curtailment. In Table 6, for 4,000
MW PV capacity there is almost no curtailment in C1, but for the same capacity in C2, even with the curtailment
penalty price, the curtailed energy is 2,121 MWh as seen in Table 7 which may lead an economically unfeasible
situation.

Table 6. Test 4 Case 1 Table 7. Test 4 Case 2

Tot. PV Tot. Tot. Curt. Tot. Cost Tot. Cost Cost Tot. PV Tot. Tot. Curt. Tot. Cost Tot. Cost Cost
Cap. Curt. Curt. Reduc. (Sc. B) (Sc. C) Inc. Cap. Curt. Curt. Reduc. (Sc. B) (Sc. C) Inc.
(MW) (Sc. B) (Sc. C) (%) ($) ($) (%) (MW) (Sc. B) (Sc. C) (%) ($) ($) (%)
(MWh) (MWh) (MWh) (MWh)
400 0 0 - 1,580,043 1,580,021 0.00 400 0 0 - 1,599,390 1,599,418 0.00
800 0 0 - 1,536,365 1,536,311 0.00 800 0 0 - 1,573,990 1,573,997 0.00
1200 0 0 - 1,494,614 1,494,548 0.00 1200 0 0 - 1,550,532 1,550,517 0.00
1600 0 0 - 1,455,221 1,455,191 0.00 1600 0 0 - 1,528,821 1,528,792 0.00
2000 0 0 - 1,417,161 1,417,162 0.00 2000 158 1 99.37 1,510,513 1,511,922 0.09
2400 0 0 - 1,380,722 1,380,719 0.00 2400 788 109 86.17 1,496,219 1,515,095 1.26
2800 0 0 - 1,346,398 1,346,422 0.00 2800 1385 413 70.18 1,482,554 1,531,703 3.32
3200 0 0 - 1,314,302 1,314,285 0.00 3200 2102 776 63.08 1,470,996 1,562,211 6.20
3400 45 0 100.00 1,299,248 1,299,207 0.00 3400 2557 1083 57.65 1,465,520 1,584,443 8.11
3600 111 0 100.00 1,284,798 1,285,898 0.09 3600 3022 1417 53.11 1,460,029 1,607,743 10.12
3800 144 6 95.83 1,271,129 1,275,605 0.35 3800 3390 1781 47.46 1,454,751 1,631,749 12.17
4000 357 9 97.48 1,258,270 1,266,270 0.64 4000 3834 2121 44.68 1,449,558 1,657,860 14.37
4200 641 103 83.93 1,246,651 1,263,578 1.36 4200 4257 2563 39.79 1,444,559 1,686,554 16.75
4400 1012 334 67.00 1,235,648 1,269,887 2.77 4400 4679 2985 36.20 1,439,695 1,716,340 19.22
4600 1075 678 36.93 1,224,831 1,282,584 4.72 4600 5092 3413 32.97 1,435,119 1,746,378 21.69
4800 1491 947 36.49 1,214,709 1,300,178 7.04 4800 5532 3845 30.50 1,430,772 1,776,726 24.18
5000 1946 1394 28.37 1,205,311 1,321,061 9.60 5000 5954 4293 27.90 1,426,722 1,807,195 26.67
5200 2352 1888 19.73 1,196,224 1,350,417 12.89 5200 6480 4715 27.24 1,422,983 1,838,692 29.21
5400 2980 2432 18.39 1,187,867 1,386,622 16.73 5400 7069 5186 26.64 1,419,350 1,871,584 31.86
5600 3433 3074 10.46 1,179,756 1,428,793 21.11 5600 7628 5638 26.09 1,415,820 1,905,992 34.62
5800 4100 3780 7.80 1,172,356 1,477,843 26.06 5800 8146 6085 25.30 1,412,241 1,941,854 37.50
6000 4858 4511 7.14 1,165,374 1,529,768 31.27 6000 8761 6631 24.31 1,408,740 1,980,177 40.56
6200 5602 5267 5.98 1,158,652 1,582,978 36.62 6200 9351 7165 23.38 1,405,250 2,020,523 43.78
6400 6161 6023 2.24 1,152,267 1,636,606 42.03 6400 9872 7712 21.88 1,401,867 2,061,550 47.06

- 116 -
In Case 2, the curtailed energies are signicantly reduced with low cost increments such as elimination of 1,326
MWh curtailed energy by 6.20% cost increment for 3,200 MW PV capacity. The maximum reduction in curtailed
energy, 2,186 MWh, is achieved for 6,200 PV capacity with 43.78% cost increment.

3.2. GROUP 2
In this section, the results of the second group of tests are summarized and compared in graphical form. In Figure
1, the daily 24 hour total amount of curtailed PV energies for varying CPP and PV capacities in Tests 4 to 7 Case
1 and Case 2 are given. In Figure 2, the daily 24 hour total electricity generation costs for varying CPP and PV
capacities in Tests 4 to 7 Case 1 and Case 2 are given.

Figure 1. Curtailments for Varying CPP and PV Capacities in Tests 4 to 7

When the CPP is reduced to 40 $/MWh in Test 5 C1, the amounts of curtailed energy are nearly the same with
Test 4 C1. However, in Case 2, the curtailments in T5 C2 are more compared with Test 4 C2. Therefore, it can be
said that greater CPP does not have dramatic effect on reducing curtailment when there is no intermittency in PV
generation, and a lower CPP mostly affects Case 2 where the PV generation data has intermittency. It is observed
that the costs in both Case 1 and Case 2 for Tests 4 to 7 increase by increasing CPP while the PV penetration levels
are increasing, as expected. Moreover, the cost increments in Case 2 are more since the PV generations are low
and there are more curtailment compared with Case 1. Since the curtailed energies for Test 5 C1 and Test 4 C1
are nearly the same and the total costs are slightly less in Test 5 C1 compared with Test 4 C1, it can be said that
there is no need to increase the CPP for more curtailment reductions in Case 1.

Figure 2. Costs for Varying CPP and PV Capacities in Tests 4 to 7

In Test 5 C2, the costs are less compared with Test 4 C2 since there is no dramatic increment on the curtailed
energies and the CPP is lower. In Test 6 C1, the curtailed energies are nearly the same with Test 4 C1. However,
the costs increase dramatically compared with Tests 4 and 5 C1 since the CPP is increased to 160 $/MWh. In Test
6 C2, there are small decrements in curtailed energy compared with Test 4 C2, but since the CPP is increased
the total costs increase dramatically compared with Test 4 C2 with the increasing total PV capacity. In Test 7 C1
and C2, the curtailed energies of PV energy are nearly the same with the values in Test 6. However, the costs are
more compared with Test 6 since the CPP is greater.

- 117 -
4. DISCUSSION
It is observed that the increasing PV generation reduces the cost but the PV capacity can reach to a level that may
not be economically feasible to implement because of the curtailment of available PV energy. The curtailment
penalty price reduces the curtailed energy with very low increment in the cost which can enable higher capacities
of PV energy to be injected to the grid within the constraints of generators and transmission system.

The percentages of curtailment reductions and corresponding cost increments from B1 to C1 and B2 to C2
validate the use of curtailment penalty price. For instance, the maximum installed PV capacity with zero curtailment
increases with cost decrements by 375 MW, 625 MW and 400 MW in Tests 2, 3 and 4 Case 1, respectively; 600 MW
and 250 MW in Tests 2 and 3 Case 2, respectively. Moreover, reducing considerable amounts of PV curtailments
with acceptable increments on costs also validate the use of CPP. For example, 354 MWh, 503 MWh and 921 MWh
curtailed PV energies are eliminated with 0.54%, 0.59% and 3.10% cost increments in Test 3 - Case 1 and Case 2,
respectively. By changing the CPP, the relation between the curtailed energies and the CPP is examined, and it is
observed that the higher CPPs are mostly effective when the PV generation data has intermittent characteristics,
and higher CPP cannot yield greater reductions in curtailment for all cases since it depends on the constraints of
generators and the system requirements.

5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the effect of PV penetration level on Security Constrained Unit Commitment is evaluated with the
motivation of increasing interest on PV energy and the RES energy targets for the future. The technical characteristics
of PV generators are integrated to the SCUC algorithm.

The constraints of generators and transmission system including requirements of transmission system such as
reserves yields curtailment of PV energy in SCUC schedules because of requiring commitment of more number
of generators or more expensive generators which may result more cost compared to the case without PV. The
curtailment of available PV energy can be reduced by introducing CPP and adding it as an additional constraint
into the SCUC algorithm. The CPP forces the SCUC algorithm to minimize the curtailment by bringing extra cost
for existence of curtailment which becomes effective when the curtailment cost is more than the additional costs
of required commitments of more number of generators or more expensive generators.

In conclusion, the inclusion of CPP is observed to be a method to increase the utilization of PVs with low increments
on the cost that can be applied by system operators before upgrading the capacities of transmission lines and
forcing conventional generators to be fast responsive considering the technical constraints.

The modied SCUC algorithm is modular and parametric. It can be adopted to any transmission grid. For the
system operators, it can provide valuable insight concerning the impact of large capacities of PV power plants to
unit commitment and enabling higher capacities of PV power plants for increasing RES ratio in electricity generation
by making them economically feasible. In addition, the CPP can be integrated to stochastic SCUC algorithms as
a dynamic constraint (or hourly dynamic constraint) and optimal CPP can be determined for different or desired
PV penetration levels by considering the intensity of PV intermittency and load variations in one complete SCUC
problem.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study is conducted in the scope of M.Sc. Thesis in Electrical and Electronics Engineering: METU, February
2016.

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REFERENCES
1. Eurostat, Share of renewables in energy consumption up to 15% in the EU in 2013, [Online]. Available:
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/6734513/8-10032015-AP-EN.pdf/3a8c018d-3d9f-4f1d-
95ad-832ed3a20a6b. [Accessed: May 20, 2015].
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0053 - INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS VIA TECHNICAL
SURVEYING OF SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR NIDE REGION
Tufan Sak, ada Gnen*, Emine Erman Kara
mer Halisdemir University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Nide, Trkiye
Corresponding email: cagdas.gonen@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: ada Gnen

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to investigate the application potential and availability of Solar and Wind energy technologies
for Nide city. Their energy potential, application availability, positive and negative aspect for environment and
also initial investment and operational costs were investigated for both technologies at this study. Nigde has an
advantage of high sun radiation and long day-light time thanks to the geographical positioning of the country
and the city as a gift. Thats why solar power plant investigation is applicable in terms of technical and economical
for the Nigde. The calculation of Solar power plant project by matching land use maps and solar radiation maps
shows that only 3,40% of land, which is non-agricultural and degraded forest land, is sufcient to meet the energy
consumption (984.394 MWh/year) of Nigde. If this solar power plant was built, it could be save 365.000 Ton CO2/
year. Additionally, in long term, it could be promote sustainable and economic development of the country by
local, unlimited and renewable energy source usage.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Sustainable Development, Eco-Friendly, Nide.

1. INTRODUCTION
Energy production support both continuation of the human life and increase life standard. Since the sources
type, which are utilize for the energy production, and energy production methods, new ecological conditions
have been occurred and they directly and indirectly affect dangerously both human life and natural conditions.
Especially, the issue of the impact of energy use on global warming and wildlife are discussed by scientist and
technology institutions and energy production from conventional energy sources are examined. It is clearly known
that developed countries shifted to renewable and ecofriendly energy sources, because, in near future, petrol
derivative energy sources will be unavailable and cause irreversible environmental impacts.

Main problem of the developed and under developed countries does not meet the increase energy demand
of their countries. To meet this demand, they look for new energy sources or new international energy trade
arrangement. Also same situation are present at Turkey and using renewable energy sources with their unlimited
energy potential are of importance for Turkey, both economic reasons and foreign independence. At this context,
it is obvious that the evaluation of solar and wind power energy sources will be benecial for Turkey. In this search,
solar and wind power technologies were analyses in terms of economically, environmentally and availability
of application for Nide city in Turkey. Also it was aimed that to point the best application potential of these
renewable energy sources.

Primary economic income of the Nide city is agricultural applications. 35,35% of the land is used for agricultural
applications and 32% of the population work in agricultural industry. Potatoes, apple and cereals are major
agricultural products. Livestock application is developed thanks to wide grassland which is 44% of the lands [1].

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Energy Production and consumption values information of Turkey and Nide city from Directorate of Renewable
Energy (YEGM), Turkish Statistical Institute (TK) and Turkey electricity Transmission Company (TEA) is given;
while Turkey annual electricity consumption is 257.220,1 GWh, annual electricity production is 251.962,8 GWh.
Annual electricity consumption of Nide 984.394 MWh (984,4 GWh) which is 0,50% of Turkey consumption.
Installed power of Nide is 10,35 MW and it is equal to 0,01% of Turkeys installed capacity [2]. In addition to that
other energy sources of Nide city are hydraulic power plant and thermal power plant which installed capacity are
0,069 MW and 10,28 MW respectively[3].

In common, energy sources classied as their origin which are renewable and renewable. Solar and wind power
is well known renewable sources, especially solar power have spread rapidly in all area of the life and diffuse all
technologic sector. Solar power using include two main purpose one of them is heating and cooling systems and
the other one is producing electricity production systems. Electric production from the solar power obtain with
two methods which are photovoltaic (PV) systems and condensing heating systems [4].
When cost evaluation at issue for an energy plant, commonly, initial investment of energy plant such as land
cost, construction, ofcial permissions, plants equipments etc., maintenance cost as salaries, spare part, insurance
cost and periodically maintenance cost and unexpected variable operation cost like raw material cost variability,
transfer cost etc. must be consider [5].

Turkey government supports the renewable energy source by several regulations. Regulation of using renewable
sources for energy production, which number is 5346, if electricity produced from solar power feed in tariff is xed
and quarantined 13,3 $ cent/kWh for 10 years. Some extra bonus fee are present if the equipment(s) supply from
local companies as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Solar power plant bonus [7]

Plant Type Local Production Extra Bonus ( $ cent/kWh)
Photovoltaic PV panel integrations and production 0,8
Solar Power PV Modules 1,3
PV cells 3,5
Plant Invertor 0,6
Optic equipment on PV Modle 0,5

For solar power energy sources economical evaluation; especially PV systems, maintenance of the process is easy,
low costs and there is no mechanical parts. In addition to that energy production from PV systems can immediately
begin when the construction is done because raw material is solely sun and also PV systems are ecofriendly. Thats
why PV systems are much more popular both Global and Turkey market[6].

All these graphics and results and are taken from the master thesis of Tufan Sak.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

General information about Nide city

Landscape area of the Nide city is 7.795 km2 and altitude above sea level is 1300 m. While pattern of the west
Nide is plain, other sides are mountainous terrain [8]. According to Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock
(MoFAL), land pattern are classied as 8 different kind according to their availability for agriculture application in
Turkey. At Nide, I. to IV. category agricultural area, where the agricultural activities has been applied, is 262.577
ha. V-VIII category land area is 516.945 ha, this category lands need to pretreatment to agricultural activities [1].

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 Figure 1. Nide city land pattern map (Green: I. category agricultural lands,

Yellow: II. category agricultural lands, Red: III. category agricultural lands White: other kind of lands) [9].

Table 2.indicate that land area use pattern and their ratios as dened categories, these information come from
both Nide city directorate of the environmental and urbanization 2011 report and Nide city directorate of Food,
Agriculture and Livestock.

Table 2. Land patters and their amount of area with ratios

Land Pattern Ratio(%) Area (ha)
I. category lands 5,85 45.674
II. category lands 11,70 91.053
III. category lands 6,30 49.061
IV. category lands 9,85 76.789
V.-VIII. category lands 66,30 516.945

(OHFWULFLW\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW1LGHFLW\

Annual electricity consumption of the Nide city is about 985.000 KWh. The annual amount of the utilizing
electricity for building site, commercial site, households, agricultural irrigation and street lighting are 387.567
MWh, 218.696 MWh, 150.450 MWh, 135.956 MWh and 24.596 MWh respectively. Average electric energy
consumption per person is 437 KWh at Nide [10].

6RODUSRZHUSRWHQWLDORI1LGH&LW\

There are 9 Solar Power Plants, 7 of which are active with 18,08 MW installed capacity and 2 of which have been
under construction with 9,72 MW installed capacity at Nide [11].

The maximum daily light duration is 12,16 hours at July and shortest daily light are observed with 3,90 hours at
December. Annual average time of daily light calculated as 8,03 hours at Nide.

According to data from YEGM, while annual lowest radiation value occur at Ulukla town with 1.500-1.550 kWh/m2,
highest amount of solar radiations occur at amard town with 1.750-1.800 kWh/m2. Average annual radiation of
Nide is 1650 kWh/m2[12]. Solar power potential of Nide is indicated at Figure 2.

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 Figure 2. Solar radiation map for Nide

7KHHOHFWULFLW\SRWHQWLDORISKRWRYROWDLFSDQHOVIRU1LGH

Most widespread and known type of PVs are monocrystalline silicone, polycrystalline silicone, thin layer cupper,
cadmium tellurium and amorphous crystalline. Calculation from YEGM, annual electricity energy production
potential of these PVs are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Annual electricity energy production potentials of PVs at Nide

Type of Panel Annual energy from 100m2
monocrystalline silicone 27.000 kWh
polycrystalline silicone 24.000 kWh
thin layer cupper 14.000 kWh
cadmium tellurium 12.000 kWh
amorphous crystalline 11.000 kWh

As previously describe electricity consumption of Nide is equal to only 0,5% of Turkey electricity consumption
and the installed capacity (thermal plant, hydro power plant and renewable) of Nide, which is 10,35 MW, is
approximately 0,01% of Turkeys. Table 4.indicate that detailed installed capacity and electricity production and
consumption values.

Table 4. Electricity consumption and production potential of Nide

Population 346.114 Wind Power installed capacity 0
Electricity consumption 984.394 MWh Hydropower installed capacity 0,069 MW
Consumption ratio for Turkey 0,50% Geothermal power installed capacity 0
Installed capacity of Nide 10,35 MW Thermal power plant installed capacity 10,28 MW
Installed capacity ratio for Turkey 0,01% Solar power plant installed capacity 0

3. RESULT AND DISCUSION

Investigation of solar and wind power technologies and application potential for Nide were examined at this
study. Economical yield and environmental benets of these renewable energy sources were identied for Nide
city.
The environmental impacts of the non-renewable energy sources are clear especially in terms of air quality and
global warming. It is obviously that the fossil fuels, which are utilized at transport, industry and household heating,
directly affected the air quality of Nide. In winter season particle matter and SO2 level highly increase because
of utilizing natural gas, coal and fuel oil for the heating purpose. Solar and wind power plants dont create any
greenhouse gas and any particle matter or waste and if proper recycling process will be applied to the waste
material from the solar or wind power plant when they reach their lifetime, at this point, this is an sustainable and
renewable process. In the course of time air quality will be able to get better and public life quality will get increase

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For solar and wind power, most important point is land availabilities and their utilizing purpose, if lands are dened
for agricultural application, there is no possibilities to build any kind of plant because of regulations. And also
food supplies have rst priority. Although Nide have total of 779.522 ha area, there is only 98.175 ha available
for built renewable energy plant, which lands are lost their agricultural and forestry feature. These lands are may
be use for renewable energy plant in the future if conditions such as topography, valid economical parameters,
legal structure, ownership situations etc. will be available.
When solar radiation map and land pattern map for Nide examined together Figure 3., thats clearly indicate
that north side of Altunhisar town, south west of the city center and east side of the amard town have available
lands, which lost their agricultural and forestry feature, to build PV solar power plant. Because solar radiation is
sufcient for electricity production.

Figure 3. Solar radiation and land pattern maps match for Nide

As the result for the wind capacity factor of the Nide; average wind speed is uctuate between 3-6 m/s at city
center and the towns. Only in amard and Ulukla town have 6,5-7,5 m/s wind speed potential. While the
average capacity factor of the Nide is 1-25%, 30-35% of it is observed amard and Ulukla town. In order to get
economically feasible wind power investment, wind speed must be over the 7 m/s and capacity factor have to be
at least 35%. Thats why Nide city dont have any availability for the wind power investment.

As previously describe monocrystalline silicone panels support highest electricity per unit area, which is 27.000
kwh/year for 100 m2. So it is obvious that using monocrystalline silicone panels at the solar power plant provide
highest electricity from per unit land area.

The economical result for the evolution of solar power plant for Nide city and Turkey is signicant in terms of the
economic gains and energy production values. If 1 MW installed capacity is considered for solar power plant in
Turkey, while rst investment cost is (890.000 ), maintenance cost is 5440 per year and annual income is 65.655
. According to these numbers, rate of return is approximately 13,5year. If the plant life is assumed to be 25 years,
end of this course, revenue could be reach 751.375 . Of course these numbers related to rate of return and
revenues can be change in situations of changing unit cost of the parts, maintenance cost uctuation or currencies
value varying. Table 5. indicate that economical values for 1 MW installed capacity solar power plant

Table 5. Economical values for solar power plant at Nide

Investment cost 890.000
Maintenance cost /year 5.440
Annual income /year 65.655
Rate of return Year 13,5
Revenue, end of life time /year 751.375

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Table 6. shows the result of the economic and technical estimation for the electricity production which can meet
the annual electricity consumption of the Nide by solar power plant.

Table 6. Solar power plant estimation to meet annual electricity need of Nide
Annual electricity consumption GWh 984,4
Area requirement for the plant ha 3.340
Available area at the Nide ha 98.175
The ratio of the required area to total available area % 3,40
Required Solar Power Plant Capacity MW 1.670

According to estimations, in order to meet electricity demand of Nide, which is annually 984.394 MWh, Required
Solar Power Plant Capacity is over 1670 MW. Plus required area is nearly 3.340 ha which is equal to 3,40% of the
land that lost their valuable pattern. This is an estimation and taxes, cost for licenses, transport, and other side
expenditure did not consider. This estimation show the rough values. There is nearly 98170 ha land is not available
for agricultural application and forestry at Nide, which means it could be suitable for solar power plant. Table 7.
show the energy potential of the available lands according to their using ratio compare with the Turkey energy
potential

Table 7. Energy potential of useful land of Nide

The ratio of useful land use 100% 50% 10% 1%
Land areas (ha) 98.175 49087,5 9817,5 981,8
Annual energy potential (GWh) 28.962 14.481 2.896 290
The ratio for total of Turkey (%) 11,5 5,74 1,15 0,12
The ratio of how meet the Nide energy demand (%) 2942 1471 294 29,4
The ratio according to energy from imported Natural gas (%) 24 12 2,4 0,24
The ratio according to energy from coal (thermal plant) (%) 38 19 3,8 0,38
The ratio according to energy from Renewable sources (%) 55 27,5 5,5 0,55

4. CONCLUSION
The solar energy potentials for Nide are evaluated and the results are compared with the ratios of other
energy resources electric energy production capabilities in Turkey. The economic and environmental benets
are presented to support the transition to solar energy. So that the gradual transition to solar energy from coal
and natural gas would provide a promising solution due to coal and natural gases outsourcing need and high
consumption of compound emissions for pollution.

The research showed that the solar energy system investments into the 3,4 % of the unused parts of Nide City,
would meet the electric energy consumption of the city. It is proven that by using domestic, unlimited and clean
resource as solar energy systems, the unemployment level could decrease and the outsourcing for energy could
shrink. Thus, they will provide a long-term advantage for economic and sustainable results.

During the research, non-agricultural and non-forest lands are chosen for building solar energy plant and
herewith the calculations are done. Hence, the solar energy plant would not compete with agricultural lands and
forests, and these lands would be protected. It is expected that due to the technological developments, increase
in productivity and decrease in costs, and higher investor-government supports, Nide city will enhance the SES
projects and will higher the energy production capacity.

As a result of this research, by cooperating with the related institutions and organizations, the regulations and
policies should be encouraged to provide the usage of clean energy and solar energy plant projects.

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It is needed to do much more comprehensive researches, especially on the non-agricultural and non-forest lands
with detailed energy-performance ratios, to produce higher efciency energy productions for investors.

It is suggested to collaborate with governmental and private corporations to take the attention of investors as an
attraction point for energy production of the country, which will support the citys economy as a different way from
their animal and agricultural income economy.

It is resulted that due to the technological developments, cost decreases and investor-government supports,
Nide city will pay more attention to GES projects and the current energy production will increase.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We greatly thank Associate Prof. Dr.Hasan Gksel zdilek for his comments and supports that improved the
research.

REFERENCES
1. T.C. Nide Valilii evre ve ehircilik Nide l Mdrl, Nide il evre Durum Raporu, evre ehircilik l
Mdrl, Nide, Trkiye, 2011.
2. http://www.eie.gov.tr/il_enerji_ayr.aspx?nigde, 6 May 2016.
3. http://www.yegm.gov.tr/document/nigde.pdf, 6 May 2016.
4. Dnya Enerji Konseyi Trk Milli Komitesi, Dnyada ve Trkiyede Gne Enerjisi Raporu, DEK-
TMK,978-605-89548-2-3, Ankara, Trkiye, 2009.
5. Kaya, K. ve Ko, E., Enerji retim Santralleri Maliyet Analizi, Mhendis ve Makina 56 (660), 61-68, 2015.
6. Krolu, T., Teke, A., Bayndr, K. . ve Tmay, M., Gne Paneli SistemlerininTasarm, Elektrik Mhendislii
439, 98-104, 2010.
7. http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5346.pdf, 27 June 2016.
8. Trkiye statistik Kurumu, Seilmi Gstergelerle Nide 2013Rraporu, TK-Yayn No:4252- ISSN:1307/0894,
Ankara, Trkiye, 2014.
9. Tarm ve Kyileri Nide li Arazi Varl Raporu, Mlga T.C. Tarm ve KyileriBakanl Ky Hizmetleri Genel
Mdrl-Rapor No:51, Ankara, Trkiye,1993.
10. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/tabloYilSutunGetir.
do?durum=acKapa&menuNo=213&altMenuGoster=1#, 6 May 2016.
11. http://www.enerjiatlasi.com/gunes-enerjisi-haritasi/nigde, 10 June 2016.
12. http://www.eie.gov.tr/MyCalculator/pages/51.aspx, 2 April 2016.

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 0054 - QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMERTIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES WITH
ELECTROLUMINESCENCE
Okan Ylmaz*, Alp Osman Kodolba
TBTAK, Marmara Research Center, Bar Mah. Dr. Zeki Acar Cad. No:1 P.K. 21 Kocaeli, Trkiye
Corresponding email: okan.yilmaz@tubitak.gov.tr
*Corresponding author: Okan Ylmaz

ABSTRACT
I/V characterization under solar simulator illumination of a commercial photovoltaic (PV) module are used for the
classication during production. Such classication is important for both estimation of electrical energy production
and improvement of the quality of the modules type approved according to international standards. EL images
of the modules are complementary and not quantied. In this way, it is not possible to quantify between the EL
images of two modules produced using different materials (i.e. solar cell, tabbing ribbon, ux). In this study, we
propose a new numerical method to quantify between the EL images of different panels. Arguments used to
calculate series resistance and open circuit voltage from analysis of EL images of solar cells based on independent
diode models has been applied to crystalline silicon modules.

Keywords: Photovoltaic module, EL imaging, Open Circuit Voltage Mapping, Statistical Process Control Method

1. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) module yield for years is among the most important factor in determining the cost of solar
electricity, besides the capacity of a photovoltaic solar installation, system price and the annual solar irradiance
at the installation site. Electroluminescence (EL) imaging is frequently used to identify failure mechanisms of
PV modules after particularly in string interconnection and lamination stages of the production [1]. Using I/V
characterization under AM1.5G solar simulator illumination photovoltaic modules are then classied in 5W
tolerances. EL images of the modules could help to identify the power differences but data mostly stored for
future possible assistance. On the other hand, EL imaging in solar cells allows investigation of diverse physical
properties and their development. Those physical parameters includes but not limited to series resistance [2],
external quantum efciency [3-5].

Local series resistance Rs(x,y) is dened in different ways. In the current Rs imaging methods Rs is dened as the
local voltage drop between the bias voltage (V) applied to the busbars and the local diode voltage Vd(x,y), divided
by the local diode current density Jd(x,y):

(1)

Here the dark diode current is dened as positive and the photocurrent as negative. Also, Rs has the unit of cm2.
This denition was used right describes the global series resistances of cells of different size, thereby ensuring
that the series resistance is homogeneous and independent of the area A of the cell. On the other hand for
inhomogeneous solar cells which includes regions of higher current density or contact resistance the model is
applied for each pixel of a solar cell image [6]. Under this condition local EL intensity is described as

(2)

Here, Ci is the local proportionality factor and Vt is thermal voltage kT/e [3]. Applying the Fuyuki approximation
and following iteration scheme local diode voltage is calculated [3] using

(3)

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This paper is intended in two parts; in the rst part, arguments about the solar cell series resistance and local
diode voltage calculations have been applied to commercial photovoltaic module. In the second part, based on
EL image intensity measurements and statistical methods we have proposed a new numerical method to quantify
between the EL images of different panels.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

A TE cooled Si-CCD camera and IR lters was used to capture EL image. In total 34 modules are examined
in the measurements. Multi crystalline modules supplied from a producer in Turkey. Their number was 33.
Remaining mono crystalline silicon module is produced in TBTAK Photovoltaic Technology Center. During the
EL measurements temperature was kept constant at 231oC and RH at 45%5. STC performance parameters of
all the multicrystalline modules were labeled the same. For the monocrystalline silicon module results of the STC
measurements are labeled. EL images of all the modules were taken at indicated V0C values and at two additional
bias voltages for the calculations [6]. Local diode voltages were calculated using the method suggested in [3].
Camera software is used for the analysis of EL images. Statistical Process Control Method (SPCM) is used to for the
rst time for the classication of the modules through EL images [7].

3. RESULTS
Figure 1 shows EL images of mono and one of the multi crystalline silicon modules used in this study. As
mentioned, EL imaging is powerful tool to distinguish in solar cells and module production. In this way, grain
boundaries, crystallographic defects, cracks, broken ngers, screen printing errors in solar cells and poor stringing,
misalignments in modules are evident.

Figure 1. Electroluminescence images of a) Mono, b) Multi Crytalline Silicone PV modules.

Figure 2 shows EL images one of the multi crystalline silicon modules and local diode voltage (Local Voc image) of
the photovoltaic modules calculated using Eqn. [3]. Calculated average Voc values in Fig 2. b. is about 2.4V less
than the Voc value on the label of the module.

- 128 -
 Figure 2. Electroluminescence images of a) one of the multi crystalline module, b) Local diode voltages (Local
Voc) images calculated using Egn. [3].

EL images of the 33 multicrystalline modules from a producer in Turkey were used for development of classication
method. Average EL intensities of the modules were deduced from the analysis of the camera software. Deduced
data were analyzed using SPCM described in [7]. EL Subgroups were created from the average of three
measurements. Results of the SPCM calculations are presented in Fig. 3. Control limit of the process is marked
with blue line where as upper and lower control limits (UCL and LCL) are marked with red lines. Process outside
UCL and LCL is very unlikely and there is a source of variation beyond the normal chance in production.

Figure 3. Results of the SPCM calculations a) EL Subgroup distribution, b) Range of distribution within the
group.

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4. DISCUSSION
EL imaging allows detailed visualization of defects from solar cells and module production. EL image of the
monocrystalline module is as expected much more homogeneous than the multicrytalline one leading to 16.8%
efciency in the rst one and 15% efciency for the later. Arguments used to obtain series resistance and open
circuit voltage analysis for solar cell are applied for the rst time to PV modules. 2.4V difference between the
calculated average Voc value and marked one on labeled suggests that there are resistive loses in the multicrytalline
module.

Despite the fact that STC performances of all the modules were marked as same in the labels SPCM calculations
using the EL images suggest that there are wide scattering of data beyond UCL and LCL. In other words, if all the
modules were all labeled as A from I/V measurements, quantitative EL measurements suggest that there better
and also worst panels as marked.

5. CONCLUSION
Arguments used to calculate series resistance and open circuit voltage from analysis of EL images of solar cells
based on independent diode models has been successfully applied to crystalline silicon modules. In this way,
defects originating from solar cells and module production are clearly identied and quantied. Statistical analysis
of EL is show to be valuable tool for classication and also for process improvement.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work is partially supported by project entitled "Fotovoltaik Temelli Gne Enerjisi Santral Teknolojilerinin
Gelitirilmesi-MLGES" under the coordination number 113G050. Authors wish to thank A. Segin, Y. Vural and T.
A. Tumay for their help in production of the monocrystalline module used in this work.

REFERENCES
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of 26th EUPVSEC (2011) 3469.
2. U. Rau, Reciprocity relation between photovoltaic quantum efciency and electroluminescent emission of
solar cells, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 76, no. 8, p 085303, 2007.
3. O. Breitenstein, A. Khanna, Y. Augarten, J. Bauer, J.-M. Wagner, and K. Iwig, Quantitative evaluation of
electroluminescence images of solar cells, Phys. Status Solidi RRL 4, No. 12, 7 9 (2010).
4. D. Hinken, K. Ramspeck, K. Bothe, B. Fischer, and R. Brendel, Series resistance imaging of solar cells by voltage
dependent electroluminescence, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 18, art. no. 182104, 2007.
5. T. Trupke, E. Pink, R. A. Bardos, and M. D. Abbott, Spatially resolved series resistance of silicon solar cells
obtained from luminescence imaging, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, no. 9, p. 093506, 2007.
6. F. Frhauf, Y. Sayad, O. Breitenstein, Description of the local series resistance of real solar cells by separate
horizontal and vertical components, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 154 (2016) 2334.
7. Yashchin, E, Statistical Control Schemes - Methods, Applications and Generalizations, International Statistical
Review, 61(1) (1993) 41-66.

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 0057 - A NOVEL HIGH CAPACITY SPACE EFFICIENT HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM FOR
DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS
Elamin Awad Mohamed*, Saffa Riffat, Siddig Omer
The University of Nottingham, UK
Corresponding email: Amin_eissawi@alumni.nottingahm.ac.uk
*Corresponding author: Elamin Awad Mohamed

ABSTRACT
Energy consumption in domestic buildings is dominated by space heating 60 percent followed by hot water
14 percent in the UK. Space heating and water heating confers a disparate set of industrial challenges to the
manufacture and this is a very demanding objective, which necessitates novelty. Space heating and water
heating functions will become more signicant as the trend towards low energy homes rises for a fully integrated
system. The most common practical heat storage's are water and latent heat of fusion storage media. The new
Thermochemical reaction materials regarded as most promising materials for the ability of store sufcient heat
for practical domestic requirements. The volume capacities of materials play a key role for choosing storage
system and this have a direct bearing on the performance of the heat storage system for domestic heating and
heating water. Innovative thermal energy storage was conducted in a new concept for domestic applications
at the Laboratory University of Nottingham, UK. An initial result has been investigated experimentally.

Keywords: Solar Energy, Heat pump, Heat storage, Thermochemical reaction materials, heating system
applications

1. INTRODUCTION
Among the available energy resources, solar energy is readily available, cheap and non-polluting which used in
industrial or domestic low temperature thermal applications. Solar energy systems and heat pumps are one of the
promising means of decreasing the consumption of fossil fuel. Heat pump is also a promising means of reducing
the consumption of energy resources. Many researchers have investigated powering heat pumps with solar
energy and the idea of combination of heat pump and solar energy has been proposed and developed around
the world, which is so-called, the solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) system. Numerical and experimental studies
on the performance of SAHP systems were implemented as early as in the 1970s (Freeman, Mitchell et al. 1979)
[1] and the theoretical and experimental SAHP studies were performed in the 1990s (Ito, Miura et al. 1999) [2].
A direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) system directly integrates Reverse-Rankine refrigeration
device with solar collector. The concept of the DX-SAHP was rstly considered by Sporn and Ambrose (Sporn
and Ambrose 1955) [3]. Huang and Chyng (1999) [4] rst suggested the design of an integral-type solar-assisted
heat pump (DX-SAHP) that integrates the heat pump, solar collector, to come up with a single unit that is easy to
install. (Kuang, Sumathy et al. 2003) [5] has performed experimental and analytical studies on direct-expansion
solar-assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) as applied in Shanghai. The effects of various parameters under constant
compressor speed were investigated.

A further developed DX-SAHP system which was able to supply multi-functional low heating costs to domestic
buildings, including space cooling during the summer, space heating during the winter, and hot water supply
(DX-SAHPWH) for the whole year was investigated by (Kuang and Wang 2006) [6]. Since the solar collector serves
as an evaporator while the refrigerant absorbs the solar incident energy (and/or ambient air energy), and the
energy discarded by the condenser contributes to water heating. Given that, the system of solar collectors can
provide energy at temperatures higher than the ambient outdoor air. Since the overall COP of the system is
affected considerably by the load demands and changes in climatic conditions. Despite of the above-mentioned
advantages the use of heat pump for combined space heating and water heating, particularly the solar-assisted
heat pump (DX-SAHP) options, is not popular. The above studies, however, did not investigate the energy
performance of DX-SAHP for both water and the space heating using one unit. A multi-fold-functional system in
the cold climate region is essential throughout the year and high utilization rate makes the option economically
attractive(Chow, Pei et al. 2010) [7]. Moreover, the coefcient of performance of the (DX-SAHP) system would
increase over that of the air-source heat pump system alone(Kong, Zhang et al. 2011) [8]. DX-SAHP can utilize
heat from solar radiation and ambient air simultaneously (Huang and Chyng 2001) [9], and can also operate using

- 131 -
surrounding domestic-industrial exhausted heating. Even in the absence of solar insulation, this can utilizes for
space heating and water heating applications.

Space heating and domestic hot water production are deemed to be a key applications in this sector:53% and
16% respectively(International Energy Agency 2011) [10]. However, unfortunately, solar energy as source of
(DX-SAHP) is intermittent and there is a mismatch between the supply and demand periods. The hot water tank
(DHWT) will also squander its energy as time. The peak of solar irradiation occurs during the day when the heating
demand is low, and the highest demand usually occurs at night or early in the morning, when sun irradiation is low.
Consequently, there is a need for heat storage so that the excess heat produced during supply periods can be
stored for use during peak demand periods. To this end, there are different widely utilized techniques for thermal
energy storage. As a result, this is dependent strongly on the nature of the storage, material chosen in the system in
order to achieve high performance. In this context, material with good heat transfer characteristics and a high heat
storage capacity will enhance the performance of the heat storage system. Sensible (SHS) and latent (LHS) heat
storage methods are commonly used, well known. Other energy storage techniques such as chemical reaction,
sorption phenomena or thermochemical energy storage (THS) appear to be promising given their great heat
storage capacity, higher heat storage density, lower volume requirement and long term heat storage potential
without heat losses (Tatsidjodoung, Le Pierrs et al. 2013) [11], and more importantly, the signicant opportunities
including inter-seasonal storage of solar energy. Moreover, parameters such as environmental impact, safety
conditions and the cost are also important and should therefore take into consideration during design process.
At this point thermal energy storage (TES) systems, integrated to solar thermal systems would have signicant
importance.

Majority of the work on low temperature (THS) has focused on sorption material development and space heating
applications. Investigations on THS systems in water heating applications are very limited in the literature. To full
this gap this paper presents a novel design integrating solar assisted heat pump and a hot water tank surrounded
with a sorption jacket. The aim was to utilize off-peak electricity and/or electricity generated by PV panels to charge
the sorption material. Charged sorption jacket, later slowly releases the stored heat while acting as insulation layer.
This condition could minimizes the heat losses and reduce the energy consumption of heat pump to keep the
water at desired temperature level while space heating at comfort level, thereby provides a sustainable solution
system to domestic water heating and space heating applications.

2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The system utilizes an existing domestic hot water tank (DHWT) as shown in (Diagram.1) enclosed within a
new adsorbent reaction jacket containing the new high energy density composite, the innovative concept of
the new thermochemical reaction jacket based on the single tank conguration. The materials composed of salt
impregnated vermiculite; the Salt used is calcium chloride (Ca Cl2). The jacket shaped by perforated aluminium
wall to permit conduction heat transfer between the composite and the tank surface and let air move freely within
the material. Composite is also allowing moisture vapour to be transmitted to and from the material with minimal
pressure drop. The composite uses the reversible reaction of salt and moisture vapour to produce heat:

Salt+H2O = Salt Hydrate +Heat (Discharging) Heat + Salt Hydrate= Salt+H2O (Charging)

The existing (DHWT) retains its immersion coil tube heater input connected and based on heat pump energy
coupled to two evaporator panels mounted in the exterior roof and another located in the loft space to absorb
domestic wasted heat. The system provides additional stored heat after the hot water from cylinder has used. A
typical diurnal cycle consists of both a charging and discharging stage;

2.1 OPERATION STAGE 1:

Using cheap night time electricity for the immersion coil or hot water from heat pump, the DHWT and thus the
composite in the reaction tank is heated with valve A1 (Diagram.1) opened to allow moisture to desorb (release
through pores or interstices) from the composite. This desorption of moisture from the composite is referred to
as the charging cycle. Thermal regulation controls the DHWT water ow to ensure adequate temperatures are
maintained during charging. When the composite is fully charged valve, A1 is closed. The hot water in the DHWT
kept stored ready for usage.

- 132 -
2.2 OPERATION STAGE 2:
When required, the composite may be discharged by opening valves A1 and A2 passing moisture laden air,
receive from the interior of the house (cooking, showering etc.) through the adsorbent jacket (Diagram.1). The
thermal reactions (chemical and sorption) of the composite can thus be utilised to provide direct air heating to the
hot water in the DHWT by restricting air movement at valve 2, dependant on user demand.

Diagram 1. High capacity space efficient heat storage system

2.3 MATERIAL PRELIMINARY TESTING

Preliminary tests have undertaken comprehensively characterize the raw materials for use in the composite jacket.
This has included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for energy density, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
for regeneration temperature, modied transient plane source (MTPS) for thermal conductivity, moisture vapour
physisorption for meso-pore analysis and moisture uptake and mercury intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) for macro-pore
analysis among others. The energy density of initial Vermiculite/CaCl2 composites tested using DSC for moisture
vapour desorption has been measured at > 500KJ/Kg (based on a bulk, uncompact sample). The moisture vapour
adsorption isotherm (@ 23C) for the same sample has been shown to be Type IV (IUPAC classication) with very
rapid mass uptake in the lower relative humidity (RH) bands (20 to 50%RH), as opposed to the standard Zeolite
13X material(Tatsidjodoung, Le Pierrs et al. 2016) [12], historically used for adsorption storage Type I, which
has minimal initial uptake with no further increase after 15%RH (Diagram 2). This suggests that low RH levels
(<50%RH) are required to fully react with the composite, releasing maximum energy rapidly.

Diagram 2: Moisture vapour adsorption isotherms (@ 23C) for Vermiculite/CaCl2 and Zeolite 13X

- 133 -
2.4 HEAT PUMP OPERATION
The heat pump is a compact unit (450 x 450 x 450mm) that can be contained within the same storage closet as the
DHWT is consists of two cycles; solar-refrigerant cycle and water cycle Fig.1. It is connected to ternary aluminium
evaporator panels (two panels placed externally and another internally in the attic space of the house) Fig.2. A
new GWP refrigerant (R407c) is circulated through the aluminium panels. The refrigerant the ambient temperature
and/or waste heat from the loft space of the house, transforming the liquid refrigerant into a gas and carrying the
heat energy back to the heat pump unit (blue pipes). Selection of the most efcient aluminium panel to use at any
given time is intelligently controlled via valves E1 and E2 (Diagram.1). The refrigerant gas is compressed via the
compressor which increases its pressure and also the temperature further. The liquid refrigerant goes through an
expansion device and reverts back to a liquid/vapour mixture which ows back into the aluminium panels and
the process repeats. A water pump pumps cold water from the water cylinder to the heat pump external (water-
to-refrigerant) heat-exchanger into the condenser (immersion coil) after which the mixed cold/hot water returns
back to the (water-to-refrigerant) heat-exchanger again (red pipes) via valves HP1 and HP2 (Diagram.1).. This ow
continues until the water in the cylinder reaches 50C or above. Once this is achieved, the heat pump goes into
space heating mode only and standby.

2.5. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

A multi-mode-functional domestic DX-SAHP system is shown as Fig 1. It mainly consists of a ternary unique coated
aluminium at-plate panel, a variable speed hermetic compressor, centrifugal fan -coil units (air-heat-exchanger),
a water-to-refrigerant heat exchanger, a water circulating pump and piping, a hot water tank with an immersed
condensing coil loop, thermostatic expansion valve and electrical valves.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of DX-SAHP multi-mode-functional system

Figure 2. The system configurations on buildings roof

- 134 -
 Figure 3. Experimental setup and components

The designed and fabricated un-glazed solar at-plate collector was used as a heat source acting as an evaporator
for the refrigerant R-407C. This unglazed solar absorber evaporator is formed by integrating bare ternary soft
aluminium solar-collectors which were connected in series form Fig.2. The aluminium tubes are inlaid in the sheet,
which were painted by a cover of black coating. Plates thicknesses are 2mm while the diameter and thickness of
aluminium tubes are 13mm and 2mm respectively. The collectors consist of two at plates which are externally
placed and integrated into the structure of a house roof, whereas another plate is internally mounted in the house
loft space to absorb domestic wasted heat Fig.2 (1, 2). The total surface area is 4.22 m2. The Working uid is
disseminated inside the evaporator to absorb the solar energy. By a proper design of the refrigeration cycle and
the collector for a specic operating condition, heat may be absorbed at low temperature, rather than rejected
to the ambient. A direct expansion solar assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) refrigeration cycle operates under quasi-
static conditions during the UK winter seasonFig.2 (3). A hermetic-type compressor with a rated power of 800 W
(50 Hz) was used in the system, with the compressor volumetric displacement of 7.84E-04 m3/s.

The variation of the compressors speed was obtained via variable frequency drive, to avert the compatibility
between its variable loads in order to reach the steady capacity of the compressor Fig.3 (1). A refrigerant receiver
Fig.3 (2) and accumulator were included in the system to facilitate in controlling the refrigerant distribution, while
the external pressure equalizer with thermal expansion valve controls the refrigerants ow to the evaporators
Fig.3 (3), in order to attain constant superheat at the compressor inlet. The heat pump has two heat rejection
modes, one of which is made of copper tube and aluminium nsFig.3 (4); to centrifuge energy to contribute for
space-heating load in winter. The other is copper tube as coil closed loop immersed in a 200 litre hot water tank,
and water-to-refrigerant plate heat exchangerFig.3 (5). The water-to-refrigerant plate heat exchanger was linked
to the hot water tank through circulating piping pump, expansion vessel Fig.3 (6) and water ow rate controller
for hot water demands Fig.3 (9). The energy rejected by condenser contributed to space-heating load in winter;
whereas the storage tank is made of copper sheets fully insulated with a capacity of 200 litre Fig.3 (7).

3. DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING SYSTEM

The temperatures, pressures and ow rate of R407C and water were measured at different locations in the system.
Also, the ambient temperature, the incident solar insulation, and the collector surface, inlet/outlet, evaporation
temperature were monitored Fig.3 (16). Pressures were measured using pressure gagesFig.3 (15). Temperatures
were measured with constantan thermocouples and platinum resistance thermometers (RTDs) Fig.3 (16). A
solar pyranometer was used to maintain consistent solar radiation to cover the entire surface area of the plates
equally. A ow meter was used to measure the water ow rate. Electronic power meters were utilised to measure
the compressors energy consumptions, and the power of the whole system including, pumps, electrical valves
and fans, consecutivelyFig.3 (10). Thermal digital camera was chosen to display and analyse the temperature of
components surfaces and its variations accurately and collecting relevant data throughout the system components.

- 135 -
All of the above measuring processes were monitored by a computer-based data-acquisition system. The collected
data was recorded at every one second interval in a data logger, which was later used for analysis Fig.3 (16).

4. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND PROCEDURE

In general, the multi-mode-functional DX-SAHP system can offer two fundamental operating modes; Space
heating only mode and it can also produce domestic hot water and space heating mode. The switching between
those two modes is by means of valve position and onoff controls. There is a two-way solenoid valve Fig.3 (13),
one way non reversing valve on the refrigerant pipes at the locations shown in Fig.3 (14). A control box was
employed to determine and govern the operations running and modes of the system, which was supplied with
digital cabinet outputs to organise the compressors frequency Fig.3(12), onoffs of valves, and other to control
the pressure relationship between the temperature of the plates and solar simulator cut-off. Two pressure gages
were also used to measure the hot cycle side and cold side charging and discharging line Fig.3(15).

For about two months from February to late March 2016, experiments were carried out for the two fundamental
operating modes to investigate the performance of the multimode-functional DX-SAHP system during the winter
season. The following parameters have been measured: the whole system including electric power consumed by
the compressor, pump, solar irradiations on the collector/evaporator; fans and other electric power consuming
elements; temperatures of both the R407c as working uid loop and water loop at different locations, inlet/outlet
absorber plate, the water in hot domestic tank, air at heat pump inlet and air at heat pump outlet; ow rate of
the water loop; pressures of refrigerant outlets of compressor, evaporator and condenser. All parameters were
recorded at each 1 second using data logger.

5. SPACE-HEATING-ONLY MODE
This mode can be used to provide the room with space heating during the cold season, when heating of the room
air is essential. At this mode, the refrigerant-lled solar collector array on the expected roof acts as an evaporator,
while the nned coil tube heat exchanger works as a condenser. The refrigerant vapour from the compressor
enters the heat exchanger directly. The centrifugal fan was used to dissipate the heat to the room, and meanwhile
the water-to refrigerant heat exchanger is switched off. As a part of the control strategy, the heat pump operates
only from 20:00pm to 04:00am, because of targeting low outdoor temperatures to reach certain conditions; the
collectors temperature is below the ambient temperature. On the other hand the water circulation pump was
stopped and the water loop closed.

Using the space-heating-only mode, the function of producing hot water is inefcient, and the system COP for
space heating at any time (t) is dened as (Kuang and Wang 2006)[6];

Where: Qh (t) is the heat exchange rate in the plate condenser, and W (t) is the system power input. If W
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:LWKLQWKHGXUDWLRQRIRSHUDWLQJSHULRGZKLOHWKHDYHUDJH&23KV\VLVGHQHGDV

6. SPACE AND WATER-HEATING MODE

This mode is used for both hot water and space heating production. At this mode, the two-way valve is positioned
after the compressor serves as two uid lines to feed both heat exchangers through bypassing the refrigerant
ow. The water in the hot domestic tank (DHWT) is heated up to 60 C through water-to-refrigerant plate heat
exchanger. The immersed condenser coil-tube dissipates heat to the water tank. Meanwhile the water pump
on the loop is powered-on. Whereas rejected energy by the nned-coil tube condenser contributes to space

- 136 -
heating. In this operation the solenoid valve shuts the water loop side down once the water temperature in the
tank exceeds the load temperature (60 C). This makes the refrigeration cycle operate in a steady state condition
except the storage tank.

The COP for space and water-heating mode is dened as(Kuang and Wang 2006)[6];

And

Where: Qw (t) is the heat exchanger rate at the water storage tank.

Supposing that the DHWT is non-stratied, energy balance can be obtained with the immersed condenser as
follow:

Where Qw is the condensers gained heat, which is released and transferred heat rate to the DHWT by the
condenser. Mw is the water mass in the water tank, Cpw is dened as the water specic heat, while tw is the water
temperature, whereas is the time, and h2, h3 is the refrigerants specic enthalpies at the condensers inlet and
outlet respectively. The total water tank heat loss coefcient is UL,t and At is the total heat transfer area of the wall
of the water tank.

7. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

7.1 THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE

To achieve constant quasi-steady heat pump condition by means of constant temperature and condensation, the
work is sufciently enough to meet the minimum requirement for and to the heat pump, therefore, allowing it to
operate reversibly and to determine the COP of the heat pump Fig.(4). In the current study analytical investigation
were considered in order to examine the thermodynamic performance of the cycle along with experimental
running tests to validate the modelling part. The enthalpies of the refrigerant R407c as functions of pressure and
temperature can be found in the Table.2

Figure 4. The vapor compression of the system presented in a (p)-h diagram

- 137 -
The current study carried out a system analysis for multi-mode-functions DX-SAHP to match component rules and
understanding its performance and analysis. Variant COP with correlation with different irradiation intensities and
several water ow rates have been taken into account and their characteristics have been studied. Experimental
data are then compared with the analytical results. The impact of various system parameters on the response
on the water temperature variation in the heat storage tank, indoor air temperature of the building, electrical
power consumption and heating capacities of the system were investigated. Experimental data including
operation control, system matching and component design were relatively obtained, which are more likely to
play a considerable role for such systems to further studies and applications. The present system is designed and
fabricated locally at laboratory in the University of Nottingham UK. The schematic diagram is shown in Fig.1

7.2 SPACE-HEATING-ONLY MODE

Multimode-functional DX-SAHP system was tested on the lowest three consecutive days during February and
March 2016 respectively, at space-heating mode with the average of daily-outdoor air temperatures (Ta,av) ranging
from 6.5 to 8.2 C and solar simulator were exposed on the collector has varied from 0, 57, 100 and 200 W/m. The
experimental data are listed in Table 1. In order to examine the DX-SAHP system capability of space-heating, the
temperatures of indoor rejected air was recorded during the testing period; in the present study, thermal camera
has been chosen to analyse the temperature differences between the surfaces Fig.6.

Table.1
Performance of DX-SAHP space-heating mode
Low_ High_
Inlet air,av Qcond_
W/m Troom (C) comp (Hz) HR,av (C) pressure- pressure- COP-sys,av
(C) air,av (W)
bar bar
0 W/m 18.35 45-50 24.9 7.48 3021.168 1.1 9.8 2.842115
0 W/m 19.14 45-50 26.6 8.23 3185.927 1.3 10 2.99711
0 W/m 19 45-50 25 8.5 2861.612 1.1 10.3 2.692015
57 W/m 18.8 45-50 25.3 6.55 3191.13 1.3 11.4 3.860737
100 W/m 20.1 45-50 25.25 6.9 3182.459 1.4 11.5 3.877208
200 W/m 19.8 45-50 25.6 7.5 3139.101 1.5 11.6 3.939562

Figure 4.1 Comparison between room temperature (HR) and inlet/outlet, cold air temperature

- 138 -
 Figure 4.2 Variations of temperatures between room, inlet/outlet and compressor liquid in/out under different
solar intensity

During the experiment, Matlab model analysis was used to perform a mathematical process using model data to
validate the experimental work Fig.5. This is shown in the results that the Qcond_air, av in the experimental work
is slightly different from the theoretical values; however the differences are only up to 4% max Fig. (4-3). Fig. (4-1)
shows the monitored data consecutively recorded using data logger for the produced heating air by the system
as heating room (HRave) or hot-air-out in the space-heating mode during the lowest outdoor temperatures at
specic dates in winter. The results indicated that the average of Qcond_air, av, av is up to 3 kW in the whole
experimental results, while produced hot air is between 25-26 C. Indoor air temperature at both the 0 W/m and
different irradiation intensities remained the same, with given identical experiment parameters. Experiments are
taken under the condition that the solar irradiations are 57,100 and 200 W/m and the temperature of the indoor
temperature is 20C/18C (DB).

The result shows that the enhancement of solar irradiation can effectively increase the evaporator temperature Fig
(4-3).The energy consumption is swinging between 910W, 1000W and 1010W, respectively.

As the environment is stable, after nearly twenty-minutes, the system can reach quasi-operational-state. Under the
outdoor temperature of 6 C, 7C and 8C, the evaporation temperature is -1C, 0C and 1C, respectively Fig. (4-
1). The evaporator temperature decrease as the ambient (outdoor) temperature decreases Fig. (4-2). Meanwhile,
the evaporator temperature is always lower than the ambient, which leads to heat transfer from the ambient
to the collector. It is also observed that the difference between the evaporator temperature and the ambient
temperature is up to 7.0C corresponding to the ambient temperature 6, 7 and 8C. The COP of the DX-SAHP in
the space heating only mode increases with the increase of the irradiation intensity, as Fig. 4-3 depicts, the specic
values of the coefcient performance are 2.7kW, 3.86kW, 3.87kW and 3.9kW respectively, corresponding to 0 W/
m, 57 W/m, 100 W/m and 200 W/m.

In addition, COP of the system increases as the solar irradiation increases. It is noticed that when the evaporators
temperature increases, the evaporating pressure, Table.1 as well as the refrigeration mass rate increases, causing
the surge of the energy consumption of the compressor. It also shows the condensing heat exchanging rate
under the four experiment conditions. The values are 3022.9W, 3191.1W, 3182.4W and 3139.1W. Fig.4-3. Under
the tested conditions, COP is 2.84kW, 3.86kW, 3.877kW and 3.94kW. The increase of COP with the increase of
the ambient temperature is not signicant. However, as the condensing heat exchange rate increases; the energy
consumption also increases and to some extent obstructs the increase of COP.

- 139 -
7.3 SPACE AND WATER HEATING MODE

Figure 4.3 Comparison between Theoretical and Experimental of the DXSAHP system performance under
different irradiation

The experimental data listed in Table. 2 are taken from the space/water heating mode. In this case, the total volume
of hot water is about 200 litres, with the nominal temperature is chosen to be 50 C. The systems performance is
governed signicantly by the change of solar irradiation and ambient air temperature. For instance, the COPsys,
av for this mode is much enhanced with the increase in solar irradiation and ambient temperature. The refrigerant
ows through two-way solenoid valve, one of the directions feeds into the nned tube condenser, leading to reject
heat, thus producing space heating. Meanwhile, the second direction is to supply hot refrigerant to the plate heat
exchanger to heat up the water inside the DHWT for water heating purposes. The solenoid valve controls the water
cycle by sending signals through embedded heat sensor into the water tank to maintain the required temperature.
Table.2 shows the typical ambient (Troom) and inlet air, av (outdoor) temperature during the operational period
between (8:00pm-4:00am). Different solar radiation and water ow rates are implemented to investigate the
system, the compatibility between different components is critical for maintaining high performance. In the DX-
SAHP system, the thermal storage tank is utilised to store hot water for domestic hot water during the winter.
Water temperatures from the exchanger plate cycle (hot-water) to energy storage tank (DHWT) are plotted for
specic time of the day in the experimental study under several radiations Figure.5. As shown in Figure.6 the
outdoor temperature reached the maximum of 5.1 C during experimental conditions, while various water ow
rates were gauged and the refrigerant post compressor and at heat exchanger plate were measured Figure.7.

Table.2
Performance of DX-SAHP at space-water-heating
Low_ High_
Inlet air,av Qcond_w,av
water ow W/m Troom (C) comp (Hz) HR,av (C) pressure- pressure- COP-sys,av
(C) (kW)
bar bar
1143.069
1LPM 0 W/m 18.35 45-50 24.9 7.48 3.4 21 2.842115

836.3916
2LPM 0 W/m 19.14 45-50 26.6 8.23 3.4 21 2.99711

487.8951
3LPM 0 W/m 19 4-550 25 8.5 3.4 21 2.692015

320.6168
2PLM 57 W/m 18.8 45-50 25.3 6.55 3.5 22 3.860737

348.4965
2PLM 100 W/m 20.1 45-50 25.25 6.9 3.5 22 3.880208

2PLM 200 W/m 19.8 45-50 25.6 7.5 418.1958 3.5 22 3.911562

- 140 -
 


  



 

























 





 



Figure 5. Solar irradiation influnces on the cycle performance


 






















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Figure 6. The effect of solar irradiation on the cycle equipment

 

 

  


  
  
 

 





  






















 


 

 

Figure 7. The effect of water flow rates of cycle equipment

It is obvious that under 200W/m, the hot water at the exchanger plate reaches its maximum temperature up to
53C after two hour of running the system caused by exchanging uid plates and after which the water starts
passing through piping works via pump into DHWT. The quasi-static water temperature at the domestic hot
water tank is 50C Figure.6. Adjustable water ow rates were installed; Figure.7 showed that 1LPM is an optimal
selection for the system space/water heating mode with 70 percent for space heating and 30% for water heating
capacity Figure.8. The Qcond-air, are 3021.2W, 3186W, and 2862W respectively related to water ow rates, while
Qexch-w about 1143.1W, 836.4W and 488W consecutively Table 3. COPs of the whole system slightly changed
from 3.92, for 1LPM, to 3.80 for 2LPM and 3.20 for 3LPM.Whereas, the air and water COPs averaged between 2.84
for air and 1 respectively.

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Figure 8: Comparison of air and heat capacity of the cycle

Table: 3 Inuence of applying 200 W/m2 irradiation intensity on the system

Q cond-air Qexch-w CopSys Totalenergy %air % water Copair Copwater

1LPM 3021.168 1143.069 3.91743 4164.23 72.550 27.44965 2.842115 1.075323

2LPM 3185.927 836.3916 3.78393 4022.31 79.206 20.79377 2.99711 0.786822

3LPM 2861.612 487.8951 3.15099 3349.50 85.433 14.56618 2.692015 0.458979

Figure.9 clearly shows the monitoring temperature of the systems components under three water ow rates
during the experimental period. The outdoor temperatures averaged between 5-8C, whilst the refrigerant at the
inlet of the evaporator (plates) between -3 to 0 C and at outlet swinging between -1.5 to 1C. Figure.10 shows
the relationship between the solar irradiation, temperature and COP on the space/water heating system mode.

Figure 9. The effect of water flow rates of the whole system

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"


""
#

"
















!



 
  











Figure 10. COPs of the system two cycles

8. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THS PERFORMANCE

8.1 METHODOLOGY
A testing rig was designed and developed to investigate the sorption material performances to be used in the
proposed sorption jacket. This system Fig.11 a-b was mainly designed to investigate the hydrodynamic and
thermodynamic performance of the sorption material. Perforated tubes were used to facilitate vapour diffusion
to the material thereby to reduce the effect of the reaction front and to provide uniform air ow. The reaction
chamber (8) is rectangular shaped (500 mm x 250 mm x 200 mm) with a sloping roof to facilitate post absorbent
airow and is constructed of aluminium with welded seams.

(a) (b)

Figure 11: (a) Schematic diagram and (b) view of the experimental test rig

Ten perforated tubes, d = 20mm, made up of 0.55 mm thick perforated aluminium sheet were placed vertically
inside the reactor in two parallel rows with a horizontal distance, d = 100 mm between each (x and z direction)

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 Figure 12. 11 (a)-12 internal view of reactor showing perforated diffuser pipe allocation

The tubes are connected to an external manifold (12) to equalise airow to each tube, with the top end of the
tubes sealed in order to achieve sufcient internal pressure, providing air ow laterally to the absorbent (9).
Humidication of the inlet air is provided using an evaporative pad matrix placed inside a rectangular shaped
wick chamber (11). Air ow through the wick chamber is parallel to the evaporative pads, enabling moisture
enhancement of the inlet air before entering the reaction chamber. An Xpleair (UK) XID series, inline duct fan (1)
(d = 150 mm) is used to provide air ow and is connected to ducting (d = 100 mm) via a reducer. To eliminate
thermal losses to the external environment, the complete system is insulated using 25 mm thick, foil lined glass
wool. Temperature and relative humidity (RH) were recorded using the EK-H4 Eval Kit from Sensiron, AG, and
Switzerland. Thermocouples (K type) with the maximum deviation of 0.3C for temperature and 2% for relative
humidity and air mass ow meter with the accuracy of 2% were used for measuring the experimental data. Three
sensor locations were used (2) ambient, (3) manifold inlet and (4) reactor outlet.

9. MATERIAL SELECTION
In previous work by the authors, a range of candidate nano-composite materials capable of producing adequate
exothermic thermochemical reactions for open THS when hydrated were investigated. A total of eight SIM (salt
in matrix) composites were synthesized using the Insipient Wetness Technique (IWT) method and the materials
were characterized.

V-CaCl2 appeared to have excellent energy density, Ed coupled with good moisture uptake and response time to
moisture uptake with TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis) also suggesting signicant mass loss in the working range
30 < T < 140 C. These ndings suggested that V-CaCl2 appears to have very good potential for use in sorption
jacket concept. Therefore it was selected as the sorption material to be experimented. Obtained scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) images of raw vermiculite and CaCl2 impregnated vermiculite were given in Fig.13. As seen in
Fig 13a, the raw vermiculite has a lamellar structure with micro-porous channels (nominal pore = 3.68m) in
between the lamellas allowing large amount of salt to be impregnated. Fig.13b illustrates the lamellar structure
of Vermiculite-CaCl2. The SEM image of SIM-3a, obtained with 1000X magnication ratio shows the salt crystals
loaded inside the horizontal nano-scale channels between the lamellas.

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 Figure 13: SEM images of (a) Raw vermiculite,(b) SIM-3a

10. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experimentally obtained V-CaCl2 performance is presented in Fig 14. To investigate the maximum thermal energy
that can be extracted from Vermiculite-CaCl2 in the developed testing rig, the cycle was allowed to run until the
condition Tout = Tin + 3 C were achieved (at the end of 20 hours for this case).

Figure 14. Thermal performance of SIM-3a over 1200 min. testing in Gen3 testing rig

During the test period the total thermal energy output reached 2.93 kWh with mass uptake of 1.41 gwv/gabs. It is
interesting 2.93 kWh that was achieved only from 0.01 m3 of storage volume, suggesting that THS has remarkable
potential to be utilized in the proposed sorption jacket for reducing heat losses, increasing heat storage duration
and reducing the extensive energy consumption in buildings for water heating.

Fig. 15 illustrates the correlation of w and T over 20 hours testing of V-CaCl2. During the test period (t = 20 h),
it can be observed that the correlation between w and T is almost linear and independent of time. Recognizing
and using this correlation will enable to design, operate and control the heat storage process with sorption jacket
in an effective manner.

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11. CONCLUSION
DX-SAHP system was designed and fabricated at the university of Nottingham laboratory as aforementioned. It can
offer multi-functions for residential uses, hot water supply and space heating in winter. To study the performance
of Multi-functions DX-SAHP under different conditions, experiments were carried out in with solar simulator. The
present study tests the systems in real outdoor temperature of 4C, 5C, 6C, 7C and 8C and solar irradiation is
0 W/m, 57W/m, 100W/m and 200W/m with different water ow rate; 1LPM, 2LPM and 3LPM with or/without
thermochemical reaction jacket. During winter time the experimental result shows that the system operating in
space heating only mode can produce adequate space heating during winter. When the water temperatures in
the condenser tank increase with time, the condensing temperature also increases. However, by modifying the
system by adding water-to-refrigerant heat exchanger the performance is enhanced by cooling the liquid before it
is passed through expansion valve, and corresponding COP and collector efciency values remain in steady state
condition. Average values of COP ranged from 3 to 4 and solar collector efciency was found to vary between 40%
and 75% for water temperatures in the condenser tank varying between 43C and 50 C within. A result indicates
that the performance of the system is inuenced signicantly by collector area, and solar irradiation. In addition it
is noticed that, the inner collector plate improves the collector's efciency by absorbing the surrounding deplete
heat at attic area and reducing its frost. Energy input of the system increases because of solar irradiation, in
addition, specic volume of refrigerant decreases and mass ow rate increases. This in turn lead to increase of
the energy consumption by 5.6% and increase of the heating capacity of the system by 18.1% Off-peak electrical
rates utilities can be used to reduce system energy consumption. The DX-SAHP system can supply 200L hot water
with nal temperature of about 50C daily under various conditions. Owing to the increase of heating capacity is
more signicant than that of energy consumption, COP is improved from 3.8 to 3.9 and the heating performance
of the system improved accordingly. Therefore, solar irradiation can considerably reduce frosting formation of DX-
SAHP and benet the performance of the system. Multi-functional DX-SAHP system could guarantee a long-term
operation under very low temperature and relatively low running cost.

Figure 15. Correlation between w and T for SIM-3a in the Gen3 rig

Preliminary tests showed that thermochemical jacket has considerable impact in maintaining the water tank
temperature for around twenty hours without any heat loses and boosting its temperature in average between 10
to 15 C degrees for at least ve hours before starts lingeringly droops in a rate of 2 C degree every two hours.
Water has a storage density of 100 KJ/kg whilst the new composite will have a density of 800 KJ/kg. The new
system incorporates into a household using the existing hot water tank and hot water central heating pipe system.
As the system utilizes a thermochemical reaction with the salt stored in the cold, dehydrated state, the system
is capable of storing its energy over an extended period, even weeks providing moisture is preventing from
hydrating the salt. The salt used in the system has a theoretically innite lifespan due to revisable nature of the
hydration/dehydration reaction. This ensures there is no effective have low heat loss from the system. This offers a
distinct advantage over other systems that store either sensible or latent heat energy.

For future studies, a larger volume compressor with higher speed can be replaced to keep abreast of enhancing
the system performance, to achieve optimum steps in overarching refrigeration cycle.

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REFERENCES
1. Chow, T. T., et al. (2010). "Modeling and application of direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump for water
heating in subtropical Hong Kong." Applied Energy 87(2): 643-649.
2. Freeman, T., et al. (1979). "Performance of combined solar-heat pump systems." Solar Energy 22(2): 125-135.
3. Huang, B. and J. Chyng (2001). "Performance characteristics of integral type solar-assisted heat pump." Solar
Energy 71(6): 403-414.
4. International Energy Agency, I. (2011). World energy statistics; : 696 P.
5. Ito, S., et al. (1999). "Performance of a heat pump using direct expansion solar collectors." Solar Energy 65(3):
189-196.
6. Kong, X., et al. (2011). "Thermal performance analysis of a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump water
heater." Energy 36(12): 6830-6838.
7. Kuang, Y., et al. (2003). "Study on a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump water heating system."
International Journal of Energy Research 27(5): 531-548.
8. Kuang, Y. and R. Wang (2006). "Performance of a multi-functional direct-expansion solar assisted heat pump
system." Solar Energy 80(7): 795-803.
9. Sporn, P. and E. Ambrose (1955). The heat pump and solar energy. Proc. of the World Symposium on Applied
Solar Energy. Phoenix, US.
10. Tatsidjodoung, P., et al. (2016). "Experimental and numerical investigations of a zeolite 13X/water reactor for
solar heat storage in buildings." Energy Conversion and Management 108: 488-500.
11. Tatsidjodoung, P., et al. (2013). "A review of potential materials for thermal energy storage in building
applications." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18: 327-349.

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 0058 - LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS : A REVIEW OF LIFE
CYCLE ASSESSMENT STUDIES
Huseyin Saraltn1, Ceylan Zafer2*
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology
2
Solar Energy Institute, Ege University
Corresponding email: ceylan.zafer@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Ceylan Zafer

ABSTRACT
Photovoltaic technologies have the potential to provide a signicant amount of the energy required to achieve
future energy demand while reducing greenhouse gases emissions. Cost of photovoltaic technologies compared
to other energy sources has restrained their operation. Nonetheless, emerging photovoltaic technologies such
as thin lm and organic photovoltaics, which take advantage of cheaper materials and alternative processing
techniques hold the promise for more efcient and cheaper devices in future.

Recent years photovoltaic (PV) market have witnessed a rapid evolution of perovskite solar cells, which have
comparably low cost and high power conversion efciency. This great potential of perovskite solar cells have
attracted worldwide attentions and publications on them have rising by time.

In this work, we examine a life cycle assessment studies for different types of perovskite solar module architectures
to compare environmental performance. We compare the results of the Energy Payback Time (EPBT), and the
CO2 emission factor among existing PV technologies, The results demonstrate that if perovskite solar modules
have modest EPBT and CO2 emission factor. The research shows the importance of device lifetime, amount of
consumption materials and choosing operation technique.

Keywords: Perovkite solar cells, Life cycle assessment, Thin lm technology, Polymer solar cells, Primary energy
consumption, Carbon footprint

1. INTRODUCTION
The perovskite structure is a general name given to compounds with the same crystal structure as CaTiO3
discovered by Russian materialist Lev Perovski. We can express this crystal structure as ABX3. In this octahedron
cube structure, large cations are denoted by A, while small denominators in the center with B and nally X are
usually halogens or elements such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon. In this structure, the crystal structure becomes
a compound having different properties (ferroelectric, magnetoelectric, semi-conductor, superconductor, etc.) by
varying the elements in the parts represented by A and B.

Figure 1. ABX3 Crystal Structure (1)

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The tolerance factor is a value found in relation to the radii of the elements in this crystal structure (1).

Ra + Rb
t=
Ra + Rx

The tolerance factor has been reported to be more stable and closer to solar cells in cases where it approaches 1
(2). In addition, there are studies indicating that the symmetry of the perovskite crystal structure is a direct effect of
the electro- properties (3). In these studies, t is less than 1 degree, which is a matter of electronic characteristics.

Tolerance factor for alkali metal halide perovskites is 0.813-1.107. For this reason, the cation diameter should be
between 1.6 and 2.5 . The methylammonium cation used in making solar cells is in compliance with this range
with a value of 1.8 . Methylammonium lead lead perovskites prepared from this way were used as absorbent
material in solar cell applications. Although two-dimensional (2D) perovskite structures are generally more stable,
they have been found to have lower yields when used in photovoltaic applications (4).

The optical absorption energy is usually related to the electronegativity of the crystalline halogen. For example, in
chlorine-type perovskites, the absorption is in the UV range, while the green wavelength is absorbed by iodine-
type devices. Bromine based devices are used for the absorption of the visible region. The organic part of the
perovskite crystal plays the most important role in determining the band gap of the material (5).

The rst application of perovskite material to solar cell studies was in dye sensitive solar cells. In these studies,
instead of dye molecules, lead iodide perovskite and spiro-OmeTAD was used instead of liquid electrolyte.
In these applications, perovskite nanoparticles were used for photon absorption (6). The perovskite structure
successfully transported electrons to the electron transfer layer, TiO2, as well as the holes in the holes transfer
layer, the spiro portion, as the photon absorbed into the cell. In addition, the compact TiO2 layer is used as a hole
barrier layer in this scaffold structure (7). These active and buffer layers are sandwiched between the TCO coated
on the glass substrate and the metal contact electrode as shown in gure 2 (8). This structure was the beginning
of mesoporous perovskite solar cell applications.

Figure 2. Mesoporous Perovskite Solar Cell (10)

Some studies have tried to use Al2O3 instead of mesoporous TiO2, but this material has not been very popular
because it does not allow electron extraction as effectively as TiO2, due to it has high band gap (9).

This scaffold architecture was also used to control the crystal formation and morphology of the perovskite formation.
However, in order to create this structure, high-temperature processes were needed, and this made the cost of
production high. In addition, the mesoporous structure has caused insufcient crystal structure homogeneity in
the framework.

Due to these disadvantages, studies on planar architecture have gained speed. This planar architecture is two
kinds, classical and inverted (Figure 3). In this structure, spiro-MeOTAD was used as gap transfer layer and TiO2
electron transfer layer.

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 Figure 3. Classic and inverted planar perovskite structures (11) (12)

However, it has been observed that the efciency in planar architectural studies is lower than in mesoporous
structures. It has been shown that the diffusion gap between the perovskite layer and TiO2 is higher in planar
structures as the main factor that leads to this low yield. According to this, mesoporous architectures have a
distance of 10 nm and a planar architecture of 250 nm. This high distance leads to loss of charge during transfer,
called recombination, resulting in low yield. However, in order to avoid this loss, it has been determined that
the diffusion range should be around 100 nm maximum. In addition, the very thin perovskite layer produced to
reduce the load mobility distance caused defects in the structure, which caused contraction in the surface area.
Therefore, the perovskite layer exhibits a parallel diode behavior in the cell, leading to a decrease in open-circuit
voltage (Voc), ll factor (FF) and device efciency (PCE) (13).

Here are the basic structures and common rst-use architectures we exemplify. However, new materials and
production techniques are being tested day by day, and studies are being published that can inspire successful
and cheap device manufacturing. Some of them are as follows; The use of graphene metal electrodes, the use of
TiO2 part in nanocon-nanorod-nanotube, or the use of polymer-based materials in architectures.

2.MATERIAL AND METHOD

The aim of this study is to investigate two basic types of perovskite cell planar and mesoporous structures by
using the life cycle analysis method according to different architectural structures and production processes.
This method consists of four main steps. These are the identication of the purpose, inventory analysis, impact
evaluation and interpretation of the results.

Life cycle analysis is done in two ways. The rst one is examined in all steps from production to recycling, this
approach is called cradle to grave. The second is the cradle-to-gate process, where the material and production
processes are examined until they reach the user. Since the perovskite solar cells are not yet in the commercial
area, almost all of the work already done in this area is in cradle to gate application.

Up to this time, many studies on perovskite architecture have been investigated. In this work we will examine
the two basic architectures in terms of different material uses and production processes. These are planar and
mesoporous perovskite solar cells. The properties of these constructions and their relative advantages are given
in the literature summary.

Inventory analysis is the backbone of a life cycle analysis. The inventory analysis in photovoltaics studies consists
of two parts. These are material and energy inventory. The material inventory starts with determining the need
for raw materials needed for both types of perovskite. Different architects will naturally need raw materials from
different types of materials.

In addition, the diversity of production methods will also be examined at this stage to see how
effectively the resulting nished material is used. Another point to look for is the replacement of
expensive parts of expensive materials by cheap materials. For example, spiro-OMETAD is mainly
used as a hole transport layer in both perovskite types. Since this material is expensive, there are researches on
the devices that use different materials instead of this layer. The answer to these new production methods and
how the material types affect the utility and environmental suitability will be the result of the work of this analysis.

Energy inventory aims to determine the energy requirement for all production process steps. In this step, the production
process types and times will be determined and the energy requirement for each process will be determined.

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In the impact assessment section, the data obtained in the inventory analysis are transformed into various
indicators using specic software. In this study, two basic indicators which will be widely used in the examination
of photovoltaic technologies will be determined rst. These are Energy payback time and CO2 emission factor.
The data obtained from the inventory analysis will be analyzed and visualized by the software together with the
environmental values in the ecoinvent database. Environmental analysis of the modules will be done using the CML
method. In this method, given data will be simulated and compared to data of existing photovoltaic technologies.
The advantages and disadvantages of the evaluated architects and production processes for the future will be
considered from the perspective of commercialization of the technology by foreseeing them.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Studies of life cycle analysis on perovskite solar cells up to now can be counted on the ngers of one hand. Many
of these researches include the Cradle to Gate method, while others rarely do the Cradle to Grave . As we
mentioned in the methodology, the perovskite solar cells are not commercialized yet, so the Cradle to Grave
study will not give very accurate results.

There are two most common methods for the production of perovskite solar cells. These are vapor deposition and
spin coating production techniques. Studies have shown that architects with smoother layers of vapor deposition
technique have been obtained. According to the literature, the efciency of cells produced by this method is
15.4% (14). In the cells produced by spin coating, less uniform layers were formed and the yield was reported at
around 11,5 (15). A study on the life cycle of these two production methods was carried out by espinoza et al.(16)
According to the results of this study, CO2 emission amounts and energy payback times in the cells made with
both production techniques are close to each other. According to this, while the amount of CO2 emission is 1000
g CO2 equiv / kWh, the period of energy recovery is around 1.5 years.

After the perovskite layer absorbs the light, the electrons are transferred to the electron transport layer. The electron
transfer material must conform to the energy bandgap of the perovskite layer and the anode electrode material. In
most of the researches the preferred material for this layer is TiO2. ZnO is one of the alternative materials that has
been tried as electron transport material. There are researches that claim that using this material leads to higher
effeciency than TiO2-based cells. Gong and his colleagues (17) conducted a study to examine the difference
between these two materials as a life cycle study. This work was done by Cradle to Grave method, and different
material types were preferred for the substrate and cathode electrode layers. Accordingly, the results obtained
are very different and inadequate compared to other life cycle studies. It is the wrong choice of the method used
for the basic reason why the results are so different and far from reality. As we have already mentioned, perovskite
technology is not yet commercialized, so it will not be well to examine it by Cradle to Grave method. However,
this study has been one of the important studies in the literature because it is one of the rst studies in this area
and includes detailed material inventory analysis.

Zhang et al.(18) have tried to demonstrate the use of TiO2 nanotube as electrode material. These nanotubes
need to be examined because of their performance in other organic solar cells before perovskite based studies.
Compare the results of the life cycle with those of other technologies. Accordingly, although the amount of energy
required for production is lower than that of conventional silicon cells, it has not been able to provide a clear
picture of other thin lm and organic technologies. Moreover, the amount obtained is much higher than that of
classical perovskite cells. The same values can be said for green house gas emission quantities. The EPBT datas
are very much lower than the commercialized silicones and almost identical to the classical organic cells.

The biggest problem after perovskite cells' inadequacy in terms of stability is the uneasiness of the lead element
that will cause problems for nature. For this reason, the work on the use of tin as an alternative to the lead has gained
speed. Espinosa and et al.(19) conducted a life cycle analysis of two tin and lead based structures. According to
this, when the efciencies of the two architects were compared, it was observed that the efciency of the tin-based
cell was maintained at 6.4 percent, while that of lead-based cells reached 15.4 times. The analysis of the life cycle
shows that even if the environmental advantages of tin are demonstrated, it is early to be an alternative to the lead
in existing conditions because it is a material that is about 6 times more expensive than the tin lead and because
it is the third critical metal type on earth.

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4. CONCLUSION
Perovskite cells have emerged as the most important alternative for silicon solar cell' electricity generation with
record performance increases that they have shown in successive decades. Although it is still the rst stage of
development, it is thought to have a potential in terms of environment. Life cycle analysis of Perovskite technology
helps to determine how much material and energy is required for the production of cells, and, lastly, which is
the most optimal production process, in particular to examine the environmental effects of the perovskite layer.
The researches shows that the EPBT and CO2 emission values are variable for different architectures and material
technologies. Future life cycle analysis studies will shed light on these values in order to optimize the efciency of
the cell at a certain level.

REFERENCES
1. Wang Q, Xie Y, Soltani-Kordshuli F, Eslamian M. Progress in emerging solution-processed thin lm solar cells
Part I: polymer solar cells. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;56:34761
2. Yeo J-S, Kang R, Lee S, Jeon Y-J, Myoung N, Lee C-L, et al. Highly efcient and stable planar perovskite solar
cells with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as electrode interlayer. Nano Energy 2015;12:96104.
3. Rini M, Tobey R, Dean N, Itatani J, Tomioka Y, Tokura Y, et al. Control of the electronic phase of a manganite by
mode-selective vibrational excitation.Nature 2007;449:724.
4. Wang X, Li Z, Xu W, Kulkarni SA, Batabyal SK, Zhang S, et al. TiO 2 nanotube arrays based exible perovskite
solar cells with transparent carbon nanotube electrode. Nano Energy 2015;11:72835.
5. Wei Y, Audebert P, Galmiche L, Lauret J-S, Deleporte E. Photostability of 2D organic-inorganic hybrid
perovskites. Materials 2014;7:4789802.
6. Gratzel M. The light and shade of perovskite solar cells. Nat Mater 2014;13:83842.
7. Boix PP, Nonomura K, Mathews N, Mhaisalkar SG. Current progress and future perspectives for organic/
inorganic perovskite solar cells. Mater Today 2014;17:1623.
8. Troughton J, Bryant D, Wojciechowski K, Carnie MJ, Snaith H, Worsley DA, et al. Highly efcient, exible,
indium-free perovskite solar cells employing metallic substrates. J Mater Chem A 2015;3:91415.
9. Lee MM, Teuscher J, Miyasaka T, Murakami TN, Snaith HJ. Efcient hybrid solar cells based on meso-
superstructured organometal halide perovskites. Science 2012;338:6437.
10. Burschka J, Pellet N, Moon SJ, Humphry-Baker R, Gao P, Nazeeruddin MK, et al. Sequential deposition as a
route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature 2013;499:3169.
11. Eperon GE, Burlakov VM, Docampo P, Goriely A, Snaith HJ. Morphological control for high performance,
solution-processed planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Adv Funct Mater 2014;24:1517.
12. You J, Yang MY, Chen Q, Cai M, Song T-B, Chen C-C, Lu S, Liu Y, Zhou H, Yang Y. Low-temperature solution-
processed perovskite solar cells with high efciency and exibility. ACS Nano 2014;8:167480.
13. Yang Z, Zhang W-H. Organolead halide perovskite: a rising player in high-efciency solar cells. Chin J Catal
2014;35:9838.
14. M. Liu, M.B. Johnston, H.J. Snaith, Efcient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition,
Nature 501 (2013) 395398. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/nature12509.
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 0059 - DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF SINGLE AXIS SUN TRACKING
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Serdar Nuholu*, Ahmet Samanc
Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Trkiye
Corresponding email: srdrnuhoglu@gmail.com
* Corresponding author: Serdar Nuhoglu

ABSTRACT
This study was done in a single-axis sun tracking system design. As part of specied in the design will be
manufactured prototype sun tracking system. Firstly chassis, constructions of the existing xed sun panels and
the basic components used in these are examined in terms of strength and cost. Secondly single axis sun tracking
ready systems and components are examined. Then literature and patents to investigate the most appropriate
mechanical and automatic control system are designed. For single axis motion bell-pulley, worm-gear, arm-
lever, hydraulics, pneumatics, linear actuator etc. making mechanisms are decided on the choice of the most
appropriate mechanism of action. Also for automated control systems available solutions and patents are made to
investigate the appropriate selection of an automation system. As a result, conditions in our country are completely
indigenous, viable solar tracking system is designed to control mechanical and automatic. This system is also
designed considered separately patent.

Keywords: Single axis sun tracking, PV, Solar energy, Conference, Exhibition, Solartr

1. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic systems as xed axis, single-axis and dual-axis sun tracking are divided into three parts. Nowadays
the most commonly used system is xed axis system. This required the system to be developed in this study is a
single-axis sun tracking system. Because the single axis sun tracking system provides greater efciency by about
25% compared to xed systems. Single axis sun tracking system is judged to be more appropriate to investigate
it because it is a little difference in yield of around 5% according to the dual-axis sun tracking system.

1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Lazaroiu et al. (2014), they have produced two PV lab prototypes to compare xed and mobile systems, and stated
that in solar-powered systems, energy production provides 20% more solar radiation. [1]

Lubitz (2010), Stated that only the azimuth angle controlling solar panel system provides 29% more solar radiation
than the xed solar panel system, and 34% in the two axis tracking system. [2]

Maatallah (2011), In this study, the single axis sun tracking system experimentally showed that the summer and
winter solstice periods have respectively 10% and 15% higher ratios than the xed system. [3]

Sungur (2008), In his study for photovoltaic panels in Turkey, he observed that the two axis solar tracking system
produces 42.6% more energy compared to the xed panel system. [4]

Yilmaz et al. (2014), xed and sun tracking systems have been studied theoretically and experimentally. The sun
tracking system has resulted in 28% more electric energy than the xed system. [5]

Liao, H. H. (2010), has applied a drive mechanism as shown in Figure 1 for a single axis sun tracking system with
a magnetic lock. [6]

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 Figure 1. Front view of magnetic lock single axis solar tracking system

Figure 2. Driving mechanism of single axis sun tracking system with magnetic lock

Zhou, Y. (2013), the design of the drive mechanism for the single axis sun tracking system is shown in Figure 3. [7]

- 154 -
 Figure 3. Drive mechanism connection type for single axis sun tracking system

Corio, R. P. (2013), provided using gear mechanism for sun tracking. The single axis sun tracking system mechanism
is shown in Figure 4. [8]

Figure 4. Single axis sun tracking system gear mechanism

Mackamul, K. (2008), designed a south-sloping single axis tracking system with ball bearing linear actuator
mechanism. Figure 5 shows the design of this mechanism. [9]

Figure 5. Linear actuator mechanism with ball bearing connection type

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2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Today, the most commonly used xed axis systems provide less energy efciency than other systems. It is designed
feasible by performing cost analysis for a single axis sun tracking system with higher energy efciency. Existing
single axis tracking systems and patents were examined and a unique design was made. It has also been noted
that it is feasible in addition to cost analysis. The prototype of the design was produced and the reality was seen.
This new design has a lower cost design to achieve the same energy in a single axis sun tracking system.

In order to obtain suitable efciency and cost, the most suitable construction is designed and automatic control
system is determined.

2.1. DESIGN OF SUN TRACKING SYSTEM

Firstly, the basic components to be used for a single axis have been determined. The existing xed system sun
panels' chassis and constructions and the basic components used in them have been examined in terms of
strength and cost. Secondly, single axis sun tracking ready systems and components have been investigated. In
this way, a more original design has been made by seeing which systems are used. Later literature and patents
were investigated and the most suitable mechanical and automatic control system was designed. For single axis
motion bell-pulley, worm-gear, arm-lever, hydraulics, pneumatics, linear actuator etc. making mechanism will be
decided on the choice of the most appropriate mechanism of action.

Figure 6. Design of sun tracking system

After the design has been made, rstly the proles are cut and prepared to assembly. Proles were welded each
other to creating the support part of the chassis. The parts of the bedding that allow the panel to rotate are cut
by laser and assembled. Then the support part of the chassis and the beddings were connected by bolt and
assembled. Transmission materials consist of a 12V wiper motor, reducer and gears. The motor and reducer were
bought ready but gears were made. The pinion and other gears were cut in the laser cutting according to the
design and assembled. In addition, 6 mm steel plates were bent to assemble the right vertical prole to connect
the construction of motor.

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 Figure 7. Tracking system bottom profile construction

Figure 8. Engine and electronic part

Even though LDR was used initially to provide solar follow-up, thereby we could not get the desired efciency,
so we changed to small sun panels . These small sun panels which will help to follow the sun are placed at a
75 degree angle from the horizontal and followed up to the desired measurement. The solar panel with 250 W
powers was connected proles with bolts, and the construction was completed.

In the electrical-electronics phase, the follow-up program was written in the arduino program and was installed
the arduino device. The electronic card was provided the registration of the requested information.

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 Figure 9. Inverter connections

Figure 10. Single axis sun tracking system

2.2. FIXED SUN SYSTEM

In order to ensure to stay the xed system at the desired tilt angle, unlike the moving system, only the bedding
section which provides movement has been changed.

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 Figure 11. Fixed solar system - tilt angle fixing bed

Figure12. Fixed system - bedding parts

In order to make mobile for sun tracking system and xed system, four snail wheels are placed at the bottom of
the construction.

3. RESULTS
Fixed system(tilted 32o) and single axis sun tracking system (horizontal N-S axis) were placed side by side in the
same environmental circumstance and taking current, voltage and power data were recorded. According to the
recorded data, it was seen that the single axis sun tracking system produces about 25% more energy than the
xed system.

4. DISCUSSIONS
It is necessary to work on the ldr angles in order to ensure that the panes in the single axis solar tracking system
are completely perpendicular to the sun's rays.

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5. CONCLUSION
This designed system is placed along the applied land and is moved by driver from one center. It seems that there
is not much difference between the xed system and single axis sun tracking system in terms of cost.
Thereby same energy with lower cost obtain, we purposed that investors use more single axis sun tracking system.
The design achieved to be a more suitable investment for investors within the eld of this study. Thus, solar panels
will be prefered by investor, so solar panels will be used to preferred more.

In this way, electricity will be produced with renewable energy, and contribution of Turkish economy will be
provided. Natural life will be preserved because it is more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels in energy
production.

As a result, a totally domestic, feasible sun tracking system is designed as mechanical and automatic control in our
country conditions.

REFERENCES
1. Lazaroiu, G. C., Longo, M. ve Roscia, M. (2014). &RPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRI[HGDQGVXQWUDFNLQJORZSRZHUSYV\VWHPV
considering energy consumption. ScienceDirect. Volume 92. Pages 143-148.
2. Lubitz, W. D. (2010). (IIHFW RI PDQXDO WLOW DGMXVWPHQWV RQ LQFLGHQW LUUDGLDQFH RQ [HG DQG 7UDFNLQJ  VRODU SDQHOV.
ScienceDirect. Volume 88. Pages 1710-1719.
3. Maatallah, T. (2011). 3HUIRUPDQFHPRGHOLQJDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQRI[HGVLQJOHDQGGXDOD[LVWUDFNLQJSKRWRYROWDLFSDQHO
in Monastir city, Tunisia. ScienceDirect. Volume 15. Pages 4053-4066.
4. Sungur, C. (2008). Multi-axes sun-tracking system with PLC control for photovoltaic panels in Turkey. ScienceDirect.
Volume 34. Pages 1119-1125.
5. Yilmaz, S., Ozcalik, H.R., Dogmus, O. ve Dincer, F. (2014). Design of two axes sun tracking controller with analytically
solar radiation calculations. ScienceDirect. Volume 43. Pages 997-1005.
6. Liao, H. H. (2010), One-axis solar tracker system and apparatus with wind lock devices, US, Patent No: 8671930
B2 https://www.google.com/patents/US8671930?dq=8671930+B2&hl=tr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM7fvPn8_
JAhXJBSwKHchUA6EQ6AEIHTAA
7. Zhou, Y. (2013), Ganged single axis solar tracker and its drive system, US, Patent No: 20140053825 A1 https://
www.google.com/patents/US20140053825?dq=20140053825+A1&hl=tr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA-qm7n8_
JAhWGliwKHRl_AbcQ6AEIHTAA
8. Corio, R. P. (2013), Single axis solar tracker system, US, Patent No: 20140338659 A1 https://www.
google.com/patents/US20140338659?dq=20140338659+A1&hl=tr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUz7TOns_
JAhVGESwKHTkbCMIQ6AEIHTAA
9. Mackamul, K. (2008), Southerly tilted solar tracker system and method, US, Patent No: 20090159075 A1 https://
www.google.com/patents/US20090159075?dq=20090159075+A1&hl=tr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimurr1ns_
JAhWJ3SwKHY5wCboQ6AEIHTAA

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 0060 - IMPROVEMENT OF PV PANEL PERFORMANCE VIA SURFACE COOLING
Serdar elik*, Rehan Ali
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Edwardsville, Illinois, 62026 U.S.A.
Corresponding email: scelik@siue.edu
*Corresponding author: Serdar elik

ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to observe and compare the effects of various options of surface cooling of the
panel on its performance. These options tested were air cooling at a xed air-ow rate, and water cooling at
two different volume ow rates of water. To have a set of reference performance parameters for comparison
purposes, experiments were carried out on the solar panel without surface cooling, as well. I-V and thermal tests
were performed under varying cooling scenarios and results were compared. It was found out that the cooling of
photovoltaic system using water over the front surface enhances the performance even more as compared to air
cooling of solar panel which performed better than the case with no cooling method used. Power output of the
air-cooled system increased by 2.4% compared to the case of no cooling. In the water-cooled tests, power output
was measured to increase by 4.7% and 6.3% at ow rates of 1 gpm and 2 gpm, respectively. Theoretical analysis
was also done by using the relevant energy balance equations. Calculations showed that the theoretical results
were in conformity with the experimental outcome. Highest error between the energy coming into the PV system
due to irradiation from the lamp and the energy lost by the solar panel, through convection and radiation was
calculated as 5.9% which manifests close agreement between the theory and the experimentation.

Keywords: Photovoltaic panel, Conversion efciency, Surface cooling

1. INTRODUCTION
One of the main problems in instrumenting the photovoltaic system is the low energy conversion efciency of
photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, during the long operational periods of solar cells, energy conversion efciency
decreases noticeably due to increase in operating cell temperature over a certain value. One way of maintaining
the efciency of photovoltaic systems at higher values is cooling the PV surfaces down. Numerous studies exist
on quantication of performance enhancement for PV panels with various cooling techniques applied on the
panels. Tonui et al. [1] performed two different techniques to cool the panel surface. One of the methods involved
use of thin sheet metal suspended at the middle and the other employed ns attached to the back wall of the
air channel to improve the heat transfer from the panel to the air. It was reported that the latter method yielded
better cooling of the panel. Bahaidarah et al. [2] developed a hybrid water cooled PV system which incorporated a
heat exchanger on the rear surface of the panel. The hybrid system reduced module temperature by 20% leading
to an increase in PV module efciency by 9%. Krauter [3] cooled down the surface temperature of the PV panel
employing water. According to this study, it was noted that the reection of sunlight reduced by 2-3.6% while
decreasing the solar cell temperature by up to 22C, and increasing the electrical output by 10.3%. Teo et al. [4]
developed a hybrid PV/T system having parallel array of air ducts, attached to the back of PV panel. This system
increased electrical efciency of PV panel from 8-9% to 12-14%. Kordzadeh [5] cooled PV cells using thin-lm water
over the PV surface. It was reported that the panel temperature decreased approximately by 40% and efciency
increased along with volume ow rate of water. Eveloy et al. [6] experimentally studied the effects of cooling the
PV module using water. It was concluded that incorporation of sun tracking system and water cooling with the PV
module increased the power output by up to 40% as compared to passively cooled stationary PV modules.

So far, cooling of solar panels employing air or water has been studied. It is however crucial to compare the effects
of different means of cooling on the performance enhancement of solar panels. In this paper, effects of cooling
solar panels using air or water are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Furthermore, performance
of solar panel is evaluated at different water ow rates for the water-cooled tests. Energy balance analysis is
developed for all scenarios covered and theoretical and experimental ndings are compared.

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2. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Figure 1 shows the experimental setup for I-V and thermal tests conducted on the 40W solar panel. The scenarios
studied are; no cooling case (which is the reference scenario), air-cooled case at a xed air-ow rate, and water-
cooled case at two different water-ow rates. Figure 2 illustrates the solar panel and the cooling equipment
implemented on the setup.

Figure 1. Schematic of the experimental setup

Figure 2. Solar panel and the cooling accessories

For the air-cooled tests, a fan was mounted behind the solar panel. To serve for the water-cooled experiments,
a perforated pipe with 3mm-diamter holes along the length was instrumented. A rotameter was connected in
between the exible pipe to measure the water ow rate through the cooling pipe. I-V curves were also obtained
experimentally. For consistency and reliability, all tests were conducted at night time under a 1000W tripod
projector lamp. The lamp was placed in front of the solar panel at a xed position in all tests. An electric circuit
was built to yield I-V curves for all cases studied. Figure 3 represents the diagram of the circuit built, and Figure 4
shows the actual experimental setup for obtaining the I-V curves.

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 Figure 3. Electrical diagram for the I-V tests

Figure 4. Experimental setup for I-V testing

For the thermal measurements, 20 T-type thermocouples were used. These thermocouples were implemented on
the front and back surfaces of the solar panel and were then calibrated before testing. Each thermocouple tip was
isolated from the surroundings for accurate measurements. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the thermocouple locations
on the experimental setup.
p

Figure 5. Thermocouple locations and labels

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 Figure 6. Thermocouple locations on the actual setup

3. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Theoretical analysis was conducted employing the energy balance equations. For each scenario, equations used
are discussed in this section.

3.1. SYSTEM WITH NO COOLING

where F1,pG is the radiation coming on the surface of solar panel from the ood lamp and absorbed by the solar
panel, PV is the electrical power ux generated by solar panel, q''conv,free(fr) and q''conv,free(bk) is the heat ux generated
by free convection from front and back of the solar panel respectively, q''rad(fr&bk) is the heat ux by radiation from
front and back of the solar panel.

F1,p is the view factor which indicates the proportion of radiation received by the solar panel coming from the
lamp. This view factor was computed by [7]:

where rp is the equivalent radius of the solar panel, computed from the area of the solar panel, rl is the radius of
the lamp head and S is the factor which is given as:

In equation (3), Rpv and Rl are the ratios of radii and distance, D, between the two parallel surfaces.

Convective heat transfer on the front surface of the panel was solved using the correlation suggested by Armstrong
and Hurley [8]:

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Natural convection on the back surface of the p
panel can be q p y g [8]:
quantied employing

Radiation heat exchange between the surroundings and the front and back surfaces of the panel are calculated
using:
g

3.2. AIR-COOLED SYSTEM

In the air-cooled design, forced convection takes place at the back of the panel. Hence:

Heat ux by forced convection from the back of solar panel, q''conv,force(bk) is calculated by

where convective heat transfer coefcient can be obtained from [8]:

with w being the average velocity of air ow.

3.3. WATER-COOLED SYSTEM

In the water-cooled design, forced convection takes place at the front of the panel. Hence:

the heat ux by forced convection from the front side of the solar panel is given as :

Radiation from front side of solar panel is given as:

where Tw,avg is average of water inlet and outlet temperatures. Radiation from the water lm to the surroundings
was neglected in the analysis.

4. RESULTS
The current and voltage values of the solar panel under a tripod projector lamp were obtained by varying the
resistances connected within the closed circuit. The current and voltage values were obtained after the surface
temperature of the solar panel reached a steady state. Figure 7 shows the I-V curves for solar panel for different
scenarios studied.

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 Figure 7. Experimental I-V curves for all scenarios

Temperature readings from various locations on the front and back of the panel, and for the cooling water were
recorded during both the transient period and the steady state. Figure 8 plots the temperature variations for
selected nodes for all cases studied. Results from theoretical calculations were compared to that from experimental
analysis. Conversion efciency of the photovoltaic panel under tested scenarios was also calculated based on the
measurements. All these comparisons and efciency values are presented in Table 1.

Figure 8. Surface and water film temperatures

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Table 1. Results from calculations
q'' q'' q'' q'' q'' Fl,pG Fl,pG
Efciency
PV conv(fr) conv(bk) rad(fr) rad(bk) (experimental) (calculated)
Scenario Error (%)
(%)
(W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2)

No cooling 31.5 39.3 80.7 128.8 58.8 339.0 339.3 0.1 9.28

Air-cooled 32.3 22.2 183.1 64.9 22.0 324.5 339.3 4.4 9.51

Water-
cooled 33.0 280.0 0.0 5.8 0.5 319.4 339.3 5.9 9.72
(1 gpm)
Water-
cooled 33.5 290.2 0.0 6.4 0.0 330.0 339.3 2.7 9.86
(2 gpm)

System improvement with respect to the cooling method applied along with initial cost comparison is presented
in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Performance and cost analysis

5. CONCLUSION
Obtained I-V curves clearly showed that the conversion efciency of the photovoltaic panel is enhanced noticeably.
Power output of the air-cooled system increases by 2.4% compared to the case of no cooling. It should be noted
that the air cooling was applied from only the back surface of the panel. Change in the performance will be
observed if the fan is placed in front of the panel, or if a fan on both sides is instrumented. In the water-cooled
tests, power output was measured to increase by 4.7% and 6.3% at ow rates of 1 gpm and 2 gpm, respectively.
This is expected as the heat capacity of water is higher than that of air, and it can absorb more heat during the
cooling process. In the water-cooled application, lm of water impacts the irradiation on the panel surface in a
negative manner. However the results showed that this loss was well dominated by the gain due to surface cooling,
hence an improvement in the conversion efciency was witnessed. Besides performance analysis, cost analysis
was also performed in terms of initial investment. Air-cooled and water-cooled systems cost 19% and 16.6% more,
respectively, compared to the reference case of panel having no cooling mechanism. Energy balance equation
was employed in the theoretical analysis. Comparison of theoretical results to experimental measurements yielded
an error range of 0.1-5.9%. Maximum error was observed with the water-cooled system at a ow rate of 1 gpm.
The results suggest that the theoretical model is in good agreement with the experimental ndings.

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REFERENCES
1. J.K. Tonui, Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, Performance improvement of PV/T solar collectors with natural air ow
operation, Solar Energy, 82 (2008), pp. 112.
2. H. Bahaidarah, Abdul Subhan, P. Gandhidasan, S. Rehman, Performance evaluation of a PV (photovoltaic)
module by back surface water cooling for hot climatic conditions, Energy, 59 (2013), pp. 445-453.
3. S. Krauter, Increased electrical yield via water ow over the front of photovoltaic panels, Solar Energy Materials
& Solar Cells, 82 (2004), pp. 131137.
4. H.G. Teo, P.S. Lee, M.N.A. Hawlader, An active cooling system for photovoltaic modules, Applied Energy, 90
(2012), pp. 309315.
5. A. Kordzadeh, The effects of nominal power of array and system head on the operation of photovoltaic water
pumping set with array surface covered by a lm of water, Renewable Energy, 35 (2010), pp. 10981102.
6. V. Eveloy, P. Rodgers, S. Bojanampati, Enhancement of photovoltaic solar module performance for power
generation in the Middle East, 28th IEEE SEMI-THERM Symposium, San Jose, CA, March 18-22, 2012, pp. 87-97.
7. F.P. Incropera, D.P. DeWitt, T.L. Bergman, A.S. Lavine, Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, John Wiley &
Sons, 2006.
8. S. Armstrong, W.G. Hurley, A thermal model for photovoltaic panels under varying atmospheric conditions,
Applied Thermal Engineering, 30 (2010), pp. 1488-1495.
9. A. Feingold, 1966, "Radiant-interchange conguration factors between various selected plane surfaces," Proc.
Roy. Soc. London, ser. A, 292 (1966), pp. 51-60.
10. D.C. Hamilton, W.R. Morgan, 1952, "Radiant-interchange conguration factors," NASA TN 2836.
11. E.M. Sparrow, 1962, "A new and simpler formulation for radiative angle factors, J. Heat Transfer, vol. 85 (2),
pp. 81-88.

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0062 - THE EFFECTS OF SOILING ON SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS IN THE CAPITAL
OF CYPRUS
Na Cabacaba*, Turgut Karahuseyin, Serkan Abbasolu
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research,
Cyprus International University, Mersin 10, Trkiye, Nicosia
Corresponding email: na@cabacaba-solar.com
*Corresponding author: Na Cabacaba

ABSTRACT
The Cypriot community is getting familiar with the PV systems and installations are expected to grow with a rapid
pace. On the other hand, the effect of soiling is limited to few studies in Cyprus. This paper presents the effects of
soiling on an installed PV system in the capital of Cyprus. The system consists of six poly-crystalline PV modules
each one of them has connected to a dedicated micro-inverter. The system power outputs and irradiation level are
monitored on individual level by using online portal. Initial monitoring phase is conducted by manually cleaning
PV modules for 15 days. After monitoring process, the system is divided into two groups. Each group consists
of three PV modules based on their power outputs. Percentage power output difference between two groups is
evaluated to be of 0.03. The second phase started with daily manual cleaning of one group for seven days in May
and June while the other group is left for natural contamination. The power reduction calculated as 3.50 % in May
and 2.28 % in June between naturally contaminated and daily-cleaned modules mainly as a result of severe bird
droppings in May and the reduced frequency of bird droppings respectively.

Keywords: Bird droppings, Dust deposition, Nicosia, PV modules, Soiling, Nicosia

1. INTRODUCTION
Energy plays a key role in human life. From industries, transportations systems, infrastructures to basic human
activities, mankind has become more dependent on energy ever then before. The world energy demand is
estimated to be 13555 Mtoe in 2013, supplied by various sources: mainly fossil fuels, (coal oil and gas), nuclear
energy and renewables [1]. Worlds energy dependency has increased by two and a half fold over the last 42
years.

Renewables and Nuclear Power are constantly increasing their percentage share in terms of total energy but fossil
fuels still supplies 81.6% of the total energy demand in 2013 [2]. On the other hand, even though renewables
represents only 1.2% of the total energy consumption, in 2013, there has been promising increase in wind
generation, solar thermal and solar photovoltaic 22%, 28% and 41% respectively.

Parallel to increasing population and developing industrialization, energy demand is constantly rising. According
to Energy Information Administration (EIA) predictions worlds energy consumption is expected to rise by 56%
between 2010 and 2040 [3].

Modied Klass model suggest that the worlds primarily energy sources which are oil, coal and gas will be depleted
approximately in 35, 107 and 137 years time respectively, based on modied formula from Klass model [4]. While
estimates made by Klass model is questionable, it is the fact that fossil fuels are formed over a course of a million
years, and therefore depleting with a rapid pace, soon or later fossil based energy supplies will be insufcient to
meet our future demands.

In addition to depletion, another down side of energy generation from fossil fuels is the adverse impact on
environment. The excess use of fossil fuels is considered to be the main reason for the environmental problems,
such as climate change, air pollution, oil spills, acid rains etc. As a result of greenhouse gas emissions, changes in
weather patterns also climatologists have recorded increase in worlds global temperature.

One of the main goals is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; ultimately this can only achieved by promoting
and increasing renewable energy share (RES) in total energy mix. Current EIA predictions suggest that 11% of the
worlds energy consumption and 21% of electricity consumption is supplied by renewables [5][6]. At the end of

- 169 -
2013, hydropower is the worlds leading renewable energy with an installed capacity of 1025 GW, accounting for
66% of generated electricity from renewables and also supplies 15% of the worlds electricity. Wind energy is the
second largest renewable energy contributor with a capacity of 318 GW. Wind energy is followed by Photovoltaics
with a 139 GW installed capacity. The sum of these three renewable energy sources contributes over 92% of
the overall RES. According to Informational Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Remap analysis, wind energy is
expected to generate more power than hydropower in 2030. Photovoltaic energy is expected to exceed 1250 GW
installed capacity by 2030 [1].

Cyprus is a small island located in Eastern Mediterranean with no interconnection to any other networks. Energy
demand is heavily met by imported fossil fuels. Moreover, the lack of alternatives to fossil fuels makes the island
economy one of the most vulnerable in the EU. For reducing the dependency on fossil fuel and limiting the CO2
emissions, legislations and regulations are entered into force in order to promote renewable energies. Solar
energy is one of the most favorable renewable energy sources among all the renewables and holds a great
potential for reducing dependencies on fossils fuels due to the high incident irradiation values of the island.

The rst solar energy usage in Cyprus was in the form of solar water heating systems imported from Israel in 1956.
Local production of solar water heating systems started soon after this import and expanded quickly. Later the
progress slowed for the next six years due to technical problems. Overcoming this matter, installations of solar
water heaters showed a rapid increase and exceeded 30,000 m2 of collector area. Cyprus now has installed a
collector area of 0.82m2 / person, the worlds highest. Moreover, the solar water heating systems have energy
payback period less than 14 months and the system has payback period of 4 years [7][8].

In addition to solar thermal energy, laws and regulations concerning Photovoltaic (PV) installations are enacted
in 2011 and allowed net metering since then cumulative installed capacity exceeded 5 MW in North Cyprus
Irradiation values reaching up to 2000 kWh/m2 and annual yield of PV systems varying between 1580-1700 kWh/
kWp can be found in the literature [8]. As a result, Cyprus offers one of the highest potential to generate electricity
from photovoltaics in Europe.

The cumulative installed capacity of PV modules is constantly increasing, thanks to reducing price/watt and also
increasing efciencies of the PV modules. However, even under high irradiation values, PV modules fail to generate
expected output power due to soiling. Soiling shows variations from place to place and sometimes can be the
dominant source of power loses experienced by PV systems. However, there is no anecdotal data that investigates
the impact of soiling on PV modules. Ultimately magnitude of soiling related power losses are unknown. This
paper is determining soiling related power losses experienced by a typical small-scale PV system, installed at the
capital of North Cyprus.

2. METHODOLOGY
The aim of this study is to provide an understanding about soiling related power losses in Cyprus environment.
The method is nding AC side soiling related power losses with real time power generating small-scale system.

The stages of the proposed method for determining soiling related power losses are as follows:
1. Installation of PV modules with same orientation and tilt angle under shade-free environment. Higher the
number of installed PV modules will increase the accuracy of the results in case of any contamination on
cleaned modules.
2. Installation of micro-inverters on each module for power generation.
3. Installation of module monitoring system.
4. For eliminating mismatch losses caused by the interconnection of solar cells within the module, monitoring
of the system is carried out for duration of 15 days. Also daily cleaning of PV modules is done throughout the
monitoring period.
5. After the initial monitoring stage, system can be divided into two groups based on their power outputs. One
group is left for natural contamination while the other one is daily cleaned.
6. Finally based on their power output differences systems are evaluated, to nd out the impact of soiling on PV
modules.

- 170 -
2.1. CLIMATE AND AIR QUALITY OF CYPRUS
Cyprus has a typical Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters. Hot dry summers starts from
mid-May and continuous mid-September with negligible rainfalls. Mean daily temperature in August is ranging
between 31C and 23C, occasionally exceeding 45C [9]. Mild winters start from mid-November continuous to
mid-March. These are the months, which rainfalls are dominant with an average of 480 millimeter and mean daily
temperature drops to between 7C - 10C for Nicosia. Temperature differences between summer and winter
are around 19C. Springs and autumns are rather short and sudden changes in the weather conditions are very
likely. During the winter, westerly or southwesterly winds and for the summer northwesterly or northerly winds are
dominant over the eastern Mediterranean. Considering the position of mountains and the local heating effects
the wind direction is considered highly location specic. Mean annual wind speed in Nicosia is around 2.5 m/s.

Figure 1. Average rainfall days and precipitation for Nicosia [9].

The causes of air pollution and its effects on environment and human health are proven to be dangerous. The
main cause of the pollution load in Cyprus is the vehicles. Combining bi-product of burning fossils fuels with
bad ventilated city areas, the air quality in Cyprus is no lower is not much different than most of the European
cities. The long summer periods without any rainfall in Cyprus, results in increased presence of particulate matter
concentration, due to the emissions and re-suspension of particulate matter from soil and other surfaces. Also it
is very likely to have rainless periods or very limited amount of precipitation throughout the year except summer.

2.2. INSTALLATION LOCATION

The PV system installed in the private ofce building is typical domestic installation constructed according to the
latest guidelines determined by the IEE. PV system is installed for displaying and comparing purposes of micro-
inverters with central inverter. Ofce building is located in Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus (Latitude: 35.207364,
Longitude: 33.338147). Installation building is located on one of the busiest avenues and very close to one of
the biggest hospitals on the island and between two high schools with 300 m difference. The Figure 2 shows the
picture of the installation.

Figure 2. The picture of the installation.

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2.3. SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
Six polycrystalline 250Wp PV modules are installed with a capacity of 1500Wp. The PV system is commissioned
on 16th of January with an array area of 9.9 m2. Six pieces micro-inverters with a rated power of 230 W are used
with a Multi-gate system. The system includes DC isolators, DC cables, AC spurs, AC cables and current protection
devices. The PV system inclination angle is 30 and an orientation (compass bearing measured from north) of
160 from north.

2.4. MONITORING SYSTEM DESIGN

The monitoring system was set up at the installation site for determining soiling related losses and to record
performance of the each PV group. Monitoring is separated into two groups: Sensors & AC power production of
micro-inverters.

2.4.1. SENSORS
Monitoring sensors consist of module temperature sensor and irradiation sensor. Module and irradiation sensors
are combined and connected to a data logger that allows online data storage.

The irradiation sensor consists of a small mono-crystalline PV cell with dimensions of (5 cm x 3.3 cm) is placed with
the same inclination and orientation of PV modules. Irradiation sensor is installed with the same orientation and
tilt angle as illustrated in Figure 3 below.

A platinum resistance thermometer; PT 1000 is chosen as a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is placed
under the PV modules away from direct sunlight.

Figure 3. Installation of in-plane irradiation sensor.

2.4.2. POWER MONITORING

The AC power production of each single micro-inverter is measured by in build sensors and transmitted to Sunny
Multi-gate. The power production of each individual inverter is then transmitted to online portal for investigation.

2.5 THE PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE SOILING EFFECT

The PV modules have some mismatch losses caused by the interconnection of solar cells within the module.
Therefore PV modules are cleaned every day for 15 days starting from the May 1. As a result of feedback from
PV installers and the end users, the most frequently employed technique for the cleaning purposes of PV
modules is brushing with the aid of tap water. In order to have better understanding of real life environment
and consequences of using tap water (such as water marks, lime and other contaminants on the surface of the
modules) for cleaning purposes of PV modules; a soft bristled brush with tap water has been used in the cleaning
process. The power productions of the inverters are monitored by online portal. Based on power outputs of each
individual PV module during 15 days, PV system is then divided into two groups based on their average power
yields as shown on Table 1.

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Table 1: Allocation of PV modules to respective groups
Group 1 SB 240-10 012 SB 240-10 041 SB 240-10 444
Group 2 SB 240-10 177 SB 240-10 188 SB 240-10 206

There is shading on the pv modules after 14:30 PM due to the orientation of the neighbor buildings. Therefore the
power output values used in this experiment will be until the introduction of shade.

Figure 4: Shading of PV modules around 14:30 PM due to the shade of the building.

Once the system is divided into two groups, one group is left for natural contamination while the other group is
cleaned on daily basis. Power outputs of contaminated group and daily-cleaned PV modules are compared in
June and May. The results are presented in the following section.

3. RESULTS
Table 2 below represents the power outputs of each individual inverter starting from the May 1 for 15 days. System
is then divided into two groups as described above: Group 1 and Group 2, each group consists of three micro-
inverters. Micro-inverters are allocated into groups such a way that average power production after 15 days will
generate minimum percentage power difference between two groups.

Table 2: Module level power outputs of Inverters until 14:30.

SB 240-10 SB 240-10 SB 240-10 SB 240-10 SB 240-10 SB 240-10
012 041 177 188 206 444
01/05/16 1.164 1.138 1.139 1.148 1.144 1.158
02/05/16 1.026 1.006 1.007 1.014 1.008 1.026
03/05/16 0.603 0.6 0.598 0.614 0.599 0.632
04/05/16 0.95 0.945 0.945 0.96 0.949 0.976
05/05/16 0.738 0.734 0.732 0.748 0.733 0.752
06/05/16 1.015 1 1.004 1.009 1.01 1.016
07/05/16 0.752 0.748 0.747 0.76 0.752 0.767
08/05/16 1.254 1.23 1.226 1.245 1.223 1.254
09/05/16 1.198 1.169 1.177 1.201 1.182 1.203
10/05/16 1.241 1.216 1.222 1.245 1.231 1.249
11/05/16 1.102 1.08 1.081 1.09 1.08 1.042
12/05/16 1.22 1.194 1.199 1.214 1.193 1.15
13/05/16 0.99 0.972 0.974 0.991 0.977 0.942
14/05/16 1.039 1.018 1.019 1.029 1.017 0.976
15/05/16 0.656 0.645 0.65 0.665 0.652 0.63
Total (kWh) 14.948 14.695 14.72 14.933 14.75 14.773

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As a result, Group 1 has generated a total power production of 44.416 kWh. On the other hand Group 2 has
generated a total power production of 44.403 kWh, with a percentage difference of 0.029. Ultimately power
production until 02:30 PM (until the introduction of the shade) had negligible percentage difference in terms
of power output between Group 1 and Group 2. Therefore it is reasonable assumption to state that the power
productions of two groups are the same. The Figure 5 shows the power output of all micro inverters with the
power drop at 14:30 PM due to shading.

Figure 5. Daily output of each micro inverter on May 10.

The Table 3 below represents the daily total power outputs of the groups and their daily respective percentage
power differences. Also the generated table illustrates the total power outputs of each group, average power
outputs and average daily % power output difference for seven days.

Table 3: Soiling Effect in May.

Power outputs of the groups (kWh)

Dates Group 1 Group 2 Daily % difference

16/05/16 3.062 3.038 0.790

17/05/16 3.646 3.537 3.082
18/05/16 3.806 3.675 3.565
19/05/16 3.912 3.754 4.209
20/05/16 3.825 3.702 3.323
21/05/16 3.544 3.382 4.790
22/05/16 3.639 3.487 4.359
Total Yield 25.434 24.575
Average Yield 3.633 3.510 3.495

During the rst day of group cleaning on May 15, meteorology announced that the average hourly concentration
of dust particles in the atmosphere were ranging from 25-191g/m3 and it was expected to leave the island on
May 16 [10]. Consequently power reduction between Group 1 and Group 2 appeared to be 0.024 kWh with a
percentage power difference of 0.79. On May 17 bird droppings were observed on Group 2, consequently power
reductions were amplied between Group 1 and 2. Group two has generated 0.11 kWh less power compared to
Group 1 and power output difference between two groups has increased to 3.08%. On May 18 and May 19 more
bird droppings were observed on both groups as illustrated on Figure 6.

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 Figure 6. Bird droppings on PV modules.

On 21 May more bird droppings are observed on PV modules, ultimately the highest yield difference were
observed between two groups and recorded as 0.172 kWh. And the following day bird droppings are observed
on daily-cleaned modules reducing the percentage difference to 4.357.

After cleaning Group 1 modules and leaving Group 2 modules for natural contamination for seven days, suggest
average daily power production of 3.63 kWh for Group 1 and 3.511 kWh for Group 2. The average soiling losses
after 7 days are evaluated as 3.495.The nal picture of the Group 1 and Group 2 has been captured on May 22
shown below in Figure 7, illustrating the severity of deposited dust on the PV modules.

Figure 7: Impact of soiling on naturally contaminated modules vs daily cleaned module.

Experiment is repeated again in June and the same procedure is followed for monitoring the power outputs of
two groups. Table 4 below summarizes the power outputs of the two systems.

Table 4: Impact of soiling in June

Power outputs of the groups (kWh)

Dates Group 1 Group 2 Daily % difference

21/06/16 3.303 3.276 0.824

22/06/16 3.321 3.257 1.965
23/06/16 3.343 3.274 2.108
24/06/16 3.303 3.232 2.197
25/06/16 3.337 3.254 2.551
26/06/16 3.436 3.331 3.152
27/06/16 3.421 3.317 3.135
Total Yield 23.464 22.941
Average Yield 3.352 3.277 2.307

For the rst two days, daily power difference is increased to almost 2%. This time, only minor bird droppings are
observed. Total yield of Group 1 and Group 2 is recorded as 23.588 kWh and 23.056 kWh respectively. Average
daily yields for Group 1 and Group 2 are recorded 3.352 kWh and 3.277 kWh respectively. Average percentage
yield difference for the seven days evaluated to be 2.307%.

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4. DISCUSSION
Daily soiling losses are given below in Figure 8. In May, after the rst week of cleaning, a power reduction of 3.50%
and in June, a power reduction of 2.31% is obtained. The frequent bird droppings and shading on pv panels
causes the difference between May and June datas. Moreover the orientation of the PV system is shifted towards
southwest due to the orientation of the building. In addition to that air circulation is limited to some extend since
the system is installed on the straight wall of the building. The drawbacks listed above, causes system to generate
less power yield in comparison to what can be harvested under the optimum conditions. Hence the percentage
reduction between the two groups could have been more than current levels. However, as we focused on the
comparison of two systems regarding soiling effect, these drawbacks are not evaluated.

Figure 8. Comparison of soiling losses occurred in May and June.

Soteris et al. has studied the effects of soiling in Limassol with two polycrystalline PV modules. One is exposed
for natural contamination while other module is cleaned on the daily basis. Study suggested a power output
reduction of 2.5% between PV modules during the rst week of spring and after the third week power output
reductions are stabilized at 4%. On the other hand for the summer period the same experiment is run, for the
rst week a power reduction of 4% is recorded [11]. Due to the frequent bird droppings, for our experiment, the
recorded percentage power losses in mid-May for a week, is only 0.5% less than that is recorded by the Soteris et
al. during the spring. On the other hand during the summer periods average recorded power output reduction
was 2.3%, slightly more than half of the percentage reduction recorded by Soteris et al. [7]

5. CONCLUSION
The effects of soiling have been investigated on an installed PV system in the capital of Cyprus. The six poly-
crystalline PV modules, each of them are connected to dedicated micro-inverters and their power outputs are
monitored on individual level by using SMA online portal. After conducting manual cleaning of PV system for
15 days, the system is allocated into two groups based on their power outputs with a 3 percent difference,
followed by daily manual cleaning of one group for seven days in May and June while the other group is naturally
contaminated.

Deposition of Environmental pollutants along with the dust on PV module surfaces does scatter the direct solar
irradiation from reaching the PV cells and causes power reductions. Also, power output reduction of 3.50% and
2.28% has been recorded in May and June, respectively between daily cleaned and naturally contaminated PV
modules over a period of one week in each month. The bird droppings are also severe issue as the deposited dust
on PV module surfaces and based on observations during two weeks, the deposition of the dust on PV modules
was uniform. After comparing outcome of this experiment with the other studies conducted in Cyprus, conrms
that the soiling of PV modules is highly location specic.

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REFERENCES
1. International Energy Agency, 2015. Recent Energy Trends in OECD.
2. International Energy Agency, 2015. Recent Energy Trends in Non-OECD.
3. U. S. Energy Information Administration, 2013. EIA projects world energy consumption will increase 56% by
2040.
4. Klass, D.L., 1998. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals. Academic Press, San Diego.
5. UNCTAD., 2013, Promoting low carbon investment, Investment advisory series Geneva and New York
6. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016. Germany's renewables electricity generation grows in 2015,
but coal still dominant.
7. Kalogirou, Soteris A. 2004. Environmental Benets Of Domestic Solar Energy Systems. Energy Conversion and
Management. Vol. 45, pp 18-19.
8. Schachinger, M. 2016. PV change module price index March 2016: Trends in two directions.
9. World Weather Online. Nicosia Weather Avarages. Url: http://www.worldweatheronline.com/nicosia-weather-
averages/nicosia/CY.aspx (Oct 20, 2016)
10. Rom J. 2013. Climate Progress. Url: http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/12/22/3089711/global-warming-
hiroshima-bombs/ (May 20, 2016)
11. Kalogirou, Soteris A., Rafaela Agathokleous, and Gregoris Panayiotou. 2013. On-Site PV Characterization and
the Effect of Soiling on their performance. Energy 51 2013: 439-446.

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 0064 - SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT DESIGN APPROACH BASED ON
COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND GRID CONNECTION ANALYSIS
Eda Blbl Snmez*, Armaan Temiz, Serkan Buhan, Abdullah Bestil, Abdullah Nadar
TUBITAK MRC Energy Institute, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: eda.bulbul@tubitak.gov.tr
*Corresponding author: Eda Blbl Snmez

ABSTRACT
Rapidly increasing energy demand and development in photovoltaic cell technology have increased the
number of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) applications over the world. As the number of SPV integration into power
grids are regularly increasing, existing SPV systems has become challenging in terms of their energy efciencies.
Energy losses during energy generation of SPV systems is one of the substantial issue regarding the efciency.
Fortunately, most of these losses can easily be prevented at the design stage of SPV systems. Field topology, tilt
angles, the location of PV modules, inter-row spacing, the location of inverters and transformers are fundamental
parameters at design stage. This paper evaluates the effects of these parameters on the energy generation from
SPVs. Moreover; aspects for the grid connection of SPVs are discussed in this paper.

Keywords: SPV eld design, design optimization, efciency, grid connection, load ow simulation, short circuit
analysis

ABBREVATIONS
SPV solar photovoltaic
MBPB monetary payback period
MILGES national solar power plant
KAMAG public researches supporting group
TUBITAK MRC scientic and technological research council of Turkey-Marmara research center
GUNAM center for solar energy research and applications
TIGEM general directorate of agricultural enterprises
STATCOM static compensator

1. INTRODUCTION
Developments in photovoltaic technology pave the way for SPV utilizations. The SPV installation capacity in the
world has reached to 227 GW at the end of 2015 and it continues to increase [1]. It is expected that the installation
capacity from SPVs will have reached to 1700 GW by 2030 and 4670 GW by 2050 [2]. In parallel, the number of
SPV applications in Turkey has rapidly increased in recent years. By 2016, installed generation capacity from SPV
has reached to 732 MW [3]. Most of the applications include some technical and operational conditions that cause
decrease in the efciency and increase in the MPBP of SPVs. Imperfect tilt angles, inter-row shading and relevant
shadings are the common mistakes during the design process [4, 5].

MILGES is a TUBITAK KAMAG project whose shareholders are TUBITAK MRC, Bereket Energy, GUNAM and
TIGEM. The project aims to manufacture monocrystalline solar cell and inverter domestically. Also, together with
these domestic products, 10 MW SPV power plant will be installed on TIGEM area Ceylanpnar, anlurfa, as
shown in Figure 1. This area is selected as the installation area due to its high capacity of solar irradiation [6].
Moreover, in this project, it is intended to contribute a new aspect about designing SPVs by considering land
usage, eld topology, geographical conditions, energy generation, and cable losses in optimization process.

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 Figure 1. Proposed Location of the MILGES Project in TGEM Farm

The study in this paper can be divided into two stages. The rst stage contains the eld design of SPVs by using
several software tools. The placement of SPV panels, power stations and combiner boxes are carried out based on
the eld topology via HELIOS 3D software. In addition, calculation of the energy generation from the SPV system
is utilized by PVSOL simulation tool. In the second stage, it is aimed to observe how SPVs can affect short circuit
currents and power ows of the local distribution network. The power system analysis and modelling are realized
by using DIgSILENT Power Factory software.

In this paper, general system topology is explained and presented in Section 2. In Section 3, results obtained from
all simulation tools and analysis are presented. Simulation results are evaluated and discussed in Section 4. The
study is concluded in Section 5.

2. SYSTEM TOPOLOGY
In order to place solar modules, rst of all eld topology analysis should be carried out since it can inuence the
performance of SPVs. Slope of the eld affects daily shading and solar irradiation. Many commonly used simulation
tools for designing SPVs assume that the slopes of elds are zero or constant value. In most of real applications,
installation elds have various slopes. In order to optimize energy generation and increase the efciency, eld
topology should be taken into account. In this project, Helios 3D simulation tool is used to meet this requirement.
The installation eld and its slope analysis are presented in Figure 2a and 2b respectively.

Figure 2. (a) SPV Installation Field, (b) Field Slope Analysis

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The general design of SPV system is shown in Figure 3. For each 1 MW SPV plant, 3840 number of PV modules that
will be produced in the scope of MILGES project are placed on the specied eld. Each PV module has 60 series
of monocrystalline cells and 260 W generation capacity. All PV modules are placed with 30 inclination angle. 48
parallel of 20 series PV modules are connected to one 250 kW inverter which will be used as a DC to AC converter
while connecting PVs to grid. Connection details of PV modules and inverters are shown in Figure 4. As seen in
the gure, four inverters are connected to one 1 MVA transformer (0.33/33.6kV) and inject power into distribution
grid.

Figure 3. Location of PV Modules on the Field

3. RESULTS
This part consists of two sub-parts. The rst part is about the energy generation regarding various types of physical
installations. The generated energy is calculated by PV SOL simulation tool. The second part, on the other hand,
includes the analysis of the connection of SPV system into the grid. The analysis includes different extreme
operating cases of the SPV system.

Figure 4. Connection of 1 MW SPV System in MILGES Project

3.1. SIMULATION RESULTS

In this part, the impacts of row distances and placement of inverters/transformers on the energy generation of the
SPV system are evaluated. In the simulations, commercial inverter and solar module from PVSOL library are used
because datasheets of these parts have not been existed yet. The components used in the analysis are listed in
Table 1.

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Table 1: Electrical Components of 1 MW SPV
Solar Panel 260 W, 60 cell monocrystalline
Inverter 250 kW DC (4)
Transformer 1.25 MVA, (0,33kV/33,6kV)
Pattern type 4x5
Cable (MV) 3x95 XLPE
Cable (inverter-transformer) 4x300/150 NYY
Cable (combiner box-inverter) 70 mm2 DC
Cable (panels-combiner box) 6 mm2 DC
Firstly, the simulation for row distances of PV module is performed by ignoring the placements of inverters and
transformers. In Figure 5, it can clearly be observed that the row distance of PV modules varies from 1 meter to 6
meters. The annual energy production of SPV increases as row distance increases. This increase continues up to a
saturation level (at 4 meters). However, at higher row distances (after 4 meters), the increase of energy generation
occurs in slower rates and no signicant change is observed on the energy generation after 5 meters.

Figure 5. Annual Energy Production via Row Distance

In Figure 6, simulations are classied considering placements of inverters and transformer. It is assumed that
the row distance is constant for different placements of power stations. Results show that the highest energy
generation is observed in case that inverters and transformer are placed in the middle of SPV eld. Moreover, the
length of the cables can be reduced, which causes the decrease in electrical losses and initial cost.

Figure 6: Annual Energy Production via Different Power Station Placements

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3.2. SPV CONNECTION TO DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

3.2.1. LOAD FLOW SIMULATION ANALYSIS

Grid connection of the SPV system is planned to be made through Pekmezli transformer center. In this center,
there are two different MV voltage levels of transformers. Therefore, all analysis are performed regarding these
two levels. In order to perform the load ow analysis, some required parameters should be obtained. Firstly,
resistance and reactance values of the transformer must be provided for short-circuit values. To obtain this data,
summer short circuit current and phase angle of the transformer in 2015 are utilized [7]. Moreover, the power
factor of inverters is selected as 0.8 considering the value commonly used in other commercial inverters [8]. Thus,
inverters will fully operate at 10 MW real power with 6.6 MWAR reactive power. The proposed SPV system will also
be able to operate as a STATCOM supplying 12 MVAR reactive power into the grid. The model for the load ow
simulations is presented in Figure 7. The simulations are performed for the selected ve cases shown in Table 2.

Figure 7: Load Flow Analysis (Primary Voltage is 33.6 kV, Case 1)

Table 2: Scenarios of the Load Flow Analysis

Case number P (MW) Q (MWAR)
1 10 0
2 10 6.6
3 10 -6.6
4 0 12
5 0 -12

In Table 3, the summary of voltage regulations is shown for 33.6 kV MV voltage level. As it observed, the voltage
variation is nearly 0.002021 pu (0.2021%) for MV and is 0.001348 pu for HV when the SPV generates maximum
active power and no reactive power. Variations occur under this value when the SPV generates reactive power
with maximum active power. If reactive power is maximum or minimum with no active power, voltage variation on
distribution system is nearly 0.020967 or -0.02189 pu for MV side and is nearly 0.006466 or -0.006755 pu for HV
side. In other scenarios, voltage variations are smaller than the variations observed in these cases.

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Table 3: Voltage Regulations Gained from Analysis (for 33.6 kV)
Analysis Number SPV Operating P (MW) Q (MVAR) MV Feeder HV Feeder
mode Voltage Voltage
Regulation (pu) Regulation (pu)
1 P=max, Q=0 10 0 0.002021 0.001348
2 P=max, Q=max 10 6.6 0.013641 0.004935
3 P=max, Q=min 10 -6.6 -0.009885 -0.002326
4 P=0, Q=max 0 12 0.020967 0.006466
5 P=0, Q=min 0 -12 -0.02189 -0.006755

In Table 4, the summary of voltage regulations is presented for 31.5 kV primary voltage value. As it is seen from the
table, the voltage variates almost 0.002025 pu (0.2025%) for MV side and 0.001349 pu for HV side when the SPV
generates maximum active power and no reactive power. If the reactive power is at maximum or minimum value
with no active power, voltage variations at distribution level is nearly 0.020748 or -0.021651 pu. Besides, voltage
variations at HV side is nearly 0.006467 or -0.006753 pu. In other scenarios, the voltage does not variate as much
as the variation occurred in extreme scenarios.

Table 4: Voltage Regulations Gained from Analysis (for 31.5 kV)

Analysis Number SPV Operating P(MW) Q(MVAR) MV Feeder HV Feeder
mode Voltage Voltage
Regulation(pu) Regulation(pu)
1 P=max, Q=0 10 0 0.002025 0.001349
2 P=max, Q=max 10 6.6 0.013522 0.004936
3 P=max, Q=min 10 -6.6 -0.009743 -0.002324
4 P=0, Q=max 0 12 0.020748 0.006467
5 P=0, Q=min 0 -12 -0.021651 -0.006753

3.2.2. SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Short circuit analysis of the SPV is performed in this part. In Figure 8, modelling for short circuit analysis in DIgSILENT
Power Factory software is presented for 33.6 kV MV voltage level. In this simulation, the effect of SPV on short
circuit current is limited by inverters. It means that maximum short circuit power of SPV is 12 MVA (the maximum
capacity of inverters). It is observed that the contribution of SPV on short circuit current at Pekmezli transformer is
around 0.227 kA for MV side while the total short circuit current at MV side is around 9.787 kA. Moreover, the short
circuit current at high voltage side of Pekmezli transformer is calculated as 6.64 kA. These outcomes are below the
limits of rated short circuit currents.

Short circuit analysis of the SPV system is also performed for 31.5 kV primary voltage. In this scenario, it is observed
that the contribution of SPV on short circuit current at Pekmezli transformer is at 0.242 kA for MV side and the total
short circuit current for MV side is observed as 10.548 kA. Moreover, the short circuit current for the HV side of
Pekmezli transformer is calculated as 6.64 kA. All simulation results in this part satisfy the operational limits.

4. DISCUSSION
In this paper, it is observed that different row distances affect the SPV energy generation up to 36% rate. Different
SPV design simulations are carried on using different placements of the inverters, transformers and combiner
boxes. Annual energy generation from simulations can variate between 12.500 MWh/year and 17.000MWh/year.
To make comparison accurately, the simulations are performed without placements of power stations (transformers
and inverters). Thus, it is observed that the best energy generation scenario occurs when the transformer and
inverters are placed in the middle of the eld.

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 Figure 8. Short Circuit Analysis for Pekmezli Transformer (primary voltage 33.6 kV)

In Section 3.2, from the load ow simulations, it is observed that the integration of the SPV system into distribution
network deviates the MV voltage at 2.189 % rate for 33.6 kV primary voltage of the transformer center and at
2.1651% rate for 31.5 kV primary voltage of the transformer center. Besides, the HV voltage variations are found
around 0.67% rate for various MV levels. This rate satises Turkish regulation criteria. In addition, the short circuit
analysis shows that short circuit current at the transformer center might increase up to 9.787 kA for MV side and
up to 6.64 kA for HV side after the SPV installation. The contribution of short circuit current from SPVs is limited to
12 MVA by the inverters.

5. CONCLUSION
This study mainly evaluates impacts of SPV design parameters on the energy generation and analysis the grid
integration of SPV into distribution grids. These parameters inuence the efciency of SPVs by increasing of
energy generation. Different designs for the SPV system are simulated and evaluated by various simulation tools
in order to obtain the optimum parameters. Moreover, effects of the SPV system on distribution network are
analyzed by using DIgSILENT Power Factory software in order to observe power ows and short circuit currents.
The simulation outcomes indicate that power ow and short circuit values will satisfy the operational limits. In
general, this study will guide PV implementers/investors in order to build the most efcient SPV system without
exceeding the network violations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research and technology development work is carried out by TBTAK MAM Energy Institute Ankara Unit
(Project No: 5142806), as part of the National Solar Energy Plant (MLGES) Project which is being supported by
TBTAK KAMAG (Project No: 113G050) in response to the requirements of General Directorate of Agricultural
Enterprises (TGEM) and General Directorate of Renewable Energy (YEGM). We appreciate these instutitions for
their support.

- 184 -
REFERENCES
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photovoltaic Systems," PowerTech, 2009 IEEE Bucharest, Bucharest, 2009, pp. 1-7.
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grid under partially shading," Electrical Sciences and Technologies in Maghreb (CISTEM), 2014 International
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6. YEGM (General Directorate of Renewable Energy) Solar Potential Map, http://www.eie.gov.tr/MyCalculator/
pages/63.aspx, accessed November 2016.
7. TEIAS Short Circuit Currents of Transformer Centers, www.teias.gov.tr/yukdagitim/kisadevre.xls, accessed
October 2016.
8. Brucke, P. 2014. Reactive Power Control in Utility-Scale PV, pp 6. Solarpro, http://solarprofessional.com/articles/
design-installation/reactive-power-control-in-utility-scale-pv?v=disable_pagination, accessed November
2016.

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 0067 - SIMULATING COSMIC PARTICLE RADIATION ABSORPTION AND SECONDARY
PARTICLE PRODUCTION OF SOLAR CELL LAYERS OF A LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE
WITH GEANT4
Merve Yiitolu, Doa Veske, Melahat Bilge Demirkz*
Middle East Technical University Physics Department, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: demirkoz@metu.edu.tr
* Corresponding author: Melahat Bilge Demirkz

ABSTRACT
In this study, solar panels planned for a specic Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite, IMECE, are analyzed layer by layer
in order to understand the radiation effects of trapped charged particles in the Earths geomagnetic environment.
The Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) database [1] is employed to calculate the Total Ionizing
Dose (TID) and Total Non-Ionizing Dose (TNID) that the solar panels will be subjected to in IMECEs orbit. The
radiation information is then transferred to the Geometry and Tracking 4 (GEANT4) [2] simulation software where
the layers of the solar cell structure are modeled and absorption of radiation and production of secondary particles
is studied. For the entirety of the solar cell structure, TID from trapped protons is calculated to be 10.3 krad while
TNID is shown to be as low as 0.2 rad during the satellites 5 year operation cycle. The effect of secondary particles
from the trapped protons to the total dose is found to be almost negligible at only 0.16%. TID received from
trapped electrons dominate the dose with 1700 krad during its operation cycle. The effect of secondary particles
from electrons in the TID is also found to be higher at 0.18%. In addition, the spectrum of secondary particles is
studied. Most of the absorbed dose comes from the trapped electrons for the orbit of IMECE and the vast majority
of that dose originates from TID rather than TNID.

Keywords: Total Ionizing Dose (TID), Solar cell, IMECE, Space Radiation Environment, SPENVIS, GEANT4

1. INTRODUCTION
Devices which operate in space are exposed to cosmic rays during their operation. For Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
satellites, dened to be between 160km-2000km altitude, the highest ux cosmic rays are trapped particles in
the geomagnetic eld of the Earth. This radiation may cause fatal electrical damage to the solid-state structure of
especially exposed devices. Most electrical devices are inside the volume of the satellite, which is often shielded
by a few millimeters of aluminum, which stops most of the low energy trapped electrons and some of the low-
energy protons impinging on the satellite. However, solar panels, being outside this safer volume are exposed to
the full spectrum of cosmic rays, including electrons, protons and heavy ions, which can damage the solar cell and
affect their operation negatively [3]. One such example is GOES -7 satellites failure. During a period of intense
solar X-rays which occurred from March 22 to 24, 1995, researchers found evidence of solar panel degradation.
This power degradation translated to a 2 to 3 year decrease in the expected life of the satellite [4].

Radiation not only affects the performance of the solar cells but also degrades the transparency of the protective
cover glass on the panels, by disturbing the electronic structure of the glass. [5, 6] Cerium is known to reduce the
effects of radiation to the glass by serving an electron bath to the glass structure, [7]. It compensates the missing
or excess electrons in the glass structure due to its high number of electrons. Therefore, the amount of absorbed
radiation dose and secondary particle production in solar cells and protective cover glass should be calculated
carefully before the solar panel production and subsequent acceptance tests.

The IMECE satellite, planned for launch in 2020 or 2021, will be an Earth observation satellite with around 540km
altitude in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with a sun-synchronous polar orbit. Reliable and efcient operation of the solar
panels is critical to successful completion of IMECEs mission. The bids for the proposed satellite is not yet nalized
and the exact orbit parameters of the IMECE satellite are not known at this time.

In this study, the solar cell structure of the IMECE satellite is simulated in its space radiation environment, using the
GEANT4 framework, with input radiation data obtained from SPENVIS. How the cells will be integrated into a solar
panel is under investigation and therefore, the support structure has not been included in this study. The foreseen

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triple-junction structure of the solar cell for the IMECE satellite is shown layer by layer in Figure 1 [8]. The area of
the solar cell is 3 cm x 6 cm. Except Germanium layers, the other layers are p-doped with Silicon and n-doped with
Beryllium. The most bottom Germanium layer is doped with Gallium and the one above is doped with Arsenic.
Contact (silver or gold) and doping concentration of Cerium in protective glass and the thicknesses of Al2O3 and
TiO2 layers have not yet been nalized in the design. For the purpose of this simulation, both the Al2O3 and TiO2
layers are taken to be 50 nm thick and glass is doped with 1% Cerium. The results obtained from the simulation
can be taken into account to revise the design of the panels to be produced by Gazi University and integrated by
TBTAK MAM Materials Institute.

Figure 1. Layer by layer structure of the solar cell with contacts, insulating coating and glass, not to scale

2. SIMULATION METHOD
SPENVIS, SPace ENVironment Information System, is a web-based program, which can provide a detailed map of
the space radiation environment in a satellites path. It includes some models for cosmic rays, trapped particles in
radiation belts, solar energetic particles. According to the dened spacecraft trajectory, it selects suitable particle
models and gives the radiation environment along the orbit [1]. Data output from SPENVIS can be obtained as
a ROOT [9] le. The output of the SPENVIS program is the 5-year worst-case average for trapped particles in the
orbit of IMECE, which means that the trapped electron ux is given at the solar-minimum values, while the trapped
proton ux is taken from the solar-maximum.

To obtain the space environment information of the IMECE satellite, its orbit parameters are dened in the SPENVIS
program and the uxes of trapped electrons and protons with respect to their kinetic energies are shown on two
separate panels in Figure 2. At low energies, the electron ux dominates the cosmic ray spectrum. The trapped
electron ux falls off sharply after about 5MeV, while the proton ux falls with a smaller slope on a log-log scale.

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Figure 2. Electron (above) and proton (below) differential flux distributions versus kinetic energy for the IMECE
satellite averaged over 5 years for the worst case scenarios

A module which reads this data output from SPENVIS into the GEANT4 particle simulation (known as a particle
gun) has been developed for this project. GEANT4 is a simulation software for the passage of particles through
matter which uses Monte Carlo methods. Software includes a complete range of functionality including particle
creation, tracking, geometry, physics models and hits. The physics processes offered cover a comprehensive
range, including electromagnetic, hadronic and optical processes, a large set of long-lived particles, materials
and elements, over a wide energy range starting from 250 eV and extending to TeV range. [2] Software is based
on object-oriented technology and is written in the C++ programming language.
The solar cell structure and geometry, shown in Figure 1, has been built layer by layer in the GEANT4 software
framework. The TID and TNID are found in each layer by sending protons and electrons created uniformly on
a 4 sphere according to the predicted particle distribution in the orbit of IMECE. For electrons, the simulation
period is one second, while for protons one hour of exposure to radiation is simulated. Electron exposure time is
rather short due to the high ux of low energy electrons, which yield high statistics results even for short periods
of running.

3. RESULTS

3.1 DOSE CALCULATIONS

Simulation results for each layer of IMECE satellites solar cell structure can be seen in Table 1 for doses received
from trapped electrons and from trapped protons in Table 2. Tables include instantaneous dose, total dose over 5
years of mission time and the ratio of the dose received from secondary particles to the total dose for each layer.

- 188 -
Table 1: Layer by layer dose analysis received from trapped electrons, including the instantaneous dose, the total
dose over 5 years of mission time and the ratio of the dose received from secondary particles to the total dose for
each layer
Dose Secondary Dose Ratio to Total
Layer Total dose (krad/5 years)
(rad /sec) Dose(%)
Glass (dopped with 1 % Ce) 2.83 x10-2 4.47 x103 0.05
Ag Contact1 1.02 x10-2 1.61 x103 0.34
Ag Contact2 1.01 x10-2 1.60 x103 0.31
Al203 1.80 x10-2 2.83 x103 0.12
TiO2 1.65 x10-2 2.60 x103 0.12
GaAs (n++) 1.31 x10-2 2.07 x103 0.23
AlInP (n+) 1.55 x10-2 2.44 x103 0.25
InGaP (n) 1.35 x10-2 2.13 x103 0.27
InGaP (p) 1.27 x10-2 2.00 x103 0.26
AlInGaP (p+) 1.49 x10-2 2.35 x103 0.19
GaAs (p++) 1.35 x10-2 2.13 x103 0.20
GaAs (n++) 1.31 x10-2 2.06 x103 0.19
InGaP (n+) 1.36 x10-2 2.15 x103 0.21
GaAs (n) 1.27 x10-2 2.00 x103 0.23
GaAs (p) 1.24 x10-2 1.96 x103 0.23
InGaP (p+) 1.39 x10-2 2.19 x103 0.33
GaAs (p++) 1.31 x10-2 2.07 x103 0.21
GaAs (n++) 1.30 x10-2 2.05 x103 0.21
AlGaAs (n+) 1.35 x10-2 2.13 x103 0.21
Ge (n) 1.31 x10-2 2.07 x103 0.20
Ge(p) 6.71 x10-3 1.06 x103 0.30
Ag Bottom Contact 2.84 x10-2 4.49 x103 0.09
Total deposited dose for the
1.08 x10-2 1.7 x103 0.18
solar cell

Table 2: Layer by layer dose analysis received from trapped protons, including the dose for an hour, the total
dose over 5 years of mission time, the ratio of the dose received from secondary particles to the total dose for
each layer
Dose Secondary Dose Ratio to Total
Layer Total dose (krad/5 years)
(rad /hour) Dose (%)
Glass (dopped with 1 % Ce) 7.57 x10-1 33.2 0.06
Ag Contact1 5.00 x10-2 2.19 0.13
Ag Contact2 4.99 x10-2 2.19 0.18
Al203 1.23 x10-1 5.37 0.25
TiO2 1.10 x10-1 4.83 0.29
GaAs (n++) 8.06 x10-2 3.53 0.25
AlInP (n+) 8.97 x10-2 3.93 0.29
InGaP (n) 8.30 x10-2 3.64 0.21
InGaP (p) 8.24 x10-2 3.61 0.22
AlInGaP (p+) 8.95 x10-2 3.92 0.22
GaAs (p++) 8.11 x10-2 3.56 0.22
GaAs (n++) 8.05 x10-2 3.53 < 0.01
InGaP (n+) 8.38 x10-2 3.67 0.21
GaAs (n) 8.01 x10-2 3.51 0.25
GaAs (p) 7.96 x10-2 3.49 0.22
InGaP (p+) 8.29 x10-2 3.63 0.09
GaAs (p++) 8.11 x10-2 3.55 0.18
GaAs (n++) 7.96 x10-2 3.49 0.21
AlGaAs (n+) 8.34 x10-2 3.65 0.20
Ge (n) 7.94 x10-2 3.48 0.21
Ge(p) 9.05 x10-2 3.97 0.16
Ag Bottom Contact 1.16 50.9 0.01
Total deposited dose for the
2.35 x10-1 10.3 0.16
solar cell

- 189 -
No contribution to the total dose comes from the non-ionizing dose for the trapped electron radiation. In the
case of trapped proton radiation, the total non-ionizing dose for the whole solar cell is found to be 0.2 rad for
its 5 year operation cycle which corresponds to less than 0.01% of the total dose. Non-ionizing dose can cause
displacement damage in the solar cell structure.11

3.2 SECONDARY PRODUCED PARTICLES

The interactions between the layers of the solar cell and trapped particles result in the creation of secondary
particles. They contribute to the total dose received in each layer. To understand secondary particles effect on the
radiation dose received by different layers, analysis of secondary particles is performed by killing the secondary
particles instantly and seeing the difference.

Table 3: The ux and mean kinetic energy of gamma and electron production in the solar cell from the trapped
electron radiation for one second in orbit
Secondary particles Mean Kinetic Energy Flux (particles/cm2/sec)
Gamma 84.9 keV 6.78 x 103
Electron 49.2 keV 2.93 x 103

The gamma and electron secondary production from the trapped electron radiation for one second can be seen
in Table 3. Secondary particle production from the proton radiation for 1 hour can be seen Table 4. The electrons
interact electromagnetically in the material, producing soft X-rays and electrons, while the protons can also
interact hadronically or hard-scatter from nuclei, producing neutrons and alphas, causing displacement damage
in the material.

Table 4: The ux and mean kinetic energy of secondary particle production in the solar cell from the trapped
proton radiation for one second in orbit
Secondary particles Mean Kinetic Energy Flux (particles/cm2/sec)
Gamma 1.64 MeV 1.13 x10-1
Proton 13.7 MeV 4.86 x10-2
Electron 0.38 MeV 3.11 x10-2
Neutron 8.61 MeV 6.05 x10-2
Alpha 7.44 MeV 1.50 x 10-1

4. DISCUSSION
The space radiation environment for the IMECE satellite in part 3.1 shows that the ux of trapped electrons is
appreciable up to 7 MeV while the ux of trapped protons extends to much further energies in orbit. Most of
the TID is due to the trapped high-ux and low-energy electrons, even though protons often carry more kinetic
energy. Total ionizing dose is found to be 1.7 Mrad for 5 years of operation. This radiation generates electron-
hole pairs in a substructure and these generated high mobility electrons can escape from the substructure while
produced holes are often stuck in local regions of the cell. Particle radiation may also induce further interfaces
between

layers by changing the charge carrier concentration of local regions. Cumulatively, these effects cause a variation
in the voltage characteristics of the cell.

Secondary particles contribute less than 1% of the total dose received in any layer. However, secondary particles
from protons such as neutrons, alpha particles and additional protons are produced and these heavy particles can
make further head-on collisions with atoms in the cell structure resulting in displacement damage. Displacement
of especially dopant atoms may have various effects on the cell efciency. The most prominent one is that it can
increase the recombination of minority charge carriers and reduces the cells current [11, 12].

1 Most of the non-ionizing dose is expected to originate from high energetic solar and cosmic particles rather
than low-energy trapped particles which have not been included in this study. [10]

- 190 -
5. CONCLUSION
In this study, solar cells planned for a specic LEO satellite, IMECE, are analysed layer by layer. The Space
Environment Information System (SPENVIS) data and GEANT4 simulation software are used to simulate the layers
of the cells. Total dose deposited and the secondary particles produced in each layer of solar cell under radiation
is calculated. While the total dose from trapped electrons is larger than the total dose from trapped protons for
the solar cell, trapped protons can cause displacement damage. The main object of this study is to predict the
effects of radiation environment on the solar cell performance, later to perform radiation tests on the solar cells
to compare the results and to revise the design of the cells with further studies if necessary. This study will be
continually updated with the nal parameters of IMECE, the solar cell structure and the support structure of the
solar panels and feedback will be given to the groups involved in the design of the solar panels.

Authors would like to thank Ayenur Gencer, Ramazan Uzel from METU, Prof. Dr. Sleyman zelik from Gazi
University and Dr. Arif Sinan Alagz from TBTAK MAM Materials Institute for invaluable discussions.

After completing of simulations, this solar cell will be tested with 30 MeV protons in Proton Accelerator Facility of
Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEA) Sarayky Nuclear Research and Training Center. A defocusing beamline is
under construction in the R&D room at this facility. This study has been funded the Republic of Turkey Ministry of
Development grant: BAP-2015K121190.

REFERENCES
1. D. Heynderickx, B. Quaghebeur, E. Speelman, and E. Daly. ESAs Space Environment Information System
(SPENVIS) - A WWW interface to models of the space environment and its effects, 38th Aerospace Sciences
Meeting and Exhibit, Aerospace Sciences Meetings, 2000.
2. S. Agostinelli, J. Allison, K. Amako, and et al., Geant4 - a simulation toolkit, Nuclear Instruments and Methods
in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 506,
no. 3, pp. 250 - 303, 2003.
3. Shea, M.A., Smart, D.F., Allen, J.H. and Wilkinson, D.L., Spacecraft Problems in Association with Episodes of
Intense Solar Activity and Related Terrestrial Phenomena During March 1991, IEEE Transactions in Nuclear
Science, Vol. 39, No., December 1992.
4. James R. Schwank, Marty R. Shaneyfelt, and Paul E. Dodd, Radiation Hardness Assurance Testing of
Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Circuits: Radiation Environments, physical Mechanisms, and
Foundations for Hardness Assurance, Sandia Natioanal Laboratories, SAND-2008-6851P, 2008.
5. Haynes, G.A., Effect of Radiation on Cerium-Doped Solar-Cell Cover Glass, Technical Note NASA/TN D-6024,
1970.
6. McGrath, B., Schnbacher, H., Van de Voorde, M., Effects of Nuclear Radiation on the Optical Properties of
Cerium-Doped Glass, CERN 75-16 Laboratory II Radiation Group, 1975.
7. Stroud, J.S., Schreurs, J.W.H., Tucker, R.F., Charge Trapping and the Electronic Structure of Glass, Proc. of the
VII International Congress of Glass (Brussels, 1965), Gordon and Breach, N.Y. 1966.
8. Sleyman zelik, Gazi University, Personal communication.
9. Rene Brun, Fons Rademakers, ROOT: An object oriented data analysis framework, Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,
Volume 389, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 81-86, ISSN 0168-9002.
10. Fleetwood D. M., Winokur P.S., Dodd P. E.,An Overview of Radiation Effects on Electronics in the Space
Telecommunication Environment, Microelectronics Reliability, Vol:40 Issue:1, p. 17-26, 1999.
11. Anspaugh, B. E., GaAs Solar Cell Radiation Handbook, Technical Report NASA/CR-96-112597, JPL-Publ-96-9,
1996.
12. Summers, G.P.; Messenger, S.R.; Burke, E.A.; Xapsos, M.A.; and Walters, R.J.: Low Energy Proton-Induced
Displacement Damage in Shielded GaAs Solar Cells in Space, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 71, p. 832, 1997.

- 191 -
0069 - DESIGN OF UNITIZED REGENERATIVE FUEL CELL HYBRID SYSTEM WITH SOLAR
ENERGY STORAGE
Ylser Devrim1*, Kbra Pehlivanolu2
1
Department of Energy System Engineering, Atlm University, Ankara, Trkiye
2
Teksis leri Teknolojiler, METU Technopolis, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: yilser@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Ylser Devrim

ABSTRACT
Conventional fossil fuel energy sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which meet most of the worlds energy
demand today, are being depleted rapidly. Also, their combustion products are causing global problems, such
as the greenhouse effect and pollution. Therefore, a movement towards environmentally friendlier, more efcient
power production sources over the world. Hybrid system with alternative energy sources is one of the best solution
to meet the energy demand innocuously. Photovoltaic (PV) modules can be used to generate required energy
demand of the Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell (URFC). The main contribution of this work is the hybridization and
storage of energy for home electricity demand. PV/URFC hybrid power generation system is designed to supply
home electricity demand for Ankara (Turkey). This study which consists of PV module and URFC, analyze required
PV panel area to ensure electricity requirements of a home.

Keywords: Fuel cell, Solar Energy, Hybrid System

1. INTRODUCTION
By the reason of undulant oil prices, exhaustion of fossil fuel resources, global warming and local pollution,
geopolitical tensions and growth in energy demand, alternative energies, have become much more important
than at any time in history [1]. Among all renewable energy sources the solar energy, which is the most promising,
as the fabrication of less costly Photovoltaic PV devices becomes a reality [2]. The worlds cumulative installed
PV capacity in 2014 was more than 178 GW and the European Union leads the way with more than 82 GW; the
rooftop segment represents around 17% of total PV installations [3]. Because of better environmental performance
of PV technologies, the growing market penetration of PV technologies was also associated to incremental
improvements. [4-7]. Solar irradiation is uncertain and its availability is irrelevant the load variation. The variability
and intermittency of this resource creates important challenges to be overcome in the generation scheduling
problem [8]. To stare down this problem storage systems are enhanced such as hybrid power system. Hybrid
system is a fast growing technology and it is expected that it will play a major role in the future global electricity
generation. The purpose of a hybrid system is to produce as much energy from alternative energy sources like fuel
cell to ensure the load demand [9]. Recent studies have focused on fuel cell technology because of generating
electrical power continuously, effectiveness, its high durability and low effect on pollution [10]. A conventional fuel
cell is an electrochemical device that produces electricity releasing water and heat as byproducts by separating
the fuel via a catalyst [11]. A unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC) is an energy storage device using hydrogen
as the energy medium [1216]. This type of fuel cell is a favorable alternative because they can operate both as a
fuel cell and an electrolyzer with only an operation unit. Thus, the concentration of the feasible energy of URFC is
capable of generating 400 Wh/kg - 800 Wh/kg [17,18]. The key technology in the development of the URFC is the
fabrication of active electrocatalyst for both oxygen reduction and water oxidation at the oxygen electrode. The
bifunctional electrocatalyst also should be resistant to anodic corrosion during water electrolysis reaction [19].
URFC is a reversible electrochemical tool that can function as H2/O2 fuel cells to generate electricity and heat,
which is the so called fuel cell mode (FCmode), and can electrolyse water to produce hydrogen and oxygen,
which is the so-called water electrolysis mode (Emode) [20,21].

This paper presents designed and analyzed a PV-URFC stand-alone hybrid system. A household-integrated power
system consists of PV panels and an URFC. This hydride energy system is for a residential application for a single
household application. The energy input of the system is solar light which is converted to electricity by the PV
panels. PV panels produce electricity to supply energy demand of the URFC and household during the sunshine
duration. Since the performance of the hybrid system depends on the climatic conditions, the hybride design has

- 192 -
been specied according to worst case. The rest of the day PV system cannot provide sufcient power. Stored
hydrogen and oxygen is supplied to the URFC which works in FCmode at the rated power 1000 W to generate
energy demand. The URFC stack design was based on single cell tests.

2. MATERIAL & METHOD

2.1. OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE OF URFC

URFC help us to use an electrochemical cell that can function as a fuel cell and a water electrolyzer in a single cell
in various statuses [22]. The biggest advantage of the URFC mechanism is its ability to unite fuel cell operations
and electrolysis in stack hardware and membrane [23,24].

In the Emode water is introduced at the anode where it is split by the electric eld in combination with the catalyst
into oxygen, protons, and electrons. The oxygen evolves as gaseous O2 at the surface of the electrode, while the
protons are driven through the membrane and the electrons move through the external circuit. At the cathode,
the protons combine with the electrons to evolve gaseous hydrogen [25].

In the E mode below half-cell reactions takes place:

H 2O  2H + + 2e
+ 1 2O2 (Anode)

2H + + 2e
 2H 2 (Cathode)
H 2O
H 2 + 1 2O2
(Overall)

During the FC mode, hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to the respective electrodes, and electricity is generated
producing water once again. In principle this water can be recycled for use once again in electrolysis [25]. These
gases stored in the storage tanks and later supplied back to the same unit when desired, which then operates as
a FC with the below half reactions [26].

H 2  2H + + 2e
(Anode)
+

1 2O2 + 2H + 2e  H 2O (Cathode)
H 2 + 1 2O2
H 2O + energy (Overall)

2.2. OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

Through the instrumentality of photoelectric effect photovoltaic cells generate energy directly from solar irradiance
where just one part of incident irradiation is converted into useful electrical energy. The rest of the incident solar
energy is mostly accumulated on the PV panel by absorption as heat gain; a smaller portion is reradiated to the
surroundings shown in Figure 1. Since the ambient is almost always at a lower temperature than the PV cell, heat
tends to dissipate into the surroundings [27].

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 Figure 1. Elementary energy flows through the PV panel.

2.3. EXPERIMENTAL
The experimental setup consists of a 25 cm2 single-cell URFC, hydrogen and oxygen gas storage tanks, gas driers,
hydrogen and oxygen gas ow meters, water supply tank, DC power supply input, resistive load, and several
multimeters to measure the input and output current and voltage values. Storage tanks were used to supply
hydrogen and oxygen through initially lled by electrolyser operation.

The Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) used in the URFC single cell tests have been prepared using Naon
115 with an active area of 25 cm2. The anode and cathode electrodes have been catalysed Pt-Ir (50wt% Pt and 50
wt% Ir) with 1.5 mg/cm2 and Pt40/Vulcan XC-72 with 0.35 mg/cm2 respectively. Sigracet 10BB was selected as gas
diffusion layer (GDL) that both anode and cathode side was purchased from company SGL. After catalyst ink has
been sprayed over the surface of GDLs with ultrasonic atomization spray coating technology, MEA was prepared
by pressing these GDLs onto the treated membrane at 125 C, 590 N/cm2 for 5 min.

The single cell was operated at a room temperature of 25C and it was tested at the pressure of 1.5 bar and the
temperature of 70 C with a stoichiometric ratio of 1.2/2.5 for H2/O2. Experiments completed with those MEAs to
determine the performance of the URFC for both Emode and FCmode. Energy was supplied during Emode by
a DC power supply The URFC produces hydrogen and oxygen gases which in E-mode passed through separate
gas driers to dry. These dry gases entered the mass ow meters to collect in storage tanks separately. After enough
hydrogen and oxygen gases have been produced, the URFC has generated electricity in FCmode.

2.4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Figure 2 shows the proposed PVURFC hybrid energy generation system that considers a residential application
of a single household electricity production for different months. The major components of the system are: a
URFC, a multicrystalline PV array PT Series (72 cells) module type E & R Solar, deionized water tank, a hydrogen
and oxygen storage tanks, a DC-DC inverter and a DC-AC converter and a battery bank.

The design was based on an average 6.6 kWh/day energy-consumption of a home given in Table 1, which was
met via PV panels during sunny periods. Excess energy generated from PV panels have met energy demand of
the URFC to produce hydrogen and oxygen in Emode. The capacity of the URFC has been determined to meet
the load demand of a home.

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 Figure 2. Schematics of the hybrid energy system

Table 1. Home energy demand.

Appliance Energy Demand (kWh)
Refrigerator 1.92
Lighting 1.37
Washing Machine 0.40
Dishwasher 1.00
Oven 0.35
Iron 0.60
TV 0.40
Vacuum Cleaner 0.17
Small Home Appliances 0.15
Computer 0.24
TOTAL 6.60

EMode operation is an electrolytic process decomposes water molecule into oxygen and hydrogen gases by
applying a Direct Current (DC) voltage generated from PV panels. Produced H2 and O2 gases compressed and
stored in the high pressure tanks. Since the URFC is a DC type, the PV panels connected to a DCDC inverter that
can be used to obtain appropriate voltage for Emode. Although some appliances work Alternative Current (AC),
PV panels and the URFC generate DC electricity. Therefore, DC-AC converter was used to convert DC to AC to
use household applications.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Stack design were structured by depending on electrochemical data obtained from testing of this single test cell.
Anode and cathode side electrodes have been catalyzed Pt-Ir (50 wt. % Pt and 50 wt. % Ir) with 1.5 mg/cm2 and
Pt40/Vulcan XC-72 with 0.35 mg/cm2 respectively. The performance curve shown in Figure 3, gives the current
density result was 1 A/cm2 that was selected as design criteria of stack, which corresponds to 0.55 V for FC mode
and 1.68 V for Emode.

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 Figure 3. Measured URFC polarization curve.

The electrical energy production was provided by PV panels and the URFC. PV panels supply power requirement
of household power demand and Emode as long as solar radiation is available. At all the other times FCmode
provides the requirement. The design basis of the URFC stack developed in this study is summarized in Table 2.

Table 2. Properties of the URFC.

Design Parameters of the URFC
Powera 1000 W
Powerb 4000 W
Design Voltage 0.55 V
a
Current Density @ 0.55V
1 A/cm2
Current Densityb @ 1.68V 1 A/cm2
Working Temperature 65C
Panode=Pcathode 1.2 atm
Tanode,inlet= Tcathode,inlet 25C
Tanode,outlet= Tcathode,outlet 65C
Hydrogen Stoichiometric Ratio 1.2
Oxygen Stoichiometric Ratio 1.2
Active Area 100 cm2
Number of cell 22
Hydrogen ow rate 16.6 slpm
Oxygen ow rate 19.9 slpm

a
FC mode; bE mode

The predicted performance of the hybrid system is presented for each month. The study shows that, this integrated
hybrid power system provides a viable option for powering stand-alone household in a self-sustained manner.
Electricity production for different months are calculated and correlated to electricity consumption for different
working hours of the URFC. For 26 PV panel, corresponding production scheme can be seen in the Figure 4.

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 Figure 4. Electricity production of the different months.

Figure 4 shows, December have the lowest sunshine duration correspondingly the lowest energy production.
Therefore, the hybrid system design was done according to December. Rest of the year excess electrical energy
is sold to the grid.

4. CONCLUSION
The outcomes of the study present a good example for the benets of such a hybrid system use. Although solar
PV panels provide high energy, it is not a reliable energy source. Using hybrid systems, the intermittent nature
of different renewable energy resources can be compensated and required energy generation can be secured.

In this study, a PVURFC hybrid system was designed and analyzed for a household power generator. The
URFC works both Emode and FCmode. EMode the URFC converts water into hydrogen and oxygen, in the
FCmode this device generates electricity using hydrogen and oxygen, with the generation of heat and water.
Polarization curves for FCmode and Emode were measured. Additionally, the energy production from PV panel
was analyzed. The URFC stack design was based on performance test results obtained at 0.55 V was 1 A/cm2 in
FCmode and 1.68 V was 1 A/cm2 in Emode. Single cell tests were done the URFC that had an active area of 25
cm2. The capacity of the URFC was specied for the household energy demand. According to the system analysis,
power requirement of the Emode URFC was provided by PV panels. Number of the PV panels was calculated with
respect to sunshine duration of December that has the lowest sunlight hours. The rest of the year excess energy
provided from 26 PV panels has been sold to the grid.

As demonstrated in the present study, the use of URFC-PV hybrid system can supply total necessary energy, when
it is needed, almost all year round since the hybrid system essentially use stored hydrogen that is produced using
PV panelssolar energy in electrical energy production.

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Europe. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. Vol. 19, pp 614626.
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photovoltaics: methodology and comparisons with fossil fuel life cycles. Energy Policy.Vol.45, pp 576582
8. Reddy, S S. 2016.Optimal scheduling of thermal-wind-solar power system with storage, 2016. Renewable
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0070 - URBAN RENEWABLIZATION IN INDIA THROUGH PUBLIC-PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP:
A COMMUNITY ENERGY AUDIT INITIATIVE AS A WAY FORWARD
Sanjay Gopal
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mech. Engg., Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai, India
Corresponding email: sanjaymg@vjti.org.in

ABSTRACT
Paper investigates impact of urban initiatives meeting climate change challenge in bottom-up approach.
Conceptual substitute of public-private partnerships (PPP) as public-public partnerships (PUPPs) is investigated.
The city of Thane in Maharashtra state, India, is considered for study. In addition to initiatives by the local Municipal
Government, a qualitative analysis of interest and response of stakeholders of the city and viability of applying
Sustainable Energy utility (SEU) model is done. Free energy audits of twenty ve apartment complexes and
implementing recommendations to save energy units in ve of them are evaluated quantitatively. More than
twenty percent of savings in energy bills was found as the outcome of energy audit initiative. The research has
established need to initialize, strengthen and sustain the PUPP in energy management. Propagating awareness and
initiatives among citizens about energy crisis and renewablization through live examples are found to be impactful.

Keywords: Urban renewablization, sustainable energy utility, public-public partnership, energy audit, renewable
energy

1. INTRODUCTION
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Ecology has developed over several millions of years. It is meant for life on earth for several more thousands
of years. That is why a sense of leaving behind for future generations becomes relevant and obvious. Evidence
continues to demonstrate that innitely expanding growth in human activities is not possible in a nite natural
environment [2]. Much of what is currently done in the name of development has failed to bring happiness,
prosperity and social justice to all people on earth. This has been self-evident for several decades. Thus scholars,
intellectuals and activists all over the world are protesting against so-called development processes which threaten
the ecological balance and foster gross inequalities [3].

Today, 54 per cent of the worlds population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66 per cent by
2050, with close to 90 percent of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa.[4]. City being the major sources of new
technology, economic growth and new environmental initiatives can play increasing role in this aspect. Central
aspect in it would be adopting appropriate energy policies since most environmental factors in cities are directly or
indirectly related to urban energy usage. Renewable energy provision along with ensuring efcient use of energy
and employing energy conserving technology is essential. An integrated economic and environmental approach
to local level policy making is needed to minimize conicts between resource using activities, to enhance socio-
economic opportunities and to bestow an environmental estate for the benet of future generations. Cities that
facilitate and encourage more sustainable, healthful lifestyles and emphasize a high quality of life and the creation
of highly livable neighborhoods and communities are more deemed to be called as sustainable cities [5].

2. CURRENT MODEL OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) FOR DEVELOPMENT

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Sustainable cities are not only known for their clean environment, but have a much richer socio-economic and
environmental scope. It is a vision that acknowledges the ecological limits to growth, promotes ecological and
cultural diversity and a vibrant community life, and supports a community-based, sustainable economy that is
directed towards fullling real human needs, rather than just expanding. It also requires attention to issues of
social equity and livability and to be truly democratic in decision-making processes ensuring full participation

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of all [7]. It has been established that planner has to forgo largely these sustainability goals when private entity
enters the scenario as partner. In the scally fastened nancial situation local governments tend to incline towards
partnerships with private entities. Public-private partnerships (PPP) however, create the possibility that public
resources like tax revenues; land use authority is made to serve private interests. Cities are forced to invest greater
public resources and authority in private sector actors. PPP has potential problems concerning accountability and
legitimacy [8].

3. PUBLIC - PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP (PUPP) AS AN ALTERNATE INITIATIVE

Sustainability is a local, informed, participatory, balance-seeking process, operating within an equitable ecological region,
exporting no problems beyond its territory or into the future [9].

In light of these shortcomings with the involvement and leadership of corporate or private sector, it would be
worth visiting and assessing the possibility of local initiatives leading to better potential for sustainability. An
alternative to PPP is plausible through Public-Public Partnerships (PUPP) based on collaboration between different
community actors and public sector undertakings. One public of PUPP may mean community, people or local
initiatives where as the other public may mean public sector, government departments or government or public
g
funded institutes, organizations etc. as shown in gure1.

Figure 1. Public-public participation: Participation of all public bodies

There is a third important factor to be considered for vibrant economy in addition to government and market. It is
a healthy robust civic sector in which community bond can ourish [10]. Local governments work closely with the
public to mobilize them for community cause through awareness and education campaigns [11]. Local initiatives
have a potential for more down to earth, interactive and participative culture while dealing with environmental
and social issues.

Instead of mitigating climate change issue by way of conservation and thereby saving the Earth, current trend
depends heavily on technological xes without compromising with consumption and thus eventually exacerbating
the ecological issues. On this background, it is pertinent to revisit, revitalize and rejuvenate the tradition of community
initiatives through PUPP. Although the research contribution regarding discussion about renewablization as well
as bottom-up approach and community initiative is there, the proposed research on Urban Renewablization (UR)
through PUPP will provide a new and very important dimension to this ongoing discussion in research community.
Including peripheral communities in decision making and allocating mechanism for the same has a potential to
develop Community Economics targeting on interdependence in social space. Development programs cannot
succeed unless the people accept, own and participate in them. The participatory process, therefore, conrms the
sovereignty of the people [12]. Local communities and their attempt to push things up from the bottom needs to
be recognized by the rest and considered for space on their own in the overall socio-economic system. Whether it

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is called as people centered approach or localization or bottom-up strategy or community scale initiative or grass
roots efforts or community development or public-public partnership (PUPP), what needs to be emphasized is to
recognize and allow the specic type of freedom to think, design, act and implement at local level. It is an attempt
to foster creation of healthy and sustainable local ecology through community involvement in self shaping the
localities.

4. METHODOLOGY: APPLYING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY UTILITY (SEU) MODEL AS PUPP

UR through PUPP can be achieved by applying a unique and well received model of Sustainable Energy Utility
(SEU) developed by Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware headed by renowned
Nobel laureate Dr. John Byrne. The SEU is an all-inclusive system for handling the energy and environment issues
communities facing at the local and global levels [13]. The key features of an SEU include a focus on provision
of services to meet needs rather than the sale of a commodity, an emphasis on carbon-free energy usage, and
the prominence given to community and a democratic management structure. The SEU helps citizens from both
residential and business sectors conserve, utilize less energy, use energy more efciently, and generate their own
clean, local alternative [14, 15]. An SEU model is based on simultaneous and synergistic quest of energy efciency
and renewable energy resources [14]. An SEU is publically accountable and can be nancially self-supporting; it is
formed as a non - prot organization [13]. The concept of SEU is built around this basic understanding of sharing
the responsibility by all concerned stake holders like governments, industry, energy companies and utilities,
activists, and ordinary citizens and making energy management more democratic [13]. For meeting energy needs
of the society, the SEU model speaks of using locally available renewable energy resources that could be free
or cheap as compared to conventional fossil fuel or nuclear based energy options [13]. The funds needed for
implementing the SEU would be generated from the long run cost savings for the community [16]. The SEU
also has provision for making available the initial investment capital through its ties to local nancial institutions,
from budget allocation by local municipal governments, or grants to local municipal governments coming from
global environment friendly funds and programs [13]. If a powerful and effective Public-Public Partnership (PUPP)
is active, then the services of private entities could be employed or hired at reasonable cost, while still leaving
enough funds and other necessary resources for implementing the SEU [14].

5. CASE STUDY CITY OF THANE, INDIA RENEWABLIZATION THROUGH PUPP

India is the only country which has a Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) at the federal as well as state
levels and has already initiated different programs in the urban sector for enhancing use of renewable energy
techniques in various ways. The latest of all these efforts is MNREs Development of Solar Cities program to
renewablize cities in India. This program would help urban local bodies to prepare road map to guide their cities
in becoming renewable energy cities or eco/green cities or Solar cities [17].

City of Thane in state of Maharashtra, which is considered as a case study city for this research, having population
of about 2 million [18] is identied as a potential Solar City by Government of India. Accordingly Thane Municipal
Corporation (TMC) has prepared energy status report and green house gas inventory, formulated city level climate
protection policy, local action plan to lower the carbon emission reduction, identied key stakeholders from local
bodies, aspiring for community participation for the same. TMC has also drafted a Master Plan to submit to the
Central Government program of Development of Solar Cities [17]. TMC is currently planning to take initiatives
for renewable energy and or energy efciency in street lighting, municipal buildings, retrotting and improving
auditorium air-conditioning to become more energy efcient and with CFC free thermal storage, water supply,
waste management and so on [19,20].

The phenomenal growth in residential, commercial and industrial sectors of Thane in last 20 years is mainly due
to its proximity to Greater Mumbai and the good rail and road connections. This has naturally resulted in the
sharp increase in the consumption of all kinds of energy especially electrical energy in the residential as well as
commercial sector.. The number of electricity users in the residential sector has increased by a whopping 115%
in last 10 years. In parallel, electricity consumption in the residential sector has shown the increase of 64% in the
same period [21, 22].

The Thane community exhibits the enthusiasm, a proactive nature, preparedness for addressing issues with novel
ideas, strong back up of necessary studies and research, untiring efforts for creating awareness amongst different
stakeholders belonging to different socio-economic strata, capacity to build self reliant nancial support, ability

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to mend amicable partnerships amongst the stakeholders, connection of local action with global reality, support
from local media, blend of reconstruction, direct action and legal processes. In addition, Thane has advantage of
the strong local self government of TMC which is making great efforts for promoting renewable energy in the city.

6. AKSHAY URJA ABHIYAN (AUA) (RENEWABLE ENERGY CAMPAIGN) AN INITIATIVE AS A PUPP EFFORT
FOR RENEWABLIZATION OF THANE CITY
AUA plans to undertake various awareness drives by conducting exhibitions, seminars, talk shows, competitions
and so on. However, mere awakening and awareness building do not necessarily result in the adoption and
implementation of renewable energy strategies and technologies [23]. AUA therefore offers free services like
energy audit of common electrical utility devices in housing complexes, consultancy for installation of renewable
energy facility, internship programs for college students in energy audits.

An energy audit is the rst step to determine how much energy any household or business consumes and evaluate
the steps to make the property more energy efcient. It provides a framework needed to establish or improve energy
management such as increasing Energy Conservation, replacing existing gadgets by Energy Efcient gadgets, and
using Renewable Energy to the extent possible. It also provides a baseline for saving money and energy over time when
corrected. In short, it provides tangible solutions which can be evaluated and veried physically for their effectiveness.
AUA follows the procedure where desk top analysis of past electricity bills of 1 year, site inspection in which
reading are taken using special purpose instruments, detailed analysis of the observations and the preparation of
report. The report typically includes the analysis of energy uses and costs, a tariff analysis to make sure the site is
not overcharged and a list of various energy saving opportunities including renewable energy options.

7. RESULTS - COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO RENEWABALISATION IN CITY OF THANE

The feasibility of applying PUPP in city of Thane was studied by carrying out survey, focused group discussions
and personal interviews during year 2012. In a structured survey of 873 households across high, medium and low
income groups in Thane probed community responses to energy related issues. The primary data thus generated
is as summarized in table below

Table 1: Community Response about Energy Related Issues in Thane in 2012 [22]
Sr. No. Details About the Category % of
Sample*
1 % of population surveyed based on place of accommodation, amount of electricity bill.

a Low Income Group (LIG) Community 54

b High and Middle Income Group (HIG and MIG) Community 46
2 Average Electricity Bill
a LIG Consumer per month in USD < 25
b HIG/MIG Consumer per month in USD > 40
3 % of population reported facing load shedding (power cut) in the area 46
a LIG Community facing load shedding (power cut) 66
b MIG and HIG Community facing load shedding (power cut) 22
4 % population reported using public transport such as bus, auto rickshaw 86

a LIG Community using public transport 92

b HIG/MIG Community using public transport 76
5 Ownership of a vehicle
a % HIG/MIG Community own passenger car 50
b % HIG/MIG Community own two wheeler motor cycle/scooter 52
6 Awareness about RES For Entire Sample

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Sr. No. Details About the Category % of
Sample*
a Segregate Garbage at Home 35
b % population reported using public transport such as bus, auto rickshaw 86
c Familiar with RES 59
d Mounted Solar Panels on Roof Top 8
7 Preparedness to use RES For Entire Sample
a Want RES 88
b Dont think RES is required 2
c No opinion as yet 10
d Willing to Contribute in monetary or labor form for initial cost towards RES 83
e Not willing to contribute towards initial cost of RES 17
8 Top difculty in using Solar or similar RES device at home
a Initial cost is very high not affordable 25
b Not nding trustworthy contractor or supplier for RES appliances 20
c Not able to get correct or reliable technology for RES gadgets 18
d Thinks that technology may become obsolete soon 12
e Not able to get correct or reliable information about RES gadgets 10
f Not sure if the price of RES appliance is the best possible 10
g No good return on the investment 5

8. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ON COMMUNITY RESPONSES AND ENERGY AUDIT INITIATIVE

From the survey and the focused group discussions with many representatives of major stake holder of the society
regarding energy scenario of HIG/MIG community and LIG community, it is evident that although all citizens of
Thane face problems regarding energy usage, there are certain specicities in their problems depending upon
their income group. The contrast in electricity use is quite evident depending on the income. On one hand, the
HIG community may have embraced energy obesity in their day to day life, the MIG community may be marching
on the same path, and neither is satised with the energy supply they currently receive, and on the other hand,
the large LIG community is facing energy scarcity. The contrast in two situations is vivid and signicant. On one
hand, efforts may be apt to curb the obese use of energy by a section of society and on the other it may be
pertinent to embrace the scarcity issue to reasonably resolve the same by making clean and affordable energy
sources available to the deprived community. While the survey results indicate that the majority of Thane citizens
are willing to embrace RES and do use public transportation, there do not seem to be any organizational efforts
primarily dedicated to the issue of energy, its related impacts on the well-being of the society, or the need to
expand the use of renewables in Thane. This situation has inspired a need to establish a campaign like AUA to not
only spread the awareness but give people practical initiation in making use of renewable techniques.

Another survey also studied the potential of other renewable energy and energy conservation methods. Most
of the ofce bearers of housing societies are seen to be supportive and readily welcome any new schemes of
renewable energy of TMC, like use of solar energy products, rain water harvesting, garbage management, sewage
treatment plants. The awareness about the generation of electricity from wind and sun seemed to be very low.
TMC can come up with some sample projects in residential buildings, to prove that it is possible to generate
electricity using solar and wind. ULBs must come up with projects like solar parks to help people become more
aware about renewable energy technology [23].

The main objective of energy audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption by identifying energy
wastage points and correcting them, following energy conservation techniques, using energy efcient gadgets
and making more and more use of renewable energy.

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After twenty-ve housing complexes having 228 building equivalents being audited it is observed that there is
huge potential of 15 to 25% energy savings by following simple steps like switching to LED lamps, using lifts and
water pumps efciently and using SWHs and solar PVs where ever possible [24]. Out of 25, 5 housing complexes
have implemented the part of recommendations given by AUA in energy audit report and they are enjoying
average 20% of the energy savings [24]. An example of savings post energy savings recommendations being
implemented is as shown in gure 2. These are huge ndings given the small sample in which the campaign has
worked for. Though there is policy support from TMC it was lacking in initiative at community initiative level [24].
In light of these short comings AUA showed a new pathway ahead. In place of mere awareness building lectures,
AUA demonstrated physically by actual

Figure 2: Reduced electricity consumption post saving recommendations implemented

9. CONCLUSION
Though the world today is facing acute energy and climate change crisis, there is a hope in changing the future
energy scenario by utilizing huge potential of renewable energy abundantly available in nature and awakening
the common peoples potential to participate in the process of energy audit, conservation, use of energy efciency
and renewable energy; along with the governments. The success of AUA or Renewable energy campaign in a fast
growing city like Thane has paved the way to hope for the world with sustainable future.

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 0076 - APPLICATION OF TORREFACTION TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATED WITH
PARABOLIC TROUGH
zben Ersz*, Gnnur Koar
Ege University, Institute of Solar Energy, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding e-mail: kutluozben@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: zben Ersz

ABSTRACT
Torrefaction was identied as a key technology by International Energy Agency, to reduce short-term greenhouse
gas emission from the coal-red thermal power plants. The most important operating costs of this technology
comprise biomass transportation, storage and reactors heat consumption. In this study, we designed an innovative
reactor, which consumed the energy directly from parabolic trough solar collector instead of external fuel. The
reactor was placed at the focus of mirror where torrefaction process was carried out. Poultry litter, cotton stalk and
woodchips were rst heated up to 300C and then torreed for 1 hour. Under this condition, the interior reactor
temperature was recorded in every minute. In addition, the heating rates and the standard deviations of torrefaction
temperature were investigated for each biomass. The average heating rate of 5.7C/min was determined in all
experiments and, the standard deviation was observed as a range of 010.9. Moreover, the rst class biochar
were able to be produced at the process condition selected. Consequently, the torrefaction temperature was
successfully controlled by manually and the novel batch reactor design was accomplished for different biomass.
The continuous-fed reactor design is still being developed within a TUBITAK project no: 115M676.

Keywords: Torrefaction, biochar, biomass, parabolic trough, concentrated solar energy.

1. INTRODUCTION
Technologies for the thermochemical conversion methods of biomass are a priority for R&D funding in Turkey [1].
These methods have applications in different elds such as energy, environmental science and chemistry. The most
important advantage of these methods is to obtain the required form (solid, liquid or gas) of a product. Biochar
is a solid product produced by a thermal process which is known as torrefaction. Nowadays, it can be used for
amending soil, as an alternative fuel to lignite or a component of other processes [2]. Recently, considerable
attention has been focused on the biochar production from different biomass and on the characterization of
biochar [3-6].

Torrefaction was identied as a key technology by International Energy Agency to reduce short-term greenhouse
gas emission from the coal-red thermal power plants [7]. The process is carried out at inert atmosphere in the
temperature range of 200300C depending on the characteristics of the biomass [8 12]. The most important
operating costs of this process comprise biomass transportation, storage and reactors heat consumption. Pirraglia
et al. [13] indicated that biomass delivery cost and depreciation are the most signicant factors inuencing
production with capital expenditure (CAPEX) that is the most sensitive variable due to high investments in
torrefaction reactors. They also expressed that the selection of different torrefaction technologies and adequate
binders might represent a major improvement in the feasibility of a project by reducing capital costs drastically.
Alternative reactor types and heat sources are still attractive research subjects in order to decrease the capital and
operating costs.

Nowadays, hybrid renewable energy system is an alternative research area to produce thermal energy and
electricity. In the world, the hybrid system studies conducted on biomass energy are mainly focused on gasication
processes that is supported by basin type concentration systems. These studies are performed in small batch
reactors which is an important limitation for experiments. So far, hybrid system study on biomass energy is not
performed in Turkey. Production of syngas via gasication integrated with solar energy was carried out by an
earlier study [14]. In this study, gasication of woodchips was tested in a 1 KW continuously-fed tubular reactor
at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1400C. The effects of the temperature, oxidizing agents (H2O or CO2) and
types of biomass feedstock on product gas composition were evaluated. The study was focused on the solar
gasication during continuous biomass particle injection for demonstrating the feasibility of process and the

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energy upgrade factor was found as 1.21. Similar to Bellouard et al. [14], Zeng et al. [15] worked on solar pyrolysis
and they focused on the effect of temperature, heating rate and ow rate of argon. The maximum higher heating
value (HHV) of syngas was observed at the temperature of 2000C by heating rate of 450C/s.

Here, we designed an innovative torrefaction reactor, which consumed the energy directly from parabolic trough
solar collector instead of external fuel. Thus, the novel reactor technology of torrefaction was constituted in this
study by using hybrid application of solar and biomass energy.

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

The heat of reactor was supplied by parabolic trough solar collector as shown in Figure 1. The reactor was placed
at focus, consisting of a receiver of parabolic trough where torrefaction process was carried out. The reactor was
made by a steel tube of 1500mm length with 60mm diameter covered by selective solar absorber surface. The
tube and absorber were protected from climate conditions by 80mm diameter borosilicate glass [16]. Poultry litter,
cotton stalk, and woodchips were rst heated up to 300C and then torreed for 1 hour. At the end of the process,
biochar is formed in reactor, generated gas was stored in gasometer and liquid phase accumulated in liquid
chamber [2]. The ow sheet of system is shown in Figure 2. To avoid dehumidifying of warm biochar, the reactor
was cooled faster by passing through the nitrogen. Under this condition, the interior reactor temperature was
recorded in every minute. In additon, the heating rates and the standard deviations of torrefaction temperature
were investigated for each biomass. The standart deviation was calculated by using Microsoft Ofce Excel 2010.
The temperatures were measured at two different points through the 1500mm length of reactor due to evaluation
of homogeneous temperature prole. Furthermore, the reactor was divided in three equal parts of 500mm in
length and the temperature sensors were placed at the end point of each part. The rst sensor placed at the
length of 500mm was used for manual control of tracking system and its values were evaluated for standard
deviation study together with the temperature data collected from the second sensor. The experiments were also
carried out at different month in autumn.

The proximate and ultimate analyses of samples were carried out using an oven (Nve FN400), a mufe furnace
(Nve MF120) and a LECO TruSpec CHN-S analyzer. The proximate analyses of all samples were conducted by
following the EN15402, EN15403 and EN15414-3 standard test method in order to determination of moisture,
volatile matter, and ash content. On the other hand, the ultimate analysis was carried out according to DIN 51732
and DIN51724-3 standard analytical methods. In addition to these analyses, the particle size of biomass was
analyzed by Retsch vibratory sieve shaker. The sample of 100g was sifted in 15 minutes via shaker and the residue
on sieving was weighted because of creating the graph of cumulative particle size distribution [17].

Figure 1. Batch torrefaction system integrated with parabolic trough

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 Figure 2. The flow sheet of torrefaction system

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The interior reactor temperature was recorded in every minute at two point and, the heating rates as well as the
standard deviations of torrefaction temperature were investigated for each biomass. The amount of focused solar
radiation was changed manually in order to stabilize the temperature at 300C5. Due to this manual control,
sinusoidal uctuations at constant temperature were observed during the experiments (Figure 3).

Standard deviation of whole data recorded for the poultry litter (PL) changed between the range of 0 10.7.
The temperature increased up to 324C and the minimum temperature was observed at 292C (Figure 3a). In
three experiments, standard deviation value greater than 10 was recorded only for 9 minutes and the average
temperature for each test was found as 303.1C, 303.7C and 309.4C, respectively.

Although sinusoidal uctuations were also observed in cotton stalk (CS) experiments, the average temperature
for three experiments was found as 300.9C, 301.3C and 305.3C, indicating that tracking system in cotton stalk
tests was controlled similar with the poultry litter experiments (Figure 3a and 3c). The temperature was uctuated
between 290C and 322C throughout the manual control. Standard deviation of whole data recorded for the
cotton stalk was calculated in the range of 1.3 10.9. Moreover, standard deviation value greater than 10 was
recorded for 5 minutes in these experiments.

In rst experiment of sawdust (SD), the maximum temperature was monitored as 350C, however, the average
temperatures of other two experiments were 300.5C and 303.2C. Thus, the desired control mechanism was
fullled as shown in Figure 3e. For these tests, the maximum standard deviation values were found as 3.5 and
7.8, respectively. It was observed that temperatures were uctuated in the range of 294C and 318C during the
control.

As shown in Figure 3a, 3c and 3e, the drying phase of torrefaction was observed at 100C and the temperature
was constant for approximately 12 minutes. This time was extended by increasing particle size and decreasing
solar radiation. Furthermore, the drying phase was clearly observed at rst sensors data that was recorded at
500mm length of reactor. This phase seems to disappear at second sensors data, meanwhile the heating rate
gained acceleration. In comparison to the temperatures recorded from two sensors, heterogeneous temperature
prole was observed during heating period, while homogeneous prole was obtained at torrefaction period.
This difference was more prominent at 200C, since gas outlet and structural degradation are initiated at this
temperature. On the other hand, the temperature at second sensor was higher than other sensors because of
the pressure difference. The second sensor had shorter delay time than rst sensor, thereby the temperature
recorded from second sensor was widely uctuated. In contrast to other biomasses, temperature uctuation in
sawdust was more signicant than other biomass experiments. One possible reason of this signicance is thought
to be distinct particle sizes of PL, CS and SW. Since, compared to others, sawdust has the smallest particle size.
The fact that, more compatible temperature prole between parallel tests was obtained by increase in particle size
of biomass (Figure 3a, 3c and 3e).

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In addition to the data obtained so far, the heating rates of reactor were also evaluated in all experiments. It was
found that the rates were changed according to the the moisture content of biomass and the amount of focused
solar radiation. While average heating rate was calculated as 5.7C/min, the minimum and maximum heating rates
were found as 2.4 and 8.7C/min, respectively. The minimum value was monitored in a cloudy day (Sep 20, 2015)
at a poultry litter experiment (Figure 3a and 3b). Due to the cloud effect, sudden uctuations in solar radiation
were occurred (from 195 W/m2 to 1092 W/m2), the temperature of reactor was greatly affected and the heating
rate was signicantly declined.

Figure 3. The reactor temperature and global solar radiation versus time graph for three biomass source

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The results of the proximate and ultimate analysis of raw materials and biochars are given in Table 1 and 2. After
torrefaction process, the carbon content of material was increased with the ratio of 1.30, 1.37 and 1.40. Thus, the
rst class biochar could be produced according to the carbon content limits identied in International Biochar
Initiative Standard. Other results were also the compatible and resembling data within the literature [18 21].

Table 1 The proximate analysis results of samples

Raw material C (%) H (%) N (%) S (%) O (%) Ash (%)
Sawdust 53.4 5.9 3.3 - 36.8 0.6
Cotton Stalk 45.0 6.3 1.5 - 35.8 11.4
Poultry Litter 35.3 5.7 3.6 0.9 32.9 21.6
Biochar
Sawdust 70.6 5.4 3.9 0.0 16.1 4.0
Cotton stalk 63.2 4.7 1.8 0.0 16.8 13.5
Poultry litter 48.4 3.3 4.0 1.1 10.1 33.1

Table 2. The ultimate analysis results of samples

Volatile Fixed Particle size
Moisture Ash
Raw material matter carbon (mm)
(%) (%)
(%) (%)
Sawdust 6.5 0.6 89.3 3.6 1>x
Cotton Stalk 6.8 11.4 69.2 12.6 1.7
Poultry Litter 9.3 21.6 62.5 6.7 2>x>1.7
Biochar
Sawdust 3.2 4.0 60.8 32.0 -
Cotton stalk 3.6 13.5 53.7 29.2 -
Poultry litter 2.6 33.1 53.6 10.7 -

4. CONCLUSION
This study was focused on the batch torrefaction process integrated with parabolic trough solar collector. The
torrefaction tests were conducted with poultry litter, cotton stalk and sawdust torreed at 300C in 1 hour. The
external energy needed for heating the reactor located in the focusline of parabolic trough mirror supplied by
solar concentrator. The temperature prole in the reactor was investigated to create novel continuous-fed reactor.
The conclusion can be summarized as follows:

The amount of global solar radiation during experiments was found in the range of 900-1200 W/m2 and it was
observed that the study could be performed in average global solar radiation, 1050W/m2.
The temperature prole in the reactor was affected by particle size of biomass and more compatible
temperature prole between parallel tests was obtained by increase in particle size of biomass.
The measurement of temperature at the 1000mm length of reactor can be more compatible for the control of
tracking system due to the short delay time.
The torrefaction temperature was successfully controlled by manually even though there was uctuations.
The rst class biochar could be produced by using the innovative torrefaction reactor.

Consequently, the novel batch reactor design was accomplished for different biomass. The continuous-fed reactor
design is still being developed within a TUBITAK project no: 115M676 in the light of this information.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by TUBTAK National New Ideas and Products R&D Funding Program (1005) entitled
Design of pilot scale, continuous torrefaction system integrated with solar energy and investigation of its
performance (115M676).

REFERENCES
1. Tbitak. 2016. http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/icerik-tubitak-cagri-planlamasi
2. Ersz, . 2016. Biyokmrletirme iin parabolik gne younlatrcl sistem tasarm, kurulumu ve farkl
biyoktle kaynaklar iin optimum iletme koullarnn belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Ege niversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Enstits, Danman: Prof. Dr. Gnnur Koar
3. Peng, JH; Bi, HT; Sokhansanj, S. and Lim, JC. 2012. A study of particle size effect on biomass torrefaction and
densication. Energy & Fuels, 26: 3826-3839.
4. Recari, J.; Berrueco, C.; Abello, S.; Montane, D. and Farriol, X. 2014. Effect of temperature and pressure on
characteristics and reactivity of biomassderived chars. Bioresource Technology, 170: 204-210.
5. Rousset P; Macedo L; Commandre JM and Moreira A. 2012. Biomass torrefaction under different oxygen
concentrations and its effect on the composition of the solid by-product. Journal of Analytical and Applied
Pyrolysis, 96: 86-91.
6. Wang, C.W.; Peng, J.H.; Li, H.; Bi, X.T.T.; Legros, R.; Lim, C.J. and Sokhansanj, S. 2013. Oxidative torrefaction
of biomass residues and densication of torreed sawdust to pellets. Bioresource Technology, 127: 318-325.
7. IEA. 2012. Technology roadmap: Bioenergy for heat and power. In: Agency IE, ed. France.
8. Bergman, P.C.A.; Boersma, A.R.; Zwart, R.W.R. and Kiel, J.H.A. 2005. Torrefaction for biomass co-ring in
existing coal-red power stations biocoal. Report ECN-C-05-013. Petten, The Netherlands: ECN
9. Sadaka, S. and Negi, S. 2009. Improvements of biomass physical and thermochemical characteristics via
torrefaction process. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 28: 427-434
10. Lynam JG; Coronella CJ; Yan W; Reza MT and Vasquez VR. 2011. Acetic acid and lithium chloride effects on
hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource Technology, 102: 6192-6199.
11. van der Stelt, M.J.C.; Gerhauser, H.; Kiel, J.H.A. and Ptasinski, K.J. 2011. Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for
the production of biofuels: A review. Biomass & Bioenergy, 35: 3748-3762
12. Basu, P. 2013. Biomass gasication, pyrolysis and torrefaction practical design and theory. USA: Elsevier, ISBN:
978-0-12-396488-5, p 530
13. Pirraglia, A; Gonzalez, R; Saloni, D. and Denig, J. 2013. Technical and economic assessment for the production
of torreed ligno-cellulosic biomass pellets in the US. Energy Conversion and Management, 66: 153-164.
14. Bellouard, Q; Abanades, S; Rodat, S and Dupassieux, N. 2016. Solar thermochemical gasication of wood
biomass for syngas production in a high temperature continuously fed tubular reactor, International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy, In Press.
15. Zeng, K.; Gauthier, D.; Lu, J. and Flamant, G. 2015. Parametric study and process optimization for solar pyrolysis
of beech wood, Energy Conversion and Management, 106, 987998.
16. Ersoz, O. and Kocar, G. 2014. Concentrated Solar Power Assisted Torrefaction Technologies, SolarTR2014
Solar Conference and Exhibition, 19 -21 Kasm 2014, zmir, pp 695-698.
17. Anonym. 2016. Toz Metalrjisi Elek Analizi Deneyi. Karadeniz Teknik niversitesi.
18. Chen, Y; Yang, H; Yang, Q; Hao, H; Zhu, B and Chen, H. 2014. Torrefaction of agriculture straws and its
application on biomass pyrolysis poly generation. Bioresource Technology, 156: 70-77.
19. Dhungana, A; Dutta, A and Basu, P. 2012. Torrefaction of non lignocellulose biomass waste. Canadian Journal
of Chemical Engineering, 90: 186-195.
20. Chew, J.J. and Doshi, V. 2011. Recent advances in biomass pretreatment - Torrefaction fundamentals and
technology. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15: 4212-4222.
21. Toptas, A; Yildirim, Y; Duman, G and Yanik, J. 2015. Combustion behavior of different kinds of torreed biomass
and their blends with lignite. Bioresource Technology, 177: 328-336.

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 0077 - CHARACTERZATON OF HETERO-STRUCTURE SNGLE PN JUNCTON SOLAR
CELLS BASED ON III-N-V AND III-B-V ALLOYS
Agageldi Muhammetgulyyev*, Bar Knac, mer Dnmez, Aye Erol
Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Trkiye
Corresponding email: mag.halach90@hotmail.com
*Corresponding author: Agageldi Muhammetgulyyev

PURPOSE
In this work, we aim to characterize heterostructure single pin junction solar cells based on dilute nitride (Ga1-
xInxAs1-yNy) and dilute bismide (GaAs1-xBix) alloys experimentally and theoretically. Both alloys are promising
for 1 eV bandgap solar cell structures. Therefore, we focus on this material system in this study.

METHOD
The solar cells were grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and fabricated in mesa structure
using conventional photolithography techniques. Drift diffusion and Sah-Noyce-Shockley (S-N-S)
theories are used to model the I-V characteristics and quantum efciency of the solar cells under
AM 1.5G illumination. The device parameters such as, short circuit current (JSC) and open circuit
voltage (VOC) of the solar cells are extracted from I-V characteristics under AM 1.5G illumination.

FINDINGS
As a result of modelling without considering resistance losses, solar cell efciencies are calculated as 17.12%
for GaInNAs-based pin solar cell and 9,05% for GaAsBi-based pin solar cell, while experimentally determined
as 10.48% and 3.01% respectively. In order to t experimental I-V curves of solar cell based on dilute bismide
we include the presence of cluster-like features on the surface. On the other hand S-N-S model agrees with
experimental values for the solar cell based on dilute nitride, because dilute nitride do not have cluster-like
features on the surface. Because of this cluster-like features for dilute bismide solar cell structure has also include
Schottky barrier. Therefore we also consider the effect of the Schottky barrier on I-V characteristics of the solar cell.

CONCLUSION
Our results reveal that theoretical modeling I-V curves of the solar cell based on dilute nitride in good agreement
with experimental ndings. As for dilute bismide based solar cell, our results show that cluster-like surface effect
should be included in the theoretical model to achieve good agreement with the experimental ndings.

Keywords: GaInNAs pin solar cells, GaAsBi pin solar cells, solar cells, pin structures, dilute bismide,dilute nitride

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 0081 - CROWDFUNDING FOR SOLAR: CAN IT BE REALLY DONE?
Emre Ilicali
Altensis Insaat San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
Corresponding email: ilicali@gmail.com

The world today faces far-reaching challenges that affect us all and most of us are concerned
with the way the world is moving forward. Trends such as urbanisation, scarcity of natural
resources and economic uncertainty each require holistic solutions. Issues related to environment,
health and future sustainability need to be addressed for a comfortable and promising future.
Over the years, renewable energy has faced many challenges and barriers. Some of these included
regulatory drawbacks, technical issues, and problems with recognition. However, one can easily
say that the biggest hurdle, which stands in front of the wide spread of renewables, is Financing.

Now, the emerging nance method of crowd funding might provide a new hope. Crowdfunding is dened as
" the practice of funding a project or venture by raising many small amounts of money from a large number of
people, typically via the Internet.". or " the use of small amounts of capital from a large number of individuals to
nance a new business venture." (Investopedia) It basically leaves third parties out and provides oppurtunity for
entrepreneurs to raise funding from any person who can invest directly.

This paper outlines different ways to use crowdfunding methodology for solar projects, which shall result in a
better and more reliable way to nance good energy without getting lost in the dark corridors of project nance.

Keywords: Solar, nancing, crowdfunding

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 0082 - A SUSTAINABLE MODEL BY SOLAR ENERGY
M. Tlin Keskin, F. Figen Ar*
Clean Energy Foundation, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: argen@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: F. Figen Ar

ABSTRACT
Clean Energy Foundation (TEMEV); has been carrying out a project called Green Economy in the Village which
is nanced by Coca Cola and supported by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to meet all energy
needs from 5.5 KW PV solar energy systems and generate energy by using a solar-energy based air drying kiln
in the Eldivan district of ankr. This project helps to unfold the solar energy heat and electricity capacity in the
region which is similar to Black Sea region solar energy potential where less solar energy potential compared
to the country's west and southern regions, but also ensures the empowerment of women. With the support
provided by this project, a women's cooperative has been established in the region in which social participation
of women is very low and emigration rate is high. Products of women's cooperatives, second to none in Central
Anatolia, will be marketing under the "KULCE" brand created by Eldivans women. Thus, it is expected to provide
a regional development. As the additionality of multifaceted project work, waste gray water generated during the
production of the project will be used for watering of small garden and greenhouse and compost will be made
from vegetable and fruit waste, the volume of local and region-specic seeds collected from villagers will be
increased, trainings will be held in the region for schools and women on solar energy . Project experience will be
shared at the conference.

Keywords: Solar energy, sustainable model, women empowerment

1. INTRODUCTION
Though the solar energy has a wide range of use from larger cities to industrial sector, its availability in rural areas
and its social and economic impacts on the local people are indisputable and undeniable. Integration of the clean
and inexhaustible energy options with the rural areas renders the rural socio-economic structure dynamic. In both
EU countries and USA, clean and inexhaustible energies are considered in line with the rural develoments policies.

On the other hand, strenghthening of the role of women in society is permanently kept up to date from the most
developed nations to the rural areas.

The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Turkey has prepared a National Action Plan for Empowerment
of Women in Rural Areas for the years 2012-2016 [1]. Rather than adopting an approach toward the solution
of short-term problems for simply facilitating the lives of women and responding to their requirements with a
view to eradicating rural poverty; the Action Plan attaches importance to developing and implementing long-
term policies toward structural, gender-based inequalities and strategic requirements. The Action Plan focuses on
unfolding the existing capacities of women for empowerment of women on a rural level as well as concentrates on
several factors for securing empowerment as poverty, training, health, agricultural production, entrepreneuralism,
marketing, organization and social security etc.

Our Project directly coincides with the Action Plan and covers the titles of entrepreneuralism, organization, training,
agricultural production which form the basis of the action plan and also includes major activities in the realms of
the use of domestic and renewable resources, waste management and environment.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Green Economy in the Village which constitutes the basis of this study, is supported by New World Program
and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) under the title of the empowerment of women. Besides,
several companies have supported our project by donating 5.000 jars, concrete and insulating materials used in
operation buildings, and solar energy hot water equipment.

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By the help of the funds provided to the project, a generation plant meeting the entire energy requirements from
5,4kW photovoltaic (PV) solar system; a drying kiln that obtains heat from solar energy resources and equipment
required for generation have been provided and several training programs were organized to support the
project. Technical training programs like cooperative system, seed, good agricultural practices, efcient irrigation,
marketing as well as personal trainings as communication, problem solving techniques etc. have been held within
the framework of the project.

The solar energy photocoltaic (PV) system was composed of 18 crystalline panels each with a capacity of 300 W;
3 kW SCC MPTT controller, 5000 W, 48 V MPTT MKS-charge control unit interver and 8 pieces of 200 Ah gel free
maintenance battery.

Within the context of the project supporting process, the Production and Operation Cooperative for Women
Entrepreneurs was founded on August 15th, 2016 under the leadership of Dr. F. Figen AR, the General Coordinator
of TEMEV. The products produced by the Cooperative have been awarded on October 65th, 2016 the certicates
of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock.

3. RESULTS
The 5,4kW PV system installed on the roof of the energy generation plant established in the Eldivan District, within
the framework of the Green Economy in the Village Project generated 2885kWH of electricity between 20 July-25
November 2016. The relevant technical features and daily generation efciencies are presented below
Photo Voltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) estimates of solar electricity generation :

Location: 4031'44" North, 3329'58" East, Elevation: 946 m a.s.l.,

Solar radiation data base used: PVGIS-classic
Nominal power of the PV system: 5.4 kW (crystalline silicon)
Estimated losses due to temperature and low irradiance:9.4% (using local ambient temperature) Estimated loss
due to angular reectanc e effects: 2.9%
Otherlosses (cables, inverteretc.):15.0% Combined
PV system losses: 25%

Figure 1. Technical features of PV system

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Table 1. Daily yield of PV system
Fixed system: inclination 35, orientation=0
Month Ed Em Hd Hm
Jan 10.80 33 2.48 76.9
Feb 13.80 385 3.19 89.4
Mar 18.10 560 4.32 134
Apr 19.30 578 4.73 142
May 21.30 661 5.40 167
Jun 22.30 668 5.70 171
Jul 22.30 692 5.82 180
Aug 22.10 686 5.77 179
Sep 21.20 637 5.39 162
Oct 16.90 524 4.15 129
Nov 11.50 346 2.73 81.9
Dec 9.06 281 2.11 65.3
Yearly average 17.4 529 4.32 131
Total for year 6350 1580

Ed: Average daily electricity production from the given system (kWh) Em: Average monthly electricity production
from th egiven system (kWh) Hd: Average daily sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the
modules of the given system (kWh/m2)

Within the context of the project, by the end of November, 2885 kWh of energy was generated out of solar energy
and 1327 kg CO2 was saved.

On the other hand, the local products produced by using solar energy and containing no additives are marketed
by the Production and Operation Cooperative for Women Entrepreneurs (founded under the project) by the
registered ofcial brand created by the women of Eldivan and with the motto of With the hand of the Sun and the
Worf of the Women. By 25 November 2016, 47 members are working at the cooperative founded by 7 people
on 15 August 2016.

The cooperative that has 47 women members by the end of November, 7 co-founding women created an added
value of 3.000 USD in 2 months.

4. DISCUSSION
This project integrated into the use of solar energy in rural areas has set the stage for sustainable development
in the Eldivan District of ankr. Apart from serving as a spceial example for the use of solar energy, the project
contains several issues as recycling of the waste water of production as grey water; obtaining composite fertilizer
out of waste vegetables-fruits; multiplication of domestic and local seeds; dissemination of good agriculture
practices at a regional basis.

The food sector (including agriculture) accounts for 30% of the global energy consumption; while 22% of the
green gas emissions. The global greenhouse volume emitted by the agriculture and food sectors in the year 2010
was equal to 10Gton carbondioxide. This volume corresponds to one out of 5 greenhouse emissions of 2010 [2].
The project has also achieved a minimum carbon foot print and zero waste production process.

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5. CONCLUSION
This study has witnessed the welcoming of the use of solar energy in rural areas and has observed the individual
and social ambitions on the use of solar energy.

It has also been observed within this study based on solar energy, that the socil and economic statuses of women
have been strenghthened; their self-condence has been elevated and women have taken a more self-condent
stance toward their relations with the members of their families and the society as a whole.

By this study, we have experienced the importance of the local support for technical and cooperative works in the
rural areas.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Green Economy in the Village Project which constitutes the basis of this present study has been conducted
by the Clean Energy Foundation in partnership with the District Governors Ofce of Eldivan, Municipality of
Eldivan and Gnder and was nanced by Coca Cola and supported by the United Nations Development Program
(UNDP) (New World: Inclusive Sustainable Human Development Initiatives ). Furthermore, ie Cam Inc..,Canpa
Construction and Insulating Trading Co., ankr Concrete Inc. and Demirdkm have provided supports to the
project. We are indebted to them for their kind support and would hereby extend our thanks.

REFERENCES
1. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock 2012. National Action Plan for Empowerment of Women in Rural
Areas (2012 - 2016).
2. Monforti-Ferrario, F, Dallemand,J F, PinedoPascua,I, et al. 2015. Energy use in the EU food sector: State of play
and opportunities for improvement - Report EUR 27247 EN.

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0083 - PRODUCER GAS PRODUCTION BY GASIFICATION METHOD WITH THE SUPPORT
OF SOLAR ENERGY AND USE OF INDIVIDUAL HEATING AND COOKING SYSTEMS
Merdin Danmaz1*, Cevdet Demirta2
1
Arsin Vocational Junior Collage, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Trkiye
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Trkiye
Corresponding email: mdanismaz@ktu.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Merdin Danmaz

ABSTRACT
Evaluation of solar energy for many applications are still widely used all over the world. Producer gas production
with biomass gasication technology is regarded as a further need to expand renewable energy. A relatively high
temperature to achieve within a Downdraft type gasier which gives good results for directly burnable gas production
is known to enhance the efciency of the system and quality of the produced producer gas. In this study, it has been
achieved at high temperature in the gasier utilizing solar energy. And therefore producer gas with higher heating value
has been produced and a gasication system with high efciency has been developed. Some waste state biomass in
nature (pinecone for this study), using gasication technology, has been converted to producer gas which can be
used for direct combustion. The producer gas produced is burned in the combi combustion chamber and furnace
burners and the combustion is monitored. For this purpose, oxidation zone considered as the heart of the gasication
is designed as a crucible having air supply channels 8 and was placed in the focal point of the solar dish. Biomass
lled in gasier is converted to gas by partial combustion and at a high temperature with supporting solar energy. The
gas from the gasier is subjected to ltering and gas cooling processes in the continuation of the gasication process
and then the nal state producer gas is burned. In oxidation zone of the gasier has been reached in the temperature
over the 1200'C and At the end of gasication, ash and tar yields discarded from system were measured to fall below
the 2%. As a result, In regions with abundant biomass, the producer gas obtained by this system can be used as an
alternative gas fuel to natural gas used widely for individual heating and cooking.

Keywords: Gasication, Producer gas, Syngas, Biomass, Solar dish

1. INTRODUCTION
The history of gasication thecnology goes back to date of 1669 when Thomas Shirley conducted some experiments
about hydrogen carburizing. In early 1900's, Dean Clayton produced coal gas by pyrolysis technology. Although
gas production technology was often used in electricity generation, producr gas (syngas) remained an important
fuel for heating and cooking. Two world wars and energy crises triggered the development of this technology
positively. biomass and coal gasication has been an important contribution in ensuring the energy needs of the
countries since 1900s [1] [2].

Biomass is a renewable energy source for many applications. Biomass gasication is a process that converts biomass
based carbonaceous materials into mainly carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. In biomass
gasication, gasication temperatures signicantly affect the gas produced and the system. It has been pointed
out in the literature that increases in controlled temperatures after 700C which is the starting temperature of the
gasication, increase the efciency of the gasication process [1].

Solar energy is also an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as
either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar
power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water
heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the sun, selecting materials
with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air [3].

In this study, It is aimed to improve the gasication efciency and the gas quality in the gasication process by the
additional heat to be provided by a renewable energy source, solar energy. A solar dish was used to concentrate
the solar radiation at a specic point and the temperature was maintained for the reactor with a pot lined to the
focal point.

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1.1. GASIFIER TYPES
In the last decade, some different types of gasiers have been developed for gasication of carbon containing
substances. These gasiers types available today are mainly updraft, downdraft, crossdraft and uidized gasiers
seen in Figure 1. There are also some other gasier similar to these types.

Figure 1. Some gasifier types according to gas-feedstock contact and dense phase [4]

The common characteristics of these gasiers are that they have drying, pyrolysis, oxidation and reduction zones
inside and the downward ow of the feedstock by gravity. On the other hand, the main difference of these gasiers
is the motion of gas phase and solid phase in the reactor relative to each other [2] [4].

For updraft gasiers, the motion of gas and solid feedstock is in an opposite direction. While the solid feedstock
moves down by gravity, the gas ows upwards through the reactor. The pyrolysis gases leave the gasier without
going to the hot zone at the bottom. In the hot oxidation zone, the produced gases with a high tar content ows
upward passing thruogh the pyrolysis zone.
For Downdraft gasiers, while the solid feedstock runs out downward through the gasier, the gases from the
pyrolysis, oxidation and reduction zones also ow downward inside the reactor. The pyrolysis gases help the
cracking of most of the tars into water and non-condensible gases. These gasier is equipped with a grate and a
throat to iprove the gases quality.

For crossdraft gasier, air required for combustion is introduced to gasifer from one side and the gas leaves
gasier the oppesite side of gasier. The feedstock motion is downdraft through the gasier. Witht he operation
with this type gasier, producer gas contains a high level of tars, but the reaction time is shorter than the others.
Coal gasication is suitable for the gasier compared to wood because of the tar problem.

For uidized bed gasier, air is blown through a bed full of solid particles at a sufcient velocity to keep these in a
state of suspension. The bed is originally externally heated and the feedstock is introduced as soon as a sufciently
high temperature is reached. The fuel particles are introduced at the bottom of the reactor, very quickly mixed with
the bed material and almost instantaneously heated up to the bed temperature. the fedstock is pyrolysed very
fast, resulting in a component mix with a relatively large amount of gaseous materials [5].

- 219 -
Table 1. Operating principles, advantages and disadvantages of some types of gasier [1]
The type of Oxidant Oxidant 3URGXFHU 0D[LPXP
Advantages Disadvantages
JDVLHU RZ injection JDVRXWOHW WHPSHUDWXUH
/RZJDVH[LWWHPSHUDWXUH +LJKWDU\LHOG
/RZDVKFDUU\RYHU /RZJDVLFDWLRQFDSDVLW\
Top of +LJKFKDUFRQYHUVLRQ -Feed size and shape
8SGUDIW XSZDUGV DWJUDGH 1200C
UHDFWRU (DV\WRVFDOHXS )HHGDQGJUDGH
VXLWDEHOIRUZHWIHHGVWRFN SUREOHPV
(>25 %)
/RZWDU\LHOG -High gas exit
+LJKFKDUFRQYHUVLRQ WHPSHUDWXUH
Bottom, ORZDVKFDUU\RYHU )HHGVWRFNVKDSHDQG
'RZQGUDIW GRZQZDUGV DWWKURDW 1200C
XQGHUJUDWH 4XLFNUHVSRQVHWRORDG size
change 'LIFXOWWRVFDOHXS

/RZUHDFWRUZHLJKW +LJKWDULQJDV
KRUL]RQWDO Side of /RZDVKFDUU\RYHU 3RRUWXUQGRZQ
&URVVGUDIW ODWHUDO 1400C
to feed UHDFWRU %HWWHUJDVRZ 'LIFXOWWRVFDOHXS
/RZFDSDFLW\
Top of /RZJDVH[LWWHPSHUDWXUH 3RRUWXUQGRZQ
)OXLGL]HG
8SZDUGV DWERWWRP UHDFWRUZLWK 1300C +LJKWDUFRQYHUVLRQ 'LIFXOWWRVFDOHXS
Bed
DF\FORQH 'LIFXOWWRIHHG

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. BASIC PROPERTIES OF FEEDSTOCK FOR GASIFICATION

Wood has important properties related to thermochemical conversion. The physical properties of the wood as a
feedstock must be determined before using it for gasication. Because the sizing and shaping of the feedstock
considerably inuences the gasication process from the beginning the design of the gasier (especially for
downdraft gasier). Main properties of wood (or non-wood forest products) which inuence the gasication
process are the moisture content, absolute and bulk density, wood size, chemical composition of feedstock (the
proximate and ultimate analysis) and higher heating value [6].

2.2. MOISTURE CONTENT

It is possible to examine the moisture content of wood or non-wood forest products in three categories; rst,
inherent moisture that holds when it i equilibrium with ambient atmosphere and it is held in the capilary openings
in wood material. Second, surface moisture that occurs on the surface of wood materials and third decomposition
moisture that is formed from organic compounds of wood material as they are decomposed by heating. The
temperature for this process is a range of 200-250C. The moisture content is commonly dened by a formula on
wet basis [1] [6];

wet weight
dry weight

Moisture Content = *100% ,(1)
wet weight

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2.3. ABSOLUTE AND BULK DENSITY
The absolute and bulk density of wood is important for gasication process in terms of storage and handling.
Wood with high bulk density requires less reactor space for a given refueling time and also gives good results for
sufcient ow under gravity resulting in high gas heating value. The absolute and bulk density are calculated as[]:

weight of dry wood

Absolute density = ,(2)
volume of wood

weight of dry wood

Bulk density = ,(3)
volume of measuring vessel

2.4. WOOD FEEDSTOCK SIZE AND SHAPE

The feedstock size and shape are important for the gasication process. Inappropriate feedstock size can give rise
to some ow difculties. For downdraft gasier, The feedstock is expected to be approximately the same in shape
and sizeIn terms of system efciency and gas quality

2.5. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FEEDSTOCK

Biomass fuels are characterized by what is called the Proximate and Ultimate analyses. The ultimate analysis gives
the composition of the biomass in weight% of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) (the major components)
as well as sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) (if any). The proximate analysis gives the moisture content(M), xed carbon,
volatile matter (when heated to 950 C) and ash content of wood feedstock [1]. It is also possible to calculate the
high heating value (HHV) based on the complete combustion of the sample to carbon dioxide and liquid water. The
low heating value, LHV, gives the heat released when the hydrogen is burned to gaseous water, corresponding to
most heating applications and can be calculated from the HHV and H2 fraction.

High Heating Value HHV = 33,823C + 144249(H O S ) + 9418 S kj / kg ,(4)

Low Heating Value LHV = HHV
22604H
2581M kj / kg ,(5)

2.6. ASSESSMENT OF PINE FOR GASIFICATION

Wood has some important characteristics as feedstock for gasication. These are the relatively high volatile matter
and easy of processing to a uniform shape and size. The ideal wood specications for downdraft gasier can be
listed as follows [1]:

Moisture content should be less than 30 %

Bulk density of wood should be less than 200 kg/m3
Lengh to diameter/width of wood should be less than 2 with a low percentage of nes
Ash content should be less than 6 % with an ash fusion point above 1150 C in a reducing atmosphere.

The properties of the pinecone to evaluate for gasication are shown in table 2 [7] [1].

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Table 2. Ultimate and proximate analysis of wood and pinecone
Ultimate analysis Wood Pinecone
Elements Weight % Weight %
C 50-54 46,81
H 4-7 7,44
O 40-44 45,43
N 0,1-0,5 0,27
Proximate analysis (dyr basis) Wood Pinecone
Elements Weight % Weight %
Volatile matter 77-87 71,5
Fixed carbon 13-21 16
Ash content <6 <5
Moisture content <30 %wet basis 9
Bulk density >200 kg/m3 >200 kg/m3

2.7. EQUIVALENCE RATIO

Air and fuel feed rates must be set correctly for ideal gasication. The relationship between these two feed ratios
is determined by the Equivalence Eatio (ER). The equivalence ratio is dened as ratio of the actual air to biomass
(dry and ash free basis) mass ow rate by that required stoichiometrically for complete combustion as follow [8]:

Air 
 Feedstock,dry  actual
Equivalence ratio (ER) = ,(6)

Air 
 Feedstock,dry  stoichiometric

2.8. GASIFICATION EFFICIENCY

The gasication efciency was evaluated in terms of LHVgas (lower heating value of the product gas), DOP (degree
of oxidation of the product gas), and CGE (cold gas efciency). On the basis of the average composition of the
product gas, the following equations were used for calculation of LHVgas.

dry syngas flowrate * LHVdry syngas

CGE = ,(7)
dry feedstock flowrate * LHVdry feedstock

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3. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

Figure 2. Schematical presentation of the experimental setup

3.1. INTRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The total process in the experimental setup was carried out in ve stages. The experimental setup starts with a
solar dish to act on the gasier throat to improve the gasication. The diameter of solar dish is 1,5 m and the focal
point is focused on the pot on the oxidation zone of the gasier as it will be approximately 58 cm away from the
center of the dish. In the second stage there is a reactor in which the gasication reactions take place. It has a
cylindrical body of 30 cm in diameter and 80 cm in height, in which the gasier, drying, prolysis, oxidation and
reduction reactions are carried out and a conical throat mounted to the body which is 10 cm in narrow diameter
and 10 cm in height. Oxidation takes place in this throat. The cylindrical channel at the bottom of the throat at
10 cm height and the grate placed immediately afterwards the channel with the lower part of the reactor form
the zone of the reduction process. In the third and fourth stages of the setup, there are a cyclone and a box lter
installed for tar removal, gas cooling and cleaning operations. In the nal stage, there is a combustion chamber
where the gas absorbed by a fan is burned. Silindirical bodies are made of 2 mm sheet metal and gas pipe of 1
in diameter is used for gas connection.

3.2. SYSTEM OPERATION AND MEASUREMENTS

The biomass charged from the top of the reactor is subjected to drying, prolysis, oxidation and reduction reactions,
respectively, leaving the reactor from the empty volume outside the throat. At the top of the reactor, there is a
condenser cap in which the moisture in the biomass are taken, and a cleaning cap on the bottom of the reactor
which the ash and tar are removed, as seen in Figure 2. In addition, gas samples are taken from the cyclone and
lter inlet and outlet to observe the change in gas content. The pressure drops in the gasier and at some points
on the system are measured using a manometer. The nal gas produced is passed through the burner to form
an appropriate mixture of gas and air, which is then burned in a combustion chamber, the last component of the
system.

The gasier is loaded with pine cones of approximately 0.5x1x2 as cm by a predetermined level and the fan and
cleaning water are activated primarily in a fully sealed system. The feedstock in the reactor is burnt by means of

- 223 -
an igniter from the central air channel in the pot in the oxidation zone. The air is drawn into the oxidation zone
by exible connecting pipes from the 8 hole on the pot. The volume between the oxidation zone and the reactor
outer surface is on the ow path of the gas from the reduction zone and also the part where the air ducts pass.
Air and gas do not mix in this region. The hot gas from the reduction zone helps keep the temperature of the
oxidation zone in this zone high. Air ow control is done with the fan at the outlet of the system.

It is recorded by measuring the temperatures at all reaction zones of the gasier, at the cyclone inlet and outlet,
and at the outlet of the box lter. The amount of ash, tar, condensate and coal remaining for each run made until
the fedstock is completely consumed is recorded. The incoming gas samples are lled into gas sample bubbles
for gas analysis to determine the content and caloric value of the produced gas. The gas obtained during the
system operation is burnt in the gas combustion chamber at the outlet of the system, and the resulting smoke is
stored for ue gas analysis.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A total of 15 experiments were performed during the study. The rst ve experiments were carried out without the
use of solar energy and the results obtained were recorded. At the end of each experiment, the amounts of coke,
ash, tar and condensation remaining in the system were weighed and stored. At certain points of the setup (see
Figure 2), temperature and pressure measurements were recorded during the experiment. For all temperature
measurements, CEM DT-610B Digital Thermometer with K type thermocouple was used.

Figure 3. Average gasification zone temperatures

The average temperature values obtained as a result of all the run-ups are shown in Figure 3. Ideal temperature
values have been reached in the drying, prolysis, oxidation and reduction regions of the thermochemical treatment
process of the gasication in the reactor. The temperature of the oxidation zone required for gasication is
above 700 C. The resulting synthesis after cooling and cleaning operations gas is reduced below the maximum
temperature 50 C that can be used in the combustion chamber. The running time was determined to be 50
minutes on average for all runs[ [9]].

In the next 5 experiments, the heat that the solar dish affects the pot was investigated and temperature measurements
were made in the pot for some time. At different times and in different weather conditions the times when the solar dish
arrived at the equilibrium temperature on the pot were determined as shown in Figure 3.

- 224 -
 Figure 4. Time to rich the equilibrium temperatute on the pot

In these experiments, the solar radiation for the surface of the pot found at the center of the solar dish was also
measured with the Solarimeter of CEM-DT 1307 type. In the closed and empty state of the reactor, measurements
were made on the surface of the pot and inside the reactor together with incoming solar energy intensity. The
results obtained are shown in gure 4. The required temperature compensation time for the measurements taken
was chosen to be about 10 minutes.

Figure 5. For each run, change the temperatures on the focus of the pot and in the reactor according to solar intensity

In the last 5 experiments, the reactor was lled with pine cones of approximately equal mass up to a predetermined
level. The woody interior of pine cones is not included in the gasication. The post-ignition equilibrium time for
each run was waited for 5 minutes and temperature and pressure measurements were recorded every 2 minutes
until the process was completed and also the same time for reaching the equilibrium temperature on the pot.

In recent experiments using solar energy, it has been observed that the temperature especially as expected in
the oxidation zone has increased considerably. Despite the desired temperature increase in all regions, the gas
temperature obtained at the system outlet is below the usable temperature of 50 C. The increase in temperature
reduced the run time by an average of 40 %, down to 30 minutes. In addition, the amount of char and tar remaining
from the system at the end of the run has been reduced considerably.

- 225 -
 Figure 6. Average gasification zone temperatures by using solar energy

The synthesis gas obtained during all runs was successfully burned in the combustion chamber at the exit of the
system. The determination of the ideal air-gas mixture required for combustion in accordance with the synthesis
gas content obtained is a separate matter to be studied. After the gas chromatograph results, the thermal
properties of the gas, the content of the ue gas resulting from the combustion of the gas, the physical properties
of the gas storage and combustion chamber before combustion will be determined. Evaluation of pine cones in
gazication has produced successful results without requiring a separate pre-treatment.

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
After the experiments were performed, an uncertainty analysis account was set up to detect systematic or xed
errors of the experiment. With the uncertainty analysis, the variable causing the greatest error in the measurements
can be detected immediately and provides a methodological approach to the accuracy of the results. In general,
faults in measurements, faults resulting from inattention and inexperience are xed and systematic faults and
random faults. Errors that may occur in temperature measurement vary depending on the measuring instruments
used in the experiments and the sources of the system. Errors and ratios resulting from temperature measurements
made at various points in experiments are as follows;

The uncertainty rate due to K type thermocouple and digital thermometer device is 0,9 %. The average total
uncertainty in the measurement of the ladder inner wall is about 5 % and the measurement uncertainty in the CEM
DT-1307 Solarimeter device is 5,1 % W/m.

5. CONCLUSION
Coal and wood are important raw materials in the evaluation of gasication. However, the evaluation of non-wood
forest products in waste will be very benecial from an environmental and economic point of view. In addition,
in the aeronautical technology, it is possible to use more efcient synthesis gas at high temperature and use it in
combustion systems by utilizing the sun which is an unlimited energy source.

With this study, it is aimed to increase the fuel variety and to eliminate the dependence of a certain gas fuel on the
possibility of using the produced synthesis gas in gas-red devices with combustion chamber.

- 226 -
REFERENCES
1. T. B. a. D. A. Reed, Handbook of Biomass Downdraft Gasier Engine Systems, Golden, Colorado: Solar Energy
Research Institute, 1988.
2. F. F. Department, Wood gas as engine fuel, Roma, ITALY: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nation, 1986.
3. W. C. Dickinson ve P. N. Cheremisinoff, Solar energy technology handbook. Part B - Applications, systems
design, and economics, New York: AA(California, University, Livermore, CA), 1980.
4. Types of Gasier, [evrimii]. Available: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/01/2012/types-gasier/. [9 25
2016].
5. N. M. Mehrdokht B. Nikooa, Simulation of biomass gasication in uidized bed reactor using ASPEN PLUS,
Biomass and Bioenergy, p. Pages 12451254, 2008.
6. P. McKendry, Energy production from biomass (part 3): gasication technologies, Bioresource Technology ,
no. 83 , p. 5563, 2002.
7. M. M.-L. ,. E. D.-R. G. T. ,. M. C. G. Blazquez, Copper biosorption by pine cone shell and thermal decomposition
study of the, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, p. 2012, 17411750.
8. A. K. a. S. A. Nourredine Abdoulmoumine, Effects of Temperature and Equivalence Ratio on Pine Syngas,
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, pp. 53, 57675777, 2014.

- 227 -
 0085 - POTENTIAL INDUCED DEGRADATION FOR C-SI MINI MODULES
Aynur Eray1*, Taha Alperen Kek2
1
Dept. of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
2
Renewable Energy Research Center (YETAM), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: feray@hacettepe.edu.tr
*
Corresponding author: Aynur Eray

ABSTRACT
Potential Induced Degradation (PID) is one of the major degradation mechanisms in photovoltaic modules and
affects their performance seriously. PID occurs in p-type wafer based crystalline silicon module under the high
negative bias. These high voltages may allow leakage currents between cell and frame. Environmental factors like
temperature and humidity can have signicant impact on leakage currents. In this study, it is aimed to investigate
PID effects for three mini photovoltaic modules under laboratory condition. In accordance with this aim, a home
made climate chamber is used for creating the articial rough climate condition, in which the temperature and
the relative humidity can be controlled in the range of 40C- 80C, and 10%-90%, respectively. Before and after
the PID test, the I-V characteristics of modules have taken under dark, and also under 280 W/m2 and 560 W/m2
illumination conditions, to observe the performance changes of module. Also during the biasing the module with
high voltages of 1000V, the leakage current has been measured and recorded. After stressing the modules for
a cumulative time of hours, the performance loss of old used modules showed 24% degradation from the initial
power while the new modules show less degradation, at the same period.

Keywords: Photovoltaic module, Potential Induced Degredation, PID, Leakage current

1. INTRODUCTION
With the development of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, the qualication control of photovoltaics has
became very important and necessary issue. Due to working under high voltages and being exposed to harsh
climate conditions, Potential Induced Degradation (PID ) tests for photovoltaics became indispensable part of
qualication controls [1].

Potential Induced Degradation is one of the major degradation mechanisms in photovoltaic modules and affects
their performance seriously. PID effect is caused by the exposure of PV systems to a high external potential. In a PV
system in which PV modules are connected in series, the system voltage could reach high values, up to 1000V, in
the eld. These high voltage may cause the leakage currents between cell and its frame, leading to degradation.
PID rate could be inuenced by operating system voltage and its polarity, humidity, operating temperature,
module position in the array and module materials [ 2-20].

Potential induced degradation in crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell has been observed rst in 2005 [2]. After
that, several research groups deal with to understand the mechanism of PID and to produce the modules by
preventing of PID effects labeled as PID free. In the literature [3, 5, 9, 10, 15, 20, 22, 25-26], it has been reported
that PID could be excluded;

on cell level by optimizing the antireection coating,

on module level by choosing the appropriate encapsulant and back sheet
on system level by taking care of grounding and by evaluating suitable inverter.

At the system level, the most important parameter is the modules potential and its polarity, which will depend on
the modules position in the array and systen grounding topology [ 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 17, 22, 26]. Although there are
many studies in the literature, the physical bases of the PID effect has not been understood completely yet.

Power degradation created by PID stress are reversible partialy or fully and it is possible to recover the power loss
again . The recovery rate varies depending on the level of degradation. In the literature, the recovery procedure
has been investigated as thermal recovery (by enhanced temperatures treatment) and potential-induced recovery
(by application of a reverse bias voltage) for c-Si modules under laboratory and outdoor eld conditions [21-26].

- 228 -
In this study, three mini PV modules have been used in order to investigate PID effects and its recovery under
laboratory condition.

2. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
In order to investigate PID effects for three mini photovoltaic modules under laboratory condition, a home made
climate chamber is used for creating the articial rough climate condition, in which the temperature and the relative
humidity can be controlled in the range of 40C- 80C, and 10%-90%, respectively [27]. The degradation and the
recovery tests have been realized at 50C in the climate chamber, since the modules are running in the eld at a
temperature of 50-60C depending on the wind speed and also ambient temperature. The schematic setup for
PID-tests have been given in Figure1. In the climate chamber, high voltage of 1000V was applied between shorted
leads of module and frame of module, connecting the shorted leads of module to the negative terminal of power
supply. Therefore, PID degradation has been created by appling negative potential bias of 1000V. Before and
after the PID test, the I-V characteristics of PV module have taken under weak illumination conditions such as 280
W/m2 and 560 W/m2, to observe the performance changes of the module. Also during the biasing the module
with high voltage of 1000V, the leakage current has been measured and recorded. Keithley 2410 sourcemeter has
been used to apply a high voltage and measure the leakage current during PID test.

For the investigation of the recovery treatment, the reverse polarity of high voltage (+1000V) has been applied to
the module in the climate chamber, in the same temperature and relative humidity conditions.

The descriptions of three c-Si mini modules used in this study have been given in Table 1. These modules have
selected according to the specication reported by manufacturer whether the maximum system voltage has been
dened or not. As seen in Table1, Module-1 is selected as a new unused module and its maximum system voltage
has been stated by manufacturer. Module-2 and Module-3 were two old modules and there was no information
about their maximum system voltage. Module-3 has not been used before in the eld, although Module-2 has
been used in the street light system for seven years.

Figure 1. Schematic setup for PID-tests

- 229 -
Table 1. The description of tested three mini modules
Maximum Power: 10W
Voc: 21.30 V, Isc: 0.68 A
Maximum system voltage is 1000V
Module-1 New Module

Maximum Power: 5W
Voc: 10.8 V,Isc: 0.605 A
There is no information about maximum system voltage.
Module-2 Used in street light system for 7 years

Maximum Power: 5W
Voc: 10.8 V, Isc: 0.605 A
Module-3
There is no information about maximum system voltage.
Unused module

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The PID test has been conducted for three mini-modules with a time dependence test, by applying a negative
potential bias of 1000V over a time period in xed time intervals of 6-8 hours. After each PID stress experiments, the
I-V characteristics have been measured for two different illumination conditions. Figure 2 shows the corresponding
I-V characteristics for Module-1. Same I-V curves represents that Module-1 has no degradation after 66 hours PID
stress. For Module-2, the I-V curves and the characterization results before and after the PID test have seen seen in
Figure 3 and Table 2, respectively. Table 2 shows also the PID test results for Module-3 after 24 hour PID stresses.
As seen, Module-2 and Module-3 have degradation effect and are named as PID weak.

Figure 2. I-V characteristics of Module-1 before and after PID stress for 560W/m2 and 280W/m2

Figure 3. I-V characteristics of Module-2 before and after PID stress for 560W/m2 and 280W/m2

- 230 -
Table 2. Normalized power and Fill Factor change for Module -2 and Module -3 after consecutive PID stresses
280 W/m2 560W/m2
time
Pmax/Po FF Pmax/Po FF
0 1.00 0.68 1.00 0.71
Module-2

8 0.88 0.60 0.90 0.67

17 0.80 0.57 0.87 0.62
30 0.76 0.56 0.82 0.60
0 1.00 0.71 1.00 0.71
Module-3

8 0.91 0.69 0.95 0.70

16 0.89 0.69 0.89 0.70
24 0.87 0.70 0.88 0.69

Normalized power degradation curves for Module-2, for the two illumination conditions are shown in Figure 4. In
addition to the loss in ll factor (FF), there is a clear power loss and this power degradation is more signicant for
low irradiation which is 24 % after 30 hours PID stresses, although Module-3 has a power loss of 13% after 24
hour cumulative stress.

Figure 4. Normalized power loss of Module2 after concetutive PID stress for 560W/m2 and 280W/m2

After investigation the time dependence of PID degradation, recovery of the degraded module has been studied.
For that aim, after 30 hours of cumulative PID stress (State-A) and having I-V measurements, the Module-2 has
been placed in the climate chamber again in the same environmental conditions and the reverse polarity of high
voltage (+1000V) has been applied to the module for four hours, (State-B). Four hours later, the module removed
from the climate chamber and I-V characteristic has been measured. Figure 5 shows the I-V characteristics of
Module-2, during recovery procedure. As seen in Figure 5, PID degradation created by cumulative PID stress is
reversible and Module-2 recovers completely. There is no signicant difference in normalized power between
the module in the initial and recovered states, Table 3.

Following the I-V measurement in State-B, the module was treated PID stress again by applying -1000V for 8 hours,
(State-C), Table 3. The power loss in State-C is the representative of the creation of the PID degradation again.

- 231 -
 Figure 5. I-V characteristics of Module-2 after recovery procedure for 280W/m2

Table 3. Normalized power and Fill Factor change for Module 2 after concecutive PID strees
280 W/m2 560W/m2
Module State
Pmax/Po FF Pmax/Po FF
Initial State- before degradation 1.00 0.68 1.00 0.71
State A- degradation
After 30 hours of cumulative PID stress
0.76 0,56 0.82 0.60
State B- recovery process
Applying +1000V during 4 hours
0.99 0.68 0.97 0.68
State C- degradation
Apllying -1000V again during 8 hours
091 0.64 0.95 0.68

During the biasing the module with high negative voltages of 1000V, the leakage current has been measured and
recorded, Figure 6. Consistent with the high power loss, to observe a higher leakage current in Module-2 is an
expected result [2, 27-28].

Figure 6. Leakage current versus time during PID for Module-2 and Module-3

- 232 -
In summary, although Module-2 and Module-3 are identical modules, Module-2 which has been used in the
eld for seven years shows higher degradation. Having much higher PID effect for the modules exposed to the
outdoor conditions and aged in the eld, is consistent with the literature [3, 9, 10]. Module-1 shows no signicant
degradation as reported by manufacturer and it is labeled as PID resistant module.

4. CONCLUSION
After stressing the modules for a cumulative time of hours, the performance loss of old modules (Module2)
showed 24% degradation from the initial power while the unused one (Module3) shows less degradation, at the
same period. The results are consistent with previous results in literature.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study has been supported by Hacettepe University BAB 014 D09 812 002-735

- 233 -
REFERENCES
1. Osterwald C., 2012, Standards, Calibration, and Testing of PV Modules and Solar Cells- Chapter III-2, Practical Handbook
of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications, (Edited by: Augustin McEvoy, Tom Markvart, Luis Castaer), Elsevier.
2. Pingel, S., 2010, Potential Induced Degredation of Solar Cells and Panels, 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists
Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii,
3. Hacke P., 2011, System Voltage Potential-Induced Degradation Mechanisms in PV Modules and Methods for
Test, 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 37).
4. Kaden, T., 2013, Solar Modules Under High External Voltage: Potential Induced Degradation, Leakage Currents
and Electrostatic Field, 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 2861-2864.
5. Sandhya Goranti, 2011,Potential Induced Degredation (PID) Study of Fresh and Accelerated Stress Tested
Photovoltaic Modules, Master of Science Thesis, Arizona State University.
6. Hoffmann S., Koehl M., 2014,Effect of humidity and temperature on the potential-induced degradation,
Progress in Photovoltaics, vol.22, 173-179.
7. Bauer, J., et al 2012, On the mechanism of potential-induced degradation in crystalline silicon solar cells,
Phys. Status Solidi,
8. Berghold J. et al., 2012, PID and Correlation with eld experience, 3rd International PV Module QA Forum, Tokyo.
9. Koch, S., 2012, Potential Induced Degradation Effects and Tests for Crystalline Silicon Cells, NREL PV Module
Reliability Workshop,
10. Mallineni Jaya K., 2013, Failure and Degradation Modes of PV Modules in a Hot Dry Climate: Results After 4
and 12 Years of Field Exposure, Master of Science Thesis, Arizona State University.
11. Martinez-Moreno, F., et al 2013, On-Site tests for the detection of potential induced degredation in modules,
28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 3313-3317
12. Lechner P., 2013, PID Failure of c-Si and Thin-Film Modules and Possible Correlation with Leakage Currents,
NREL PV Module Reliability Workshop.
13. Kambe, M., et al. 2013, PID-free c-Si PV module using Aliminiumsilicate Chemically Strengthened Glass, 29th
EUPVSEC, 2861-2864.
14. Hacke, P., 2014, Testing modules for potential-induced degradation a status update of IEC 62804, PV Module
Reliability Workshop, Colorado, USA, .
15. Wael Fareed Fouad Mohamed, 2014, Voltage and Time Dependence of The Potential Induced Degradation
Effect For Different Types of Solar Modules, Master of Science Thesis, Kassel University.
16. Braisaz, B., K. Radouane, K., 2014, PID Results at low irradiances on c-Si modules, 40th IEEE Photovoltaic
Specialist Conference, Colorado, USA,.
17. Whiteld K., Posbic, J. , Nouri, A., 2014, A Methodology for Determining Photovoltaic Solar Module PID-
Resistance Based on Accelerated Tests and Field Stress Levels, The Electrochemcal Society, .
18. Naumann, V., et al., 2014, Explanation of Potential-Induced Degradation of the Shunting Type by Na Decoration
of Stacking Faults in Si Solar Cells,Solar Energy Materials and Solar. Cells,.
19. Hacke, P., 2015, Overview of IEC Testing for PID, NREL Photovoltaic Reliability Workshop.
20. Cueto, J. A. D. , Trudell, Sekulic W., 2005, Capabilities of the High Voltage Stress Test System at the Outdoor
Test Facility, DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Review Meeting, Colorado, USA.
21. Pingel, S., Janke S., Frank O., 2012, Recovery Methods for Modules Affected by Potential Induced Degradation,
29th EUPVSEC conference, 3379-3383.
22. Koch, S., 2013, Work Towards Simulation Model for PID effect on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell, 287th European
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1665-1771.
23. Jaeckel, B., et al., 2014, Investigation of c-Si Modules Degradation And Recovery Effect Under High Potentials,
29th EUPVSEC conference, 3550-3554.
24. Lechner, P., et al. 2015, Evaluation of Recovery Methods after Potential Induced Degradation of PV Modules,
31th EUPVSEC conference, 1821-1824.
25. Chliaoutakis A., 2015, Potential Induced Degradation Diagnosis, Treatment and Module Recovery In A Grid
Connected Photovoltaic Power Station In Greece, 31th EUPVSEC conference, 2167-2172.
26. Berghold, J., 2010, Potential Induced Degradation of Solar Cells and Panels , 25 th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 3753-3759
27. Taha Alperen KEK, 2016, Investigation Of Potential Induced Degradation On Photovoltaic Modules
Hacettepe University, Master of Science Thesis.
28. Cueto J.A., McMahon T.J., 2002, Analysis of Leakage Currents in PV modules under high Voltage bias in the
eld, Progress in Photovoltaic Research and Applications, Vol.10, 15-28.
29. Glunz, S. W. , Glatthaar M., Nagel H., 2015, Quantitative Assessment of the Local Leakage Current in PV
Modules for Degradation Prediction , 31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,

- 234 -
 0086 - A SMALL SIZED CLIMATE CHAMBER DEVELOPED FOR POTENTIAL INDUCED
DEGRADATION MEASUREMENT
Sermet Eray1*, Taha Alperen Kek2, Aynur Eray3
1
Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
2
Renewable Energy Research Center (YETAM), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
3
Dept. of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: s_eray@hacettepe.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Sermet Eray

ABSTRACT
In this study, a small sized climate chamber has been designed and constructed for Potential Induced Degradation
(PID) tests, to control the temperature and relative humidity in a wide range and also to keep constant during test
period. The developed chamber has well insulated walls to prevent heat and vapor leakage, electrically insulated
module holder, temperature and relative humidity sensors, a heater for adjusting the temperature, a vapor inlet/
outlet mechanism and a control card with PIC16F877A, Keithley 2410 has been used to apply the voltage (up to
1000V) and measure leakage current during PID test. The developed climate chamber can provide the desired
environmental conditions for a long time between 40C 80C temperature and 10% -90% relative humidity
intervals, with only giving 2C temperature and 5% relative humidity errors. After developing and testing the
climate chamber, PID stress tests have been realized on PV modules by setting temperature and relative humidity
values to 50C and 85%, respectively in the climate chamber. Also each module exposed to consecutive- multiple
stresses within 8-30 hours of period, to establish cumulative PID effect on them. From these results modules are
labeled as PID resist or as PID weak.

Keywords: Climate chamber, potential induced degradation, PID, micro controller

1. INTRODUCTION
With the developing of PV technology and the widespread of PV systems, the qualication process for photovoltaics
has become inevitable. Quality control standards such as IEC61215, TS EN 612015, IEC62804, IEEE1262 or UL
1703, was developed to measure the quality of modules as well as to create a reliable market [1-2]. Accelerated
stress tests which applied by these standards are testing the different features of the modules in articial conditions.
For doing such as thermal-cycle test, damp-heat test or PID test, the rough climate conditions are being created
articially in so called climate chambers [3-10]. In a climate chamber, the desired environmental conditions should
to be created with minimum error in a wide range and should be kept constant during long test experiments like
8-24 hours.

In this study, a small sized climate chamber has been designed and constructed for Potential Induced Degradation
(PID) tests at Hacettepe University-YETAM, with the scope of BAB project (014 D09 812 002-735) [10]. The most
important characteristic of that climate chamber is to control the temperature and relative humidity in a wide
range and also to keep constant these parameters during long test period. During the design of this climate
chamber, it has been decided to carry out experiments between 400C800C temperature and 10%-90% relative
humidity intervals.

- 235 -
2. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CLIMATE CHAMBER
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the developed climate chamber set-up. As seen in gure, the components
of the system can be summarized as follows;

well insulated walls to prevent heat and vapor leakage,

electrically insulated module holder,
the humidiers for adjusting the relative humidity,
a heater for adjusting the temperature,
the temperature and relative humidity sensors,
a vapor inlet and vapor outlet mechanism that allows to emergency vapor release,
a control card with PIC16F877A to set the system parameters,
Keithley 2410 sourcemeter to apply voltage and measure voltage or current during experiments.

The climate chamber has developed on an old chamber which was used for open-air meteorological experiments.
It is made of stainless steel with 48cm*51cm*53cm dimensions and it has two gates. The front and back gate
pictures of developed climate chamber are given in Figure 2. While a plastic window with 35cm*30cm dimensions
is located on the front gate, there are 5 pieces of 4 terminal connectors and one piece of 6 terminal connectors on
the back gate. These terminals are used in connection and communication the control card with the inner devices
such as temperature-relative humidity sensors, heater and evacuation fan. There are two fan holes with a diameter
of 10cm on the back gate and on the bottom of the chamber. The hole on the back gate has been modied for
the steam inlet.

A mounting construction has been developed with 4 pieces of L type 2.5cm aluminum proles in order to hold the
module inside the chamber. It is designed as a rail holder to allow module movement, as seen in Figure 3. In this
construction, a barrel type 1 kV electrical isolators are used to protect the system from high voltages, which
are applied to the module during PID test. At voltage of 1 kV, these isolators let only a current of 5.1nA to ow.
That current is in acceptable ranges, because the observed leakage current is in A order approximately during
the PID experiments [4].

Vapor
Humidifier Producer 1
220V AC
Power
Inlet Vapor
Producer 2
J4 J4

Vapor Inlet

CLIMATE CHAMBER

110 V AC Heater PV Module

Variac
Electrometer

Sensor1 Sensor2
J2 220 V AC

USB TO GPIB
J5-DHT22A CONVERTER
AC 220 V AC J1
Control
Power
Card
Supply J3
J6-DHT22B
TX/RX RS232-TTL/USB
CONVERTER Computer
+5V +12 V
J13 J16

DC Power DC Power
Supply 1 Supply 2

Figure 1. Block diagram of Climate Chamber setup

- 236 -
 Figure 2. General view of climate chamber from front and back gate

Figure 3. Mounting of PV module and its metal construction

The walls of the climate chamber have been insulated with special glass-wool material to prevent heat losses. Also
D type 0.5cm white wick and high temperature silicon have been applied to the edges of gates and other possible
holes at the system to prevent vapor leakage.

To generate relative humidity in the chamber, Sinbo brand SAH6107 type ultrasonic humidiers are used. Because
of its low vapor generation capacity, it was necessary to use 2 pieces of them in order to have the desired vapor
values. Ultrasonic humidiers have been chosen purposely, because they produce cold vapor and that gives us a
possibility to work in cold climates. A mechanism with plastic pipes has developed and used between humidiers
and the back gate of chamber, to let the vapor into the climate chamber, as seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Ultrasonic humidifiers and vapor inlet mechanism

A 2500 Watt AC resistance type of heater has been used for the heating of the chamber. Since that power was
too much to use in the chamber, it was necessary to adjust the supply voltage of heater. For that reason, the
power terminals of the heater has been connected to a variac which is manually operated between 0 volt and 250
Volts/10A. The heater has been worked around the voltage of 110V AC by resulting the consumed power of 625
Watts. 2 pieces of DHT22/AM2302 temperature and relative humidity sensor are used to measure the temperature
and relative humidity during the experiments. These sensors can measure temperature from -400C to +800C and
relative humidity from 0% to 100% with only 0.50C temperature and 2% relative humidity errors [11].

- 237 -
In order to set and control the experiment parameters such as temperature and relative humidity, a control card
also has been developed. As seen in Figure 5, the control card consists of;

a LCD to display the temperature and relative humidity,

two DHT22 /AM2302 temperature and relative humidity sensors,
a relay (RL1) to turn on/off the heater,
a relay (RL2) to turn on/off the vapor producer,
a fan control circuit to turn on/off the evacuation fan on the bottom,
three LEDs as state indicators (one for heater, one for vapor producer and one for fan),
a TTL-RS232 to USB converter.
a Microchip PIC16F877A type microcontroller which is used because of having enough number of input/
output pins and memory.

The developed card controls the temperature and relative humidity parameters with the help of information taken
from the sensors by turning on/off the heater and humidiers and also when necessary to turn on the evacuation
fan. The information read from sensors is written on the LCD screen and also has been sent to a computer via a
TTL RS232-USB converter. Transmitted data can be monitored continuously by means of C# based software and
can be saved as an Excel format le (.xls le extension). The developed algorithm for controlling and setting
parameters of the chamber is written in C language.

ISP LCD

3 7
J5

HEATER RELATIVE HUM./TEMP. SENSOR

1
DHT 22A
RELAY CIRCUIT
1
(RL1)

MICROCONTROLLER J6

1 RELATIVE HUM./TEMP. SENSOR

VAPOR PRODUCER DHT 22B
RELAY CIRCUIT
1
(RL2)
D4
2K
A K FAN IS OPEN

D2 LED-RED
2K HEATER IS ON
K A 1
LED-RED
VAPOR PRODUCER FAN CONTROL
IS ON PIC16F877A FAN
D3 CIRCUIT
2K
K A
2
LED-GREEN

J7 RS232-TTL/USB

Figure 5. Block diagram of control card

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After the design and development of the climate chamber, several tests have been done to evaluate the capacity
and the working range of the system. Several tests have been done to observe the temperature and relative
humidity behavior of the system. After realizing several experiments, the temperature-relative humidity range has
been obtained to dene the operation capacity of the climate chamber, as shown in Figure 6. The system can
be operated as stable for a long time with only giving 20C temperature and 5% relative humidity errors at any
point in the blue region of Figure 6. To understand the stability of the chamber, four different climate conditions
are created and controlled for six hours which are shown in Figure.7.

- 238 -
 Figure 6. The operation capacity of the designed climate chamber

Figure 7. The stabiliy graphs of the Climate Chamber for various temperature and humidity: (a) 40C-90%RH
(b) 50C-85%RH (c) 60C-50%RH (d) 50C-60%RH

As seen from Figure 7, for the environmental conditions such as 40C-90%RH, 50C-85%RH, 60C-50%RH and
50C-60%RH the climate chamber operates with errors less than 2C in temperature and less than 5% in
relative humidity.

After developing the climate chamber, a small PV module with a power of 5 W has been used for PID test, in the
designed climate chamber. During the PID test, the temperature and the relative humidity have been kept as 500C
and 85% respectively. The mini PV module has been exposed to consecutive- multiple tests with 6-8 hours period
to establish totally 30 hours PID effect. The I-V characteristic of that PV module, which has been obtained before
and after PID effect, has been given in Figure 8. As seen in gure, there is a power loss of %24 after 30 hours
consecutive PID stress and this module is labeled as PID weak.

- 239 -
 Figure 8. I-V characteristics of PV Module before and after PID test

5. CONCLUSION

The designed and developed climate chamber can provide the desired environmental conditions for a long time
between 40C 80C temperature and 10% -90% relative humidity intervals, with only giving 2C temperature and
5% relative humidity errors. With these specications, the system is suitable to be used in PID test experiments.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study has been supported by Hacettepe University BAB 014 D09 812 002-735.

REFERENCES
1. Osterwald Carl R., 2012, Standards, Calibration, and Testing of PV Modules and Solar Cells- Chapter III-2,
Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications, Edited by: Tom Markvart and Luis
Castaer, Elsevier, 2012
2. J. H. Wohlgemuth, M. Conway, D. H. Meakin, 2000, Reliability and Performance Testing of Photovoltaic
Modules, 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Alaska, USA..
3. Hacke P. et al., 2011, System Voltage Potential-Induced Degradation Mechanisms in PV Modules and Methods
for Test, 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 37), 814-820.
4. Pingel, S., et al. 2010, Potential Induced Degradation of Solar Cells and Panels, SOLON SE.
5. J. A. Cueto, D. Trudell, W. Sekulic, 2005, Capabilities of the High Voltage Stress Test System at the Outdoor
Test Facility, 2005 DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Review Meeting, Colorado, USA.
6. Hoffmann, S., Koehl M., 2012, Effect of humidity and temperature on the potential-induced degradation,
Progress in Photovoltaics, vol.22, 172-179.
7. Wael Fareed Fouad Mohamed, 2014, Voltage and Time Dependence of The Potential Induced Degradation
Effect For Different Types of Solar Modules, Master of Science Thesis, Kassel University.
8. K. Whiteld, J. Posbic, A. Nouri, 2014, A Methodology for Determining Photovoltaic Solar Module PID-
Resistance Based on Accelerated Tests and Field Stress Levels, The Electrochemcal Society, vol.60, 1259-1265
9. P. Hacke, 2015, Overview of IEC Testing for PID, NREL Photovoltaic Reliability Workshop,.
10. Taha Alperen KEK, 2016, Investigation Of Potential Induced Degradation On Photovoltaic Modules
Hacettepe University, Master of Science Thesis.
11. http://www.aosong.com/en/products/details.asp?id=117

- 240 -
 0087 - MODULE BASED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR BEYTEPE SOLAR HOUSE
Sermet Eray1*, Alaattin Cindarik2, Aynur Eray3
1
Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
2
Renewable Energy Research Center (YETAM), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
3
Dept. of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: s_eray@hacettepe.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Sermet Eray

ABSTRACT
In this study, a module based monitoring system has been designed and constructed for Beytepe Solar House, to
monitor 15 PV modules which are connected in parallel. This system acquires and records the temperature, the
current and the voltage data for each module, the ambient temperature and also gives an audio-visual alert in
case of any fault detection. Recording and displaying the frequently measured data allows a rapid identication
of an operational problem. Monitoring system consists of main control unit with PIC16F877A (to transfer all the
gathered data from 15 units to PC), 15 pieces data gathering units with PIC16F876A (to measure the temperature,
current and voltage data for each module and the ambient temperature), Dallas DS18B20 Digital Thermometer
(for measuring temperature), electronic insulation unit (to avoid grounding problem between PV system and PC)
and a laptop or a PC. An algorithm has been developed in C# language, in order to save the gathered data in
Excel format and sent it to the user by email. System can be operated and controlled remotely via internet. The
system has been in operation since February 2016 and all its units have functioned well.

Keywords: monitoring system, PV system, PIC16F877A, PIC16F876A, data acquisition

1. INTRODUCTION
The number of grid connected photovoltaic systems has increased rapidly since 2000, because of applying the
new energy policies to promote electricity from renewable energy sources, and also widespreading the concept
of energy efciency, global warming, clean energy sources. Although the PV system is assumed and designed
to work with full capacity and without interruptions in evaluating the payback time and energy cost generated by
the system, the eld experiences show that optical losses, thermal effects, degradation and aging could affect
signicantly the output power and also the performance of the system [1-6]. Therefore, monitoring is essential for
reliable functioning and maximum yield in PV systems [7-15]. In addition, since the system malfunctions and system
problems may cause power and performance losses, it is very important to nd out and solve these problems by
using a monitoring system as soon as possible. In the literature there are several monitoring systems based on
module level, string level and system level [7-16]. Installation of grid connected PV systems and monitoring of
their performance have a history of 5-6 years in Turkey.

Monitoring of PV systems allows users to remotely collect and analyze eld data to assess the PV system
performance and to timely identify system failures or malfunctions. With this aim, in this study, a module based
monitoring system has been designed and constructed for Beytepe Solar House.

The Hacettepe Beytepe Solar House was designed and built in 2000 to meet its electricity demand by using
23 a-Si Dunasolar (type DS40) PV modules and then additional 15 DS40 PV modules were mounted in 2006 to
increase its capacity, Figure 1. The designed monitoring system has been arranged to monitor these additional
15 PV modules which are connected in parallel. This system acquires and records the temperature, the current and
the voltage data for each module, the ambient temperature and also gives an audio-visual alert in case of any fault
detection. Recording and displaying the frequently measured data allows a rapid identication of an operational
problem.

- 241 -
 15 PV modules mounted in 2006

Figure 1. Beytepe Solar House

2. DEVELOPED MONITORING SYSTEM

The block diagram of the monitoring system, which is designed and developed to monitor 15 PV modules at
Beytepe Solar House is given in Figure 2. As seen in Figure 2, it consists of

a main control unit with PIC16F877A to transfer all the gathered data from 15 units to PC ,
15 pieces data gathering units with PIC16F876A to measure the temperature of both surfaces, the current
and the voltage data for each module and the ambient temperature,
Dallas DS18B20 one-wire digital thermometers for measuring temperature,
an electronic insulation unit to avoid grounding problem between PV system and PC
a laptop or a PC.

An algorithm has been developed in C-Sharp programming language by using Visual Studio to visualize the data
gathered from the monitoring system and to save the data periodically in a le. In this program, the following
steps have been realized:

reading the data from serial port

saving the received data in Excel format with the date and time stemp into a le
sending the saved le as an email at desired time
quitting the program and shutdown the PC

- 242 -
 Figure 2. Block diagram of monitoring system

Main control unit: In the system, a main control unit has been designed and constructed for the communication
between Laptop/PC and data gethering units. This unit transfers all the data collected from 15 data gethering units
(the current and voltage values, temperatures of front/back surfaces of PV modules) to a laptop or a PC via the
insualtion unit. It consists of LED state indicators showing data transfer, a LCD connection to test the functionality
of the main unit, RS232 connections and a microcontroller (PIC16F877A). The block diagram of main control unit
is given in Figure 3. RS232 connections/ communications are used between all units and PC.

- 243 -
 Programming
Connection

(RB0, RB1, RB2,

(MCLR, RB6, RB7,
Test Screen

5
/
RB3, RB4, RB5,
+5V, GND) RB6, RB7)

7
/

Microcontroller
PIC16F877A

(Data Gathering Unit

RX/TX

RS232 Connection
(RA0,RA1)
RS232 2
RX/TX
/
Connection (RC6, RC7)
2

Side)
(PC Side) /

D1, D2
2
/

(RD2, RD3)

LED State Indicators

Figure 3. Block diagram of Main Control Unit

Data gathering unit: It is designed to measure and send all the collected data (the current and voltage of PV
module, the temperature of PV module surfaces, the ambient temperature) to the Main Control Unit. The block
diagram of data gethering unit is given in Figure 4. This unit consists of LED state indicators, Dallas DS18B20
one wire digital thermometers for measuring the temperature of PV module (front and back surfaces of module)
and the ambient temperature, a test button and a LCD connection for testing the functionality of the unit, RS232
connector and a Microcontroller (PIC16F876A). DS18B20 one wire digital thermometer measures temperatures
with 0.5C accuracy from -10C to +85C. Because PIC16F876A has a 10-bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC),
the current is measured with 5mA accuracy from 0mA to 5000mA and the voltage is measured with 70mV accuracy
from 0V to 70V.

Both the main control unit and the data gethering unit have two LEDs which colors are red and green. They are
used to monitor the data ow in the hardware as well as the direction of ow. If any unit is waiting for data then
the red LED lights up. If the unit has nished the data processing and sent the data, the green LED lights up for a
while and the red LED will light up again.

Electronic insulation unit: Because the communication between monitoring system and PC is provided by
RS232 connection, an insulation unit has been used to prevent from grounding problems with the PV system in the
Solar House. The insulation unit consists of two optocouplers, a power supply, voltage / level converters, a state
indicator with LEDs, RS232 connection for main control unit and PC. The block diagram of electronic insulation
unit is given in Figure 5. As seen in Figure 5, the insulation unit have 6 LEDs which 4 of them (D1, D2, D5, D6)
are red and 2 of them (D3, D4) are green. LEDs are used to monitor the data ow in the hardware as well as the
direction of ow and the power supply. By using the insulation unit the ground of PC and PV system have been
separated. The grounding problems between PV sysytem and PC has been avoided with the optocoupler. If the
red LED lights up, it means waiting for data, if the green LED lights up, it means that the insulation unit sends the
received data to PC.

- 244 -
 Current Programming
Measurement Connection

(RA0)

1
(RB0, RB1, RB2,

/
(MCLR, RB6, RB3, RB4, RB5,
RB7, +5V, GND) RB6, RB7)

5
/
7
Test Screen
/
Voltage

Microconroller
Measurement

PIC16F876A

(Main Control Unit

RS232 Connection
(RA1) RX/TX
1
/

Connection)
(RC6, RC7)
2
/
Front Surface (RA4)
1
Temperature /

Measurement
(RA5)
1
(RC3)
/

1
/
Back Surface
Temperature D1, D2
1

(RA11)
/

Measurement (RC4, RC5) Test Button

2
/

Ambient
Temperature LED State Indicators
Measurement
Figure 4. Block diagram of data gathering unit

Optocoupler
(T1OUT, R1IN)

(T1OUT,R1IN)
RX/ TX
RX/TX
(Main Control Unit
Communication

1 1
Communication
Voltage Converter

Voltage Converter

/ /
(R1OUT) ( T1IN)
RS232

(PC Side)

2
MAX232

MAX232
Side)

RS232

/ 2
/
Power Supply

LED State
2
Indicators / 1 1
(T1OUT, D1, D3) / Optocoupler /
(R1IN, D2, D4) (T1IN) (R1OUT)

Figure 5. Block diagram of Electronic Insulation Circuit

After the assembly of all the data gathering boards, every data gathering board was tested to measure the
temperature, current and voltage values correctly. Because the data gathering units will be mounted on the back
side of module, they will be working in the outdoor conditions. All the boards will be mounted into a box of IP-65
standard in order to protect the circuit from the environmental conditions such as rain, snow or dust, Figure 6.

The developed algorithm uses many parameters to test and compare the desired conditions. The maximum
and minimum values of the all parameters and the time of shutdown will be dened in the Settings interface
which is given in Figure 7. The setting values can be saved by pressing the Kaydet (save) button and later a
Kaydedildi (saved) message will appear. By pressing the Filitrele (lter) button, the set values will be effective
in the program.

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 Figure 6. Data gathering unit mounted on PV module

Figure 7. Visual Interface of Settings

Some of the properties of the designed monitoring system have been summerized as follows:

1. PC will start automatically at the desired time by using bios settings. After boot process, the monitoring
program and Teamviewer sofware will start. The monitoring program and PC can be controlled remotely by
using Teamviewer software,
2. Before the monitoring program starts, a digital timer plug turns on the electronic circuits (main control unit
and data gathering units),
3. The monitoring program will give an audio-visual alert using the maximum and the minimum values of
temperature, current and voltage values dened in the settings interface. If the data coming from data
gathering unit is
greater than the maximum value in setting interface, the textbox will be colored in red and an audible alert
will be given,
less than the minimum value in settings interface, the textbox will be colored in blue and an audible alert
will be given,

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 is NOT a suitable format, the program writes 9999 instead of that value and the textbox will be colored
in red,
4. All the front surface and back surface temperature values, current and voltage values will be written in an
Microsoft Excel le in every 2 minutes and saved in every hour in Excel le.
5. Program operates until the time which was set in the settings interface. Later, all data will be saved in Excel le,
the saved le will be sent to desired addresses by emails, then program exits and PC will shutdown.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Since the monitoring system has been designed to give an audio-visual alert in case of any fault detection, the
program will give an audio-visual alert if the measured/received values are out of the limits in settings interface.
When the received values are between the set values, the textbox will be in white color which shows that PV
system works as expected and everyting is OK, while data is being transfered to the textbox, the current textbox
will be in blue color.

The Visual interface of main program is given in Figure 8. As seen in Figure 8,

Gnegzesi 6 is in blue color and it shows that data is just transfered from the main control unit
Gnegzesi 3, Gnegzesi 10 and Gnegzesi 11 are red colors and show that the values in
the textboxes (for voltage and current) are out of the limits. These three PV modules look like very well
visually, there is no crack, no color change, but they are nonfunctional PV modules. Since all PV modules are
connected in parallel in Beytepe Solar house, it was not easy to identify the defective modules without having
the monitoring system.

It is clear that, the monitoring system in Beytepe Solar House will help us to nd the defective PV modules in the
systems. In addition to that, it is possible to analyze the obtained data of any PV module which is connected to the
monitoring system in detail. With this aim, the daily power output values for unshaded and shaded PV modules
are given in Figure 9-a and Figure 9-b, respectively. As seen, the trees around the Solar House cause a shading
effect for some PV modules in the morning.

Figure 8. Visual interface of main program

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To dedect the power loss due to shading and to get an alert from the monitoring system, the power variations
with irradiation should be evaluated and then these values should take into account in the comparison loop in the
algorithm.

As a result, in the monitoring system, the temperature, the current and the voltage values gathered for each
module has been sent to PC by a serial port, has been displayed on the screen, and saved in a le. The system
operates without human interaction.

5. CONCLUSION
In this study, a module based monitoring system has been designed and constructed for Beytepe Solar House,
to monitor 15 PV modules. The installation and running of monitoring system in Beytepe Solar House will help to
nd which one of the PV modules is defective. The system has been in operation since February 2016 and all its
units have functioned well. System can also be operated, controlled and monitored remotely via internet using
Teamviewer software.

Figure 9. The daily power output for a) unshaded b) partialy shaded PV modules (19 June 2016)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study has been supported by Hacettepe University BAB 014 D09 812 002-735

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REFERENCES
1. King D. L., 1997, Photovoltaic Module and Array Performance Characterization Methods for All System
Operating Conditions , Sandia National Laboratories Photovoltaics System Department, 122,.
2. Kobayashi S. I., et al., 2005, Degradation of Output Characteristics of a Small Photovoltaic Module due to Dirt
Spots, INTELEC, Int. Telecommun. Energy Conf., 435439.
3. Dunlop E. D., Halton D., 2006, The Performance of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Solar Modules After 22
Years of Continuous Outdoor Exposure, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 14, 1, 5364.
4. Tools E., Of D., 2012, Modules P., Jordanian U., Conditions G. C., Analysis and Evaluation Tools Development
of Photovoltaic Modules and System Performance, Thesis Of Science Master , 3, 1-101
5. Andrews R., 2015,Photovoltaic system performance enhancement: Validated modeling methodologies for
the improvement of PV system design Queen's University, PhD thesis
6. Farhoodnea M., et al, 2015, Performance Evaluation And Characterization of a 3-kWp Grid-Connected
Photovoltaic System Based on Tropical Field Experimental Results: New Results And Comparative Study,
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 42, 10471054.
7. Benganem,M., Maa, A:, 1997, Data Acquisition System for Photovoltaic Systems Performance Monitoring,
IEEE Insrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 1030-1033
8. Van Dyk E. E., Gxasheka A. R., Meyer E. L., 2005, Monitoring current-voltage characteristics and energy output
of silicon photovoltaic modules, Renew. Energy, 30, 3, 399411,.
9. Drews A., et al. 2007, Monitoring and Remote Failur Dedection of Grid Connected PV systems based on
Satelite Observation Solar Energy, 548-564.
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Electronical Engineering , 1-8,.
11. Eltawil M. A., Zhao Z., 2010, Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Systems: Technical and potential problems-A
review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 14, 1, 112129,.
12. Watjanatepin N. , Boonmee C., 2010, Development of the Labview Monitoring System for the Hybrid PV-
Wind Energy System, Nanotech,, 756-760.
13. Woyte A. 2014, Analytical Monitoring of Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems, IEA International Energy
Agency Photovoltaics Power System Programme Task 13-03, ISBN 978-3-906042-
14. Magzari A. 2015,Online Photovoltaic Monitoring System, Worcester Polytechnic nstitute, 162,. Worcester
Polytechnc Insttute
15. Stein J., Green M., 2015, Novel strategies for PV system monitoring,- Plant Performance Technical Brieng,
Technical Report, stanbul
16. Hamdaoui M., et al. 2009, Monitoring and Control of The Performances for Photovoltaic Systems, International
Renewable Energy Congress,69-71.
17. Alaattin Cindarik, 2016, Investigation Of Pv System Performance At Beytepe Solar House Hacettepe
University, Master thesis

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 0091 - AN IMPLEMENTATION OF CSP WITH SOLAR THERMAL TOWER POWER PLANT
OF 10 MW
Mehmet Hekim1*, Aynur Eray2
1
EUAS (Electricity Generation Company), Department of Nuclear Power Plants, Ankara, Trkiye
2
Hacettepe University Department of Renewable Energy, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: hekimmehmet@yahoo.com
* Corresponding author: Mehmet Hekim

ABSTRACT
In the Central Receiver Systems (CRS), sun's rays are reected with the help of planar mirrors (heliostats) to the
receiver that is heat exchanger. Electricity is obtained by the conventional means with the working uid heated in
the receiver. Annual amount of electricity that can be produced by a 10 MW capacity CRS power plant in Birecik/
URFA has been calculated. In the calculations, meteorology data for Birecik obtained from Meteonorm, has been
loaded to SAM (System Advisor Model) then technical performance values of the plant have been obtained and
those results have been crosschecked with the outputs of another software, EBSILON. Design details for optimum
plant values in Bireciks conditions have been obtained for different variables of heliostats and receiver. It has been
resulted that Birecik has a signicant solar energy potential and that 25.417 MWh electricity can be generated
by a 10 MW CRS solar thermal power plant there. This value is very consistent with the annual energy amount of
the Planta Solar 10 (PS10) in Spain that is 23.400 MWh. Heat storage has been excluded as an alternative in the
performance calculations.

Keywords: Solar thermal, tower plant, central receiver, heliostat, Birecik, CRS

1. INTRODUCTION
Petroleum and natural gas prices are projected to move forward in the next 20 years (from $125/barrel in 2011 to over
$215/barrel in 2035). This is due to increased demand which set to grow by over 50%; from 87,4 mb/d in 2011 to 99,7
mb/d in 2035. As a cosequence of this increase in demand, energy-related CO2 emissions will more than double by
the year 2050 and also concerns over supply security will surely heighten. More than 7 billion people consume far more
fossil resources and produce far more pollution than the Earth can accommodate. For instance, in the Mediterranean
region energy consumption is raised by a factor of three between 1980 and 2005, and a further doubling is intended by
2020. For these reasons, more and more countries are mandating that a part of the electric power be from renewable
origin, in particular solar energy. According to IEA, 50% of the new power infrastructures will base on clean-sustainable
energies. As a result, renewable energy will deliver about 30% of the electricity needs by the year 2035 [1].

Turkey's average annual sunshine duration is 2640 hours and the average annual global horizontal irradiance (GHI)
is 1311 kWh/m according to the ofcial report of the General Directorate of Renewable Energy. These values rises
up to the 2000 kWh/m in some Southern and South eastern provinces of Turkey and gives us the opportunity for
the establishment of solar power plants in line with the aim to produce efcient, clean and inexhaustible energy
as an important option. [2].

The plants of concentrated solar power (CSP) that is used to generate electricity from the solar energy are the
electricity generation systems using solar energy as a primary energy source. In these systems, optical concentrating
of solar light for capturing the solar energy efciently allows to reduction of absorbent surface area and decreases
heat losses. While all type of CSP plants works basically the same way, solar energy collection methods differ in
terms of collectors used.

In the Central Receiver Systems (CRS) also known as the tower solar plants, sun's rays are reected with the help
of planar mirrors (heliostats) to the receiver that is heat exchanger. Electricity is obtained by the conventional
means with the working uid heated in the receiver.

As seen in Figure 1, a solar power tower, or central receiver system plant may be described in terms of the
following subsystems [3]:

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 Collector system, or heliostat eld, created with a large number of two-axis tracking units distributed in rows
Solar receiver, where the concentrated ux is absorbed. It is the key element of the plant and serves as the
interface between the solar portion of the plant and the more conventional power block
Heat exchanger system, where a heat transfer uid may be used to carry the thermal energy from the receiver
to the turbine
Heat storage system, with which system dispatchability is ensured during events like cloud passages, and can
adapt to demand curves
Fossil fuel backup for hybrid systems with a more stable output
Power block, including steam generator and turbine-alternator
Master control, UPS, and heat rejection systems.

CRS with large heliostat elds and solar receivers located on top of a tower are now in a position for deployment
of the rst generation of grid-connected commercial plants. The CRS power plant technology can be considered
as sufciently mature after the pioneering experience of several 0.5 10 MW pilot plants in the early 1980s, and
the subsequent improvement of such key components as heliostats and solar receivers in many later projects
merging international collaboration during the past 20 years. Solar-only plants like Solar Tres and PS10 and hybrid
congurations like Solgas, ConSolar, or SOLGATE have provided a portfolio of alternatives which have led to the
rst scaled up plants for the period 20052010. Those small 1015 MW projects, still nonoptimized, already reveal
a dramatic cost reduction over previous estimates and provide a path for a realistic LEC milestone of $0.08/kWh
[3].

Four different heat transfer uids are used in most of the plants constructed during the last 35 years. Those uids
are: water/steam, sodium, melted salt and air.

Figure 1. The subsystems of a solar power tower, or central receiver system.

In this study the technical analysis of a CRS plant with a capacity of 10 MW in Birecik is introduced. The aim is to
obtain maximum annual energy production. To reach this purpose, different options for critical components of
heliostat eld and receiver have been used in simulations.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Birecik in which the CRS plant will be built is located in a warm and generally arid climate (continental climate).
The sites climate can be characterized by hot and dry summers. For most of the year, the sky is cloudless. In the
winters (November-February) the weather is moderate and light rainfall transitions are seen at intervals. Global
irradiation values of Birecik have been given in Table 1, [5].

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Table 1. Global Irradiation Values of Birecik (kWh/m2-day)
y

SAM's performance models use data from a weather le to simulate a system's hourly performance for a single
year. Each performance model requires weather data that describes the energy resource and ambient conditions
at the project location.

The performance model uses hourly data from the weather le to calculate the quantity of electricity generated
by the system in one year by summing the 8.760 hourly generation values [6]. Since SAM doesnt comprise
meteorological data for Birecik, those data for the year 2005 in the form of TMY3 is obtained from METEONORM
and loaded to SAM for performance calculations. Then superheated, reheated rankine cycle created in EBSILON
is simulated. As a result of the simulation, the amount of electrical energy to be produced by CRS solar power
plant at Birecik on 15.07.2005 at 12.00 oclock is calculated.

2.1. THE METHODOLOGY OF PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

The steam owing through the tower is both the heat transfer uid that transfers energy from the receiver and the
working uid of the power cycle (a "direct" system). In other words, the ow from receiver travels directly through
the power block and back to the receiver. This coupling requires that information describing the power cycle such
as pressures, feedwater extraction mass ow rates, and the feedwater outlet temperature be known for the direct
steam system.

The steam tower receiver is composed of three individual receivers: a boiler, superheater and reheater, each with
a uniquely dened role. The recirculating boiler accepts feedwater from the power cycle and generates a two-
phase (boiling) ow at a user-specied quality. The dry steam from the boiler then passes through a superheater
where ux heats the steam to a temperature and pressure that specied by user. SAM also models a reheat
loop, where steam from the high pressure turbine is redirected through a dedication portion of the receiver and
reaches a user-specied target temperature before passing through the remainder of the power cycle.

The conguration of multiple receiver sections on the tower requires a strategy to allocate ux from the eld to
each of the receivers. The strategy developed for the direct steam power tower assumes that all of the ux from
the eld can be allocated to any one of the receivers at any time. SAM uses an iterative procedure to solve for the
ux distribution on the receiver for each simulation time step. The iterative procedure progresses as follows:

First, a portion of the total ux is assigned to the boiler and superheater. A fraction of this portion is then
assigned to the boiler and the mass ow rate of steam that results in the target outlet quality is calculated
The outlet temperature of the superheater is calculated based on the guessed incident ux and the steam
conditions. If the calculated temperature does not meet the target, the fraction assigned to the boiler is
adjusted.
Once the superheater outlet temperature is resolved, SAM determines the reheater performance. If the
calculated outlet temperature does not match the target, then the portion of total ux assigned to the
boiler and superheater is adjusted once again, and the process is repeated until the target reheater outlet
temperature is met.

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2.2. MAXIMISING THE ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION IN BIRECIK CRS PLANT WITH COMPONENT-
BASED MODIFICATIONS BY SAM
The optimum component values of heliostat eld and receiver to maximise the annual energy production from 10
MW Birecik CRS plant are obtained as:

Width and height of each heliostat are 8 m. and 20 m. respectively

The ratio of the reector area to prole area is 0,97
Diameter of receiver is 8,5 m.
Number of panel pairs in the receiver is 18
Absorbtance and emittance of receiver coating are 0,98 and 0,1 respectively
Height of boiler is 3,5 m.
Outer diameter of boiler tubes is 0,02 m
Thickness of boiler tubes is 0,0012 m.
Material of boiler tubes is T91 steel
Height of superheater is 2,8 m.
Outer diameter of superheater tubes is 0,02 m.
Thickness of superheater tubes is 0,0012 m.
Material of superheater tubes is T91 steel
Height of reheater is 1,3 m.
Outer diameter of reheater tubes is 0,02 m.
Thickness of reheater tubes is 0,0012 m.
Material of reheater tubes is T91 steel
Flow pattern 2, from south to north
Evaporative cooling

Figure 2 shows the change of the annual energy which respect to the heliostat and receiver dimensions, as an
example of our optimization studies.

Figure 2. Change of the annual energy which respect to the heliostat and receiver dimensions.

Annual electricity that can be produced from 10 MW Birecik CRS plant in the meteorological conditions belong
to the year 2005 and the technical values listed above is calculated as 25.417 MWh, this value corresponds to a
capacity factor of 29 %.

2.3. HOURLY THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF 10 MW BIRECIK CRS PLANT

In this study, superheated and reheated rankine cycle is applied to the CRS plant. Boiler, superheater and reheater
are the parts of the receiver. Superheated and reheated rankine cycle and T-s diagram of these cycle have been
given in Figure 3 and Figure 4, respectively.

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 Figure 3. Superheated and reheated rankine cycle

1-2 : Isentropic compression in pump

2-3 : Heat addition in boiler under constant pressure

3-4 : Heat addition in superheater under constant pressure

4-5 : Isentropic expansion in high pressure turbine

5-6 : Heat addition in reheater under constant pressure

6-7 : Isentropic expansion in low pressure turbine

7-1 : Heat removal in condensor under constant pressure

Figure 4. T-s diagram of superheated and reheated rankine cycle

In the superheated and reheated Rankin cycle-driven CRS plant, necessary enthalpy and entropy values were
found by using temperature and pressure data obtained from the SAM and the thermodynamic property tables
at all stages from the rst state to the seventh state where the uid returned to the condenser again. By using
these values, thermal efciency values are calculated, and the results obtained by thermodynamic calculations are
compared with the values obtained from SAM.

The rankine cycle dened in the previous sections is created by EBSILON modularly, as seen in Figure5 [7]. After
selecting geographical data and date/time information of Birecik from EBSILON library, characteristics of heliostat
site and receiver are added to Rankine cycle. Boiler, high pressure turbine, low pressure turbine, condenser, pump
and the other basic elements of rankine cycle have been added to the system through the EBSILON component
list. Mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by generators connected to the shafts of the turbines.
Pipe connections are provided between all relevant elements and all values such as temperature, pressure,
mass ow, etc. for the input-output are entered into the system. Superheated, reheated rankine cycle created in
EBSILON is simulated with the "Calculation-Simulation" option (or F9 button) from the cycle menu. As a result of
the simulation, the amount of electrical energy to be produced by CRS solar power plant at Birecik on 15.07.2005
at 12.00 oclock was calculated as 11,78 MWh.

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 Figure 5. The diagram of the superheated, reheated rankine cycle created in EBSILON and the value of hourly
electricity generated by CRS in Birecik

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Annual electricity that can be produced from 10 MW Birecik CRS plant in the meteorological conditions belong to
the year 2005 is calculated as 25.417 MWh, this value corresponds to a capacity factor of 29 %.

In this study, technical performance values of the plant which obtained by SAM software, have been crosschecked
with the outputs of EBSILON software. The results of these crosschecks can be seen in Table 2 and Table3.

Table 2. Comparison of thermal efciency values.

SAM Results Thermodynamic Calculations

Boiler thermal efciency = 0,94

Superheater thermal efciency = 0,89

Reheater thermal efciency = 0,81

Heliostat eld thermal efciency = 0,57

Thermal efciency:

0,94. 0,89. 0,81. 0,57=0,39

%39

Table 3. Comparison of hourly energy production

Hourly output of Rankine cycle (MWh)
SAM EBSILON Thermodynamic Calculations
11,81 11,78 11,30

To compare with Birecik CRS, annual electricity generation and also the general location characteristics of some
of the CRS plants in different countries are listed in Table 4. The annual production of 500.000 MWh of the 110
MW Crescent Dunes MAS plant seems to be quite high compared to the 25.417 MWh production of the 10 MW
capacity CRS plant that can be established in Birecik. It was expected that the production at the Crescent Dunes

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plant would be 279.587 MWh based on only the capacities of the power plants comparing with Birecik CRS
plant. The main reason for the difference bases on the difference between annual radiation values of Birecik and
Tonopah/Neveda cities (Tonopah / Neveda's annual radiation value is 2.685 kWh/m2 /year, this value is 1.994
kWh/m2/year in Birecik). The heat storage is not included in the analysis of Birecik CRS while the Crescent Dunes
plant has an average of 10 hours of heat storage per day, and the production at the larger plant capacity is also
more effective.

A similar comparison and evaluation can be made for the Golmud CRS plant (capacity:200 MW, planned
production: 1.120.000 MWh/year, heat storage:15 hours).

10 MW-capacity Planta Solar 10 (PS10) and 20 MW-capacity Planta Solar 20 (PS20) CRS power plants with
latitude values (3726'31"North) and yearly irradiation (2012 kWh/m2/year) that is almost identical to Birecik and
performing only 1 hour of heat storage per day installed in Seville, Spain, are the most suitable options to make
realistic comparisons with Birecik CRS. From these plants, the PS10 plant generates 23.400 MWh of electricity
annually. This amount is very close to the calculated 25.417 MWh for Birecik CRS and the PS20 power plant, which
has twice the capacity of Birecik CRS also has a production value (48.000 MWh) proportional to Birecik CRS. The
reason why Birecik CRS seems it can produce electricity more than PS10 and PS20 even though it does not store
heat is that in the analyses for Birecik CRS, intervention of production because of maintenance of plant or extreme
meteorological conditions have been disregarded for Birecik CRS plant.

Table 4. Comparis o n of the annual electricity amount produced in some CRS solar power plants with the
production amount of Birecik CRS [4]
Electricty
Capacity Irradiation Latitude Storage
Location Production
MW kWh/m2/year Longtitude (hour)
MWh/year
3814 20.0
Tonopah,
Crescent North
Nevada 110 2.685 10 500.000
Dunes 11721 48.0
US
West
3624 22
Goldmud North
Golmud 200 2.158 15 1.120.000
China 9454 37
East
3726 30.97
Planta Solar
Sevilla North
10 11 2012 1 23.400
Spain 614 59.98
(PS10)
West
3726 30.97
Planta Solar Sevilla North
20 2012 1 48.000
20 (PS20) Spain 614 59.98
West
Birecik 37,5 North
Birecik CRS 10 1994 5 25.417
Trkiye 37,9 East

- 256 -
4. CONCLUSION
In this study, it is aimed to use solar thermal for power electricity generation in our country with average annual
sunshine duration of 2640 hours, annual average global horizontal solar irradiation (GHI) of 1.311 kWh/m and
direct normal irradiation (DNI) of 1.994 kW /m. The central receiving tower type power plant which is one of the
thermal solar energy technologies has been technically analyzed for 10 MW capacity in Birecik conditions.

In order to increase the thermal efciency of a CRS plant and the amount of electricity to be generated from the
plant to be installed in Birecik, the technological improvements to be made at the receiver and developments in
design studies will be important. In order to increase the ux to be collected from the heliostat eld, it is necessary
to increase the eld efciency of 57.06 %. For this, new softwares related to lay out of heliostat eld is needed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank to Mr. Ozan AKGZ who is the contact person for EBSILON software in Turkey for
providing EBSILON to be used for academic purposes and to NREL for providing SAM software.

REFERENCES
1. Behar, O., Khellaf, A., Mohammedi, K., July 2013. A review of studies on central receiver solar thermal power
plants, Renewable and Sustainable, Energy Reviews, 23, 12-39
2. Fichtner, April 2012 Solar Thermal Power Generation, Feasibility Study for the Solar Power Plant Birecik, Turkey, Phase
2, Germany,
3. Romero, M., Zarza, A., Zarza, E., 2007 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power, +DQGERRN RI (QHUJ\ (IFLHQF\ DQG
Renewable Energy, Taylor & Francis Group, U.K., 1099-1196,
4. NREL (National renewable Energy Laboratory), (October 2016) Concentrating Solar Power Projects http://
www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/index.cfm
5. General Directorate of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
6. System Advisor Model (SAM)s Help Manual, January 2013Version 2013.1.15,
7. EBSILON Tutorials

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 0093 - SIMULATION OF a-Si:H p-i-n SOLAR CELL USING AMPS-1D
Tlay Ocak1, Aynur Eray2*
1
Dept. of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
2
Dept. of Physics Enginnering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: feray@hacettepe.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Aynur Eray

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the design and optimization of a-S:H p-i-n single junction solar cell has been studied with AMPS-1D
device simulation program developed at Penn State. Detailed simulation studies of I-V characterization of solar
cells have been carried out with glass / TCO / (p) a-SiC:H / (i) a-Si:H/ (n) a-Si:H /Ag structure. By insertion of an
optimized graded buffer layer between the p+ window layer and the intrinsic layer, an improvement has been
obtained in efciency. With this aim, the systematic simulations have been performed to obtain optimized p+/i
graded buffer layer by tracing their contribution to solar cell output parameters. Various efforts such as different
defect densities in the p-layer and in the buffer-layer, different doping concentration in the p-layer, different
thickness for the buffer-layer have been done to achieve higher efciency. Some degradation studies have been
also realized on the cells with optimized structure. Degradation kinetics of single junction a-Si:H solar cells yield
a thickness dependent pattern. Stability can be improved by reducing the thickness of intrinsic layer. The results
of these simulations studies have been obtained to be in a good agreement with the reported studies in the
literature.

Keywords: a-Si:H solar cells, pin, AMPS-1D, simulation

1. INTRODUCTION
Hydrogenated amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) based solar cell is one of the popular solars in the PV market because
of low production cost. After the rst experimental a-Si: H solar cell was prepared by Carlson and Wronski with
conversion efciency of 2.4% in 1976, the researches have continued to show dramatic improvements in both
efciency and stability as a result of understanding of the material characteristics and light induced degradation
kinetics. [1-4].

In order to improve the conversion efciency and stability of a-Si:H solar cells, it is important to analyze their
output characteristics and to optimize the conditions under which they are manufactured. Since the numerical
simulation is a powerfull tool to understand the device physics of solar cells and to improve some possible design
parameters for solar cell fabrication, amorphous silicon alloy device modeling has been receiving a great deal
of attention in the last 30 years. In the literature, there are several computer programs for modeling amorphous
silicon solar cells [5-15]. Among them AMPS-1D developed at Penn State University have been used widely by
different research groups [16-23].

In this study, AMPS-1D device simulation program [16] is used to understand the inuence of buffer layers in a-Si:H
pin solar cells. When the light enters from the p+-side, most carriers are generated close to the p+/i interface layer,
and therefore the application of graded buffer layer is associated with the optimization. It has been explored
different assumptions such as different defect densities in the p-layer and in the buffer-layer, different doping
concentration in the p-layer, different thickness for the buffer-layer, to optimize pin solar cells with improved buffer
design. It has been studied also the effect of the buffer layer on the degradation kinetics of a-Si:H solar cells
with different i-layer thickness. The degradation studies have been performed on cells suggesting that the light
soaking effect is due to increasing i-layer defect density.

2. AMPS-1D ANALYSIS
AMPS-1D (Analysis of Microelectronic and photonic structure) is one-dimensional numerical simulation tool for
the analysis of device physics and device design. AMPS-1D solves the Poisson equation and the electron and hole
continuity equations by using the method of nite differences and the Newton-Raphson technique [16].

- 258 -
For the simulation of the density of localized states in the mobility gap, it has been assumed that there are both
acceptor like states (in the upper half of the gap) and donor like states (in the lower half of the gap). Both of these
acceptor and donor like states consist of exponential band tail states and Gaussian midgap states (dangling
bonds). The valence band and the conduction band tail states have an exponential distribution in energy and are
given as follows:

where
N(EV) : the densities of tail states at the band edge energies EV
N(EC) : the densities of tail states at the band edge energies EC,
ED : the characteristics slopes of the valence band tail states,
EA : the characteristics slopes of the conduction band tail states.

The midgap states have the Gaussian distribution for acceptor-like states and donor-like states ;

where Edb, Ndb and db are the energy position, density and the variance of the dangling bonds, respectively.
According the denition of AMPS software, the energies for the donor-like and acceptor-like states are measured
positively up from the valence band and positively down from the conduction band, respectively [16]. Since the
states can exchange carriers with the conduction and valence bands, capture cross sections for each state must
be specied for electron and holes. Therefore, AMPS requires denition of the capture cross sections for neutral
and charged states, for both free holes and electrons.

AMPS 1-D solves the set of transport equations subject to very general boundary conditions at the front metal-p+
layer contact (x = 0) and at the n+ layer-back metal contact (x = L). These boundary conditions are dened at the
front and back contact in terms of electron and hole barrier heights and surface recombination speeds [16]. In
the model, in the thermodynamic equilibrium, at the front (x = 0) and back (x = L) surface, the barrier heights for
electrons is specied as

Here, Ec is the conduction band edge and Ef is the Fermi-level position in thermo dynamic equilibrium. In this
study, the n-layer doping is selected to give an activation energy of Eact = 0.25eV, which agrees with the range
of conductivity activation energy reported for the n-layer material [24,25]. To avoid the inuence of the band
bending at the back contact, BL value was chosen to position the Fermi Level in the contact at x = L at the same
energy at which it would be positioned in the n-layer by doping. Since the p-layer doping is varied in a wide
range in this study, special care has been taken in to account for the front contact barrier height and B0 value was
chosen as 1.24eV.

Optimized pin solar cells consist of the p-doped a-SiC:H layer, the undoped a-SiC:H graded-buffer layer, the
intrinsic a-Si:H layer and the n-doped a-Si:H layer, as seen in Figure 1. Graded buffer layer has been simulated by
ve undoped a-SiC:H layers with equal thickness, with variable values. The band-gap prole and the characteristic
energy for the slope of the tail states were also decreased gradually from the wide band-gap p-layer towards
the lower band-gap of the i-layer. The p-layer was a-SiC:H layer with a mobility gap of 1.95 eV and with varying
thickness. The intrinsic layer was considered with varying thickness and defect densities with a mobility gap of
1.78 eV. For intrinsic layer, donor-like and acceptor-like tail states were represented with characteristic slopes of
50 meV and 30 meV, respectively. The n-layer was a 20-nm- thick a-Si:H layer with a mobility gap of 1.80 eV. The
cells under consideration were illuminated through the p-layer.

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 P layer 1 2 3 4 5 n layer
T intrinsic layer
C Graded Buffer
p-doped n-doped Ag
O undoped a-Si:H
a-SiC:H a-Si:H
a-SiC:H
Figure 1. The structure of optimized a-Si:H pin solar cells

Since the model contains so many parameters, most of the model parameters were obtained from experimental
results published in the literature, in order to reduce the number of free parameters in our model. The set of
parameters used in this study has been given in Table 1. Although there is not any parameter to simulate the
textured surface in the simulation program, we have assumed that the back surface has a single 85% reection
to simulate the experimental ZnO layer inserted between the n-layer and metal back contact for enhancing the
reectivity at the back contact.

Table 1. Set of parameters used in this simulation

p-layer i-layer n-layer
/D\HUWKLFNQHVV nm 9 100-1000 20
0RELOLW\JDS (eV) 1.95 1.78 1,8
(OHFWURQDIQLW\ (eV) 3.83 4 3.99
(IIHFWLYHGHQVLW\RIVWDWHV1F1Y (cm-3) 1.1020 1.1020 1.1020
'RSLQJFRQFHQWUDWLRQ (cm-3) 5.1019 1.1019
(OHFWURQPRELOLW\ (cm2 /Vs) 20 20 20
+ROHPRELOLW\ (cm2 /Vs) 5 5 5
7RWDO'26LQGRQRUOLNH*DXVVLDQ(cm-3) 4.10 -4.1019
17
5.10 -5.1017
15
9,5.1018
7RWDO'26LQDFFHSWRUOLNH*DXVVLDQ(cm-3) 4.1017-4.1019 5.1015-5.1017 9,5.1018
6WDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQLQ*DXVVLDQeV) 0.15 0.15 0.15
3RVLWLRQRIGRQRUOLNH*DXVVLDQ(eV) 0,7 0.89 1.4
3RVLWLRQRIDFFHSWRUOLNH*DXVVLDQeV) 1.44 1.09 0,6
(QHUJ\VORSHGRQRUOLNHEDQGWDLO(meV) 180 50 70
(QHUJ\VORSHDFFHSWRUOLNHEDQGWDLOmeV) 90 30 160
1HXWUDOFDSWXUHFURVVVHFWLRQPLGJDScm2 1.10-16 1.10-16 1.10-16
&KDUJHGFDSWXUHFURVVVHFWLRQPLGJDSFm2 1.10-15 1.10-15 1.10-15
1HXWUDOFDSWXUHFURVVVHFWLRQWDLOVcm2 7.10-17 7.10-17 7.10-17
&KDUJHGFDSWXUHFURVVVHFWLRQWDLOVcm2 7.10-17 7.10-17 7.10-17

Since the different layers of the amorphous silicon solar cell have different band gaps, the junctions formed by
these layers introduce a mismatch of the valence and conduction band edges at the interface, which is called the
band offsets. These band offsets will appear as a potential barrier, which affect the electronic transport of the solar
cell. Band gap offset parameter can be chosen as 0, 0.5 and 1; where 0 and 1 mean the mobility gap difference
is attributed to a step in conduction band mobility edge and valence band mobility edge, respectively. For the
parameter of 0.5, the band gap discontinuity splits 50% between the conduction and valence band edges.

3. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The p-doped layer represents a window layer for intrinsic layer. Therefore, as a rst step of simulation studies, we have
performed the systematic simulations to obtain the optimized p/i graded buffer-layer with outstanding quality, aiming
to track their contribution to solar cell output parameters (Jsc, VocDQG). Since most of the photovoltaic effects have
taken place in the p+/i interface layer, it has been very sensitive to the defect states distribution at the interface. Our
simulation studies have shown that the solar cell output parameters depend on many cell parameters, especially p+-
layer doping density, the mid gap defect density and the structure of p+/i interface layer. Unfortunately, many of the
actual values of a-Si:C:H/a-Si:H solar cell parameters are not known exactly. Therefore, during these studies, different p

- 260 -
layers and different buffer layers have been evaluated by keeping the midgap defect density value of intrinsic layer as
5.1015 cm-3, which is the value of the device quality i-layer. For that purpose, mid gap defect densities in the p-layer is
varied between 4.1017-4.1019cm-3, mid gap defect density in the buffer-layer is changed from 5.1016cm-3 to 4.1019cm-3.
Some results have been presented in Figure 2. This gure indicates that when the mid gap defect density in the p+/i
buffer layer is greater than 6.1017cm-3 in the considered structure, the short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit
voltage (Voc) and the solar cell efciency () drop rapidly. However, below this value the solar cell output parameters are
very weak function of the buffer layer defect density. Because of the high quality of intrinsic layer having a thickness of
500nm, the effect of the good buffer layer can be identied with open circuit voltage and efciency characteristics. Our
simulation results show that the best performance is obtained when the mid gap defect density in p-layer is between
4.1017- 4.1018cm-3 and in the buffer layer is around 5.1016cm-3. These values are consistent with the experimental values
in the literature [1,23].

18

0,96 16

0,92
Jsc (mA/cm2) 14
0,88 4.1019
Voc (V)

4.1018 12
0,84 4.1017
10
4.1019
0,80 4.1018
8 4.1017
0,76

1017 1018 1019 1017 1018 1019

Defect Density in Buffer Layer (cm-3) Defect Density in Buffer Layer (cm-3)
Figure 2. The change of solar cell parameters (Jsc, Voc) with different defect density in the p-layer, as a function of
mid-gap defect density of graded buffer layer.

Aiming to trace the inuence of the window thickness to short circuit voltage (Jsc) and efciency (), the thickness
of p doped a-SiC:H and undoped a-SiC:H graded buffer layer has been changed between 5 - 45 nm and 0 - 25
nm respectively. In these simulations, the mid gap defect density for the p layer and buffer layer has been taken
as 3.1018cm-3 and 4.1017cm-3, respectively. According to our results, a-Si:H solar cell having 5 graded buffer layers
shows higher Voc, higher Isc and higher collection efciency compared to the solar cells having the single buffer
layer. That is the reason why we chosen the graded buffer layer in our simulations. Figure3 represents the change
of solar cell output parameters (Jsc and ) as a function of p-doped a-SiC:H layer thicknesses for the total window
thickness of 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm and 50 nm. From Figure 3, it can be seen that increase
of the total window thickness leads to decrease in short circuit current and efciency. In case of using the thicker
p-doped a-SiC:H (i) layer, the lower values of short circuit current has been obtained.

- 261 -
 8,74
Efficiency (%)

8,36

7,98

7,60 Total window

Thickness (nm)
5
10
15
Jsc (mA/cm2)

20
30
17 40
50

16
0 10 20 30 40 50
a-SiC:H (p) Thickness (nm)
Figure 3. The change of solar cell parameters (Jsc and Efficiency) for different ratios of p- layer thickness in total
window thickness.

After optimization of buffer layer, some simulations have been performed to study the degradation kinetics of
a-Si:H solar cells with different i-layer thickness. The degradation studies have been examined on cells suggesting
that the light soaking effects are the bulk effect, and are due to an increase of defect density within the whole
intrinsic layer. In this part, the graded buffer layer has been assumed to be 15 nm thick with the density of mid gap
states of 4.1017cm-3. The intrinsic layer thickness varies between 100 nm and 1 micron, while the p-layer and the
n-layer are xed to 9 nm and 20 nm, respectively.

Normalized ll factor is a representative of the degradation effect. For this reason, the evolution of the normalized
ll factor as a function of defect density of i-layer has been given in Figure 4 to analyse the degradation effect. It is
clearly seen that degradation kinetics in a-Si:H solar cells shows a thickness dependent pattern and also the drop
in the ll factor ( where on-set of degradation ) is dependent on the thickness of the intrinsic layer.

- 262 -
 70
65
)LOO)DFWRU

60
100nm
55 200nm
300nm
50 500nm
650nm
45 1000nm

1016 1017
LQWULQVLFOD\HU'HIHFW'HQVLW\FP-3)

Figure 4. The normalized Fill Factor as function of intrinsic layer mid-gap defect density

5. CONCLUSION
In this study, AMPS-1D has been used to present data concerning the optimization of amorphous silicon p-i-n
solar cells. The optimization studies has been performed for p+ window layer and p+/i graded buffer layer. When
the p+/i interface defect density has been increased, there is a decrease in solar cell efciency. With the insertion
of an optimized graded buffer layer at p+/i interface of single cells a further efciency improvement has been
realized. Some degradation studies have been also realized on the cells with optimized structure, by suggesting
that light induced degradation effects are due to an increase of defect density within the intrinsic layer. We have
established the thickness dependence of degradation kinetics of a-Si:H solar cells with improved buffer design.
Stability can be improved by reducing the thickness of the intrinsic layer.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Prof. S. Fonash at Pennsylvania State University for providing the computer
program used in the simulations.

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REFERENCES
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7. Meier, J., Kroll, U., Vallat-Sauvain, E., Spitznagel, J., Graf, U. and Shah, A., 2004, Amorphous solar cells, the
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sensor applications, Thin Solid Films, 403-404, 354-358.
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338-340, 694-697.
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amorphous silicon solar cell analyzed by Basrea measurements, 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy
Conversion, 1729-1732.
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Solar Cell Applications, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 141, 2015, 14-23
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silicon/hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium pin solar cells, Thin Solid Films, Volume 518, 5250
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Tran, T. and Zhu, H. , 1997, A manual for AMPS-1D for Windows 95/NT, Pennsylvania State University .
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amorphous silicon n-i-p solar cell performance, Thin Solid Films, Volume 525, 167-171
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a LiF/Al back electrode, Applied Physics Letters, Volume 103
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Development in Solar Energy, Chapter 10, Edited by Tom Hough
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25. Zhu, H., Fonash, S. J., 1996, Study of Buffer Layer Design in Single Junction Solar Cells, 25th IEEE photovoltaic
specialists conference- Washington; DC, vol.25, 1097-1100

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 0095 - ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF REACTIVE POWER FLOW PRODUCED BY SOLAR
POWER PLANTS ON DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Mert Kesici1*, Hande Temel1, Bora Alboyac2, Rauf Yapc1, Doruk Gne1
1
Genetek G, Enerji, Elektrik Sistemleri zel Eitim ve Danmanlk San Tic. Ltd. ti, Kocaeli
2
Kocaeli University Engineering Faculty, Electrical Engineering Departmant, Kocaeli
Corresponding email: mert.kesici@genetek.com.tr
*Corresponding author: Mert Kesici

ABSTRACT
Due to technological developments, increasing population and rapid industrialization, the need for electric
energy is increasing day by day. The increase in electricity demand required more integration of solar power
plants (SPP). In addition to meet the electricity demand, it is also important to increase the quality of electricity.
At present, SPP provide active power to the network and cause bi-directional energy ow. Since the power factor
is set to one, there is no reactive power ow in the network. The effect of changing the power factors of the SPP
with the need of the distribution system has been examined in the study. It is aimed to compare the grid voltage
prole, the reactive power ow in the network and the technical losses in cases where SPP participates and do not
participate in reactive power control. First, the power factors of SPP are set to one as in the real case and the status
of the network is evaluated in the analysis results. Analysis was then carried out by changing the power factors
according to the reactive power requirement in the network and the capacities of the SPP, and the two cases were
compared. As a result of participating in the reactive power control by adjusting the power factors of the SPP, the
improvement of the voltage prole, the reactive power ow and the network losses are seen to decrease.

Keywords: Reactive power ow, Power factor control, Voltage prole improvement, Reduction of losses, Reactive
power capacity

1. INTRODUCTION
The work of privatization of electrical systems around the world has been completed in large scale. The rate
of integration of distributed generation to the distribution level is rapidly increasing all over the world with the
incentives of the states. With this increase, the share of distributed generation in electrical systems will increase
rapidly in the future as a result of improvements in energy policies and energy efciency [1]. As it is in the
whole world, the integration of distributed generations also in our country is increasing day by day. Distributed
generation includes photovoltaic power plant, wind turbine, hydroelectric power plant, fuel batteries and micro
turbine technologies.

The distribution networks are designed by conventional methods generally as passive systems in which power
ows only one direction and Volt / VAR control applications are made according to this structure. The rapid
integration of distributed generation plants into the network has caused this structure to change, and researches
has increased to include distributed generation plants in Volt / VAR control.

The voltage prole is improved by ensuring coordination of existed voltage, reactive power control equipments
and distributed generation units for voltage and reactive power control. Proposed control method examines the
power losses, voltage changes and switching numbers of the compensation elements in the network [2]. This
study is based on the participation of distributed generation units in reactive power control in a coordinated
manner, taking into account the capacity limits of generators. The required reactive power to keep the connection
points of the distributed generations at the desired voltage level is calculated and compared with the reactive
power supply capacity of the generators [3]. This study also provides an efcient approach for Volt / VAR control in
the radial distribution network, considering the performance of distributed generation. The goal of this approach
is to minimize the power losses in the distribution system by controlling the stage of the on-load tap-changer, the
size of the station capacitors, the local controller settings, and the reactive power of the distributed generation [4].
The aim of this study is to minimize the power losses and relieve the operating stress of the on-load tap-changer
transformers by using the central control system for transformers with on-load tap-changer and the local reactive
power control for solar power plants. The constraints for solution of the problem have been determined and the

- 265 -
particle swarm optimization has been applied [5]. This work also presents a method for controlling the voltage
of distribution networks using reactive power compensation approach with distributed generation. In this case,
the voltage control approach is based on the worst case in the system. Analyzes were made in a 15-bar Japanese
distribution system called Kumumoto, which was basically modied by including the wind turbine, photovoltaic
and synchronous generators [6].

As can be seen from the case studies, it is a priority to participate distributed generation into reactive power
control in the international literature to control the reactive power ow, regulate the voltage prole and to improve
the losses.

In this study, a real distribution network in Turkey was modelled and the voltage prole of the distribution network
and the change of losses were observed by actively participating existed solar power plants to reactive power
control. Analyzes were made in the PSSSINCAL power systems analysis program. The main difference of this study
from other studies is the modeling of real distribution network in Turkey using real datas and the participation
of existing solar power plants in reactive power control. The data obtained as a result of the analyzes will be a
reference to the studies that will be carried out within the scope of the whole Turkey in the future.

2. REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL METHODS

Users connected to the energy network demand active/ reactive power from the system according to their
characteristics. While active power is directly transformed into heat, light or motion, reactive power is another
component of apparent power due to the magnetizing current that provides the magnetic eld required for the
operation of consumers, such as reactive power generators, transformers, bobbins and motors, Reactive power,
which is dened as useless energy in the system, causes unnecessary loadings in the lines of the network, leading
to the selection of large-capacity members at the planning stage and the increasing losses.

Capacitive reactive power is increasing in the network due to the capacitive effects of no loaded and very long
lines. It then causes in the system increase of the voltage. Voltage regulation is one of the most important factors
affecting technical quality. According to "Regulation on Service Quality Regarding Electricity Distribution and
Retail Sale", the following conditions must be observed for the effective value of voltage in the operation of the
distribution system. According to accepted standards in our country; For MV level; At least 99% of the average
values of 10% of the rated effective voltage values shall not exceed + 10% of the declared effective voltage value
and at least 99% of these average values shall be less than 10% of the declared effective voltage value must not
fall [7]. In practice, distribution companies intend to further limit these limits.

To reduce the losses caused by the reactive power and to increase the power quality of the system, reactive power
control should be done and the voltage prole of the network should be improved. Various methods have been
used in the literature to perform this task. In distribution systems based on centralized control, the use of on-
load tap-changer and voltage regulator for optimal voltage level is one of these methods [8]. Currently, voltage
control and reactive power control in distribution networks is usually achieved by conventional methods such
as step-changer transformers, voltage regulators and switchable compensation groups. However, even in the
case of passive network management, it is difcult to effectively apply these methods, which are applied as local
solutions, to complex network structures with bidirectional load ow. In addition, these conventional methods
cause additional energy and cost. Therefore it is recommended to set the power factor of the SPP in the network
and to participate in the reactive power control in the network.

3. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The netw o rk has been geographically modelled in the PSSSINCAL power system analysis program and all
analyzes are carried out taking into account that the loads in the region have predominantly constant power load
characteristics. Measured date of July 2016 was used for the analysis studies. The 15-minute load proles of the
ve SPP in the network are dened in the modelled SPP in the analysis program. Results of the simulations and
measured datas were also compared.

At the onset of the study, the power factors of SPP were set to one and the status of the network was evaluated.
Subsequently, power factors were changed according to the reactive power requirement in the network and the
capacit i es of the SPPs, allowing SPP to participate in reactive power control. For these two cases, the reactive

- 266 -
power, voltage prole and losses in the network are compared. The reactive power capacity of SPP depends on
the structure of the inverters. 5 inverters belonging to SPP have been studied and it has been learned that power
factors can be adjusted between -1 and 1 interval.

3.1. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

In this paper, a real distribution system was used as shown in Figure-1. The main feeder is supplied by the power
transformer which is 154kV / 34.5kV and 100 MVA. This distribution system has 5 PPS with 0.825 MVA installed
power. Figure 1 contains the geographical view of the distribution network and locations of the SPP. SPP are
connected to the network via Station 2 with 3/0 overhead line, the distance between Station-1 and Station-2 is
8.5km.

Figure 1. Geographical View of Distribution Network

Table 1 and Table 2 contain information of the lines and distribution transformers in the network respectively.

Table 1. Conductors Information

Line Type Cross-Section [mm] Line Length [km]
95/Cu 95 7,7
477 MCM 280,84 39,5
3/0 99,3 83,2
1/0 62,44 1,6
SW 31,14 464,3
Toplam 596,3

- 267 -
Table 2. Distribution Transformers Information
Primary Voltage [kV] Primary Voltage [kV] Power [kVA] Number
31,5 0,4 630 1
31,5 0,4 400 19
31,5 0,4 250 47
31,5 0,4 200 1
31,5 0,4 160 73
31,5 0,4 100 144
31,5 0,4 50 192
31,5 0,4 25 13
Total 490

3.2. CASE 1
This scenario reects real network conditions. In the presented case, because the power factor of the SPP are set
to one and they do not contribute reactive power support, generated reactive power by SPP is zero as can be
seen from Figure 2. Figure 2 shows monthly produced active and reactive power by SPP-1. Load proles of other
SPP are almost similar. SPP provide active power to the network between 6:00 and 19:00 at which the sun exists.

Figure 2. Load Profile of Solar Power Plant 1 for Case-1

Figure 3 shows active and reactive power values at the feeder outgoing from the main transformer substation.

Figure 3. Load Profile of Main Distribution Line for Case-1

Voltage prole of Station-1 was examined to evaluate the voltage prole of the system. Figure 4 shows the voltage
prole of Station-1. In Station-1, the voltage changes between 92% to 98%. The average voltage in July is 95%.
If the reactive power of the SPP is zero, calculated energy losses for one month is 400MWh and average power
losses 555kW per hour for whole distribution system. These losses also include all transformers and lines losses.

- 268 -
 Figure 4. Voltage Profile of Station 1 for Case-1
3.3. CASE - 2
It is not desirable to have reactive power due to negative effects on the power quality of the grid. Reactive power
compensation is required to eliminate unwanted reactive power in the grid. In order to compensate the inductive
and capacitive reactive power in our country, generally preferred method of compensation is to use a capacitor
and reactor respectively. By utilizing the reactive capacity of the SPP, more dynamic and less costly reactive power
control can be achieved. Recently, in order to reduce the investment cost, the increasing capacity margin of the
inverter in the PV systems has been used to generate / consume reactive power in many studies [9] - [11]. When
active power injection is less than inverter nominal power, remained capacity can be used to generate / consume
reactive power. Table 3 shows the inverter characteristics of the SPPs in the network.

Tablo 3. Technical Parametres of Inverter Used in Solar Power Plants (kontrol et)
Characteristic of inverter
Rated power at 230 V, 50 Hz 25000 W
Maximum apparent AC power 25000 VA
Nominal AC voltage 220 V / 230 V / 240 V
Power factor at rated power 1
Displacement power factor, adjustable 0overexcited to 0underexcited

In the shortage of the light, since photovoltaic panels do not produce active power, all capacities of solar power
plants can be used for reactive power generation. In the real case, especially at noon reactive power capacities of
SPP are limited and may not be provided because the generated maximum amount of active power. In determining
the reactive power to be provided from the solar power plants, both the network state and the active power
generation of solar power plants should be considered. Because no manufacturer would want to lose his active
power, it has been emphasized that the active power provided from the SPP in the study is kept constant and the
remaining capacities are used for reactive power support. Reactive power ow, voltage prole and reactive power
capacities of SPP were examined and reactive power values to be provided were determined. Figure 5 shows
active and reactive power generation for SPP-1 when it contributes in reactive power control. Generation proles
of other SPP are almost similar.

Figure 5. Load Profile of Solar Power Plant 1 for Case-2

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 Figure 6. Load Profile of Main Distribution Line for Case-2

Figure 6 shows the load prole of main feeder outcoming from power transformer . In case 2, it can be seen that
the reactive power caused lossess decrease in main feeder in the system. Figure 7 shows the voltage prole of the
Station-1 after the power factors of the solar power plants are adjusted. The average voltage of Station-1 is 98%
and the voltage drop in the network is improved by 3%. When power factors of SPP are set, calculated energy
losses for one month is 379MWh and average power losses 526kW per hour for whole distribution system. These
losses also include transformers and lines losses.

Figure 7. Voltage Profile of Station 1 for Case-2

3.4. COMPARISON OF CASE 1 AND CASE 2

In this section, comparative graphs are presented visually. Figure 8 shows the reactive power values in the feeder
outgoing from the transformer substation, Figure 9 shows the voltage prole of stations, and Figure 10 shows the
losses in the network with 1 month data for both scenarios.

Figure 8. Load Profile of Main Distribution Line

In Figure 8, reactive power called useless power is decreased to a large extent. Therefore the system is less
stressed and caused decreasing in losses.

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 Figure 9. Voltage Profile of Station 1

In gure 9, the voltage prole of Station-1 are compared for both cases. In case 2, voltage prole of Station-1 has
improved by %3.

Figure 10. Losses of The Distrubiton System

In gure 10, losses in the whole system are compared for both cases. In case 2, system losses is enhanced, monthly
acquired energy prot is 29MWh.

4. CONCLUSION
In this work it is proposed to participate the SPP in reactive power control to improve the voltage prole, control
reactive power ow and reduce losses in distribution network. Analyzes were made using data from a real
distribution network in Turkey. The results obtained by adjusting the power factors of the SPP are compared with
the case where the power factors of the SPP are constant one. As can be seen from the analysis results, the control
of the reactive power of the SPP has resulted in a 21 MWh decrease in energy losses for whole month of July and
29kW average losses decrease per hour, and the voltage prole in the network has improved by 3%.
Care should be taken to connect SPP close to the load to minimize the losses in the network. Another important
issue is the nature of the loads in the network. The working network has a constant power load characteristic. For
this reason, network losses are reduced by increasing the voltage providing capacitive reactive power from solar
power plants. However, if the load characteristic of the region is a xed impedance load, the grid losses increase
because the current increases as the voltage increases.
According to the results obtained from this study, as the reactive power of the SPP is controlled according to the
needs of the network and the capacities of the SPP, the network voltage prole improves, the quality of the power
increases, the losses decrease and the network gains the ability to react more rapidly to changing operating
conditions. In addition, additional compensation, voltage regulator etc. investments are declining and total
efciency is increased by using the existing capacity.
Participation in reactive power control of other distributed generation plants, not only solar power plants as
distributed power generation sources but also examples in the literature, should be coordinated in future studies.
In the next studies, optimization methods for improving grid voltage and losses will also be investigated and
optimally incorporated into this method.

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REFERENCES
1. De Joode J. , Van Der Welle A. , Jansen J. 2010. Distributed Generation and the Regulation of Distribution
Networks. D. N. Gaonkar (Ed.)
2. Zhang L. , Sidhu T. 2014. A New Dynamic Voltage and Reactive Power Control Method for Distribution Networks
with DG Integration. IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC).
3. SULLGO G. , CHANDONE M. July 2012. Voltage Rise Mitigation n Distribution Networks Using Generators
Automatic Reactive Power Controls. 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.
4. Niknam T., Ranjbar A.M., Shirani A.R. June 2003. Impact of distributed generation on Volt/Var control in
distribution network. IEEE Power Tech Conference Proceedings.
5. Malekpour A.R., Pahwa A. 2012. Reactive Power and Voltage Control in Distribution Systems with Photovoltaic
Generation.
6. Mahmud M. A., Hossain M. J., Pota H. R. November 2011. Voltage control of distribution networks with
distributed generation using reactive power compensation, IECON - 37th Annual Conference on IEEE
Industrial Electronics Society.
7. Elektrik Datm ve Perakende Satna likin Hizmet Kalitesi Ynetmelii, 31.03.2016
8. Senjyu, T.; Miyazato, Y.; Yona, A.; Urasaki, N.; Funabashi, T. 2008. Optimal Distribution Voltage Control and
Coordination With Distributed Generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume:23 , Issue: 2, pp.
1236- 1242.
9. P. Jahangiri and D. C. Aliprantis. Aug. 2013. Distributed volt/VAr control by PV inverters, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 34293439.
10. K. Turitsyn, P. ulc, S. Backhaus, and M. Chertkov. Jun. 2011. Options for control of reactive power by distributed
photovoltaic generators. Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 10631073.
11. H. G. Yeh, D. F. Gayme, and S. H. Low. Aug. 2012. Adaptive VAR control for distribution circuits with photovoltaic
generators. IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 16561663.

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 0098 - IMPROVEMENT OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC SIMULATOR WITH A NOVEL STRUCTURE
Ersoy Beer
Kocaeli University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Electrical Engineering, Trkiye
Corresponding email: ebeser@kocaeli.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a photovoltaic (PV) simulator structure to obtain current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage
(P-V) characteristics of a PV Panel. The proposed PV simulator basically consists of series connected cascaded
modules. By increasing module number, it generates an output voltage having more levels. The validity of the
proposed simulator is veried through a simulation study. First, I-V data of the sample PV panel using in this
study was constituted in the simulation program. In order to obtain proper voltage at the output of the simulator
corresponding to current value in I-V curve of the PV panel, switching signals were generated. I-V and P-V curves
were obtained for 16, 32, 64-level voltages. I-V curves for different solar irradiance values were also generated in
the simulations. By increase of the module number I-V and P-V curves of the PV simulator closely match to curves of
the PV panel desired to be modelled. The proposed converter structure is suitable for operating as a PV simulator.
Since the simulator has a modular structure, it is convenient for using at high voltage and power applications.

Keywords: Photovoltaic simulator, I-V curve, P-V curve

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent days, the amount of traditional energy resources (i.e., fossil energy) gradually decrease and it is indicated
that they would be exhausted in near feature [1]. Due to the limitation of the fossil energy and high energy
demand depending on the industrialization, renewable energy resources become a signicant topic [2]. Among
all renewable energy resources, photovoltaic energy takes attention owing to its remarkable features as being
noiseless, pollution-free and inexhaustible [1]. In addition, having a low maintenance and operation cost increases
the interest on PV systems day by day [3].

The characteristic of a PV system using a solar cell or a PV panel varies with weather conditions such as solar
irradiation and temperature [1], [4]. Weather conditions are uncontrollable and changeable so that corresponding
PV characteristics cannot be obtained to verify and improve the quality of proposed maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) algorithms [5]. To realize the testing of the algorithms in laboratory conditions with the use of real
PV panels brings some problems that it needs repeatable laboratory conditions [6], [7], high investment and big
area [7]. Therefore PV simulators are good solutions in order to overcome these difculties. They can obtain an I-V
characteristic of a real PV panel considering different temperature and irradiance and even for a partial shaded
condition. They can also be used in a laboratory at any time of year. Due to this equipment, researchers can test
MPP trackers or MPPT algorithms and compare the results in repeatable laboratory conditions independently
from weather conditions.

A PV simulator consists of a power electronic converter that is capable of emulating I-V and P-V characteristics of
a real PV panel. PV simulators can be implemented in different ways such as amplifying the output current and
voltage of a PV cell or a photo diode; building a PV cell equivalent circuit with constant current source and diode-
resistor network; using a switched-module power converter controlled by a microcontroller or analog circuit to
ensure the I-V characteristics of PV arrays. Because of the rapid improvement of the digital technology, it is often
met by the third method in the literature [8].

There are different power converter structures improved for a PV simulator. Determined structures in the literature
search can be classied as LLC resonant dc-dc converter [1] [3], [5]; dc/dc buck step down converter [2], [4], [7],
[8], [9]; ZVS full bridge type converter [6]; two-stage synchronous DC-DC converter [10]; two stage converter
including a PWM voltage source rectier and a bidirectional converter [11] and dc/dc buck-boost converter [12].

In this study, a PV simulator structure is proposed to obtain I-V and P-V characteristics of a PV Panel. The power

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converter in the construction consists of cascaded modules and generates a multi-level voltage shape. By
increasing the cascaded modules, generated voltage reaches a more stepped shape. Due to more module
number I-V and P-V characteristics of a PV panel can be obtained with higher quality. The proposed PV simulator
structure is explained in Section 2, in detail. To verify the validity of the proposed simulator, a simulation study is
performed. Simulation results are presented and compared to the data of a sample PV panel in Section 3. Finally,
the results of the complete study are evaluated in Section 4.

2. PROPOSED PV SIMULATOR
The conguration of the proposed PV simulator has been seen in Figure 1. The simulator basically consists of
cascaded series connected modules. The modules comprise of a semiconductor switching element, a diode and
an independent dc source.

When module number rises, the step number of the generated voltage exponentially increases in the PV simulator.
As the simulator has more module number, in other words as the output voltage has much step number, so I-V
curve of the simulator quite resembles the I-V curve of PV panel desired to be modelled. Namely, I-V characteristic
of PV panel can be obtained with higher quality due to more module number or higher voltage level.

Step number (s) changes depending on module number (m) in the simulator structure. The step number of the
simulator depending on module number can be easily determined by using Equation (1).

s = 2m (1)

Calculated step number of the voltage based on the module number is the maximum step number to be obtained
for a certain module number.

The principle scheme of an 8-level simulator including 3 modules is shown in Figure 1. It can be seen from Figure
1 that the system can be easily expanded by connecting the modules series and step number of the voltage can
be increased.

Figure 1. The principle scheme of the proposed simulator.

In the case of knowing the step number and the maximum value of the output voltage, the value of dc source (Vd)
in the rst module can be found by the Equation 2.

Vmax
Vd = (2)
s
1
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The value of the dc source in each module connected after the rst module is two times of the previous module
voltage. Module number (m) can be obtained depending on step number by using Equation 3.

m =
 log 2 (s)  (3)

The value of the dc source in each module can be found out the formula 2k-1Vd. Here, k is the module number and
it changes as in the following.

k = 1,2,3,.....m (4)
The proposed simulator principally operates as a current-controlled voltage source. In other words, output voltage
of the simulator varies according to the owing current similar to real PV panels. However, the output voltage
looks like a stepped shape.

First, the I-V curve data of the sample PV panel is loaded to the controller before operation of the system. Later,
the output current of the simulator is measured by a current sensor as it is seen from the structure in Figure 1. The
measured current value is read by controller. Based on the loaded I-V curve in the controller, switching signals are
obtained in order to produce proper voltage corresponding to measured current value. By applying the denite
switching signals to the semiconductor elements, the proper voltage is formed at the simulator output.

3. SIMULATION STUDY AND RESULTS

The proposed simulator was simulated for various module numbers. First, I-V data of the sample PV panel using
in this study was constituted in the simulation program. The sample PV panel was chosen as Schco S 125-
SP photovoltaic module. The voltage Vd is calculated related to module number and the value of dc sources
in the modules were adjusted considering Vd. In order to obtain proper voltage at the output of the simulator
corresponding to current value in I-V curve of the PV panel, switching signals were generated.

I-V curves were obtained for the case of 16, 32 and 64-level voltages by using 4,5 and 6 modules, respectively in
the simulator. Simulated I-V curves are shown in Figure 2 for 4,5 and 6 modules. Simulation results in Figure 2 and
3 were obtained for a solar irradiance value of 800W/m2.

6 6 6

5 5 5

4 4 4
I(Amper)

I(Amper)

I(Amper)

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 Simulator 1 Simulator 1 Simulator

PV PV PV
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
V(Volt) V(Volt) V(Volt)

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2. Simulation results of I-V curves composed in the simulator for different module number. a) 4 modules,
b) 5 modules, c) 6 modules

In the proposed simulator, step number of the output voltage increases exponentially based on the rise of the
module number. It can be seen from Figure 2 that I-V curve of the simulator gradually resembles to the I-V curve
of the modelled PV panel by increasing the step number.

P-V curves of the PV panel were also obtained as well as I-V curves in the simulation study. P-V curve of the PV
simulator including 6 modules are illustrated in Figure 3.

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 100
Simulator
PV
80

60
P(Watt)

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
V(Volt)

Figure 3. Simulation results of P-V curves consisted in PV simulator for 6 modules.

In addition, I-V curves for different solar irradiance values were generated in the simulations. In Figure 4, I-V curves
of the PV simulator possessing 6 modules are given for different solar irradiance values.

5
I(Amper)

2
1000W/m2
1 800W/m2
700W/m2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
V(Volt)

Figure 4. Simulation results of I-V curves in the PV simulator having 6 modules for different solar irradiance
vales.

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a novel PV simulator structure was improved to obtain I-V and P-V characteristic of a PV array. As a
summary, the simulator structure was introduced in detail; simulations were performed; results were evaluated
and compared to real data of PV sample.

The proposed structure brings a novel approach to the literature since it includes multi-level converter topology.
The construction is quite exible and control strategy is simple. By increasing the module number the sensibility

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of the simulator can be enhanced and typical characteristics can be attained as very similar to the characteristics
of the modelled PV array. At the same time, the increase of the module number brings the advantage of reaching
higher voltage values. Since the existing topologies in the literature are generally dc-dc converters and including
only one switching elements, they are not sufcient for high voltage values. However, the proposed structure
is very suitable for high voltage applications because it includes more switching elements related to module
number and voltage stress (dv/dt) on the elements is quite low.

Whereas the existing structures can be used for simulating PV cells or low voltage PV arrays, the proposed PV
simulator can be applied for emulating high voltage PV arrays or PV plants. It is also suitable for emulating grid
connected PV array.

REFERENCES
1. Chang C H, Chang E C, Cheng E L. 2013. A High-Efciency Solar Array Simulator Implemented by an LLC
Resonant DCDC Converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. Vol. 28, No. 6, pp 3039-3046.
2. Lee H, Lee M J, Lee S N, at al. 2009. Development of Photovoltaic Simulator based on DC-DC Converter. 31st
International Telecommunications Energy Conference - INTELEC 2009. pp 1-5.
3. Koran A, Sano K, Kim R Y, Lai J S. 2010. Design of a Photovoltaic Simulator With a Novel Reference Signal
Generator and Two-Stage LC Output Filter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. Vol. 25, No. 5, pp 1331-
1138.
4. Piao Z G, Gong S J, An Y H, Cho G B. 2013. A Study on the PV Simulator using Equivalent Circuit Model and
Look-up Table Hybrid Method. International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems. pp 2128-2131.
5. Chang C H, Cheng C A, Cheng H L. 2014. Modeling and Design of the LLC Resonant Converter Used as a
Solar-Array Simulator. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. Vol. 2, No. 4, pp
833-841.
6. Lee J P, Min B D, Kim T.J, at al. 2009. Development of a Photovoltaic Simulator with Novel Simulation Method
of Photovoltaic Characteristics. 31st International Telecommunications Energy Conference - INTELEC 2009.
pp 1-5.
7. Qi H, Bi Y, Wu Y. 2014. Development of Photovoltaic Array Simulator Based on Buck Convertor. International
Conference on Information Science, Electronics and Electrical Engineering - ISEEE. pp 14-17.
8. Li Y, Lee T, Peng F Z, Liu D. 2009. A Hybrid Control Strategy for Photovoltaic Simulator. Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition, APEC 2009. pp 899-903.
9. Vongkoon P, Liutanakul P. 2012. Digital R-S-T Controller for Current Loop Control of DC/DC Buck Converter: A
Photovoltaic (PV) Array Simulator under Partial Shading Condition. 9th International Conference on Electrical
Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology - ECTI-CON. pp 1-4.
10. Zhao J, Kimball Z W. 2012. A Digitally Implemented Photovoltaic Simulator with a Double Current Mode
Controller. 2012 Twenty-Seventh Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics and Exposition - APEC. pp 53-58.
11. Cupertino A F, Santos G V, Pereira H A, at al. 2015. Modeling and Control of a Flexible Photovoltaic Array
Simulator. 2015 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics - ISIE. pp 318-324.
12. Lu D D C, Nguyen Q Y. 2012. A photovoltaic panel emulator using a buck-boost DC/DC converter and a low
cost micro-controller. Solar Energy. pp 1477-1484.

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 0099 - FINANCING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS
Huzur Keskin
METU Alumni Association Energy Commission Member, General Manager of HJR LLC
Corresponding email: hjrllc@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Renewable energy projects are often capital-intensive host of new technologies. The most critical step in the
commercialization of the project is to provide energy project nancing. Energy projects are mainly medium
and long-term infrastructure projects, which is why expensive and corporate balance sheets are investments in
speculative move. Capital investors in order to nance the project objectives as a result of realized capital injection
stock value (the price) is to be maximized. In fact, the table is a serious question over the long-term investment in
this part of the competition. Capital investors are considered to be small differences in opportunities and assets
to optimize the project nancing leverage.

Keywords: Renewable energy, Finance, Strategic Partner, Financial Partner, Long Term Debt, Private Equities

1. INTRODUCTION
During the nancing of renewable energy projects, there is the obligation to determine or to project costs,
quantied risks, returns and of course revenues. The fundamental assumptions of engineering, design, tariffs,
interest rates, production levels, plants must be taken into account as inputs. Forecast of cash ows could be
output in a basic nancial model. Some sensitivity analysis must be done to precede any further risk assessments.
There are always base case whose probability of reaching level is 50:50, worst case and best case which is
target case. All nancial models base on simulations with depending on certain assumptions of likely ranges
and variations of input and output parameters. Financial model must consider operational risks (unsatisfactory
plant performance), environmental risk, credit and nancial risk (uctuation of interest rates and foreign exchange
rates), market risk with level of tariffs, construction risk (completion delay) and variation in annual energy yield

2. FINANCING STRUCTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS

Renewable energy project require an up-front investment and a major incidence happens could be funded at rst
long term debt and/or capital injection, after construction period, in operation time, it should be funded current
cash ow of project. Financing structure varies the type of participants, source and allocation of benets. Project
nance consists of the potential cash ow projections with basic technical and nancial risks. Long term loans is
one of the alternative source of nance.

There are three ways to give long term loan. The rst one, long term loan is given to the developer who own 100%
the energy project with all risks and benets (Figure 1). This method is called homeowner nancing model and
is chosen most of the time with in high feed-in tariffs and tax benets.

- 278 -
 Figure 1. Homeowner Financing Model

The second one is leveraged nancing model. There is again long term loan but Loan payments are assigned to
the lender who is the developer of renewable energy project. Most of the time this kind of modelling are used for
the construction period by the developer. For the operation time, the developer prefers to sell the shares of the
project to the private equities (nancial partners) or strategic partner (e.g. energy companies).

Figure 2. Leveraged Financing Model

The third one is back leveraged nancing model. In this model the loan risks are shared by both developer and
investor who can be nancial partner (private equity) or strategic partner (energy company), because the loan is
belonging to the project company. Mutually the partners (developer and investor) get the risk of loan according
to their equity shares.

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 Figure 3. Back Leveraged Financing Model

Developer must have repayment plan in line with cash ow during the construction period and the end of project.
Successful and realistic repayment plan with ensuring price guaranteed sales contract and using credit insurance,
leasing etc. maximum benet from all kinds of nancial instruments to be provided can minimize the possibility of
negative surprises in any factors. Developer always requires in the capital adequacy to choose and select the best
way of structure in nancing model of renewable energy projects.

Following questions should be asked before using the project nance loan options by developers:
Is there a project adequate size?
Highly leveraged debt nancing from a large enough cash ow to support the project in question does?
Purchase Agreement (PPA) available? If so, what are the conditions?
In case the project owner to pawn (collateral) available sufcient physical presence in order to ensure
repayment of the debt? Or will there be enough to repay the credit sale of project rights?
Is the technology used new or old? Origin? Is there a maintenance contract? Is conditions and feasibility of
technologically reliable?

All renewable energy projects requires a number of contracts with all contributors such as technology provider,
local authority, lenders, sponsor, equity investors, insurance, landowners, interconnection authority, O&M operator
etc. Contracts are one of the most essential part of risk relief strategy.

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 Figure 4. The Result of Contract Framework

A signicant amount is invested in corporate actions including private-equity buy-outs, corporate M&As, as well
as acquisitions and re-nance of renewable energy assets. For equity investors the main target is to increase the
share value of the project company. In case of preference capital support for equity investors successful project
nancing right leverage method and to optimize the stock returns (increasing the company's value) is, balance
the protection of that company's assets in asset quality and to be correctly formulated in the agreement can
be summarized as to obtain the best possible conditions of each nancial partners decided to invest with the
potential exit strategy and exit plan is carried out by one or two ways.

Financial investors that invest in renewable energy projects include venture capital funds, private equity funds,
institutional investors and hedge funds. For strategic investors in clean energy or clean-tech, the investment offers
more than just the nancial return. They may further benet from synergies, extending their existing product range
in the same markets.

Each nancial partners have exit strategy at the beginning of the investment. But strategic partner aim to extend
their function and protability in the sector. The structure of a generic leveraged buyout transaction with limited
partnership as minority or majority can be on senior credit facility or high yield mezzanine debt or common stock.
The exit can be public offering (IPO), selling the shares or selling existing lenders and bond holders.

Typically, private equities are geared towards long-hold, multiple-year investment strategies in illiquid assets of
energy project company where they have more control and inuence over operations or asset management to
inuence their long-term returns. Because main target is to increase the value of shares in specializing types of
investments, transactions and management.

- 281 -
 Figure 5. Buyout Transaction

3. CONCLUSION
In Turkey, homeowner nancing model was very common but after increasing the cost of debt and change in the
scale of the energy projects, leveraged nancial model are more common than the homeowner. There are still
need to optimize warranty terms, to purchase optimal technology with the successful contract management, to
hedge the uctuation of interest and exchange rates, deal with sustainable feed in tariff system and legislation in
energy sector. After all things, the developer can start to negotiate with loan owners (banks) and private equities
for dealing process. It is a fact that contract management should be developed in our country for both nance and
management sides of energy projects.

There is international support for energy projects in Turkey and Turkish banks are also nancing renewable
energy projects to mitigate the cost of long term loans. But there is still no possible to talk about the real project
nance long term loans. However, it is very well known that long term loans are based on the developers material
guarantee so after project nance loans are supplied there is no any further material facility to get management
loan for short term. This circumstance sometimes causes nancial crises and jeopardize the completion of the
renewable energy projects.

Like leveraged nancial model the nancial or strategic partnership can be alternative nancial source. But the
local market risk, environmental risk, nancial risk, country and credit risk effect directly to the deal with process
and cause unacceptable terms of agreement between developer and investors. So the developers must estimate
the uncertainty of revenues and investment decisions with risk assessment using exceedance probabilities and be
more conscious the positive potential energy market in Turkey as a positive input.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted
to Energy Commission Members of METU Alumni Association for their moral support and weekly efcient
commission meeting.

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REFERENCES
1. Bodie, Z., Kane, A. and Markus , A.J. 1998 Essential of Investments. 3rd Edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill.
2. Hayward, D.L. and Schmidt, M.R. 1999. Valuing an Electric Utility: Theory and Application, Public Utilities
Reports Inc, USA
3. vgen, H. 2003 irket Deerleme. Finnet Yaynlar, stanbul.
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5. Medlock, Ken and Ron Soligo. 2001. Economic Development and End-Use Energy Demand, The Energy
Journal, Vol:22/2
6. Pratt, S.P. 2002. Cost of Capital Estimation and Applications, John Wiley & Sons Inc USA.
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16. Yazc, K. 1997. zelletirme Deerleme Yntemleri ve Deerleme Kriterleri. DPT Uzmanlk Tezi, Ankara.

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 0108 - CALCULATION OF THE DAILY LIGHT INTEGRAL USING SOLAR RADIATION
MODEL FOR AFYON AND AYDIN PROVINCES IN TURKEY
Mehmet Ali Dayolu
Ankara University, Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: dayioglu@agri.ankara.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
Light is the basic factor for growth and development of plant canopy. However, natural daylight varies both
during daylight and all the year round. If daily light integral (DLI-mol/m2day) knows, plants with higher quality and
yield can be grown. In this study, the calculation of daily light integral (DLI) was aimed by using a solar radiation
mathematical model and global solar irradiance data on horizontal surface. The daily light integral was solved
by using a solar radiation model, and Afyon and Aydn data set. The monthly average daily global solar radiation
falling on the horizontal surface at extraterrestrial, day length, sunset time and sunrise time were calculated for
12 months. The clearness indexes were used to dene different sky conditions. The clearness index data varied
between 0.417 and 0.599 for Afyon between 0.435 and 0.6 for Aydn. While monthly average daily global solar
radiation are between 6.13 and 24.55 MJ/m2 day for Afyon, the daily light integral results are calculated between
at 13.99 55.34 mol/m2day. While monthly average daily global solar radiation are between 6.66 and 24.57 MJ/
m2 day for Aydn, the daily light integral results are calculated at between 15.20 55.38 mol/m2day.

Keywords: Solar radiation, photosynthesis, daily light integral

1. INTRODUCTION
Light is one of the most essential environmental factors affecting plant growth and development. Plants use light
energy that is known as Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) between 400 and 700 nanometers as shown in
Figure 1 [1, 2].

Figure 1. The electromagnetic spectrum [2]

Light inuences plants in two ways [1]: Energy or a quantum source and information
medium. Most of the light energy or photons captured by plants is converted into
heat energy. As an information medium, light is used in regulating various growth and
development processes. Natural daylight varies depending on seasons and weather conditions during both
daylight and all the year round [3].

The yield and quality of plants are directly related to the amount of cumulative light falling on them. The inadequate
light levels in the winter months in the greenhouse negatively affect the growth and development of the plants. In
addition, the excessive light levels in the summer months in the greenhouse can cause adverse impact for crops.

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Therefore, in terms of plant growth and development, articial lighting and shading systems are used as important
components of greenhouses. For effective articial lighting, it is necessary to know the sum of natural light
reaching on the plant and the sunshine duration. These parameters are important in terms of both photosynthesis
and photoperiod illumination. By using solar shading systems, the crop comfort can be provided. The light levels
of both instantaneous and cumulative in greenhouse and growing chambers must be known for efcient lighting
management.

The instantaneous photon ux density, or PAR is commonly measured in units of micromoles per square meter per
second (mol/m2/s), where 1 mole of photons = 6.022 x 1023 photons.

The daily light integral (DLI, mol/m2/day) is a measurement of the total amount of photosynthetically active
radiation (PAR) falling over a 24-hour period. The cumulative light amount reaching throughout the day on the
plant can be dened with daily light integral (DLI) concept.

DLI levels outside the greenhouse during winter and summer seasons vary in a wide range of 5-60 moles/m2 day
[3]. The mean photosynthetic DLI can be a limiting factor in the production of many greenhouse crops during the
winter and early spring [4]. The light level in greenhouse decreases at the rate of 35 75 % according to many
factors such as sun's angle of incidence, day length, hours of sunshine, cloudiness, structural shading, crop density,
cover material and cover dirtiness [5]. In the winter and spring months, DLI in the greenhouse can fall to levels
of 1-10 moles/ m2 day [6]. For commercial greenhouse production, supplemental lighting is mostly benecial in
areas that are less than average daily sunshine of 4.5 hours [7]. A common target minimum mean DLI for many
greenhouse crops is 10 mol/m2day on plant canopy [3].

DLI can be used as a design tool for calculation of different light levels for lighting and shading. Furthermore,
when the lighting and shading systems are operated, optimum plant growth and development strategies can be
determined.

Ferentinos and Albright (2005) developed the genetic algorithm technique for optimal design of the articial
lighting system, which positively affects crop production [8].

Moe et all (2006) recommended that parameters such as photosynthetic photon ux (PPF), daily lighting period
(DLP) and daily light integral (DLI) must be known for the use of articial light in year round production of
greenhouse crops [9].

Ciolkosz (2008) presented an analysis method for daylight availability data in terms of suitable design criteria
for greenhouse supplementary lighting systems. Percentile exceedance values for the daily photosynthetically
active radiation (PAR) integral proposed the appropriate design criteria, and a method presented for using these
data to determine the target supplementary light level in a greenhouse [3].

Nelson and Bugbee (2014) reported the photosynthetic (400700 nm) photon efciency and photon distribution
pattern of two double-ended HPS xtures, ve mogul-base HPS xtures, ten LED xtures, three ceramic metal
halide xtures, and two uorescent xtures [10].

Zhi et all. (2014) aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in a
heterogeneous cotton canopy based on a geo-statistical sampling method [11].

At almost no station in Turkey, PAR data do not measure. DLI levels that are need by using insolation data set
measured at meteorological stations can be determined. The aim of this study is to calculate the daily light integral
(DLI) for each month of year based on a solar radiation model and insolation data set.

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2. MATERIAL AND METHOD
Data measured between 1975 and 2010 at Afyon (17190) and Aydn (17234) stations of the General Directorate of
Turkish State Meteorological Services were used. Meteorological data include average daily total solar radiation
intensity, hours of sunshine, cloudiness, number of cloudy days, number of open days, air temperature, relative
humidity, wind speed and precipitation.

2.1 SOLAR RADIATION MODEL

SOLAR TIME
Two corrections are applied to convert standard time to solar time. First, there is a constant correction for the
difference in longitude between the observers meridian (longitude) and the meridian on which the local standard
time is based. The sun takes 4 min to transverse 1 of longitude [12]. The second correction is from the equation of
time, which takes into account the perturbations in the earths rate of rotation, which affect the time the sun crosses
the observers meridian. The solar time is

Solar time = Standard time + 4(Lst-Lloc) + E (1)

Where, Lst is the standard meridian for the local time zone, Lloc is the longitude of the location [12]. The parameter
E is the equation of time in minutes: [12]:

E=229.2(0.000075 + 0.001868 cos B

- 0.032077 sin B - 0.014615 cos 2B - 0.04089 sin 2B) (2)

360
B = (n
1) (3)
365

DIRECTION OF BEAM RADIATION

The geometric relationships between a plane of any particular orientation relative to the earth at any time and the
incoming beam solar radiation, that is, the position of the sun relative to that plane, can be described in terms of
several angles as indicated in Figure 2 [12].

Figure 2. (a) Zenith angle, slope, surface azimuth angle, and solar azimuth angle for a tilted surface. (b) Plan view
showing solar azimuth angle [12]

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For horizontal surfaces, the angle of incidence is the zenith angle of the sun, ], is written as follows:

Where, is latitude, declination angle, hour angle, s solar altitude angle. The declination angle can be shown
as in Figure 3.

The declination can be found from the approximate equation as following [12]:

Equation (4) can be solved for the sunset hour angle s, when ] =90:

When the clock time is 12:00, the sun time is   clock angle is negative in the morning, positive after lunch.
Solar azimuth angle shown in Figure 2 is the angular displacement from south of the projection of beam radiation
on the horizontal plane:

The number of daylight hours is given by

Figure 3. Sun and earths position for a day in I<0 (during winter in the Northern hemisphere) at noon time

CLEARNESS INDEX
The clearness index (KT) is a p
parameter used to dene the atmospheric
p transmission of solar radiation [13]:

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Where, H is the monthly average daily global solar radiation on the horizontal surface and Ho is the monthly
average daily extraterrestrial solar radiation. Values of Ho can be calculated by the mathematical methods.

The daily extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface, Ho, is obtained by integrating of Equation 4 over the
period from sunrise to sunset.

Where, Isc is the solar constant (1367 W/m2), nth day of the year (1fnf365)

2.2. DAILY LIGHT INTEGRAL METHOD

The daily light integral (DLI) is a measurement of the total amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
falling over a 24-hour period. The daily light integral (DLI) is dened by the following equation [3]:

Where, t is a time of the day (s), (nm) wavelength, PAR is photosynthetic active radiation measured in mol/m2s
at a range of 400-700 nm.

In this study, daily total solar radiation data measured in Afyon and Aydn meteorological stations were used to
determine DLI levels. The conversion process given at the ow chart in Figure 4 was applied to Afyon and Aydn
insolation data.

Figure 4. Calculation conversion algorithm

Table 1. Daily PAR expressions using global solar radiation (H) and clearness index (KT) for four different sky
conditions [15]
Clearness index Equation R2
KT f 0.35 HPAR = 0.512 H 0.9925
0.35 f KT f 0.55 HPAR = 0.496 H 0.9938
0.55 f KT f 0.65 HPAR = 0.490 H 0.9923
KT > 0.65 HPAR = 0.485 H 0.9942
0 f KT f 1 HPAR = 0.489 H 0.9904

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2.3. DATA SET
The monthly average daily global solar radiation (H), hours of sunshine (HoS) obtained from data measured
between 1975 and 2010 years at Afyon and Aydn stations are given in Table 2 according to the reference day
numbers (n) which characterize 12 months.

Table 2. HoS and H values obtained from data measured for Afyon and Aydn
Afyon Aydn Afyon Aydn
Months n 2
HoS (hours) H (MJ/m day)
1 15 2.77 4.53 7.28 7.59
2 45 3.92 5.00 10.60 10.13
3 75 5.13 6.25 14.98 14.48
4 105 6.12 7.32 18.22 18.07
5 135 8.05 9.10 21.51 22.05
6 165 9.92 10.92 24.28 24.53
7 195 11.07 11.22 24.55 24.57
8 225 10.63 10.77 22.29 22.41
9 255 8.70 9.27 18.33 18.70
10 285 6.30 7.03 12.54 13.27
11 315 4.53 4.93 8.37 8.71
12 345 2.42 4.10 6.13 6.66

3. RESULTS
The mathematical model was run one by one for Afyon and Aydn provinces. The day length (DL), sunset time (SST),
sunrise time (SRT) and the monthly average daily extraterrestrial global solar radiation falling on the horizontal
surface (Ho) were calculated for 12 months (Table 3). According to the model results, Ho values for Afyon changed
from 14.71 MJ/m2day (December) to 41.80 MJ/m2day (June) as given in Table 3 and Figure 5. Ho values for Aydn
changed from 15.30 MJ/m2day (December) to 41.76 MJ/m2day (June) as given in Table 3 and Figure 5.

Table 3. DL, SST SRT and Ho calculated from mathematical model

Afyon Aydn
Months n
DL SST SRT Ho DL SST SRT Ho
1 15 9.6 07:19:14 16:55:29 15.94 9.7 07:28:00 17:09:12 16.52
2 45 10.5 06:57:20 17:28:39 20.97 10.6 07:07:05 17:41:24 21.50
3 75 11.7 06:15:50 18:00:22 28.11 11.8 06:26:48 18:11:53 28.53
4 105 13.0 05:28:48 18:29:10 35.01 13.0 05:41:03 18:39:24 35.24
5 135 14.1 04:52:09 18:57:26 39.80 14.0 05:05:31 19:06:33 39.85
6 165 14.7 04:38:36 19:18:27 41.80 14.6 04:52:36 19:26:56 41.76
7 195 14.5 04:50:32 19:18:14 40.97 14.4 05:04:18 19:26:56 40.96
8 225 13.6 05:16:24 18:51:35 37.38 13.5 05:29:15 19:01:13 37.52
9 255 12.4 05:43:52 18:06:39 31.37 12.4 05:55:29 18:17:32 31.70
10 285 11.1 06:11:42 17:18:24 24.16 11.1 06:22:03 17:30:33 24.63
11 315 10.0 06:42:51 16:43:01 17.93 10.1 06:52:03 16:56:18 18.49
12 345 9.4 07:10:53 16:33:01 14.71 9.5 07:19:23 16:46:59 15.30

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 Figure 5. Monthly average daily extraterrestrial radiation for Afyon and Aydn

The clearness index and daily light integral values calculated according to algorithm in Figure 4 are given in Table
4. Clearness index (KT) values for Afyon changed from 0.417 (December) to 0.599 (July), and between 0.435 and
0.600 for Aydn as shown in Figure 6. The daily light integral results are calculated between at 13.99 55.34 mol/
mday for Afyon and between 15.20 55.38 mol/mday for Aydn (Table 4, Figure 7). In table 2, the daily light
integral results can be compared with monthly average daily global solar radiation data (6.13 and 24.55 MJ/m
day for Afyon, and 6.66 and 24.57 MJ/m day for Aydn).

Table 4. KT and DLI values calculated from mathematical model

Afyon Aydn Afyon Aydn
Months n
KT DLI
1 15 0.457 0.459 16.62 17.31
2 45 0.505 0.471 24.18 23.11
3 75 0.533 0.507 34.18 33.03
4 105 0.521 0.513 41.58 41.24
5 135 0.541 0.553 49.08 49.71
6 165 0.581 0.587 54.73 55.28
7 195 0.599 0.600 55.34 55.38
8 225 0.596 0.597 50.24 50.51
9 255 0.584 0.590 41.31 42.16
10 285 0.519 0.538 28.61 30.27
11 315 0.467 0.471 19.09 19.87
12 345 0.417 0.435 13.99 15.20

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 Figure 6. Clearness index values for Afyon and Aydn

Figure 7. Daily light integral values for Afyon and Aydn provinces

4. DISCUSSION
For successful production throughout the year, 100-250 Rmol/m2s of PAR and 10-15 mol/m2 day of DLI in greenhouse
are sufcient [3]. The outside DLI levels in the United States can vary from 5 60 mol/m2 day, depending on factors
such as location and season [16, 17].

The calculation method given in this paper can be used to dene the outside DLI levels for different locations. The
numerical results given by [5, 16, 17, 18 and 19] are compatible with DLI values obtained in model. Furthermore,
results of DLI calculation software given in [17] by Morgan are parallel with my calculation model results.

5. CONCLUSION
The daily light integral (DLI) is a measurement of the total amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
falling over a 24-hour period and is an important factor inuencing plant growth over weeks and months. Using
solar radiation model and suitable solar radiation data set, daily light integral results can be determined for
different locations. If the daily light integral are used as a tool, the critical light levels can be controlled for different
plant species; suitable system designs can be required for additional lighting or shading, and light management.

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REFERENCES
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farming system for efcient quality food production, editors: Kozai & Niu & Takagaki.
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online-textbook/light,30/10/2016.
3. Ciolkosz, D., 2008. Design daylight availability for greenhouses using supplementary lighting, Biosystems
Engineering, 100(4):571 580.
4. Faust, J. E. 2003. Light, p. 7184. In: Hamrick D. (ed.). Ball redbook: Crop production 17th Ed.,Vol. 2. Ball
Publishing, Batavia, IL
5. Fisher, P. and E. Runkle, 2004. Lighting up prots: Understanding Greenhouse Lighting, Meister Media
Worldwide, Willoughby, Ohio
6. Lopez, R.G. and E.S. Runkle, 2008. Photosynthetic daily light integral during propagation inuences rooting
and growth of cuttings and subsequent development of New Guinea impatiens and petunia, HortiScience,
43:20522059.
7. Argus, 2010. Light and lighting control in greenhouses, pp. 25, Argus control Ltd., Canada.
8. Ferentinos, K.P., L.D. Albright, 2005. Optimal design of plant lighting system by genetic algorithms, Engineering
Applications of Articial Intelligence, 18(4): 473484.
9. Moe, R., S. O. Grimstad, H. R. Gislerd, 2006. The Use of Articial Light in Year Round Production of Greenhouse
Crops in Norway, In: Acta Hort. 711, 35-42, Proc. 5th IS on Articial Lighting,. R. Moe, (ed.) ISHS, 3001, Belgium.
10. Nelson, J. A. and Bugbee, B., 2014. Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Lighting: Light-Emitting Diodes vs.
High Intensity Discharge Fixtures, Plos One, 9 (6): 1 - 10
11. Zhi,X., Han, Y., Mao, S., Wang, G., Feng, L., Yang, B., Fan, Z., Du,W., Lu, J., Li, Y. Light Spatial Distribution in the
Canopy and Crop Development in Cotton, Plos One, Volume 9 (11): 1-10.
12. Dufe, J. A., W. A. Beckman, 2006. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Wiley, New York.
13. Kalogirou, S.A. 2014. Solar Energy Engineering Processes and Systems, Second Edition, p:819, Elsevier
14. Tsubo M., S. Walker, 2005. Relationships between photosynthetically active radiation and clearness index at
Bloemfontein, Theoretical Applied Climatology, 80:17-25.
15. Escobedo, J. F., E. N. Gomes, A. P. Oliveira, J. Soares, 2009. Modeling hourly and daily fractions of UV, PAR and
NIR to global solar radiation under various sky conditions at Botucatu, Brazil, Applied Energy, 86(3):299309.
16. Morgan, L., 2016. Hydroponic Illumination & the Daily Light Integral, Maximum Yield New Zealand, 2016
September/October - Page 48-51.
17. Morgan, L., 2013. Daily Light Integral (DLI) and greenhouse tomato production, Tomato Magazine, Winter2013,
17(4), p10.
18. Oh, W., Cheon, I. H. and Kim, K. S., 2009. Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral Inuences Flowering Time and
Crop Characteristics of Cyclamen persicum, Hortscience, 44(2):341344.
19. Oh, W., Runkle, E. S. and Warner, R. M. 2010 Timing and Duration of Supplemental Lighting during the
Seedling Stage Inuence Quality and Flowering in Petunia and Pansy, Hortscience 45(9):13321337.

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 0111 - A BRIGHT FUTURE BASED CARBON NANOTUBES/TIO2 MESOPOROUS HYBRID
PHOTOANODES FOR HIGHLY EFFICIENT ELECTRON COLLECTION IN PHOTOVOLTAIC
DEVICES
Bayram Kl*, Ouz Can Ozer
Energy Systems Engineering Department, Yalova University, Yalova, Trkiye
Corresponding email: bkilic@yalova.edu.tr, kbayramkilic@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Bayram Kl

ABSTRACT
The performance of photovoltaic devices could be improved by using rationally designed nanostructures with
high electron mobility to efciently collect photo-generated electrons. Here, we report the carbon nanotube
(CNT)/TiO2 mesoporous networks can be employed as a new alternative photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells
(DSSCs). By using the CNT /TiO2 mesoporous as photoanodes in DSSC, it has been demonstrated that the CNT/
TiO2 mesoporous photoanode is promising alternative to standard FTO/TiO2 mesoporous based DSSC due to
larger specic surface area and high electrochemical activity. The Inuence of CNT/TiO2 photoanode on solar
conversion efciency of DSSC is compared with a conventional TiO2 photoanode and result shows that efciency
is increased from 6.51 % to 7.00 % due to the enhanced light absorption and electron transport across the TiO2
mesoporous based thin lms. Structural and optical characterizations are carried out using X-ray diffraction
spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman
spectroscopy and UV-Vis analyses.

Keywords: Carbon nanotube, TiO2, DSSC, Nano-semiconductors

1. INTRODUCTION
New generation solar cells such as dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) have been intensively studied with a growing
demand as potential alternatives for the next generation solar cells due to their low cost production, simple
processing, and relatively high energy conversion efciency when compared with conventional solar cells [1-2].
In contrast to the conventional solar cells, which relies on high purity substrates grown at very high temperatures
using high cost processes in a specially designed environments such as clean room, DSSCs do not require such
costly and complex processes and can be prepared in a simple laboratory environment without much concern
on materials purity and ambient atmosphere [3]. A standart DSSC consists of TiO2 mesoporous structures as
photoanode deposited on uorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate and sensitized by dye molecules
and Pt coated FTO counter electrode (CE) with a I-/I3- redox electrolyte lled in between photoanode and CE [4-
9]. The main problems in DSSCs are described as inefcient charge separation and electron transport, carrier
recombination at surface states, cell instability, and inefcient adsorption of dye molecules on the FTO/TiO2
surface [10-11]. In recent years, carbon based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotube and graphene can improve
the overall performance of the cell through better electron transport properties caused by well-dened band
alignment between adjacent layers [12-15]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with high electrical conductivity and very
large surface area are an ideal substance for improving the charge transport and therefore the photo-generated
current in photoanode of DSSCs [16-17]. CNTs have been widely used in different layers of DSSCs such as in
photoanode with the mixture of TiO2, in counter electrode and solid state electrode for different applications [18].
However, it has been shown that the incorporation of CNTs in photoanode is the most effective way to improve the
cell efciencies due to better charge transport properties [19-20]. CNT/TiO2 photoanode based DSSC exhibits
not only the advantage of high quality interface between CNTs and titania matrix, but also leads to the coexistence
of dual pores which provide high surface area which is necessary for the dye adsorption [21-28].

In this paper, CNT/TiO2 mesoporous photoanode is studied to investigate the effect of CNT based TiO2 mesoporous on
the DSSC performance and the enhancement capability of A-CNT/TiO2 photoanode on solar conversion efciency in
DSSC is compared with a conventional TiO2 photoanode. The Inuence of CNT/TiO2 photoanode on solar conversion
efciency of DSSC is compared with a conventional TiO2 photoanode and result shows that efciency is increased
from 6.51 % to 7.00 % due to the enhanced light absorption and electron transport across the TiO2 mesoporous based
thin lms. Structural and optical characterizations are carried out using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis analyses.

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2. EXPERIMENTAL

PREPARATION OF A-CNT/TIO2 HYBRID PHOTOANODES

Multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) were grown by thermal catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on silicon wafers
using a thin catalyst layer of Fe/Al2O3 (1/10 nm) deposited by electron beam evaporation. MWCNT growth was
performed in a quartz tube furnace (22 mm ID) at atmospheric pressure using ethylene as the carbon source.
The nominal growth temperature was 750 C, yielding an average growth rate (including nucleation and growth)
of PV. Typically, CNT arrays are grown on 1 cm2 Si wafers, resulting in well-aligned CNTs (MWCNTs) with
densities of 109-1010 CNTs cm-2. As-grown CNT arrays have 1% volume fraction. The CNT arrays were kept face
down in a vacuum chamber, facing the oxidizing agent (Details are described in our early work) [28]. As-grown
vertically-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were dispersed onto a FTO (F:SnO2) substrate (with
a Sheet resistance of 14/sq) via contact printing. Aqueous solution of 1 mM titania (IV) oxide, 10 ml HCl and 40
ml deionized water were prepared and placed into a Teon-lined stainless steel autoclave. 8 ml ammonia (28 %)
was added into the solution to adjust pH>4.5. MWCNT/FTO substrates were immersed into the solution and then
heated to 175C for 24 hours. After hydrothermal growth processes, the whole system was allowed to cool down
to the room temperature (RT) and substrate was blow dried by N2. Finally, the TiO2 mesoporous lm was obtained
on the MWCNT/FTO substrate and the sample were placed into a furnace at 450C for 40 min to minimize the
defects.

DEVICE FABRICATION OF DSSCS BASED ON A-CNT/TIO2 HYBRID PHOTOANODES AND FES2 COUNTER
ELECTRODE
Hybrid DSSCs based on MWCNT/TiO2 were prepared by adsorption of cis bis (isothiocyanato)bis(2,20-bipyridyl-
4,40-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II)bis tetrabutylammonium (N719) dye onto the surfaces of the prepared
photoanode for 6 h. It is important to note that the substrates were heated to 100C for 30 min before immersing
into a 0.5 mM solution of the N719 dye. After 6 h the samples were taken out, rinsed with acetonitrile, and dried
with nitrogen gas. The dye-sensitized MWCNT/TiO2 photoanode and FeS2 counter electrode were sandwiched
together using a 20 m thick transparent Surlyn lm (Meltonix 1170, Solaronix). The electrolyte, which consists of
0.5 M tetrabutylammonium iodide, 0.05 M I2 and 0.5 M 4-tertbutylpyridine in acetonitrile, was injected between
two electrodes and well distributed via capillary action. The active electrode area was typically 0.25 cm2 for all type
of cells studied in this work.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DEVICE

The structural and chemical characterizations of the nanostructures on each prepared sample were analyzed
using Philips XL30 ESEM-FEG scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy detector. Crystal structure analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD; Rigaku D/Max-IIIC
diffractometer) with 1.54 Cu-K radiation and 2 range of 2080. Absorption measurements were performed
using a Perkin-Elmer UV-VIS Lambda 2S spectrometer. The Raman scattering measurements were performed
using a micro Raman Renishhaw 2000 system with an excitation source of 514.5 nm at RT. The infrared spectra
were recorded using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, Perkin Elmer, in transmittance mode at 450-
4000 cm-1. Photocurrent density versus voltage (J-V) data were recorded using a Keithley 175A digital multimeter
using a 0.01 V/s voltage ramp rate and an AM 1.5 solar simulator. The light source was a 250 W tungsten halogen
lamp calibrated to irradiate the samples at 100 mW/cm2 using a radiometer (IL1700, International). The incident
photon current efciency (IPCE) was measured with a spectral resolution of 5 nm using a 300W xenon lamp
(Newport/Oriel). A reference scan of incident photon ux was taken using a calibrated Si photodiode.

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

THE EFFECT OF A-CNT PHOTOANODES ON DSSC PERFORMANCE

The SEM images of A-CNT/TiO2 mesoporous photoanode are shown in Fig. 1(a-b). CNT arrays were coated with
TiO2 mesoporous structures and this is the key starting point of forming higher-phase hybrid system. Figure 1(b)
shows that the CNT/TiO2 hybrid system with inter-CNT spacing of 30-50 nm and it is clearly seen that CNT arrays
were uniformly coated with TiO2 without disturbing the CNTs morphology. It is demonstrated that extremely high
aspect ratio CNT arrays can be coated with TiO2 mesoporous structures having about 30-50 nm pore radius.
As seen in SEM images, the A-CNTs are well-dispersed within TiO2 mesoporous thin lm, and a good contact
between nanotubes and TiO2 mesoporous is achieved [29].

Figure 1. The SEM images (a) TiO2 and (b) CNT/TiO2 hybrid (network) structures (c) Raman and (d) EDAX
spectra of CNT/TiO2 complexes after annealing at 400oC [29].

The Raman spectroscopy measurements are carried out to further characterize the CNT/TiO2 nanostructure
complex. Raman scattering spectrum clearly identies the phase of the TiO2 mesoporous on the basis of its Raman
band of Eg mode at 144 cm-1. It is known that the Eg mode corresponds to O-Ti-O bending type vibration. Three
peaks at 397, 515, and 638 cm1 in the Raman spectra of CNT/TiO2 in Fig. 1(c) can be associated with the B1g
(1), A1g + B1g (2), and Eg (2) modes of TiO2, respectively. The other two peaks around 1340 and 1610 cm1
are associated with the characteristic D-band and G-band of CNTs corresponding to the disordered mode and
tangential mode, respectively. Chemical characterization of the samples is carried out by Energy-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDX). The EDX spectra of CNT/TiO2 hybrid system is shown in Fig. 1(d) and shows the presence of
major elements of C and O with strong Ti peaks. EDX analysis result of the CNT/TiO2 hybrid lm is presented in
the inset of Fig. 1(d). In general, most of the CNT/TiO2 hybrid lm samples contain oxygen and titanium as major
elements with small quantities of carbon [28].

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 10000
8,0x105
A(101)
C(002)
CNT/TiO2 a) 4,0
b) c) CNT/TiO2
8000 3,5 TiO2
A-TiO2 Anatase
Eg=3.15 eV Eg=2.5 eV

(ahu)1/2DX
3,0 5
6,0x10
Intens ity (a.u)

B- TiO2 Brookite

Abs orption (a.u)

6000 C- CNT A(200) 2,5
CNT/TiO2
A(105) 2,0
4000 A(004)
A(211) 4,0x105
A(204) 1,5
B(121) A(220) A(215)
2000 C(100) 1,0
B(231) C(004) A(116)
0,5 2,0x105
0 TiO2
0,0

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 400 600 800 0,0

2q (Degree) Wavelength (nm) 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
Energy (eV)
Figure 2. (a) XRD pattern of CNT/TiO2 hybrid structures (c) Absorbance spectra and (c)Tauc plotof CNT/TiO2
hybrid structures to determine the optical band gaps at room temperature.

XRD characterization is used to determine the crystallographic structure of the CNT/TiO2 hybrid system. In Fig.
2(a), some well-dened diffraction peaks at 25.8o, 33.1o, 39.0o, 48.5o, 54.3o, 55.4o, 63.0o, 69.4o, 70.6o, and 75.4o can
be observed. These peaks are assigned to the (1 0 1), (121), (231), (2 0 0), (1 0 5), (2 1 1), (2 0 4), (1 1 6), (2 2 0),
and (2 1 5) reections of crystalline anatase and brookite phase according to No. 21-1272 JCPDS, respectively.
The result indicated that the main component of the thin lm is anatase TiO2. Among all diffraction peaks of CNT/
TiO2, (002) peak for CNT and (101) peak for TiO2 mesoporous structures are thermodynamically the most stable
due to the lowest surface energy. The peaks of 25.8o, 38.3o, 52.9o are associated with the typical peaks of CNT
in (002), (100) and (004) directions, respectively. XRD characterization also shows brookite structures for TiO2
mesoporous with CNT incorporation. Since carbon is very strong reducing agent, it would be likely to enhance the
small transformation of anatase to brookite structures. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the pure TiO2 and CNT/
TiO2 nanostructures are shown in Fig 2(b-c). As seen the CNT/TiO2 exhibits a stronger visible light absorption than
the pure TiO2 mesoporous structures. The absorption edge of these also shifted towards the longer wavelength
side, which indicates an ability of the hybrid systems to be photoactivated under the visible light irradiation.
Furthermore, this may be referred to the mesoporous surface of the CNT/TiO2 hybrid system and it is an advantage
to absorb broader range of the solar spectrum. Figure 2(c) shows the (h)1/2 versus photon energy which was
used to calculate the bandgap energy of CNT/TiO2 and pure TiO2 structures. The result indicates that the bandgap
(Eg) of TiO2 mesoporous is 3.15 eV, which is similar to the reported Eg (3.22eV) value of TiO2 and that of CNT/TiO2
is 2.5 eV, which is slightly red-shifted. Modication of CNT with TiO2 mesoporous not only increases the visible-
light absorption but also provides a shift in absorption towards longer wavelengths.

The JV characterization of the DSSCs based on nanostructured MWCNT/TiO2 porous electrodes (under illumination
of 100 mW cm2) is shown in Fig. 3(a). The short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), ll
factor (FF) and the corresponding energy conversion efciency values () are summarized in the inset table of
Fig.3 Compared with a DSSC based on conventional TiO2 electrodes with Pt counter electrode, the MWCNT/TiO2
layer containing 1 wt.% of CNTs provided an increase of device efciency, which can be attributed to the enhanced
Jsc. The DSSC with the hybrid photoanode and conventional Pt CE exhibited a short-circuit photocurrent (Jsc) of
15.96 mA cm-2, open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.77 V, FF of 57% and solar conversion efciency () of 7.00 %. For the
DSSC with pure TiO2 mesoporous photoanode and Pt CE fabricated using the same method, the values of Jsc,
Voc, FF and were, 15.68 mA cm-2, 0.77 V, 54 % and 6.51 %, respectively. The hybrid working electrode exhibits
an enhanced photocurrent extraction compared with the pure TiO2 electrode. The improvement on Jsc can be
associated with an enhanced interconnectivity between CNTs and TiO2 mesoporous structures. The CNT based
photoanode introduces an alternative electrical conduction pathway that facilitates rapid electron transport in the
photoelectrode. Nogueira et al. showed that the TiO2-CNT photoanodes were prepared by a direct mixing method.
They investigated that the performance of DSSC based on TiO2-CNT photoanodes is dependent on the amount
of CNT-COOH addition. When the amount of COOH content increased from 0 to 0.003 wt.%, solar conversion
efciency increased from 2.36 % to 3.05 [29]. Lee et al. also introduced a similar behavior for the working electrode
preparation with a small amount of 0.1 wt. % CNT [30]. Ho et al. indicated that the DSSC with the TiO2 photoanode
containing 0.1 wt.% of MWCNT resulted in a higher current-density (Jsc= 9.08 mA cm-2) and a higher solar
conversion efciency (= 5.02%) [31]. Park et al. used the electro-spun carbon nanotubes/titanium dioxide (CNT/
TiO2) nanobers fabricated using a mixture of titanium isopropoxide, MWCNT as photoanode material for DSSCs.
DSSCs with CNT/TiO2 nanober-based working electrodes with the addition of CNTs up to 5 wt.% increased
the cell efciency from 1.43% to 3.39%, while the further addition of CNTs resulted in a decrease of the cell
efciency [32]. Wang et al. [33] showed that the efciency of DSSCs could be explained using LHE (light harvesting

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efciency), electron injection efciency, and electron collection efciency, which relate to photo-current density. It
was shown that the photo-generated electrons could recombine at the pure TiO2/electrolyte interface due to a
possible back diffusion of the carriers as illustrated in Fig 3(d) [34]. However, the use of CNTs in photoanode can
quickly transport the photo-generated electrons and reduce the charge recombination probability. By adding an
appropriate amount of CNTs to the working electrode, the electron transport characteristics are enhanced, and
the collection time of electrons is decreased. As a result, faster collection of electrons results in a decrease in the
rate of recombination leading the substantial enhancement in Jsc and solar conversion efciency. To establish the
benet of the CNT/TiO2 working electrodes, we investigated the incident photon-to-current conversion efciency
(IPCE) and electron transport properties of CNT/TiO2 hybrid lms. The observed improvement of IPCE can be
explained by the increased light capture efciency, electron injection and collection efciency of the lm. Figure
3(b) shows the IPCE spectra of the DSSCs with CNT/TiO2 and pure TiO2 photoelectrodes as a function of the
wavelength. The IPCE at around 520 nm overlaps with the maximum absorption wavelength of the N719 dye. The
device with a CNT/TiO2 based electrode exhibits an enhancement of IPCE in the wavelength range of 350600
nm, compared with that of the one with pure TiO2 electrode. The enhancement of IPCE mainly resulted from the
increased electron injection efciency and LHE of the lm. It is also attributed to the enhancement of dye loading
via higher surface area of the hybrid lm.

Figure 3. (a) Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of MWCNT/TiO2 and TiO2 photoanode with Pt CE
based dye-sensitized solar cells under 1-Sun AM 1.5G solar irradiance (CNT wt% is 1 and the film thickness is
about 15 m) (b) IPCE spectra of the corresponding cells, (c) Schematic view of electron (e) diffuse transport
behavior in CNT/TiO2-network hybrid electrode, (d) Energy level diagrams of the cell with possible loss
mechanisms

Devices structure, photo-electrochemical reaction loop, and band alignment CNT/TiO2 photoanode based DSSC
with Pt CE are illustrated in Fig. 3(c-d). TiO2 mesoporous structures accept electrons from photo-excited dye
N719, and these electrons are transferred to the conduction band of CNTs through the transportation of electrons
between TiO2 mesoporous structures in a random and zigzag pathway. The electrons in the CNTs conduction
band, transferred from the TiO2 conduction band, can quickly move to the FTO layer without any recombination
or back reaction taking place. In contrast, pure TiO2 based DSSC have a wide-band structure, hence electrons
transferred from TiO2 can stay at continuous energy levels near the Fermi level, accelerating recombination of
electrons to the dye or back reaction to tri-iodide in the electrolyte.

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4. CONCLUSION
Carbon nanotube (CNT) as working electrode on solar conversion efciency in DSSC is being studied and CNT
based working electrode showed a distinct improvement in photocurrent compared with the pure TiO2 working
electrode. The results show that the conversion efciency of CNT/TiO2 based cell with conventional Pt CE was
improved from 6.51% to 7.00 % which is associated with the enhanced interconnectivity between CNT and TiO2
mesoporous structures.

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 0112 - SOLAR CENTRAL INVERTER FOR NATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY PLANT (MLGES)
PROJECT
Mustafa Deniz, Umut Gvengir, Abdullah Bestil, Gkhan en*
TBTAK MAM Energy Institute, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: gokhan.sen@tubitak.gov.tr
* Corresponding author: Gkhan en

ABSTRACT
In Turkey PV panel manufacturing has been continuing for some years but PV cell manufacturing and solar inverter
production has to be improved to a commercially competitive level. In order to establish such a momentum,
National Solar Energy Plant (MLGES) Project, launched in December 2014, has been supported by Scientic and
Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBTAK). Project participators include TUBITAK Marmara Research
Center (MAM) for solar inverter part, Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (GNAM) and Bereket
Energy for solar cell research and production part. In this project, together with solar cell production, a solar central
inverter will also be designed and produced using as many local suppliers as possible. This solar central inverter
will be composed of four 250 kW sub inverters operating based on a partial load sharing algorithm. Constructed
inverters will be placed in outdoor electrical enclosures and the whole system, divided into 1 MW modules, will
be placed on a 7m x 2.4m platform including the MV transformer and its protection cell. A cost effective and
manufacturing friendly design is aimed and a 10 MW installation for General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises
(TGEM) to Ceylanpnar of anlurfa province in south east of Turkey will be realized.

Keywords: Solar inverter, Central inverter, Solar power plant

1. INTRODUCTION
Number of solar power plant installations are growing rapidly around the world. In Turkey too, solar energy is
having signicant academic and commercial attention. In the near future, similar to wind power plants, solar
power plants are expected to occupy a signicant part of total electrical power installations in Turkey. This is good
news for sustainable and clean electrical energy production. However increased amount of import for solar power
plant equipment may become a burden for economy. In order to turn this into an advantage, local design and
production of solar power plant components are essential.

One of those components, which is a critical part of Balance of System (BoS) in a solar power plant, is the solar inverter.
It changes the form of electrical energy, from DC voltage of solar panels to the AC voltage of grid. In addition, solar
inverters achieve Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) by using various algorithms like Perturb and Observe (P&O),
in order to extract the maximum available electrical power, corresponding to a certain amount of solar radiation.
Synchronizing with the grid is another requirement for solar inverters in order to inject electrical power to the grid
properly. Grid compatibility for distributed generation is essential and regulated by IEEE 1547 Series of Standards.

Solar inverters can be classied based on various parameters [1]. According to the level of processed power;
micro-inverters (250W - 300W) [2], string inverters (20kW 60kW) and central inverters (>100kW) can be used.
Micro inverters are mounted in a per-panel structure, suitable for small scale home applications. String and central
inverters can both be used for large scale power plant applications.

Central inverters are optimal for large systems where production is consistent across arrays. However in systems
with different array angles they tend to go for highest producing strings within a range and do not allow the
production of lower producing strings outside that range. String inverters are modular which is better for systems
with different array angles or orientations. Fewer arrays are affected with one inverter failure. On the other hand
central inverters have lower DC watt unit cost and fewer component connections but higher installation cost,
higher DC wiring and combiner costs. String Inverters have lower balance of systems costs and lower ongoing
maintenance costs. They have simpler design and modularity and suitable for limited inverter pad spaces. However
string inverters have higher DC watt unit cost, more inverter connections and requires more distributed space to
mount inverters. String and central inverter solar panel congurations are shown in Figure 1.

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 Figure 1. String and Central inverter based solar power plant architectures

PV inverters can also have more than one power conversion stage. Single stage inversion is good for high
efciency. However in this case DC link voltage should be greater than peak voltage of the power grid. In addition
semiconductor maximum voltage ratings should be greater the DC link voltage. This locks the suitable DC link
voltage to a narrow range so as the number of panels per string. So for roof applications this strict selection of
number of panels will cause problems. However for eld solar power plant applications, area is more exible
which allows for the single stage approach. Also MPPT is realized by the inverter. On the other hand two using
stage inversion will allow each string to operate in its MPP region. However because of increased losses and costs
due to two stage conversion, this approach is not preferred in MW installations. Figure 2 shows single and double
stage solar inverter block diagrams.

Figure 2. Single and double stage solar inverters

Solar inverters may also be classied based on switching voltage levels. Two and three level inverters are
commonly used. Two level inverters have simple structure and easy control as shown in Figure 3. Three level
inverters have the advantage of lower harmonics at the output compared with a two level inverters having the
same switching frequency. However three level inverters need more semiconductors as shown in Figure 4. Also
their DC link capacitor value needs to be bigger. In addition for the same input and output voltage, conduction
losses are greater in three level inverters. On the other hand switching losses are lower in this topology for the
same switching frequency similar to the output current harmonic performance [3].

Figure 3. A two level voltage source inverter and its waveforms

1.0 TEPE

0.7 RMS

0.2
180 225 270 315 360
0 45 90 135

y=-sinx, x[0,2]
Figure 4. A three level voltage source inverter and its waveforms

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Solar inverter design in MILGES project has an aim of being simple, reliable and cost-effective. For this reason
three phase two level voltage source inverter is has been selected as the power stage topology with a central
inverter architecture. In order to maintain energy production in case an inverter module fails, a 10 MW solar power
plant can be divided into 1 MW inverter modules which accounts for the 10% of the installed power. At the same
this allows the installation costs at a reasonable level, keeping the number of modules at minimum possible.

2. INVERTER POWER STAGE

Load sharing by parallel operation of power electronics converters is a common approach in order to increase
partial load efciency. In MLGES project solar central inverter design process, 10 MW power plant is divided into
1 MW inverter modules and these 1 MW modules are composed of 250 kW submodules. In this way, depending
on the level of radiation, one or more submodules will operate. This will allow efcient operation of the power
plant and increase the life time of each submodule by operating them in a sequence as shown in Figure 5. The
three phase two level voltage source inverter topology with an LCL lter is shown in Figure 6. Mostly IGBT switches
are used at these power levels with grid connection. Table 1 shows IGBT rated voltages and corresponding DC
link voltage levels.

Figure 5. Efficiency improvement by using parallel inverter operation

+
-

Figure 6. Three phase two level DC-AC inverter with an LCL output filter

Solar panels with 1000 V isolation is commonly used in solar power plants. Due to the potential induced degradation
(PID) in solar panels, plus or minus bus bars may be required to be connected to ground which requires that
the maximum string voltage should not exceed 1000V. For this reason IGBT voltage levels above 1700V are not
suitable for two level inverters. On the other hand 1700V IGBTs have higher switching losses compared to 1200V
IGBTs which makes 1200V IGBTs suitable for two level inverters since 600-650V IGBTs are used for single phase
inverters.

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Table 1. IGBT vs DC link voltage levels for three phase two level inverters
IGBT Rated Voltage Suitable DC Link Voltage
600-650V 300-400V
1200V 400-800V
1700V 800-1100V
2500V 1100-1400V
3300V 1400-2000V
4500V 2000-2600V
6500V 2600-4200V

3. STRING CONFIGURATION
Inverter input and output voltages are determined by string congurations. Table 2 shows various string
conguration parameters for different temperature values. In anlurfa province where the power plant will be
installed, minimum temperature was measured to be -8C in 1964 and the maximum temperature was measured
to be 46.8C in 2000. Open circuit voltages of the cells reach to their maximum values in cold weather which
makes the worst case during the time of sun rise. In case the solar power plant starts operating instantly and
keeps the string voltage at MPP value, the problem with high string voltage is solved. However if the power plant
is not operating for some reason like maintenance, this problem may occur. Strings may be congured according
to Table 2 depending on the location in order not to take any risk. For instance 22 and 24 series connected
congurations may be avoided below temperatures -20C. Another extreme condition is the solar cell MPP
voltage during summer time. In south-east part of Turkey cell temperature can reach up to 60-70C which may
reach up to 75C in extreme weather conditions. According to Table 2 again, this will cause the MPP voltage to
decrease which will affect the maximum voltage that the inverter can reach. The RMS voltage values in Table 2 has
been calculated based on maximum possible values with third harmonic injection.

Based on the above discussion in this project 20 panel strings will be used for a phase-to-phase 330V output
voltage, which will be lifted up to 34.5kV medium voltage (MV) line with an MV transformer. Figure 7 shows the
general conguration of 10 MW solar plant.

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 Figure 7. MILGES project 10MW solar power plant block diagram

Table 2. Open circuit and MPP voltages for 60 cell monocrystalline solar panels
Panels Phase-to-phase
Open circuit Open circuit MPP voltage MPP voltage
connected in RMS voltage in
voltage -20C voltage -10C 60C 75C
series 75C
18 775V 750V 475V 445V 305V
20 860V 835V 525V 495V 340V
21 905V 877V 553V 520V 356V
22 947V 918V 580V 545V 373V
24 1035V 1000V 632V 594V 407V

4. MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION
During the design process of electrical enclosures for the solar inverter three criteria are considered. Firstly, the
cabinet has to have IP 55 or above impermeability standard, secondly the cabinet has to be built with the material
that will preserve its characteristics during the expected lifetime and nally, to build a sustainable system such that
the cabinet has to have as less routine maintenance as possible. Figure 8 shows a conceptual drawing with an air
cooling system.

- 304 -
Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) inside the cabinet are sensitive to high humidity for this reason it is very important
to have tight sealing of air. Urfa Ceylanpnar area where the solar power plant will be installed has a signicant
temperature difference between day and night. Warm air can carry more humidity than cold air which may cause
condensing inside the cabinet. Resulting water drops may cause short circuit on electronic cards. Thats why IP 55
or above standard is preferred for outdoor enclosures of electronic equipment. Welding quality and continuity,
gasket softness and locking mechanism are some other important details related the IP level of an enclosure.

Almost all of the units of the solar power plant are expected to work with an acceptable performance at least 20
years. The cabinet also has to work properly during this lifetime in order to operate the power plant with minimum
maintenance cost. Any problem cabinet structure may cause will result in a high cost maintenance due to the
fact that the cabinet is protecting sensitive electronic control units. Producing a long life cabinet requires some
points to be considered; such as material type, plating , painting, locking mechanism, hinges, gasket type and
cable glands. Galvanized sheet metal is considered as the most suitable material to design a long life cabinet.
Galvanizing is done to a metal sheet in 2 ways; electroplating and hot-dip galvanizing. Both of these processes
are done by plating the metal with zinc which provides a layer on steel or iron to prevent rusting. Electroplating is
about 10 times thicker than hot-dip galvanization. The cabinets will be built with hot-dip galvanized sheet metal
and the thickness will be about 40 micrometer (275 gr/m2). 40 micrometer zinc layer will provide about 20-43
years protection on rural areas. Zinc coating protects the metal even if there are scratches on zinc by serving as
an anode. Painting will also provide an extra protection both to metal and zinc layer. It is decided to use polyester
paint which will be around 120 microns of thickness [4].

Due to the IP requirements there will not be any air trade between cabinet and outside world. As far as cooling
down the cabinet, there are many different methods, but many of them violates IP standards. In market there are
air conditioners which meet IP 55 and they can be used for cooling but frequent routine maintenance.

In this project, a cooling system has been designed taking into consideration IP 65 standard of the cabinet and
consumes less energy compared to an air conditioner as shown in Figure 8. Heat due to IGBT power dissipation
will be transferred through an aluminum heatsink and the heatsink ns are cooled down with an air blower. This
cooling system needs minimum maintenance and more economic than other cooling systems such as liquid
cooling. Figure 9 shows the physical layout of 1 MW inverter module together with MV transformer and its
protection cell which will be placed on a 7m x 2.4m platform.

Figure 8. 250 kW inverter enclosure with air cooling system installed

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 Figure 9. Physical layout of 1 MW inverter module

5. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulations have been carried out in order to see power stage performance and closed loop control. MPPT is also
included in the simulation together with a solar panel model. A PI controller with a feedforward is used for the
current loop. Grid synchronization is achieved with a PLL block as shown in Figure 10. Figure 11 shows simulated
inverter voltage and current waveforms.

6. CONCLUSION
Result of the MLGES project will be a 10 MW solar power plant installation in anlurfa, southeast part of Turkey
in 2017. A solar central inverter is being designed and constructed by TBTAK MAM Energy Institute as part
of this project. This inverter will be composed of 10 1 MW modules composed of 250kW sub inverters. The
power stage is based on two level three phase inverter topology made up of 1200V IGBTs. Four sub inverters will
operate based on a partial load sharing algorithm maximizing their lifetime. MPPT and grid synchronization will
be achieved by the central inverter control algorithm which injects current into the grid based on a PI controller
with a feed forward control. Mechanical construction and cooling system of the inverter is designed to minimize
routine maintenance.
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gen Dalga
Anahtarlama
Sinyalleri <

Duty Cycle

Iref,zirve Iref
MPPT PI FF

Sins
Referans t
PLL

Figure 10. Solar inverter simulation circuit

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 Figure 11. 250 kW sub inverter operation phase A voltage (Van), inverter side inductor current (Ia1), grid side
inductor current (Ia2)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research and technology development work is carried out by TBTAK MAM Energy Institute Ankara Unit
(Project No: 5142806), as part of the National Solar Energy Plant (MLGES) Project which is being supported by
TBTAK KAMAG (Project No: 113G050) in response to the requirements of General Directorate of Agricultural
Enterprises (TGEM) and General Directorate of Renewable Energy (YEGM). We appreciate these instutitions for
their support.

REFERENCES
1. Kjaer, S.B.; Pedersen, J.K.; Blaabjerg, F., "A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic
modules," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.41, no.5, pp.1292,1306, Sept.-Oct. 2005.
2. Guvengir, U.; Deniz, M.; Al-Otaibi, Z.S.; Al-Zahrani, S.S.; Shafei, H.Y.; Almokaiteeb, O.A.; Alanazi, F.S.; Altuwaijry,
A.A., "Efciency and cost optimization of a micro-inverter transformer," Power Engineering, Energy and
Electrical Drives (POWERENG), 2013 Fourth International Conference on , vol., no., pp.965,970, 13-17 May
2013.
3. Rodriguez, J.; Jih-Sheng Lai; Fang Zheng Peng, "Multilevel inverters: a survey of topologies, controls, and
applications," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.49, no.4, pp.724,738, Aug 2002.
4. Selecting Coating Thickness (Weight or Mass) for Galvanized Steel Sheet Products, 1st ed. The GalvInfo Center,
2016.

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 0114 - GRAPHENE/IRON PYRITE (FES2) THIN FILMS COUNTER ELECTRODE FOR DYE-
SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL
Bayram Kl*, Ouz Can zer
Energy Systems Engineering Department, Yalova University, Yalova, Trkiye
Corresponding email: bkilic@yalova.edu.tr, kbayramkilic@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Bayram Kl

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) provide a low cost alternative to conventional solar cells due to their inexpensive
device fabrication. Generally, F:SnO2 (FTO) conductive glass with a thin layer coating of platinum (Pt) is used as
counter electrode (CE) in DSSCs. Due to platinum is rare and expensive metal, we can produce a new counter
electrode based graphene/iron pyrite (FeS2) thin lms as an efcient counter electrode alternative to the Pt:FTO.
In combination with a TiO2 mesoporous photoanode and an I3-/I- redox electrolyte, graphene/FeS2 counter-
electrode DSSC shows above = 7.00 % energy conversion efciency under 1 sun illumination (100 mW/cm2, air
mass 1.5 G) which is approximately 20 % higher than conventional Pt CE (= 6.45 %). External Quantum Efciency
(EQE) is found to be shifted upward when graphene/FeS2 is used as CE in place of the Pt CE. The excellent
performance of the graphene/FeS2 CE makes it a promising alternative to cost Pt in DSSC.

Keywords: Graphene, TiO2, DSSC, Pyrite (FeS2), Counter Electrode

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 0118 - FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A WIND-PV-DIESEL HYBRID POWER SYSTEM FOR A
REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION SYSTEM
Murat Gkek1*, Cihangir Kale2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, mer Halisdemir University, Nide, Trkiye
2
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Frat University, Elaz, Trkiye
Corresponding email: mgokcek@ohu.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Murat Gkek

ABSTRACT
This study analyzed the utilization of wind-PV-diesel hybrid power system with batteries storage for small-scale
reverse osmosis desalination system in Gokceada Island, Turkey. HOMER (The Hybrid Optimization Model
for Electric Renewable) simulation software was used to determine the technical feasibility of the system and
to perform the economical analysis of the system. The energy requirements of the reverse osmosis system are
determined by means of the reverse osmosis system analysis (ROSA) model. The study found a wind-diesel hybrid
power system with 61.8% renewable energy penetration to be the feasible system with cost of energy of 0.280
US$/kWh. The proposed system was comprised of 2 wind turbines each of 10 kW, 10 kW of PV panel and diesel
generating sets of 11 kW rated power. The annual contributions of wind, PV, and the diesel generating sets were
33,927, 16,773, and 16,723 kWh, respectively. The levelised cost of water was calculated as US$2.2075/m3 for
wind-pv-diesel hybrid system with battery backup system.

Keywords: Hybrid system, Homer optimization, Reverse osmosis, Cost of energy

1. INTRODUCTION
Water, energy and environment are indispensable shareholder for sustainable development of humanity. The
increasing fresh water demand is one of the major problems in the world [1]. Most of the existing water is either
present as seawater or icebergs in the Polar Regions. About 3% of the planets water is fresh water and rest 97% is
salty seawater [2,3]. The removal of salinity from seawater using various desalination methods has been become
the promise for solving of the water scarcity problem [4].

The major two desalination methods are thermal (phase change) processes and the membrane processes (non-
phase change) [4,5]. The primary thermal distillation processes are multistage ash distillation (MSF), multi-effect
distillation (MED), and vapor compression (VC). The VC process covers two types: mechanical (MVC) and thermal
(TVC). The common membrane desalination processes include reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED and
EDR). The reverse osmosis is a separation process that is driven by a pressure gradient in which a saline solution
disperses its solutes by diffusion across a membrane [6,7]. The desalination processes require signicant quantities
of energy [1]. The supply of energy due to industrialization has been focused mainly by centralized production
based on fossil fuels. However, continuation of this style of production has caused to various issues such as
energy supply security, ecological pollution, consumption of natural resources. For sustainable future, localized
production systems based on locally available resources have become important [8]. Thus, an effective integration
of desalination and renewable energy technologies for fresh water production is a viable choosing to solve the
water shortage problems in isolated and dry districts using local energy sources such as wind, solar energy [2,4].
The use of renewable energy systems in desalination processes help in reducing fossil fuel consumption and
greenhouse gas emission. Modelling of energy generation system before implementing the project is paramount
importance for decision making and prefeasibility analysis. The software tools, those are both commercial and
free, used by researchers for assessing the energy systems are available such as HOMER and RETScreen [9]. There
are little studies and researches [10-16] carried out by various researchers about the combination of desalination
and renewable energy technologies both small and large scale water production. From the literature, it can be
concluded that desalination system powered by hybrid renewable energy sources play an important role in
managing load demand growth, reducing energy generation costs and global warming. There is limited research
available for hybrid renewable energydesalination systems that consider both the prediction model and techno-
economic model that facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources into the desalination-fresh water
production systems. To achieve maximum utilization of energy sources due to prospective fresh water scarcity

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in future, a suitable energy-desalination coupling scheme should be studied further for water production using
clean and economic electricity production methods.

This paper investigates various aspects of small capacity hybrid power system for supplying electricity and clean
water demand in Gokceada Island, Turkey by using hybrid power system consisting of renewable energy (solar
and wind), diesel generator, and battery with seawater water reverse osmosis desalination plant as load connected
to the hybrid power system.

2. METHODOLOGY
To achieve the objective of this study, the methodology includes choosing the site, identifying the available
resources, determining water demand and estimating power potential demand for the selected desalination
system with ROSA software [17], modelling the system by considering different scenarios with HOMER software
[18], and selecting of the most cost-efcient scenario as the optimal hybrid energy system, calculating of the
water production cost. Reverse Osmosis System Analysis (ROSA) is a sophisticated reverse osmosis (RO) design
program that predicts the performance of treatment according to membrane types used in the system. It was used
to determine the type of membrane that will result in the optimal design conguration for a SWRO unit, based
on the load that can be powered by hybrid power system. HOMER models a considered power systems physical
behavior and its life-cycle cost, which is the total cost of installing and operating the system over its lifetime
[19]. The software can handle different types of loads such as AC/DC, thermal, and hydrogen and can perform
hourly simulations. Fig.1 shows the detailed steps of the analysis. In this study, different scenarios using solar, wind
energy, and diesel generators were considered. Fig. 2 shows a hybrid energy system. A hybrid wind-PV-diesel
power generation system for small-scale reverse osmosis desalination consists of wind turbines, photovoltaic
panels, diesel generator, battery bank, and a converter. This power system serves the load demand of reverse
osmosis desalination system and. The electrical energy is generated by the PV modules, wind turbines, diesel
generator. It is used to satisfy the power demand while the excess energy is used to charge the battery bank. The
specic energy consumption of reverse osmosis desalination system used in this study was assumed as 5 kWh/m3.

Figure 1. Detailed steps of the analysis considered in this study. Figure 2. Hybrid power system.

2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND INPUT PARAMETERS

The small-scale reverse osmosis system to be evaluated in this study is assumed to be installed on Gkeada
Island, Turkey. Fig. 3 shows the island as it sits in the Aegean Sea [18].

The island is affected by winds blowing from the north and northwest throughout the year. The north part of the
island is affected by a Marmara climate, whereas the south part is a Mediterranean climate.

- 310 -
 Figure 3. Map of considered site.

In order to estimate the expected power output of the wind turbines and PV panels in the hybrid system considered
in this study, data obtained from NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) surface meteorology and
solar energy database were used [18]. Fig. 4 shows the wind speed prole throughout the year having an average
wind speed of 5.75 m/s at anemometer height of 50 m. Fig. 5 shows the average monthly solar radiation prole
with a scaled annual average radiation of 4.57 kWh/m2/day and average clearness index of 0.554. Gokceada
Island has high solar radiation in the months April-September. The water properties of the Mediterranean Sea are
used for the water to be treated on the island, and the physical and chemical characteristics of the Mediterranean
Sea are listed in Table 1 [20]. The TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) value of the feed water used in this study is 37864.4
mg/l.

10 10 1

Clearness index
Daily radiation [kWh/m2/day]

8 8 Daily radiation 0.8

Wind speed [m/s]

Clearness index
6 6 0.6

4 4 0.4

2 2 0.2

0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan FebMar AprMay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NovDec
Month Month

Figure 4. Monthly average wind speed at Gokceada Figure 5. Monthly average daily solar radiation and
Island. clearness index at Gokceada Island.

2.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND COMPONENTS

2.2.1 THE POWER OF PV ARRAY

The power output of a PV array in HOMER is calculated by Eq.1 [19, 21].

 G 
PPV = YPV f PV  T
1+  P TC
TC,STC 
 T,STC

G
( ) (1)

- 311 -
where YPV is the rated capacity of the PV array (kW), fPV is the PV derating factor (%), GT is the solar radiation incident
on the PV array (W/m2), GT,STC is the incident radiation at standard test conditions (i.e. 1000 W/m2), p (%/C) is the
temperature coefcient, Tc (C) is the PV cell temperature, and TC,STC (C) is the PV cell temperature under standard
conditions. In this study, generic at plate PV of 1 kW capacity was selected. The lifetime for PV panel is 25 years.
The derating factor is applied to the PV array power output to compensate the reduction in PV module efciency.
The derating factor in this study is set to 90%. The initial capital and replacement of PV considered in this study are
$3000/kW. And also, O&M cost of PV system is 10 $/yr.

2.2.2 THE POWER OUTPUT OF WIND TURBINE

The power output of a wind turbine is calculated in the three steps. Firstly, the wind speed at the hub height of
considered wind turbine using the logarithmic law is calculated, and then the energy output of a wind turbine is
calculated by combining the characteristic power curve of the turbine and the wind speed data at the hub height
and standard air density. After then, power output value for the actual air density is adjusted [21]. The wind speed
at the hub height was calculated using logarithmic law. In the present study, the Bergey Excel 10-R wind turbine,
which has a capacity of 10 kW, is used. The wind power curve of the Bergey Excel 10-R wind turbine is illustrated
in Fig. 6.

14

12

10
Power [kW]

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind speed [m/s]
Figure 6. Wind power curve of the Bergey Excel 10-R wind turbine.

2.2.3 DIESEL GENERATOR MODEL

The use of diesel generator in the hybrid power system due to intermittent nature of renewable energy is essential
to ensure the energy continuity. Therefore, diesel generators have been widely employed along with renewable
sources to increase the reliability of such systems as a backup power source [22]. When there is no suitable output
power from the PV array and/or wind turbine and the battery bank fully discharged, the diesel generator starts
working to meet the load. The fuel consumption of the diesel generator (l/h) as a function of its electrical output
can be calculated by Eq.2 [19].
FC DG = F0
PG + F1
PR (2)

where PG, PR are the output power and the rated power of the diesel generator, respectively. F0 and F1 are the
coefcients of the fuel consumption curve, respectively. Typical values for these two coefcients are F0 =0.246 l/
kWh and F1=0.08145 l/kWh. In this study, these coefcients were used [22]. The generator capacity was determined
as auto-size mode in HOMER. The mean electrical output of the generator is 4.79 kW. The initial and replacement
costs are assumed to be US$500/kW. The O&M cost of the diesel generator is 0.030 $/h for the generator system.
The diesel generator has the lifetime of 15,000 h and minimum load ratio of 25%.

2.2.4 STORAGE BATTERY

Due to intermittent nature of renewable resource, the batteries are used for back up. Therefore, when the load demand is
smaller than the available energy generated, the excess energy generated by wind and/or PV generator can be used to
charge the battery until it is fully charged [23,24]. In this study, the generic 12 V lead acid battery was selected with 1 kWh
of energy storage. The minimum state of charge is 40% and the round trip efciency is 80%. The maximum capacity of
charging is 83.400 Ah with capacity ratio is 0.403 and its rate constant is 0.827 1/hour. The lifetime of this battery is 4 year.

- 312 -
2.2.5 CONVERTER
To maintain the ow of energy between DC and AC components in the hybrid power is required a power. In this
study, it is assumed that the converter efciency is 90% and its rated capacity 7.5 kW. Both the initial capital and
replacement of the converter are US$700/kW. There is no O&M cost for converter in this study.

2.3 ECONOMIC MODEL

Economic analysis is very vital step to propose an optimal case of power generation systems. The economical
evaluation of HOMER simulation is basically based on the net present cost method. The net present cost (or life-
cycle cost) of a system is dened as the present value of all the expenses that occurs throughout the lifetime,
minus the present value of all the revenues that gets throughout its lifetime duration and its value given as [19,25]:
Cann,tot
C npc,tot =
CRF ( i,n )
(3)

where, Cann,tot is the total annualized cost ($/yr), I is the annual real interest rate (%), n is the lifetime (year), CRF is
the capital recovery factor. CRF can be calculated as given Eq. 4 [26].

CRF ( i,n ) =
i(1+ i) n
(4)
(1+ i)
1
where i is the annual real interest rate. The discount rate and ination rate in this study were considered 8% and
2% respectively. The cost of energy (LCOE) in HOMER is dened as the cost per kWh of useful electrical energy
produced by the power system. In order to calculate the COE, the annualized cost of generated electricity is
divided the electrical energy production. The COE is calculated as follows [19,25]:
Cann,tot
COE = (5)
Eserved
where Cann,tot is the total annualized cost ($/yr), Eserved is load served (kWh/yr). The total annual cost is the sum of the
annualized costs of each component in the hybrid energy system.

2.4 COST CALCULATION OF WATER PRODUCTION

The key parameters affecting the water production cost are the cost of the desalination plant, the characteristics of
the energy system to meet the energy requirements of the reverse osmosis system, the properties of the reverse
osmosis system, and economical parameters [27]. The cost of the reverse osmosis system depends on the system
capacity. Total costs for the reverse osmosis system consist of the intake cost, a pre-treatment or post-treatment
system, etc. The levelised cost of water is calculated as [28]:
CroCRF + CstorageCRF + Cro
o&m + Celect E fromhs
LCOW =  US$ / m 3  (6)
Annual water production
where Cro is the total cost of the reverse osmosis system powered by the wind turbine, Cstorage is the tank cost ($),
Cro-o&m is the total cost of operation and maintenance for the reverse osmosis system ($), and Celect is the electricity
price that is produced by hybrid system, Efromhs is the electricity feed from hybrid system. The detailed data about
cost of water can be found in Ref.4.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

An optimal wind-PV-diesel hybrid power system with battery backup for small-scale reverse osmosis seawater
desalination system has been modelled in Homer software with a number of hourly simulations. HOMER
simulates all possible combinations according to the input parameters and orders optimization result from lowest
NPC to highest NPC results. The results of optimization are shown Table 1, which includes the optimal system
congurations, NPC, RF, COE, EE (excess electricity) per year.

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Table 1. Optimized hybrid power system.
Rank PV panel Wind Gen Battery Conv COE NPC RF EE
(kW) Turbine (kW) (1kWh (kW) ($/kWh) ($) (%) (%)
LA)
1 10 2 11 20 7.5 0.280 158,733 62 29.5
2 0 2 11 20 7.5 0.287 162,267 43 20.8
3 0 2 11 0 7.5 0.346 195,863 30 29.7
4 10 2 11 0 7.5 0.353 200,060 42 39.6
5 10 0 11 20 7.5 0.379 214,814 28 5.5
6 0 0 11 0 0 0.405 229,207 0 0.2
7 0 0 11 1 7.5 0.411 232,890 0 0.2
8 10 0 11 0 7.5 0.416 235,804 19 14

It can be from Table 1 that the best optimized hybrid system conguration comprised of 10 kW PV module, 2
wind turbine, 11 kW generator and 20 units of battery. This system resulted in the COE of US$0.280/kWh, NPC
of $158,733, renewable fraction (RF) of 62%, and excess electricity (EE) of 29.5% of total electricity generation.
The second best optimized system is wind/diesel/battery system in this study. This conguration has RF of 43%,
with 2 wind turbine contributing about 57.54% of total electrical energy production. The system in rank 6 is made
up diesel-battery system conguration that has the COE of US$0.405/kWh. It can be noticed that the system in
rank 6 has EE of 0.2% of total electrical energy per year. The system in rank 1 is considered as best conguration
to supply reliable electricity to the small-scale reverse osmosis system. The cash ow summary of the various
components in the hybrid system, including the wind turbine, PV modules, diesel generator, batteries, and power
converter is shown Fig. 7.

Figure 7. Cash flow summary of various components for the best optimized hybrid system.

It is evident that the bulk of the total net present cost is accounted for in the PV modules and the least of the NPC
is accounted for converters. The capital cost of the proposed hybrid power system worked out to be $49,750 with
a replacement cost of $31,517, O&M cost of $20,550, and fuel cost of $58,889. Fig. 8 shows monthly electrical
power generated by each system components in the best optimized hybrid system wind-PV-diesel with battery. It
can be found that the wind turbines contribute highest in the winter season. On the other hand, monthly average
electricity production of the diesel generator is about 1,393 kWh. The considered PV panels can produce about
16,773 kWh electrical energy per the year. The electricity generated by the wind turbine due to high wind speed
in the site is more than PV panels over the winter season while the generated solar electricity is more over the
summer season. The pollutant emissions of all the possible system congurations are listed Table 2. Taking carbon
dioxide emission as an example, the hybrid conguration connected the small-scale reverse osmosis system by
means of pv-wind-diesel generator with battery backup has lowest emission of 16,663.53 kg/year. It can be seen
form Table 2 that as the energy contribution of diesel generator to hybrid system decreases the pollution emission
amount released to environment decreases.

- 314 -
 Figure 8. Monthly electrical power generation in the best configuration of hybrid system by each system
components.

The economics of desalination processes driven by renewable sources depends on the cost of renewable
electricity. The levelised cost method is the most important approach for estimating the cost of energy and water
generated in many projects and is widely used as benchmarks for the economic viability of different electricity
generation technologies [29]. Table 3 lists the levelised cost of water for the small-scale reverse osmosis system
powered by power system in the different conguration. As can be seen from Table 5, the lowest value LCOW that
is US$2.2075/m3 is for wind-pv-diesel hybrid system with battery backup system.

Table 2. Harmful emissions from different congurations.

Emissions (kg/year)
Rank Carbon Carbon Unburned Particulate Nitrogen
Sulfur Dioxide
Dioxide Monoxide Hydrocarbons Matter Oxides
1 16,663.53 41.13 4.56 3.10 33.46 367.02
2 24,100.01 59.49 6.59 4.48 48.40 530.81
3 31,605.88 78.01 8.64 5.88 63.47 696.13
4 26,635.29 65.75 7.28 4.96 53.49 586.65
5 30,102.68 74.30 8.23 5.60 60.45 663.02
6 41,577.92 102.63 11.37 7.74 83.50 915.77
7 41,577.92 102.63 11.37 7.74 83.50 915.77
8 35,119.23 86.69 9.60 6.53 70.53 773.51

Table 3. Levelised cost of water for different congurations of power system.

Rank
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3
LCOW(US$/m ) 2.2075 2.2381 2.4953 2.5258 2.6392 2.7525 2.7787 2.8005

4. CONCLUSION
In this study, the feasibility of small-scale reverse osmosis system powered by wind-pv-diesel hybrid with battery
backup sub-system in Gokceada Island, Turkey with the aim of utilization available local energy resources was
considered. The simulation result show that the optimized hybrid power system is one comprised of 10 kW PV
module, 2 wind turbine, 11 kW generator and 20 units of battery. The cost of energy for the proposed optimal
hybrid system was found as US$0.280/kWh. The NPC and RF of the optimized hybrid system were US$158,732
and 62%, respectively. Given the economical analysis, it is clear that the bulk of the NPC is accounted for in
PV modules, while the least of it is accounted for the converters. The levelised cost of water was calculated as
US$2.2075/m3 for wind-pv-diesel hybrid system with battery backup system. The results of the analyses indicate
that potable water production with hybrid power system is economically feasible for the site.

- 315 -
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desalination systems in southern Algeria. Desalination and Water Treatment. Vol.52, pp 1745-1760.
29. Zejli, D, Benchrifa, R, Bennouna, A, Zazi, K. 2004. Economic analysis of wind-powered desalination in the south of
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energy. Energy. Vol.91, pp 192-201.

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 0120 - TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PILOT SOLAR IRRIGATION APPLICATIONS
IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION
N. Mutlu1, U. Atay2, Y. Dagtekin1, M. Sirer3*, Bulent Yesilata4
1
GAP Regional Development Administration, Dogukent Mahallesi, 104. Sokak, No: 1155/2, Karakopru, Sanliurfa, Trkiye
2
GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Pasabagi Mahallesi, Recep Tayyip Erdogan Bulvari, No: 106, Haliliye, Sanliurfa, Trkiye
3
United Nations Development Programme, UN House, Birlik Mahallesi, Katar Caddesi, No: 11, Ankara, 06610, Trkiye
4
GAP Renewable Energy and Energy Efciency Center, Harran University, Osmanbey Campus, Sanliurfa, Trkiye
Corresponding email: muhyettin.sirer@undp.org
*Corresponding author: Muhyettin Sirer

ABSTRACT
Large areas of agricultural land are opened up to irrigation in the Southeastern Anatolia (GAP) Region of Turkey.
However, the need for resource-efcient technologies, including solar-driven irrigation systems, is very strong.
Due to renewable energy legislation in Turkey, using irrigation pumps run by solar power is an alternative even at
the locations served by the national grid. The saleability of excess energy to the national grid makes the systems
usability viable out of the irrigation season. Four micro-scale pilot projects in solar irrigation were realized within
the Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources and Increasing Energy Efciency in Southeast Anatolia Region
Project (REEE), which is being implemented by GAP Regional Development Administration, in co-operation with
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in August 2013. The measurement devices at three pilot
stations have been collecting technical and meteorological data since September 2013. In this study, techno-
economic aspects of the pilot stations are investigated. It is expected that the results of the study can be a useful
guideline for farmers, irrigation unions, and relevant institutions dealing with solar irrigation technology and
market.

Keywords: Solar irrigation, Techno-economic assessment, Regional development, GAP Region.

1. INTRODUCTION
The GAP Region has the best solar power potential in Turkey, which also is one of the best in Europe. The whole region
intensively deals with agriculture and millions of hectares of land in the region need to be irrigated. At the beginning
of 2010, TL 832 million is allocated for projects to be carried out by the General Directorate of State Hydraulics Works
(DSI). Some delays have occurred due to the process of land consolidation and for nancial reasons as well as there has
been an early priority on projects effecting land where irrigation is possible without pumping.

Experience from regions with similar arid conditions as in Southeastern Anatolia have shown that irrigation can
take land that was deemed un-arable to even high yield productivity, and that irrigation can enhance the yield
of elds that naturally receive enough water to be arable with a factor 6 or even higher. Within the Sustainable
Growth Strategy for the Southeastern Anatolian Region the case for irrigation is obvious, and the need for solar
driven irrigation pumps is very strong [1].

Solar driven pumps are a proven, reliable, and economically feasible solution [2, 3, 4]. They allow reliable irrigation
even where the grid might be unstable, and the solar panels often serve a dual purpose, including the provision
of an additional power source for domestic use [5, 6, 7]. The demand and supply curves match in an optimal
way, because the need for irrigation is highest when the sun is strongest [8, 9]. Large scale deployment of solar
powered irrigation systems in countries such as Spain, Australia, India and Thailand but also in several countries
in Sub-Saharan Africa gives evidence of functionality and reliability [10, 11]. The Southeastern Anatolian Region
is as strong as in any of these countries, with a very favorable solar data [12].

For the credibility of the Sustainable Growth Strategy for Southeastern Anatolia the use of solar powered irrigation is
a must. At the interviews conducted by the large international textile corporations including Levis, GAP, North Face,
Patagonia, Pottery Barn and Nike it became very clear that they would be willing to increase their sourcing of organic
cotton products from the region only if organic growing included the full value chain, not least the use of renewable
energy. Therefore, deployment of irrigation methods utilizing renewable energy becomes a strategic imperative.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the technical and economic aspects of the micro-scale solar irrigation
systems, utilizing the actual data collected on three pilot stations that are located in different parts of the GAP
Region and operated during summer and winter conditions.

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1 CASE STUDIES: PILOT STATIONS IN KILIS, SANLIURFA, AND MARDIN PROVINCES
Four micro-scale pilot projects in solar irrigation were realized within the Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources
and Increasing Energy Efciency in Southeast Anatolia Region Project (REEE), which is being implemented by
GAP Regional Development Administration, in co-operation with the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), in August 2013. The measurement devices at three pilot stations have been collecting data on the
technical parameters, including generated power, ow rate of pumped water, and meteorological variables, since
September 2013. Table 1 presents the key technical characteristics and the measured parameters of each pilot
solar irrigation station.

Table 1. Key Technical Characteristics and Measured Parameters

Kilis Location: Surface Irrigation / On-Grid / 10 kWp PV Array / 10 kW Pump
Measurement Category Parameter
Solar Irradiation Density (W/m2)
Meteorological Variables
Ambient Air Temperature (oC)
Output Voltage (V)
Output Current (A)
Solar Photovoltaic Power System
Output Power (kW)
Module Temperature (oC)
Pump Input Voltage (V)
Pump Input Current (A)
Pump System
Pump Input Power (kW)
Instant and Total Water Flow (ton/h, m3/h or lt/sn)
Sanliurfa Location: Surface Irrigation / Off-Grid / 2.8 kWp PV Array / 3.5 kW Pump
Measurement Category Parameter
Solar Irradiation Density (W/m2)
Meteorological Variables
Ambient Air Temperature (oC)
Output Voltage (V)
Output Current (A)
Solar Photovoltaic Power System
Output Power (kW)
Module Temperature (oC)
Pump Input Voltage (V)
Pump Input Current (A)
Pump System
Pump Input Power (kW)
Instant and Total Water Flow (ton/h, m3/h or lt/sn)
Mardin Location: Surface Irrigation / Off-Grid / 2.0 kWp PV Array / Battery / 0.6 kW Pump
Measurement Category Parameter
Solar Irradiation Density (W/m2)
Meteorological Variables
Ambient Air Temperature (oC)
Output Voltage (V)
Output Current (A)
Output Power (kW)
Solar Photovoltaic Power System
Module Temperature (oC)
Battery Charge and Discharge Current (A)
Battery Voltage (V)
Pump Input Voltage (V)
Pump System Pump Input Current (A)
Pump Input Power (kW)

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Remotely accessible measurement and monitoring systems measure the parameters every 15 seconds and transfer
the results to the data loggers to be recorded. The data loggers, then, calculate average values on minutely,
hourly, and daily basis and sends out the data sets to a pre-dened ftp address once a day. A computer code is
used as an interface to monitor the recorded values, as well as to create tables, graphics, and reports.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. KILIS LOCATION

The distribution of the monthly averages of some system parameters measured between October 2014 and
December 2015 are shown in Figure 1. It is observed in that the maximum module temperature is above the
optimum level (25OC under standard test conditions) throughout the measurement period. Although the maximum
ambient air temperature is recorded as 40OC in August, the upper limit of the solar irradiation is observed as 1174
W/m2 in spring. This is due to the air pollution caused by the dust storms in the summer period.

Figure 1. Monthly Averages of Some System Parameters at Kilis Location

The solar power irrigation system at this station provides water for an agricultural area of 100 decares. Table
2 indicates the effects of the prots obtained by different agricultural products on the nancial analysis of the
system, with the assumption that there was no agricultural production on the land before [13]. The calculations
include prots obtained through net energy sales to the national grid.

Table 2. Effects of Agricultural Production Revenues on Financial Calculations of Solar Powered Irrigation System
Investment at Kilis Location
Investment Cost: USD 22,771
Discount Rate: 10%
Financial Analysis Period: 20 Years
Net Energy Transferred to National Grid (10/2014 09/2015): 13,734 kWh
Net Energy Sales (10/2014 09/2015): 2,032 USD
Produce Cotton Tomatoes Green Pepper Eggplant
Net Present Value (NPV) USD 56,390 USD 317,713 USD 419,210 USD 447,648
Cost Benet Ratio (CBR) 3.48 14.95 19.41 20.66
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) %40.5 175% 228% 241%
Simple Payback Period (Year) 3.05 1.17 1.04 1.01

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3.2 SANLIURFA LOCATION
The distribution of the monthly averages of some system parameters measured between October 2014 and
December 2015 are shown in Figure 2. It is observed in that the maximum module temperature is above the
optimum level (25OC under standard test conditions) throughout the measurement period. Although the maximum
ambient air temperature is recorded as 42.86OC in July, the upper limit of the solar irradiation is observed as
1201.7 W/m2 in spring. This is due to the air pollution caused by the dust storms in the summer period.

Figure 2. Monthly Averages of Some System Parameters at Sanliurfa Location

Figure 3 shows the comparative variations of solar irradiation density, ow rate of the pump, and output power
of the solar photovoltaic system on July 15th 2015. The gure includes measurements taken during 829 minutes,
while there is solar irradiation. The irradiation density and the output power are directly proportional. The ow rate
reaches 13.5 tons/h when the solar irradiation density is over 800 W/m2. Variances in the ow rate are generally
due to malfunctions in the irrigation system and activation of the extra irrigation sprinklers. It is observed that a
tracking system would increase the generated energy especially during the sunrise and the sunset.

Figure 3. Comparative Variations of Solar Irradiation, Flow Rate, and Output Power

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The solar power irrigation system at this station provides water for an agricultural area of 20 decares. Table 3
indicates the effects of the prots obtained by different agricultural products on the nancial analysis of the
system, with the assumption that there was no agricultural production on the land before. The calculations include
the energy cost savings through solar power production.

Table 3. Effects of Agricultural Production Revenues on Financial Calculations of Solar Powered Irrigation System
Investment at Sanliurfa Location
Investment Cost: 6,943 USD
Discount Rate: 10%
Financial Analysis Period: 20 Years
Total Energy Produced (10/2014 09/2015): 4,496 kWh
Net Energy Cost Savings (10/2014 09/2015): 370 USD
Produce Cotton Tomatoes Green Pepper Eggplant
Net Present Value (NPV) USD 9,087 USD 61,351 USD 81,650 USD 87,339
Cost Benet Ratio (CBR) 2.31 9.84 12.76 13.58
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 27% 115% 150% 160%
Simple Payback Period (Year) 4.29 1.47 1.27 1.23

3.3 MARDIN LOCATION

The distribution of the monthly averages of some system parameters measured between October 2014 and
December 2015 are shown in Figure 4. It is observed in that the maximum module temperature is above the
optimum level (25OC under standard test conditions) throughout the measurement period. Although the maximum
ambient air temperature is recorded as 46,81OC in July, the upper limit of the solar irradiation is observed as
1305.5 W/m2 in spring. This is due to the air pollution caused by the dust storms in the summer period.

Figure 4. Monthly Averages of Some System Parameters at Mardin Location

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The solar power irrigation system at this station provides water for an agricultural area of 5 decares. Table 2
indicates the effects of the prots obtained by different agricultural products on the nancial analysis of the
system, with the assumption that there was no agricultural production on the land before. The calculations include
the energy cost savings through solar power production.

Table 4. Effects of Agricultural Production Revenues on Financial Calculations of Solar Powered Irrigation System
Investment at Mardin Location
Investment Cost: 5,912 USD
Discount Rate: 10%
Financial Analysis Period: 20 Years
Total Energy Produced (10/2014 09/2015): 3,191 kWh
Net Energy Cost Savings (10/2014 09/2015): 257 USD
Produce Cotton Tomatoes Green Pepper Eggplant
Net Present Value (NPV) USD 209 (-) USD 12,858 USD 44,633 USD 47,266
Cost Benet Ratio (CBR) 0.96 3.17 8.55 9.05
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 9.5% 37% 47% 50%
Simple Payback Period (Year) 9.43 3.28 2.71 2.59

4. CONCLUSION
The nancial calculations above indicate that the vegetable production makes the highest contribution to the
annual revenue. Simple payback period, as expected, is at the minimum for the Kilis on-grid station, while it is the
longest for the Mardin off-grid station with a battery group. However, the calculations do not include the active
government incentives, though they are limited in number and the budget. Additionally, national grid is not an
uninterrupted power supply in the GAP Region. The loss of agricultural production due to frequent power-offs
during the irrigation season should be taken into consideration during the calculations of the potential benets to
be obtained from solar-powered irrigation stations.

Water is the most important resource in agricultural production. Hence, the methods and technologies that are
developed to use water effectively and efciently must be incorporated into the solar-powered irrigation systems.
The photovoltaic panels generate more power when the solar irradiation level is high, however, irrigation during
such hours causes extreme evaporation and underutilization of the pumped water. It is a more efcient way to
store water in a tank and irrigate the eld during hours at which solar irradiation density is low. Incorporating solar
tracking units into the solar irrigation systems is another important application to increase the total output of the
system. On the other side, the production of high value-added plants should be supported to help increase the
rate of return on photovoltaic systems.

Local farmers need to be nancially supported through extended grant schemes. However, it is recommended to
form local committees to technically evaluate and to approve the solar irrigation projects to be subsidized. The
committees should have members from universities, professional chambers, and chambers of trade and industry,
and be governed by provincial directorates of food, agriculture, and livestock.

In this study, the collected data have been utilized in the analysis of technical and economic aspects of the
demonstrative solar-powered pumps. The effects of each independent variable, including solar irradiation
density, module temperature, and ambient temperature on dependent variables, including water ow rate,
accumulated energy in battery group, consumed power, and portion of output power transferred to national grid
have been examined. The results will be employed in development of a tool, to design solar irrigation systems
with optimum technical characteristics and best economic rates of return in their life-cycles, taking into account a
set of parameters. The resource-saving opportunities will be communicated with government bodies to develop
regional support structures and incentive mechanisms in employment of solar irrigation systems.

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REFERENCES
1. Atay U., Isiker Y., Yesilata B., 2009, Photovoltaic Power Supported Micro Irrigation System Project-1: General
Requirements, V. Renewable Energy Resources Symposium, Pages: S57-62, Diyarbakir.
2. Posorski R., 1996, Photovoltaic Water Pumps: An Attractive Tool For Rural Drinking Water Supply, Solar Energy
58, 155-163.
3. Posorski R., Haars K., 1994, The Economics of Photovoltaic Pumping Systems, Deutsche Gesellschaft fr
Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany.
4. Odeh, I, Yohanis, Y.G., Norton, B., 2005, Economic Viability of Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems, Solar
Energy.
5. Atay U., Isiker Y., Yesilata B., Cikman A., 2012 8 (2), Performance Analysis of Stationary Photovoltaic Irrgation
Systems, Agricultural Machinery Science Journal, Pages: 153-159, ISSN: 1306-0007.
6. Barlow R., McNelis B., Derrick A., 1993, Solar Pumping: An Introduction and Update on the Technology,
Performance, Costs, and Economics, World Bank Technical Paper No. 168. Intermediate Technology
Publications and the World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
7. Short, T.D., Oldach, R., 2003, Solar Powered Water Pumps: The Past, the Present-and the Future?, Solar Energy
Engineering 125, 76-82.
8. Hirata Y., Inasaka T., Tani T., 1989, Output Variation of Photovoltaic Modules with Environmental Factors - II:
Seasonal Variation, Solar Energy, 63: 85-189.
9. Itoh M., Takahashi, H., Fujii, T., Takakura, H., Hamakawa, Y., Matsumoto, Y., 2001, Evaluation of Electric Energy
Performance by Democratic Module PV System Field Test, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 67(1): 435-
440.
10. Mahmoud M., 1990, Experience Results and Techno-Economic Feasibility of Using Photovoltaic Generators
Instead of Diesel Motors for Water Pumping from Rural Desert Wells in Jordan, IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 137,
No. 6.
11. Meah K., Ula S., Barrett S., 2008, Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping: Opportunities and Challenges, Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12, 11621175.
12. Yaka, E., Barutcuolu O., Ilkhan M. A., Abamor S., 2014, An Investigation of Solar Energy Potential of GAP
Region, GAP Renewable Energy and Energy Efciency Center, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
13. Monis T., Cikman A., Ipekcioglu S., Buyukhatipoglu S., Bayraktar M. S., Atay U., Aydin H., 2015, Production
Components and Costs of Some Agricultural Products in GAP Region in 2015, GAP Agricultural Research
Institute, Sanliurfa, Turkey.

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 0121 - PV INTEGRATED BUILDINGS CERTIFIED BY GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS
(GBRSs)
Mjde Altn
Dokuz Eyll University, Faculty of Architecture, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding email: mujde.altin@deu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
Buildings are responsible for nearly half of the energy use in the world. This means that they are responsible for
nearly half of the greenhouse gas emissions like CO2 emissions. Photovoltaic (PV) integrated buildings produce
the energy they use directly from the sun with the use of PV panels. Therefore these buildings use less fossil
energy, thus resulting in the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. Green Building Rating Systems (GBRSs) are
the tools that help us measure how much green a building is. Therefore they help decreasing the harm given to the
environment by their effect of decreasing energy use in buildings. Therefore the aim of this study is to examine PV
integrated buildings which are certied by GBRSs and to show that this type of buildings can get high certicate
degrees like LEED Platinum. This is done by describing PVs, PV integrated buildings and GBRSs rst, and then
examining 3 PV integrated buildings in New York that are certied by GBRSs and discussing the results. In the end,
it is shown that PV integrated buildings are very important at decreasing harm given to the environment and that
therefore they can easily be certied by GBRSs.

Keywords: BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics), GBRSs (Green Building Rating Systems), BREEAM, LEED,
Solar Architecture.

1. INTRODUCTION
Buildings are responsible for nearly half of the energy use in the world. This means that they are responsible for
nearly half of the greenhouse gas emissions like CO2 emissions. Photovoltaic (PV) integrated buildings produce
the energy they use directly from the sun with the use of PV panels. Therefore these buildings use less fossil
energy, thus resulting in the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.

Green Building Rating Systems (GBRSs) are the tools that help us measure how much green or sustainable a
building is. Therefore they help decreasing the harm given to the environment by their effect of decreasing energy
use in buildings. Therefore the aim of this study is to examine PV integrated buildings which are certied by GBRSs
and to show that this type of buildings can get high certicate degrees like LEED Platinum. This is going to be
done by describing PVs, PV integrated buildings and GBRSs rst, and then examining PV integrated buildings
that are certied by GBRSs all around the world and discussing the results. Among GBRSs, LEED is the one that is
mostly preferred all over the world internationally. Therefore PV integrated buildings which have LEED certicate
will be examined as case studies in this paper. In the end, it will be shown that PV integrated buildings are very
important at decreasing harm given to the environment and that therefore they can easily be certied by GBRSs.

2. GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS (GBRSS)

GBRSs are systems that evaluate the sustainability degree of buildings and all the constructed environment. They
are doing this by using some criteria. If the building meets the criteria, it gets the point. After evaluating the
building according to all the criteria, the total point is added up and the certicate level is produced.

There are many GBRSs all around the world today that are being used. All of them were developed and
implemented after the implementation of BREEAM in 1990. After BREEAM, LEED, which is short for Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design, was launched in 1998 by the US Green Building Council in USA.

LEED is the one that is mostly preferred all over the world internationally. It is available for a number of lifecycle
stages such as Building Design and Construction, Operations and Maintenance, Interior Design and Construction,
Neighborhood Development, Homes. The criteria are classied into ve environmental categories. These are:
Sustainable Sites (SS), Water Efciency (WE), Energy & Atmosphere (EA), Materials & Resources (MR) and Indoor

- 324 -
Environmental Quality (IEQ). Their total point is 100. There are two more criteria which give 10 more bonus points
in total. These are Innovation in Design (ID) and Regional Priority (RP). These criteria and their maximum total
points are seen in Table 1.[1]

Table 1. Criteria of LEED

Total Possible Points 110
Sustainable Sites (SS) 26
Water Efciency (WE) 10
Energy & Atmosphere (EA) 35
Materials & Resources (MR) 14
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 15
* out of a possible 100 points +10 bonus points
Innovation in Design (ID) 6
Regional Priority (RP) 4

Buildings that are assessed by using LEED are awarded with the levels given in Table 2 according to their points
earned. LEED is available for many building types like Core and Shell, Schools, Neighborhood Development,
Retail, Healthcare, Homes and Commercial Interiors. [1]

Table 2. Certication levels of LEED

Level Points
Certied 40-49 points
Silver 50-59 points
Gold 60-79 points
Platinum 80 points and above

3. USE OF PV COMPONENTS IN BUILDING DESIGN

PV components are composed of semi-conductor PV cells that produce electricity directly from solar radiation.
These components can be used in different parts of the building in different ways. [2] In short they can be used as:

Rigid opaque panels,

Rigid transparent panels,
Thin metal roof cladding panels,
Shingles,
Finally exible PV components.

Figure 1. Different types of PV panels used in the design of buildings (Photographs: Mjde Altn, October
2002)[2]

- 325 -
The research and development on the PV cells are still going on with a very high velocity; therefore it would not
be a surprise to see brand new PV cells in different forms in a very near future.

The shading-PV system on the The PV system on the roof of The PV system on the facade
southern facade of Childrens Reformierte Stadtkirche/Church in of Goteborg Energie Building,
Museum of Rome (Mjde Altn, Vienna (Mjde Altn, July 2004) Sweden (Mjde Altn, June 2003)
October 2002)
Figure 2. Different examples of BIPV use (Photographs: Mjde Altn, 2002, 2003, 2004)[3]

If the PV panels are used as a building component, than they take one or more fuction of the building components
in addition to producing electricity. Thus they have an added value. In this case they are called as Building
Integrated PhotoVoltaics, shortly BIPV. The case studies examined in this study are BIPV examples.

4. CASE STUDIES OF PV INTEGRATED BUILDINGS WITH A GBRS CERTIFICATE

The case studies examined in this study are all in Battery Park City (BPC) residential development in Manhattan,
New York and all of them are designed and constructed by the same group. They all have LEED certicate, one
of them has LEED Gold and the others have LEED Platinum certicate. Therefore, it is important to see that the
lessons learned are used in the later designs. However, the Gold certicate is taken between the two Platinum
certicates.

Figure 3. Battery Park City (BPC) residential development in Manhattan, New York showing the three case
studies examined in this study [4]

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4.1. THE VISIONAIRE, NYC LEED PLATINUM

Architecture: Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects

PV Integration: On the facade 48 kWp [5]

LEED Certication: LEED Platinum

The Visionaire is a 35-storey high rise residential tower situated in New York which is certied by LEED Platinum.
It is located at Site 3 in Battery Park City. The building has begun being used in 2009. The design criteria of the
building include indoor air quality, water and energy conservation, waste water reduction, maximizing the views of
the building and natural light. [6] As a result, the building got LEED Platinum as a green and sustainable building.

a. General view of The Visionaire in NY [7] b. View of The Visionaire [8]

( Photo: David Hess) (Edited Photo: Pierpaolo Ruttico)
Figure 4. Different views of The Visionaire

The building has the highest LEED certicate even though it has transparent skin. The envelope of the building is
composed of insulated glazing with low-E reective coatings and a well-insulated wall system with an R-value of
20. [9]

a. Sustainability features of The Visionaire [10] b. east-west section drawing looking North showing
sustainable properties of The Visionaire [11] ( Image:
Pelli Clarke Pelli)
Figure 5. Sustainability properties of The Visionaire on drawings

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 a. PV panel bands of The Visionaire [12] b. PV panel detail in the section of The Visionaire [13]
(Photo: Michael Cockram) (Image: Pelli Clarke Pelli)
Figure 6. PV details of The Visionaire

The building is designed to conserve energy and use of PV integrated on the building helped decreasing
the energy required from the grid. The design is engineered to reduce energy consumption by 35 percent, it
consumes 65 percent less energy during peak demand hours. As a result of all these sustainable properties, its
certicate is the highest in LEED system: LEED Platinum. The building also is the grand prize winner of New Yorks
2008 Green Building Competition. [6]

4.2. THE SOLAIRE, NYC LEED GOLD

Architecture: Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects

On the West facade and on the *bulkhead of the building and Entrance canopy on the
PV Integration:
West33 kWp [14]
LEED Certication: LEED Gold - 2004

* Bulkhead: structure on the roof housing mechanical systems and other installations.

The Solaire is the second building in New York that PV systems are integrated after 4 Times Square. [4] And it is
the rst residential tower in the USA to receive LEED Gold in 2004.[9] The design of the building includes clean
air and a waste water treatment system, advanced insulating technologies, passive solar heating, landscaped
at roof, and a building integrated photovoltaic facade, which is supplying 5% of the buildings base electricity
consumption.[15]

The PV panels are integrated on the West facade, on the bulkhead of the building and over the entrance canopy
on the West. It is a 27-story apartment building that garnered national attention as the rst green residential high-
rise building in the USA by having LEED Gold certicate. [6]

On the west facade, the PV panels are used as building cladding. They are seen from the street, therefore they are
designed carefully to be aesthetic. But the PVs on the bulkhead on the other hand are not seen from the street,
therefore they are not especially designed to be aesthetic. [4]

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 a. PV panels on the West facade, seen from the b. PV panels on the bulkhead [4]
pathway [4]
Figure 7. PV details of The Solaire

4.3. THE VERDESIAN, NYC LEED PLATINUM

Architecture: Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects

On the East and West of the bulkhead of the building
PV Integration:
20.4 kWp [16]
LEED Certication: LEED Platinum - 2008

a. PV panels on the bulkhead of The Verdesian [4]

Figure 8. PV details of The Verdesian

The Verdesian is a 26-story apartment building that received LEED Platinum certicate as a residential high-rise. [6]
The PV panels cover the south and west of the buildings facade and act as rain screen for the mechanical rooms.
Since the architects insisted on maintaining the vertical mullion aesthetics on the west facade, the ventilation vents
of the bulkhead are located in the south facade and this lead to the decrease in the PVs getting southern solar
radiation, thus resulting in the decrease in the electricity produced.[4]

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5. DISCUSSION

Table 3. Case Studies in summary [4]

Name of Design Construction Location and use Design architect PV System LEED
building (start) (completion) of PV Certicate
The Solaire 2000 2003 West facade BIPV Pelli Clarke Pelli 33 kWp LEED
and bulkhead* Architects Gold -
(South and West 2004
facing walls).
Entrance canopy
(West)
The 2003 2006 Bulkhead Pelli Clarke Pelli 20.4 kWp LEED
Verdesian (primarily East and Architects Platinum -
West facing walls) 2008
The 2005 2008 West and East Pelli Clarke Pelli 48 kWp LEED
Visionaire facade BIPV Architects Platinum
* Bulkhead: structure on the roof housing mechanical systems and other installations.

The tree case studies examined here are constructed in Manhattan, New York at Battery Park City (BPC) residential
development. They are all designed and constructed by the same architecture ofce: Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects. As
seen in Table 3, all the case studies were constructed after 2000. The LEED was launched in 1998. Therefore, these
buildings are about the rst examples of LEED certicate, the Solaire getting LEED Gold certicate 6 years after
LEED was launched. The Verdesian got the highest LEED certicate Platinum, 4 years after that. Even though they
dont have very big system power (33 20,4 48 kWp when there are buildings with integrated PV system powers
spelled in MW) they all managed to get GBRS certicate. So it can be said that having a PV system integrated on
a building does not guarantee getting a GBRS certicate alone by itself, but helps to get one since you get points
for having an integrated renewable energy and therefore for decreasing the energy demand of the building.

6. CONCLUSION
Buildings are responsible for nearly half of the energy use in the world, thus for nearly half of the greenhouse gas
emissions like CO2 emissions. Since PV integrated buildings produce the energy they use directly from the sun,
these buildings use less fossil energy, thus resulting in the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore they
also help a building to get a GBRS certicate due to the fact that GBRSs evaluate a buildings sustainability degree
taking into account the use of renewable energy resources and the decreased energy demand of the building
among many other criteria. Therefore, use of BIPVs is a good and promising way to get a GBRS certicate as
seen in the case studies examined in this study. They have not very big scale PV systems, but they still got a GBRS
certicate. But having a PV system does not guarantee getting a GBRS certicate alone; the building should have
some other sustainability issues.

It is not mandatory to have BIPVs in a building design in order to get a GBRS certicate, but it is a tool to help
you get one since you get a plus point if you use renewable energy resource (solar energy-PV) in addition to your
point you get by decreasing the energy demand of the building. Therefore, if BIPVs are used in a building, you
get added value.

As a result, it can be said that PV integrated buildings are very important at decreasing the harm given to the
environment and that therefore they can easily be certied by GBRSs with the help of PV systems.

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REFERENCES
1. Altn, M. 2016. Green Building Rating Systems in Sustainable Architecture, Developments in Science and
Engineering, pp:601-611, St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, Sophia, Bulgaria.
2. Altn, M. 2003. Tarih inde Teknolojiyi Yaamak: Enerji retiminde Fotovoltaik Hcreler, YAPI 256 /Mart 2003,
s.88-91.
3. Altn, M. 2012. A Critical Review of PV Panel Usage in the Retrot of Historical Buildings Proceedings of the
8th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, SAHC, Poland, October 2012,
pp:2591-2596.
4. Medio, S. 2013. Photovoltaic Design Integration at Battery Park City, New York, Buildings, 3, 341-356.
5. Web_09: http://www.altpower.com/projects/bipv/thevisionaire/ , retrieved on 29.09.2016
6. ULI-the Urban Land Institute, 2008. Uli Development Case Studies, The Visionaire.
7. Web_04: Pelli's Platinum Visionaire, http://www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/
awimage?dir=2009/0715&article=environment_1-2.html&image=14274_image_3.jpg , retrieved on
23.10.2016
8. Web_05: Pelli's Platinum Visionaire, http://www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/
awimage?dir=2009/0715&article=environment_1-1.html&image=14274_image_1.jpg , retrieved on
23.10.2016
9. Web_07: http://www.architectureweek.com/2009/0715/environment_1-1.html , retrieved on 23 October
2016
10. Web_01: Pelli's Platinum Visionaire, http://www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/
awimage?dir=2009/0715&article=environment_1-2.html&image= 14274_image_6.jpg&return= , retrieved
on 23.10.2016
11. Web_06: Pelli's Platinum Visionaire, http://www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/
awimage?dir=2009/0715&article=environment_1-3.html&image= 14275_image_4.jpg , retrieved on
23.10.2016
12. Web_02: Pelli's Platinum Visionaire, http://www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/
awimage?dir=2009/0715&article=environment_1-2.html&image= 14274_image_10xl.jpg&return= ,
retrieved on 23.10.2016
13. Web_03: Pelli's Platinum Visionaire, http://www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/
awimage?dir=2009/0715&article=environment_1-2.html&image= 14274_image_7.jpg , retrieved on
23.10.2016
14. Web_10: http://www.altpower.com/projects/bipv/thesolaire/ , 29.09.2016
15. Pereira, A.O. & Jrgens, J. 2003. Case Studies for Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Facades in the
United States RIO 3 - World Climate & Energy Event, 1-5 December 2003, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
16. Web_08: http://www.altpower.com/projects/bipv/theverdesian/ , 29.09.2016

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 0125 - INCREASING THE AWARENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND CLIMATE
CHANGE IN TURKEY, ROLE OF ILLER BANK
Asl Harmanl Olgun
ller Bankas. A.. Genel Mdrl
Corresponding email: aolgun@ilbank.gov.tr

ABSTRACT
Iller Bank has four main functions for all municipalities and special provincial administrations in Turkey. These are; 1-
Financing all forms of projects by the local administrations. 2- Developing projects. 3- Providing technical consultancy.
4- Acting as the intermediary for the transfer of funds from the central administration to local administrations. The local
administrations have an ever-increasing role in public administration and economic activities in last years; and
Iller Banks signicance has been growing in parallel with this role. The Banks tting mission was dened back
in 1933, setting an almost unprecedented example in the World, in order to have operations aimed towards
local administrations; and this mission is still carried on by way of methods in accordance with the developing
and evolving conditions. Turkey is a country with growing power and energy needs. Therefore it is important to
diversify and make use of alternative and more efcient energy technologies. Energy security and sustainable
energy supply are among the main policy concerns of Turkey. The primary aims of Turkey are to realize its own
energy security and sustainable energy supply. These items can be considered to be the strong points of local
sustainable energy projects developed by the cities In the Strategical Plan of Iller Bank, Third Objective Supporting
Renewable Energy Implementations and Energy Productivity in Local Administrations The strategies are listed as
follows;
Appropriate nancing models, which support energy productivity in local administrations, will be created.
Preliminary studies will be conducted for local administrations.
Form projects and technical specications will be prepared in this eld.

Keywords: ller Bank, Renewable Energy, Climate Change, Increasing the Awareness

1. INTRODUCTION
Climate change, which is also called global warming, means the rise in average surface temperature on Earth.
An overwhelming scientic consensus states that climate change is due primarily to the use of fossil fuels, which
releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap heat within the atmosphere,
which can have a range of effects on ecosystems, including rising sea levels, severe weather events, and droughts
that render landscapes more susceptible to wildres.

Although renewables are an effective alternative to the use of fossil fuels, there are other important positive
externalities. As the fossil fuels are the main source of greenhouse emissions and other air pollutants, the negative
effects that they have on human health, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, have been recently shown
in many studies. When renewables contribute to reducing the use of fossil fuels and associated air pollutant
emissions, they have a positive effect on human health. Therefore, policy makers have to take into consideration
all these positive externalities of renewable sources, when evaluating the possibility of their promotion. 1

Generating electricity from renewable energy rather than fossil fuels offers signicant public health benets. The air
and water pollution emitted by coal and natural gas plants is linked to breathing problems, neurological damage,
heart attacks, and cancer. Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy has been found to reduce premature
mortality and lost workdays, and it reduces overall healthcare costs. 2

1
Renewable Energy, Emissions, and Health Mara del P. Pablo-Romero, Roco Romn, Antonio Snchez-Braza and
Roco Yiguez, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61717
2
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/public-benets-of-renewable-power#.WBHtuidrPoo

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2. WHAT ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
The primary cause of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, which emits greenhouse
gases into the atmosphereprimarily carbon dioxide. Other human activities, such as agriculture and deforestation,
also contribute to the proliferation of greenhouse gases that cause climate change.

Rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps (again, caused by climate change) contribute to greater storm
damage; warming ocean temperatures are associated with stronger and more frequent storms; additional rainfall, particularly
during severe weather events, leads to ooding and other damage; an increase in the incidence and severity of wildres
threatens habitats, homes, and lives; and heat waves contribute to human deaths and other consequences.

While consensus among nearly all scientists, scientic organizations, and governments is that climate change is
happening and is caused by human activity, a small minority of voices questions the validity of such assertions and
prefers to cast doubt on the preponderance of evidence. Climate change deniers often claim that recent changes
attributed to human activity can be seen as part of the natural variations in Earths climate and temperature, and
that it is difcult or impossible to establish a direct connection between climate change and any single weather
event, such as a hurricane. While the latter is generally true, decades of data and analysis support the reality of
climate changeand the human factor in this process. In any case, economists agree that acting to reduce fossil
fuel emissions would be far less expensive than dealing with the consequences of not doing so.

2.1. UNDERSTANDING MITIGATION & ADAPTATION

There are two main responses to tackling the issues related to climate change: mitigation, and adaptation. This
guide presents processes designed to assist municipalities address both of these. 3

MITIGATION
Mitigation is dened as a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples
include using fossil fuels more efciently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to renewable
energy (solar energy or wind power), improving the insulation of buildings, and expanding forests and other sinks
to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The objective of mitigation efforts is to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), with the result of lowering the volume of carbon that enters the atmosphere on an
annual basis. Mitigation actions over the long-term will reduce GHG levels in the atmosphere and help to reduce the
heating trends that are behind many of the climate changes we are currently experiencing. Mitigation is an extremely
important aspect of dealing with climate change, and many of the provinces municipalities have already undertaken
actions, through their ICSP that fall into the category of climate change mitigation.

The starting point for most of these actions involves an energy use and greenhouse gas emissions inventory. The
inventory allows municipalities to determine where they consume energy and the amount of GHG they emit. This
baseline information is critical for implementing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and develop energy
conservation programs. Energy conservation programs help local governments and citizens manage energy costs
and reduce the production of harmful carbon dioxide emissions, which contribute to Climate change and affect
public health. Conserving energy and reducing overall energy demand is becoming an important part of both
daily and long-term municipal management decision-making.

The recognition that energy prices will continue to rise into the near future, in addition to the inevitable
development of a carbon market, makes energy management an important issue for municipalities, both now
and into the future.

ADAPTATION
Adaptation to climate change is an essential compliment to mitigation. Adaptation is viewed as: an adjustment
in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic effects, which moderate harm, or takes
advantage of benecial opportunities. The main goals of adaptation usually include: alleviating current and
projected future impacts; reducing sensitivity and exposure to climate-related hazards; and increasing resiliency
to climatic and non-climatic stressors.
3
Municipal Climate Change Action Plan Guidebook Canada-Nova Scotia Agreement on the Transfer of Federal
Gas Tax Funds

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Successful adaptation does not mean that negative impacts will not occur, only that they will be less severe than
would be experienced had no adaptation occurred. Simply put, adaptation is all about understanding climate
impacts and effects, in order to undertake substantive actions that make communities and municipal investments
more resilient to the harmful effects of weather and climate. In addition, actions undertaken may also capitalize on
any positive long-term opportunities that will result from these changes.

Municipalities with adaptive climate change initiatives and actions already described in detail in their ICSP
documents will have a head-start in the development of the adaptation requirements of the MCCAP. Work already
completed can be transferred directly into the appropriate section of the nal plan, and will form the foundation
for any additional actions that may be result from working through the adaptation planning framework described
in Part Four of this guide.

2.2. WILL INCREASED AWARENESS OF THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE HELP IN ACHIEVING
INTERNATIONAL COLLECTIVE ACTION?
Climate change is estimated to cause some 150 000 deaths annually, a gure that could double by 2030. The lack
of a credible global system to reduce greenhouse gases is one example of the difculties of nding a path for
collective action on issues that affect the whole world. Could a better understanding of the impact climate change
has on human health help break the political impasse? 4

Environmental experts predict increasing temperatures, rising sea levels, that coastal areas will receive more rain
and inland areas more droughts, and more frequent extreme weather events. However, estimating the burden of
disease due to climate change is difcult. Climate change will have the most severe impact on countries with a
low capacity to adapt. But if changes happen rapidly even rich countries will suffer problems such as heat stress,
more respiratory illness, and changes in vector- and rodent-borne diseases. Some projections estimate that in 80
years climate change may double the population living in areas at risk for dengue fever and increase by 24% the
proportion of people living in malaria risk areas.

Even if an international agreement on emissions was reached, it would not stave off the existing effects of climate
change on health. Specic interventions are therefore necessary, but rst we need more research and evidence.
There is an urgent need to standardize international protocols for surveillance to monitor changes to human-
health indicators as the climate alters. And the international community must help developing countries build up
the preventive and adaptive capacity through nancial and technical assistance.

Health is just one part of the spectrum of impacts of climate change but I think the risk of endangering health
increases motivation on decision-makers because there would be many benets that strengthen the case for
acting now.

The problem is that we are at a relatively early stage in the evolution of climate change and many of the effects
will not become evident for decades to come. When advising on what preparations are necessary, it is important
to remember that it is not just change but variability in climate that will cause the worst problems. Health systems
need to consider climate in terms of natural disasters and uctuations in disease burden. However, the good
news is that many of the likely relations between climate and health will respond to measures that should be taken
anyway, so they are not completely new policies.

But we are not doing them well enough now. Malnutrition is a good example. Most climate-change scenarios
suggest that agricultural production might shift and this has health consequences, particularly in sub-Saharan
Africa where many people are already malnourished. Good policies will therefore be crucial but they are
strategies that need to be in place already.

Reinforcing public health systems is key to helping us adapt. And there are lots of other win-win situations to
be derived from considering the health impacts of climate change in future policy changes. However, success
depends very much on progress in coming decades on controlling the diseases most likely to be climate sensitive.

I think one of the major problems with mainstream thinking about climate change and health is that people focus
only on the actions that need to be taken to respond to things like more cases of malaria. But they really should be
4
Bulletin of the World Health Organization

- 334 -
thinking in terms of how this extra stress ts into the entire environmental health agenda. By considering the issue
more broadly we could reduce by 25% the global burden of disease.

For this to work, the health sector needs to sit with other sectors and say health needs to be part of your agenda.
They need to be empowered to be part of decision-making. For the World Health Organization (WHO), this means
providing health ofcials with specic evidence about the consequences of climate change and what they can do.
We are telling them that they need to have a good epidemiological surveillance system in place. They need to
be better prepared to respond to vector-borne disease. They need to take into account likely increases in patient
numbers and natural disasters that create injuries. But the more ambitious thing is to provide health sectors with
a catalogue of potential interventions to discuss with other sectors that can reduce current risk factors for poor
health as well as preparing for the future. For example, interacting with transport ofcials that make decisions on
the use of private cars presents the opportunity of reducing respiratory diseases. Talking to urban planners will
make sure any policy changes also affect obesity and inactivity. And bureaucrats involved in the management of
chemicals could act to prevent pollution-related ill-health.

Health is always a strong argument for taking action. But when it comes to climate change, the problem is that
there is not enough research on health impacts in country-specic contexts. For example, many people in sub-
Saharan Africa may be affected by changes in climatic conditions but there is no research coming from those
countries on how climate will affect the livelihoods of the population.

Solid fuel use is not only damaging to peoples health it is unsustainable for the environment. The consequences
are indoor and outdoor air pollution and respiratory disease.

In Brazil, the federal government has recently become really concerned about the prospect of a changing climate,
and its impact on health, and is now designing a national plan for adaptation, although as yet there is no concrete
action. We dont have enough research or even monitoring to support the argument that the health of people
here is already being affected. We do have climatic scenarios for South America as a whole, and some of these are
very worrisome because the semi-arid regions in the northeast, home to 50 million people, may become desert.
However, I believe we need a broad discussion of specic regional vulnerabilities.

Countries must identify what are their specic health problems and how they will get worse because of the new
stress caused by a changing climate. For us in developing countries, this is the key issue. We are not going to
develop global climate models, since we dont have the science or the nancial resources. But we need to know
how we can assess vulnerable people in our own countries. This will give us a better technical proposal to put to
governments and lobby for action. But for most countries it will require external technical and nancial input.

3. THE ROLE OF ILLER BANK

Iller Bank plays an instrumental role in ensuring appropriate resource allocation, and optimum funding from
national and international sources - in accordance with the market circumstances - for all urban renewable Energy
and Energy efciency projects of the local administrations. The Bank provides also consultancy, communication
based orientation, guidance and solutions to the local administrations for all forms of renewable energy projects.
The Bank develops and produces modern, optimum and high-tech projects aimed at meeting renewable Energy
and Energy efciency needs of the local administrations; or reviews such projects by municipalities in order to
certify their conformity.

According to the future plan of Iller Bank, in the Strategical Plan Book (2015-2015), Objective 3 which is aimed at
supporting Renewable Energy implementations and Energy Productivity in Local Administrations; three strategies
were developed, these are;
Developing appropriate nancing models, which support energy productivity in local administrations,
Conducting preliminary studies for local administrations.
Preparing form projects and technical specications in renewable Energy and Energy efciency areas.

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Within the scope of Renewable Energy and Energy Efciency studies in Iller Bank, Renewable Energy Sources
Bureau was established in the Spatial Planning Department, in 2013. The main duty of this Bureau is to supply all
renewable Energy and Energy efciency requirements of the local administrations in Turkey. The study areas are
listed as follows;
Geothermal Energy and Geothermal Integrated Systems
Biomass Systems
Mini and Macro Hydroelectric Systems
Energy Efciency
Wind Energy Systems
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Systems
Heating Pumps Systems

For three years, since the renewable energy and energy efciency studies have begun in the Bank; most of the
conferences were attended and the renewable Energy studies were presented by opening stands, brochures,
discussions and presentations. Information meetings were organized to raise awareness and to give guidance for
the local administrations about their renewable energy and energy efciency projects.

Since the establishment of renewable energy and energy efciency bureau, a total amount of 291 municipal
renewable energy projects with totally 100 MW capacity were nished. The nancial needs of solar projects of
the local administrations were supplied and this number reached up to 200 Million Turkish Liras by the end of
September, 2016.

4. CONCLUSION
Renewable energy offers an immediate means to decarbonise the global energy mix. Doubling the share of
renewables by 2030 could deliver around half of the emissions reductions needed and, in combination with
Energy efciency, keep the rise in average global temperatures within 2oC and prevent catastrophic climate
change. 5

As this report shows, renewables are a viable, affordable and scalable solution. They are at the core of any strategy
to meet climate goals while supporting economic growth, welfare, domestic value creation and employment
generation. The potential of renewables is there for every country to harness. For effective action against climate
change, the share of renewables needs to grow not only in power generation but also in transport, heating and
cooling, and more investment is urgently needed. Given the increasing competitiveness of renewables and the
dynamism of the market, it is possible to dramatically scale-up investments in renewables. To avoid a lock-in with
unsustainable energy systems, investments must grow immediately and must almost double to USD 500 billion
annually between now and 2020.

To turn the prospect of a sustainable energy future into a reality, ve clear actions are needed: strengthening
policy commitment, enabling investments, building capacity, facilitating regional and international cooperation,
and harnessing the cross-cutting impact of renewable energy on sustainable development.

The prize for taking the right steps, today, is immense. We have an unprecedented opportunity to limit
temperature increase and propel the world into a sustainable, stable, prosperous and climate-resilient future
through renewables.

5
https://www.irena.org/rethinking/IRENA%20_REthinking_Energy_2nd_report_2015.pdf

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 0129 - DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS BASED ON ASYMMETRIC ZINC (II)
PHTHALOCYANINES
Yunus Yavuz1, Glenay Tun2, Vefa Ahsen2 and Aye Gl Grek2*
1
Gebze Technical University Department of Physics, Kocaeli Trkiye
2
Gebze Technical University Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli Trkiye
Corresponding e-mail: gurek@gtu.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Aye Gl Grek

ABSTRACT
Our main aim deal with the design and synthesis of four types of phthalocyanines. The structure of these
molecules was elucidated by spectroscopic methods( FT-IR,MALDI-MS,UV-VIS). Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
fabricated in the laboratory setting for different fabrication parameters such as different coating thickness and
different dipping time. All types of photovoltaic cells characterized. The efciency of the dye sensitized solar
cells compared to solar cell which designed with reference dye molecule. We designed the experiments and
performed measurements using Solar Simulator and Semiconductor Characterization System. The prospects to
improve the efciency of phthalocyanine based solar cells will be discussed. Interesting results were obtained
in TiO2 based solar cell sensitized by phthalocayanine named Pc1a which contains six hexylthia groups at the
peripheral position under optimized conditions. The DSSC devices containing this compound exhibited short-
circuit current densities of 0.083 and solar energy-to-electricity conversion efciencies of 0.16% under AM 1.5
illumination and 100 mW cm2 irradiation.

Keywords: DSSC, Phthalocyanine, Photovoltaic, Solar cell

1. INTRODUCTION
Dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSC) have received increasing attention due to their high incident to photon efciency,
easy fabrication and low production cost [1-8]. Phthalocyanine (Pc) and its derivatives that are similar to porphyrins,
exhibit excellent thermal and chemical stability. This aromatic molecules have very high molar absorption
coefcients in the red/near-infrared (IR) region of the solar spectrum[. Furthermore, because of having a large
overlap with the visible spectrum, they are especially suitable for DSSC. To date, a large number of phthalocyanine
dyes have been synthesized for applications in DSSCs.[9-17] Zinc (Zn(II)) phthalocyanines have been studied
widely by many groups.[10,12,13,14-17]

Considering the studies are available in literature, especially using carboxylic acid as electron withdrawing groups
in push- pull type AB3 asymmetric phtalocyanines are seen to be appropriate in the application of DSSC. Hence,
to realize the effect of the carboxylic acid groups on the power conversion efciency of the solar cells, three
different carboxylic acid groups was chosen as electron-withdrawing groups bounded to Pc core directly or via
conjugated linker groups in this study scope. Hexylthio groups are selected to obtain high absorption over a wide
range in red / near IR region, where the solar ux of photons is maximum. On the other hand, it has been aimed
to synthesize four push-pull type AB3 asymmetric phthalocyanine derivatives containing in different numbers of
hexyl thio groups on positions of peripheral and non-peripheral by using a systematic approach for determining
the positional effect of alkyl- thia groups on DSSC performance. All cells was fabricated for 4 times for different
parameters which is different dipping time and TiO2 thickness.

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2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sheme 1. Synthesis of Pc1a and Pc4a

Synthesis of 2,3,9,10,16,17 hexa (hexylthio)-23(24)-(carboxy) Zinc (II) phthalocyanine (Pc1a)

4,5 Bis-(hexylthio) phthalonitrile (471 mg, 1.3 mmol), 3,4-dicyano benzoic acid (25mg, 0.145 mmol) and ZnCl2
(222 mg, 1.62 mmol) were dissolved in 2ml anhydrous of dimethyl formamide (DMF) under argon atmosphere
and stirred for a 30 minutes. After that four drops DBU was added and the reaction mixture was reuxed at
170oC for 24h.The crude green product mixture was poured into EtOH (150 ml). The precipitated product was
ltered and washed EtOH. Then, the solid materials obtained was puried by column chromatography over silica
gel using CH2Cl2/EtOH (10/1) mixture as eluent. The second band, a greenish blue one contained the desired
phthalocyanine Pc1a.Yield: 28 mg (%17) 1H- NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3-d1+ DMSO-d6 ppm): 10.68 (br s, 1H, OH),
9.92 (m, 3H, ArH), 9.24 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.80(m, 4H, ArH), 3.49 (t, 12 H, SCH2), 2.08(m, 12 H, CH2), 1.79 (m, 12 H, CH2),
1.50(m, 24H, CH2), 1.00(t, 18 H, CH3). FT-IR S (cm-1) = 3400,2924,2853,1719,1590,1372. UV-Vis (THF): max (nm)
699 MALDI-TOF MS (no matrix) C69H88N8O2S6Zn m/z =1316,49 [M+H]+

Synthesis of 1,4,8,11,15,18- hexa (hexylthio)-23(24)-(carboxy) Zinc (II) phthalocyanine (Pc4a)

3,6 Bis-(hexylthio) phthalonitrile (460 mg, 1.28 mmol) 3,4-dicyano benzoic acid (24,4 mg, 0.14 mmol) and ZnCl2
(96 mg, 0.72 mmol) were dissolved in 4ml anhydrous of DMF under argon atmosphere and stirred for a 30
minutes. After that four drops DBU was added and the reaction mixture was reuxed at 170oC for 24h.The crude
green product mixture was poured into EtOH (150 ml). The precipitated product was ltered and washed EtOH.
Then, the solid materials obtained was puried by column chromatography over silica gel using CH2Cl2/EtOH
(10/1, 5/1) mixtures as eluent. The second band, a brownish green one contained the desired phthalocyanine
Pc4a.Yield: 50 mg (%27) 1H NMR (600 MHz, THF-d4, ppm): 11.03(br s, 1H, OH), 9.60- 8.50 (m, 9H, ArH), 3.07
(t, 12H, SCH2), 2.19 (m, 12H, CH2), 2.18 (m, 12H, CH2), 1.25 (m, 24H, CH2), 0.84 (t, 18H, CH3). FT-IR S (cm-1) = 3400,
2923, 2833, 1716, 1646, 1553.UV-Vis (THF): max (nm) 711 MALDI-TOF MS (matrix:2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid)
C69H88N8O2S6Zn m/z = 1384,607 [M+3Na]+

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 Sheme 2: Synthesis of Pc7a and Pc9a

Synthesis of 2,9(10),16(17) Tri (hexylthio)-23(24)-(carboxy) Zinc(II) phthalocyanine (Pc7a)

4-(Hexylthio) phthalonitrile (976 mg, 4 mmol) ve ) 3,4-dicyano benzoic acid (78 mg, 0.45 mmol) and ZnCl2 (272
mg, 2mmol) were dissolved in 4ml anhydrous of DMF under argon atmosphere and stirred for a 30 minutes. After
that four drops DBU was added and the reaction mixture was reuxed at 170oC for 24h.The crude green product
mixture was poured into EtOH (150 ml). The precipitated product was ltered and washed EtOH. Then, the solid
materials obtained was puried by column chromatography over silica gel using CH2Cl2/EtOH (50/1, 10/1, 5/1)
mixtures as eluent.The second band, a greenish blue one contained the desired phthalocyanine Pc7a Yield: 80
mg (%18) 1+105(600 MHz THF-d4SSPV+2+P+$U+P+$U+
3.46 (m, 6H, SCH2), 2.05 (m, 6H, CH2), 1.51 (m, 6H, CH2), 1.30 (m, 24H), 1.01 (t, 9H, CH3). FT-IR v (cm-1)
= 3400,2924,2853,1599,1379.UV-Vis (THF): max (nm) 684 MALDI-TOF MS (matrix: 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid)
C51H52N8O2S3Zn m/z = 971 [M]+

Synthesis of 2,9(10),16(17) - Tri (hexylthio)-23(24)-(4-ethynyl) benzoic acid Zinc (II) (Pc9a)

4-(Hexylthio) phthalonitrile (420 mg, 1,72 mmol) 4-((3,4-dicyanophenyl)ethynyl)benzoic acid (52 mg, 0,19 mmol)
and ZnCl2 (130mg, 0,95mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous of DMF (2ml) under argon atmosphere and stirred
for a 30 minutes. After that four drops DBU was added and the reaction mixture was reuxed at 170oC for 24h.
The crude green product mixture was poured into EtOH (100 ml). The precipitated product was ltered and
washed EtOH. Then, the solid materials obtained was puried by column chromatography over silica gel using
CH2Cl2/EtOH (50/1, 10/1, 5/1) mixtures as eluent. The second band, a greenish blue one contained the desired
phthalocyanine Pc9a. Yield: 30 mg (%14) 1H NMR (600 MHz, THF-d4 , ppm): 9.50- 7.69 (m, ArH, 16H) 3.69( m,
6H, SCH2), 2.38(m, 12H, CH2), 1.29 (m, 12H, CH2), 0.86(t, 9H, CH3). FT-IR v (cm-1) = 3400,2924,2853,2217,1721,1598.
UV-Vis (THF): max (nm) 677 MALDI-TOF MS (matrix:2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid) C59H56N8O2S3Zn m/z = 1068,960
[M]+

- 339 -
FABRICATION OF SOLAR CELLS
The preparation of the photoelectrode was performed by a Spin-Coating technique on a conducting glass (FTO,
Fluorine doped Tin Oxide), which was rinsed with high purity water and completely immersed in isopropanol
for 3 hours to increase its hydrophilicity before use and cleaned with UV/Ozone cleaner to get rid of the surface
contamination.

FTO glasses were treated by the spinning of TiCl4 solution (50 mM) followed by calcination at 500 C for 30 min.
Then TiO2 layer coated by Spin-Coating technique. The TiO2 electrodes were then sintered at 500 C for 30 min.
The TiO2 electrodes were immersed into phthalocyanine solution (0.5 M) for 24 and 48 hours.

Figure 1. Configuration of the dye sensitized solar cells.

The phthalocyanine coated electrode was assembled in a classic sandwich type cell. The Pt counter electrode
was attached onto the sensitized photoanode after injection of the electrolyte solution (the 0.6 M N-methyl-
N-butyl-imidazolium iodide (BMII) + 0.1 M LiI + 0.05 M I2 + 0.5 M 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) in acetonitrile as redox
electrolyte solution) into the interspace between the Pt and phthalocyanine coated layers. The active area xed
1.00 cm2.The conguration of fabricated cell is shown in Figure 1.

3. RESULTS
The combinations of materials are four different phthalocyanines, two different ionic liquid (Z150 and AY2), for two
different coating times on 2 different thickness TiO2 layers.The thickness of TiO2 was controlled by changing the
spin coaters coating speed. The values obtained from the measurement are as follows (Table 1).

Table 1. Device performance under AM 1.5 conditions for Pc1a, Pc4a,Pc7a, Pc9a
TiO2 coating
Dye Dipping time Electrolyde Efciency Fill Factor Isc Voc speed
Pc1a 24 AY2 0.141790 39,44828 0.100702 0.356926 2000
Pc1a 24 Z150 0.033610 72,93259 0.003508 1.31376 3000
Pc1a 48 AY2 0.169655 45,79487 0.083467 0.443848 3000
Pc1a 48 Z150 0.082386 51,09740 0.039391 0.409316 2000
Pc4a 24 Z150 0.032617 37,62380 0.006254 0.138618 2000
Pc4a 48 AY2 0.015588 26,42995 0.005646 0.104459 2000
Pc7a 24 AY2 0.014857 29,18716 0.035414 0.143735 2000
Pc7a 24 Z150 0.027424 36,65964 0.031418 0.238100 3000
Pc7a 48 AY2 0.024963 30,90433 0.043729 0.184719 2000
Pc7a 48 Z150 0.070206 44,86836 0.047013 0.332826 3000
Pc9a 24 AY2 0.024080 35,80037 0,003190 0.21000 3000
Pc9a 24 Z150 0.008494 28,72557 0.001066 0.29938 3000

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EQUATIONS
The conversion efciency of a solar cell is dened as the ratio of output electrical power to incident optical power.
For the maximum power output we write (equations 1 and 2):

Equations 1 and 2. Typically formula of Fill Factor and Efficiency

The maximum possible current and the maximum possible voltage in the solar cell are Isc and Voc respectively.
The ratio ImVm/IscVoc is called the ll factor and is a measure of the realizable power from a solar cell.Typically the
ll factor is shown in equation 1. The conventional pn junction solar cell has a single semiconductor bandgap
energy.When the cell is exposed to the solar spectrum, a photon with energy less than Eg will have no effect on
the electrical output power of the solar cell.A photon with energy greater then Eg will contribute to the solar cell
output power, but the fraction of photon energy that is grater than Eg will eventually only be dissipated as heat.
[18]

DISCUSSION
Solar cells can be applied to an isolated area easily. And the technology of DSSC can be used for Material Sciences,
nanotechnology, space crafts, vehicles etc.

Most of the power plants used today have health risk for who live near them and might damage the atmosphere.
Producing energy by nuclear or coal plants are hazardous to people in terms of direct physical harm. Not only are
the people who are near the plants affect negative, but the long terms effects of acid rains and global warming
may change the ecosystem that we depend on for our survival.

The main aim of these studies is to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels.

Solar energy is the best to our environment than any known productions methods of energy especially against
nuclear and fossil fuel.[18]

4. CONCLUSION
We have designed and synthesized four asymmetrical phthalocyanine dyes containing octa and tetra hexylthia
and two different carboxylic acid groups at peripheral and non-peripheral position of the phthalocyanine and
incorporated into DSSC devices.

When the dye sensitization time was prolonged from 24 h to 48 h, the efciency value of the solar cells sensitized
by the Pc4a-cloroform solution (5.0 105 M) at 30 C decreased from 0.032617 to 0.015240 while the efciency
values of Pc1a remained almost constant. Therefore, Pc1a solar cell sensitized at 30 C for 48 h exhibited the
highest conversion efciency of 0.169655% with I = 0.0834 mA , V = 0.44 V and FF = 0.45 under one simulated
sc oc
sun condition.

The possible reason for low efciency could be a mismatch between the TiO2 conduction band and the LUMO
of Pcs the lack of electronic communication between the -conjugated chromophore and the anchoring group
owing to the presence of the alkylthia groups. Further modication of asymmetric phthalocyanine by peripherally
substituting them with other donor groups and peripherally anchoring groups patterns could be useful to improve
these molecules as photosensitizers for DSSC applications. The research directed on these lines are undergoing
in our group.

- 341 -
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present work was supported by the TUBITAK (The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey).
Project No: 114M488 (COST Action MP- 1307). Special thanks to Elizabeth von Hauff, Vrije Universitat Amsterdam
and to all team running this organization.

REFERENCES
1. O'Regan, B, Gratzel, M, 1991 A low-cost, high efciency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 lms,
Nature, pp 353 (6346) 737.
2. Hagfeldt, A, Gratzel, M, 1995. Light-Induced Redox Reactions in Nanocrystalline Systems. Chem. Rev pp 95,
49.
3. Hagfeldt, A, Gratzel, M, 2000 Molecular Photovoltaics Acc. Chem. Res. pp 33, 269.
4. Gratzel, M, 2001. Photoelectrochemical cells Nature. pp 414, 338.
5. Gratzel, M, 2005. Solar Energy Conversion by Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaic Cells Inorg. Chem. pp 44, 6841.
6. Ardo, S, Meyer, G, 2009.Photodriven heterogeneous charge transfer with transition-metal compounds
anchored to TiO2semiconductor surfaces, J. Chem. Soc. Rev. pp 38, 115.
7. Hagfeldt, A, Boschloo, G, Sun, L, et al. 2010. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chem. Rev pp 110, 6595.
8. Nazeeruddin, M.K, Humphry-Baker, R, Gratzel, M, Murrer, B.A, 1998. Efcient near IR sensitization of
nanocrystalline TiO2 lms by ruthenium phthalocyanines Chem. Commun pp 719.
9. Nazeeruddin, M. K. Humphry-Baker, R. Gratzel, M. D.et al.1999. Efcient Near-IR Sensitization of Nanocrystalline
TiO2 Films by Zinc and Aluminum Phthalocyanines J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines. pp 3, 230.
10. Aranyos, V. Hjelm, J. Hagfeldt, A. Grennberg, H, 2001. Free-base tetra arylphthalocyanines for dye-sensitised
nanostructured solar cell applications, J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines. pp 5, 609.
11. He, J. J. Hagfeldt, A. Lindquist, 2001. Phthalocyanine-Sensitized Nanostructured TiO2 Electrodes Prepared by
a Novel Anchoring Method Langmuir. pp 17, 2743.
12. He, J, Benko, G, Korodi, F, et al.2002 Modied Phthalocyanines for Efcient Near-IR Sensitization of
Nanostructured TiO2 Electrode J. Am. Chem. Soc. pp 124, 4922
13. Giribabu, L, Kumar, C.V, Reddy, V, et al. 2007 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells pp 91, 1611.
14. Reddy P.Y, Giribabu, L, Lyness, C, 2007 Efcient sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 lms by a near-IR-absorbing
unsymmetrical zinc phthalocyanine Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. pp 46, 373.
15. Silvestri, F, Garcia-Iglesias, M, Yum, J.H. 2009 Carboxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene- and carboxy-2, 6-naphthylene-
vinylene unsymmetrical substituted zinc phthalocyanines for dye-sensitized solar cells J. Porphyrins
Phthalocyanines pp 13, 369.
16. Eu, S, Katoh, T, Umeyama, T. et al. 2008 Synthesis of sterically hindered phthalocyaninesand their applications
to dye-sensitized solar cells Dalton Trans. pp 5476.
17. Magsi, K, Macdonald, E, Shterengas, L, Calculating the efciency of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with Industry
Based Silicon Solar Cells- Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT), 2010 Long Island Systems

- 342 -
 0132 - MODELING SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY BY USING GWR
Serhat Sensoy1*, Mustafa Coskun1, Mesut Demircan1, Volkan Darende1, Zuhal Akyurek2, Necla Turkolu3, hsan iek3
1
Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara
2
Middle East Technical University, Ankara
3
A.U., Faculty of Language, History and Geography, Ankara
Corresponding email: ssensoy@mgm.gov.tr
*Corresponding author: Serhat ensoy

ABSTRACT
Small portion of the incoming solar energy into the world is sufcient to meet human needs. Renewable energy
sources such as solar energy are very important to protect atmosphere. Geographic variables are measured at
certain points, and prediction map for the entire area is been obtained by some spatial interpolation methods.
Prediction map can be obtained from observed data and also by using secondary variables which have spatial
relationship with the measured values (Bostan et al, 2007). Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR) methods
were applied in the modeling of radiation. GWR is the multi-faceted approach to the analysis of spatial data. GWR
opens a window through the data set to calculate local r2 (Laffan, 1999). In the modeling of spatial interpolation
of radiation data, latitude, relative humidity and cloudiness were used as secondary variable. Best results were
obtained with the cloudiness and relative humidity parameters. Simple linear models generally are been solved
by ordinary least square method. GWR model results were compared by the lowest RMSE and higher r values
obtained in the model. According to model result, southern parts of Izmir-Igdir line, have over 1500 KWh/m/Year
radiation potential and is considered as optimum area for the photovoltaic installation.

Keywords: GWR, Co-kriging, Modeling, Radiation, Photovoltaic

1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the geographical location, Turkey is lucky country compared to the others in terms of solar energy potential.
According to sunshine duration and radiation data measured by TSMS from 1971 to 2000, Turkeys annual mean
total sunshine hours are 2573 (daily mean is 7 h) and mean total radiation is 1474 KWh/m-year (daily 4 KWh/m).
Monthly and regional solar energy potential of Turkey has been given at Table 1.

Photovoltaic (PV), is a method of obtaining electricity from the sun through silicon crystals.
Crystalline solar cell layer in the bottom portion covered with one of P-type material (e.g. Aluminum, Gallium,
Indium) to create green spaces. N-type top layer, covered with chemicals such as arsenic, phosphorus or antimony
which create traveler electrons. The light falling on the electrons stimulate them through the lower layers (P
region). In the solar cell, these electrons makes short-circuit in the ways drawn that separates two layers and circuit
again through drawn road towards the entire N region and thereby generate electricity. With todays technology,
depending on the used material on PV, approximately 15% of the total potential of the sun can be converted into
electrical energy. Depending on the PV type and area, the amount of energy can be produced in Turkey shown at
below Chart 1.

- 343 -
Table 1. Monthly and regional solar energy potential of Turkey (TSMS)

R E G ION T OT AL S OL AR E NE R G Y (K Wh/m-year) S UNS HINE HOUR (hour/year)

S outheas tern Anatolia 1648 2845
Mediterranean 1548 2737
Aegean 1528 2615
E as t Anatolia 1523 2519
Inland Anatolia 1481 2563
Marmara 1329 2250
B lack S ea 1305 1929

Chart 1. The amount of energy can be produced in Turkey depending on the PV type and area (KWh/Year)

- 344 -
Table 2. Sunshine hour and radiation data of the cities
K W h/m-year K W h/m-day K W h/m- PV C ity area S unshine S unshine hour
S T AT ION J AN F E B MAR AP R MAY J UN J UL AUG S E P OC T NOV DE C observed observed year Model E quivalent (km) hour (h/day) (h/year)
ADANA 62 75 113 134 167 172 181 164 130 102 68 54 1421 3.9 1525 228.8 14256 7.4 2704
ADIYAMAN 54 68 104 126 156 167 168 152 124 92 62 47 1320 3.6 1681 252.2 7572 8.1 2950
AF YON 63 82 130 153 183 199 209 192 154 107 69 53 1594 4.4 1456 218.4 14532 6.7 2461
AG R I 58 74 115 127 161 178 183 167 136 93 58 43 1392 3.8 1383 207.4 11315 6.3 2306
AK S AR AY 67 84 124 141 174 186 194 179 146 106 74 59 1534 4.2 1557 233.5 8051 7.5 2728
AMAS YA 47 66 109 136 170 184 192 174 134 89 52 38 1393 3.8 1469 220.3 5731 5.6 2059
ANK AR A 50 67 108 128 164 178 189 172 137 96 58 41 1389 3.8 1440 216.1 25615 6.9 2506
ANTAK YA 49 66 105 132 163 178 182 164 130 95 60 45 1369 3.8 1510 226.5 5678 7.4 2689
ANTAL YA 75 91 138 160 197 208 215 196 163 123 82 66 1715 4.7 1562 234.2 20599 8.4 3054
Ardahan 56 75 114 133 164 179 184 166 132 94 60 47 1404 3.8 1405 210.8 5495 5.9 2136
AR TVIN 50 69 114 138 168 177 169 156 126 89 55 42 1352 3.7 1310 196.5 7493 4.9 1789
AYDIN 63 76 119 145 183 197 204 187 151 110 71 57 1562 4.3 1610 241.5 7922 7.6 2768
B AL IK E S IR 41 53 86 113 145 162 167 152 120 80 48 34 1202 3.3 1383 207.4 14442 6.9 2528
B AR TIN 42 59 93 121 158 172 182 162 121 82 49 36 1277 3.5 1200 180.0 1960 5.6 2041
B atman 67 86 128 148 182 199 206 187 152 110 72 56 1593 4.4 1600 240.0 4671 7.5 2744
B ayburt 57 75 113 132 165 180 184 166 132 94 60 46 1404 3.8 1410 211.5 4043 6.0 2205
B IL E C IK 54 67 106 129 166 180 186 169 136 91 58 45 1384 3.8 1370 205.5 4181 6.4 2318
B ING OL 61 83 122 144 184 210 218 196 150 99 59 47 1574 4.3 1571 235.7 8402 6.5 2360
B ITL IS 62 83 126 138 165 196 199 181 150 104 60 49 1512 4.1 1559 233.9 8413 6.4 2324
B olu 48 64 103 125 157 171 179 161 125 85 53 40 1311 3.6 1318 197.7 10716 5.4 1983
B UR DUR 71 89 130 156 193 213 221 197 160 121 85 56 1691 4.6 1567 235.0 7238 7.4 2695
B UR S A 48 58 90 114 146 160 166 149 119 81 52 41 1225 3.4 1418 212.8 11087 6.3 2296
C ANAK K AL E 51 67 108 141 173 186 193 174 136 95 58 45 1427 3.9 1329 199.3 9887 7.3 2649
C ANK IR I 51 71 118 135 169 184 195 176 142 101 61 42 1445 4.0 1397 209.5 8411 6.1 2227
C OR UM 55 75 117 137 168 183 193 177 140 96 60 44 1444 4.0 1394 209.1 12833 6.1 2230
DE NIZL I 51 65 100 124 153 171 174 154 123 87 56 44 1300 3.6 1566 234.9 11716 7.5 2722
DIYAR B AK IR 63 82 126 148 193 211 216 194 156 115 72 54 1629 4.5 1620 243.1 15162 7.8 2859
DUZC E 39 54 85 111 143 157 162 148 115 75 46 34 1169 3.2 1247 187.0 2593 5.1 1868
E DIR NE 34 47 76 103 130 139 143 131 99 66 39 29 1037 2.8 1363 204.5 6241 6.2 2248
E L AZIG 53 72 112 136 171 194 199 179 143 101 62 44 1467 4.0 1602 240.3 9181 7.3 2677
E R ZINC AN 58 76 114 130 158 174 182 163 131 94 60 49 1389 3.8 1463 219.4 11974 6.5 2376
E R ZUR UM 70 91 132 138 162 181 193 174 142 103 68 56 1511 4.1 1455 218.3 24741 6.7 2439
E S K IS E HIR 50 66 101 121 153 166 178 160 130 89 59 39 1311 3.6 1396 209.3 13904 6.7 2439
G AZIANTE P 58 72 111 136 172 190 196 177 142 104 68 51 1478 4.0 1628 244.2 7194 7.3 2658
G IR E S UN 42 55 81 96 130 146 125 109 74 70 43 32 1003 2.7 1187 178.0 7151 3.7 1351
G UMUS HANE 50 88 134 149 180 198 211 192 148 101 54 39 1543 4.2 1420 213.0 6125 5.9 2144
HAK K AR I 76 95 135 147 175 191 198 181 147 110 74 67 1596 4.4 1657 248.5 7729 7.9 2877
IG DIR 52 71 110 126 153 167 169 154 123 90 58 44 1318 3.6 1525 228.7 3584 6.3 2315
IS P AR TA 59 73 107 123 149 161 168 154 126 94 64 50 1328 3.6 1535 230.3 8733 7.5 2741
IS TANB UL 41 56 95 129 166 180 184 161 127 83 50 36 1306 3.6 1303 195.5 5170 5.9 2163
IZMIR 64 79 123 151 186 203 207 186 154 111 71 55 1589 4.4 1562 234.3 11811 7.9 2893
K AHR AMANMAR AS 60 78 124 153 193 214 224 199 161 112 69 51 1638 4.5 1628 244.2 14213 7.2 2619
K arabk 48 64 101 123 156 170 179 160 124 83 52 39 1299 3.6 1307 196.1 2864 5.9 2170
K AR AMAN 72 91 140 169 199 216 223 202 168 119 79 61 1739 4.8 1554 233.1 8816 8.0 2926
K AR S 68 85 129 134 155 170 182 166 134 97 64 57 1441 3.9 1414 212.1 9594 6.4 2324
K AS TAMONU 43 60 95 110 136 150 157 142 110 75 46 33 1157 3.2 1342 201.3 13473 5.8 2129
K AYS E R I 58 76 113 132 163 179 196 178 142 99 64 50 1451 4.0 1491 223.7 17116 6.8 2464
K IL IS 70 89 136 167 200 219 221 198 164 125 82 60 1731 4.7 1651 247.7 1239 7.8 2838
K IR IK K AL E 53 73 116 136 170 185 200 182 144 99 58 41 1458 4.0 1433 215.0 4589 6.9 2509
K IR S E HIR 60 79 121 140 172 183 193 175 141 104 69 53 1490 4.1 1449 217.3 6434 7.2 2619
K irklareli 47 63 100 125 157 172 179 160 125 84 52 40 1304 3.6 1302 195.3 6056 6.9 2531
K OC AE L I 39 50 82 106 137 152 155 136 108 70 45 33 1113 3.1 1280 192.0 3635 5.4 1971
K ONYA 62 81 123 144 174 188 197 179 145 107 71 54 1524 4.2 1554 233.1 40824 7.2 2637
K UTAHYA 53 72 117 145 175 191 202 184 143 92 58 43 1474 4.0 1418 212.7 12119 5.7 2071
MAL ATYA 55 73 113 140 175 199 209 190 151 106 64 45 1519 4.2 1617 242.5 12235 7.6 2768
Manisa 64 79 121 146 178 192 198 180 146 106 69 54 1533 4.2 1530 229.5 13120 6.9 2534
Mardin 68 87 130 149 183 201 208 189 154 111 73 57 1610 4.4 1612 241.8 9097 8.1 2972
ME R S IN 76 94 143 167 198 209 212 195 163 125 82 66 1729 4.7 1512 226.8 15737 7.5 2750
MUG L A 60 73 111 134 164 177 181 165 135 101 66 51 1419 3.9 1566 234.8 12716 7.4 2713
MUS 61 80 119 139 172 191 199 183 153 107 64 44 1511 4.1 1463 219.4 8023 7.3 2671
Nevsehir 62 79 120 142 174 190 197 179 144 104 68 52 1511 4.1 1509 226.4 5438 7.1 2601
NIG DE 87 107 157 181 214 233 248 225 185 135 90 73 1935 5.3 1550 232.5 7318 7.6 2759
OR DU 44 60 93 118 149 166 157 141 111 77 52 37 1206 3.3 1209 181.3 5894 4.4 1621
Osmaniye 64 82 123 145 178 193 200 181 147 107 70 54 1544 4.2 1545 231.8 3189 7.2 2643
R IZE 41 54 85 106 125 133 112 102 87 65 44 34 988 2.7 1183 177.5 3792 4.1 1481
S AK AR YA 46 61 96 124 160 179 185 166 129 84 51 39 1320 3.6 1269 190.3 4895 5.2 1904
S AMS UN 46 58 90 114 147 167 171 150 112 78 50 39 1222 3.3 1222 183.3 9474 5.0 1834
S ANL IUR F A 57 74 116 142 179 197 200 181 146 109 70 52 1522 4.2 1721 258.1 23321 8.1 2941
S IIR T 65 85 124 151 185 205 205 187 153 112 73 58 1602 4.4 1667 250.1 5465 7.7 2795
S INOP 39 56 93 117 150 166 173 151 113 77 45 33 1214 3.3 1262 189.3 5858 5.5 1992
S IVAS 47 61 93 107 138 154 167 152 120 84 51 36 1210 3.3 1474 221.2 28129 6.7 2449
S irnak 67 86 128 148 181 198 205 186 151 109 72 56 1587 4.3 1590 238.5 7296 7.3 2650
TE K R DAG 45 60 94 127 161 174 182 158 125 82 49 37 1296 3.5 1307 196.1 6345 5.8 2099
TOK AT 55 74 115 136 170 185 183 175 143 98 61 46 1442 4.0 1389 208.3 9912 5.9 2166
TR AB ZON 44 58 89 109 134 146 132 118 97 73 48 38 1087 3.0 1250 187.5 4495 4.3 1554
TUNC E L I 66 85 122 145 188 212 220 199 160 111 69 51 1629 4.5 1556 233.4 7406 7.3 2671
US AK 55 65 101 117 152 164 168 161 129 93 60 49 1313 3.6 1513 227.0 5174 7.6 2756
VAN 82 102 142 163 197 215 218 201 163 120 82 69 1755 4.8 1593 239.0 20927 7.9 2899
YAL OVA 41 58 96 132 173 188 191 170 130 84 46 34 1343 3.7 1297 194.5 403 5.6 2041
YOZG AT 58 76 115 132 161 175 193 172 132 95 60 45 1416 3.9 1453 217.9 14083 6.7 2458
ZONG UL DAK 40 57 93 127 165 183 192 171 133 85 48 35 1329 3.6 1365 204.7 3470 5.8 2108

Note: Lowercase and blue colors of the solar radiation data are derived from interpolation.

- 345 -
Table 3. Monthly mean sun energy potential in Turkey

Monthly total radiation S uns hine hour

MO NT HS .FDOBFPBPRQWK N:KPBPRQWK hour/day
J ANUAR Y 5.13 59.7 106.9
F E B R UAR Y 6.59 76.6 135.2
MAR C H 10.04 116.8 170.2
AP R IL 11.96 139.1 203.5
MAY IS 14.75 171.5 260.5
J UNE 16.07 186.9 318.1
J ULY 16.63 193.4 339.3
AUG US T 15.03 174.8 322.3
S E P T E MB E R 12.06 140.3 277.9
OC T OBE R 8.60 100.0 200.6
NO V E MB E R 5.56 64.7 142.0
DE C E MB E R 4.30 50.0 96.3
T O T AL 126.7 1473.9 2572.7
ME AN 347 cal cm_day 4 kW h/m_day 7 hour/day

339. 3
350 322. 3
307. 9
300 268. 9
260. 5
250
196. 9 200. 6
200 170. 2
Hour

150 137. 4
122. 1
106. 9
96. 3
100

50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month

Graphic 1. Monthly sunshine hour in Turkey

200 186. 9 193. 4

171. 5 174. 8
180
160
139. 1 140. 3
140
K Wh/m-month

116. 8
120
100. 0
100
76. 6
80 64. 7
59. 7
60 50. 0
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month

Graphic 2. Monthly radiation in Turkey

- 346 -
2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

DATA AND CALCULATIONS

In this study 157 weather stations radiation data were used which measured by the Turkish State Meteorological
Service in the 1971-2000 climatic periods.

Unit conversions:
(via www.birimcevir.com )

1Kcal = 1000 cal 1KWh/m = 11.63 x Kcal/cm

PV edeeri = KWh/m2 x 0.15 1MW/m = 1000000 KWh/m
1TEP = 85.9845 x MW/m

Geographic variables are measured at certain points, and prediction map for the entire area is been obtained by
some spatial interpolation methods. Spatial distribution of geographic data can be obtained only from this data
and also prediction map can be obtained by using secondary variables which have spatial relationship with the
measured values (Bostan, P.A., et al, 2007). The maps were prepared in Lambert Conformal Conic Projection and
ED50 Datum.

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Co-kriging methods were applied in the modelling of radiation.
GWR is the multi-faceted approach to the analysis of spatial data. GWR opens a window through the data set to
calculate local r2 (Laffan, 1999). Co-kriging is an extension of ordinary kriging method which takes into account the
spatial cross-validation between two or more data.

In the modelling of spatial interpolation of radiation data, aspect, latitude, relative humidity and cloudiness were
used as secondary variable. Best results were obtained with the cloudiness and relative humidity parameters.
Simple linear models generally are been solved by ordinary least square method is given below formula:

P= C1+C2+e where;
P= Radiation (KWh/m)
C1= solar radiation parameters change with the humidity
C2= solar radiation parameters change with the cloud cover
e= error term.

Co-kriging and GWR model results were compared by the lowest RMSE and higher r values obtained in the
model. Because of the RMSE is smaller and r2 is grater than the Co-kriging result, GWR tool is been selected for
modeling solar energy potential in Turkey. According to model result, southern parts of Izmir-Igdir line, have over
1500 KWh/m/Year radiation potential and is considered as optimum area for the photovoltaic installation.

SECONDARY VARIABLES WERE USED IN GWR MODEL

Figure 1. Long term relative humidity Figure 2. Long term cloudiness

- 347 -
MODELING OF THE PARAMETERS
In the modeling of spatial interpolation of radiation data, aspect, latitude, relative humidity and cloudiness were
used as secondary variable. In the co-kriging analysis combination which gives lowest Root Mean Square Error
was selected. Maps produced with minimum average error maps are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4

Figure 3. Radiation distribution via Co-kriging Figure 4. Radiation distribution via GWR

In the modeling of radiation data via co-kriging, best results were obtained with the cloudiness and relative
humidity parameters according to the RMSE (RMSE=175.1).

In the modeling of radiation data via GWR, best results were obtained with the cloudiness and relative humidity
parameters according to the RMSE and r values (RMSE=162, r2=0.435 ).

Co-kriging and GWR model results were compared, the lowest RMSE and highest r values were obtained with
GWR in the modeling radiation data. For this reason modeling of radiation data continued with the GWR method.

Black sea Region (0.49) and lower in the Hatay, Adana and Mersin (0.36). In the other parts local r values have
been found in between these two values.

3. RESULTS

Figure 5. Long term observed annual total radiation

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 Figure 6. Long term modeled annual total radiation

4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

RESIDUAL MAPS OF THE GWR MODEL

Figure 7. Residual maps between GWR model output and observed radiation

According to the residual map of modeling radiation data with the GWR method; Nigde, Karaman, Van, Afyon
and Burdur have been under estimated while Krklareli, Tekirda, Balkesir, Bursa, Kocaeli, Izmir, Aydin, Denizli,
Eskisehir, Kastamonu, Sivas, Giresun, Trabzon , Rize, Elaz, Adyaman, anlurfa, Gaziantep, and Igdir have been
over estimated values were obtained. In the other places, model results are close to the observed value.

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 Figure 8. Local r values between GWR model output and observed radiation

According to the Local r map of modeling radiation data with the GWR method; local r values between GWR
model output and observed radiation are higher in the Eastern
In the modelling of spatial interpolation of radiation data, aspect, latitude, relative humidity and cloudiness
were used as secondary variable. Best results were obtained with the cloudiness and relative humidity
parameters.
The lowest RMSE and highest r values have been looked for between GWR model output and observed
radiation.
Co-kriging and GWR model results were compared, the lowest RMSE and highest r values were obtained
with GWR in the modeling radiation data. For this reason modeling of radiation data continued with the GWR
method.
Relationship between radiation and latitude and aspect is extremely low (r 0.04 and 0.01). It has been found
that cloudiness and relative humidity parameters are more effective on interpolation of radiation. Best model
combination according to r and RMSE are: Radiation(Relative humidity + Cloudiness).
According to the residual map of modeling radiation data with the GWR method; Nigde, Karaman, Van, Afyon
and Burdur have been under estimated while Krklareli, Tekirda, Balkesir, Bursa, Kocaeli, Izmir, Aydin, Denizli,
Eskisehir, Kastamonu, Sivas, Giresun, Trabzon , Rize, Elaz, Adyaman, anlurfa, Gaziantep, and Igdir have
been over estimated values were obtained. In the other places, model results are close to the observed value.
According to the Local r map of modeling radiation data with the GWR method; local r values between GWR
model output and observed radiation are higher in the Eastern Black sea Region (0.49) and lower in the Hatay,
Adana and Mersin (0.36). In the other parts local r values have been found in between these two values.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge conference organizer for their kind invitation and acceptation of this
paper, as well as excellent organization.

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REFERENCES
1. Bostan P.A., Akyrek Z., 2007, kincil Veriler Kullanlarak Trkiye Ortalama Yllk Ya Deerlerinin Mekansal
Dalmnn Modellenmesi, TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mhendisleri Odas, Ulusal Cora Bilgi Sistemleri
Kongresi, 30 Ekim 02 Kasm 2007, KT, Trabzon
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Model.
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Great Britain: An Approach Using Geographically Weighted Regression, International Journal of Climatology,
volume 21, issue 4, page: 455466.
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the Basin of Mexico, Journal of Hydrology, volume 336, issue 3-4, p: 231-249.
5. Heuvelink, G.B.M., 2006, Incorporating process knowledge in spatial interpolation of environmental variables,
7th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental
Sciences, 5-7 July, Lisbon, Portugal.
6. Lloyd, C.D, 2005, Assessing the Effect of Integrating Elevation Data into the Estimation of Monthly Precipitation
in Great Britain, Journal of Hydrology, volume 308, issue 1-4, p: 128150.
7. zmen, A., 2007, Gne pilleri kullanarak elektrik retimi, G.. Fen Bilimleri Enstits Yksek lisans tezi
8. Propastin, P., Muratova, N., Kappas, M., 2006, Reducing uncertainty in analysis of relationship between
vegetation patterns and precipitation, 7th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural
Resources and Environmental Sciences, 5-7 July, Lisbon, Portugal.
9. Simbahan, G.C., Dobermann, A., Goovaerts, P., Ping, J., Haddix, M.L, 2005, Fine-resolution mapping of soil
organic carbon based on multivariate secondary data, Geoderma, volume 132, issue 3-4, p: 471-489.
10. Tappeiner U., Tappeiner G., Aschenwald J., Tasser E., Ostendorf B., 2001, GIS-based modeling of spatial
pattern of snow cover duration in an alpine area, Ecological Modeling, volume 138, issue 1-3, p: 265275.
11. URL 1, Meteoroloji Ders Kitab, www.ssd.dhmi.gov.tr/getBinaryFile.aspx?Type=3&dosyaID=48 , 01.11.2016
12. URL 2, Gamma Design software, Geostatistics for the Environmental Sciences, Cokriging in GS, https://
www.gammadesign.com/ , 19.09.2016.
13. URL 3, Goecomputation 99, Spatially Assessing Model Error Using Geographically Weighted Regression,
http://www.geocomputation.org/1999/086/gc_086.htm, 19.09.2016.
14. URL 4. Enerji birimleri evirici, http://www.birimcevir.com, 15.07.2016

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 0137 - SIZING, DESIGNING, SIMULATION AND INSTALLATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC
WATER PUMPING STATION IN TUNISIA
Jamel Chakchak*, Numan S. etin
Ege University, Solar Energy Institute, Energy Technology Department, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding Email: chakchakj@gmail.com
*
Corresponding Author: Jamel Chakchak

ABSTRACT:
The exploitation of solar energy could be benecial in the most isolated areas especially by applying photovoltaic
water pumping. Regarding to that, the Regional Ofces of Agriculture Development (CRDA) of Medenine, has
implemented some strategies that allowed the exploitation of solar energy in various applications especially
in isolated environments by establishing water pumping stations that use solar PV. In this context, in order to
consolidate the efforts of the CRDA, the current study proposes the sizing, designing, simulation and installation
(practice) of a photovoltaic water pumping station system located in Hachana-Tunisia that uses immersed pump
and an AC Motor. This in-depth analysis presents a simple and efcient methodology for sizing the photovoltaic
pumping station, this method is based on the selective choice of equipments. In order to build a new station,
the well, the storage tank, panels support and position of the solar panels were redesigned using AutoCAD and
SolidWorks. Finally the over all activity of the station was simulated using Matlab Simulink.

Keywords: Tunisia, Photovoltaic, Water Pumping, Design, Evaluation, Installation; AC Motor.

1. INTRODUCTION
In our days, the demand for water is increasing especially in rural areas and remote locations where access to
conventional energy is difcult or impossible. There has been a growing interest in using photovoltaic generators
as a new energy source. The utilization of a standalone photovoltaic pumping system is a practical, reliable,
efcient and economic solution for the problem the lack of water, especially in desert areas.

Photovoltaic pumping system without batteries is simpler than those that use batteries. It is composed only by a
solar panel, a motor controller and pump [1]. For maximum efciency of photovoltaic water pumping systems, an
optimal sizing of different system components is required [2]. Moreover, by increasing the overall performance of
the system, the photovoltaic array size and the total cost of the system will be reduced [3].

The motor of a solar pump can be a DC or AC motor. In the PV pumping systems which use DC motors directly
connected on the photovoltaic eld are generally easier to use than those that use AC motors. AC motors require
the use of an inverter for photovoltaicoperation.

Several studies focused on the design of photovoltaic water pumping system to provide water for irrigation or
drinking [4-5-6]. A simulation model for AC photovoltaic water pumping system has been developed and validated
[7]. Other research papers have demonstrated the possibility of photovoltaic water pumping system installation in
rural areas characterized by high temperatures and highly exposed to solar radiations [8].

In this in-depth study, the dimensions, design, simulation and installation of a photovoltaic water pumping
station located in Hachana-Tunisia (southeast) is presented. This study investigates the feasibility to establish a
photovoltaic water pumping system of a 500 m3 water tank with distance to the well not more than 350 m. The
estimate the number of panels required to meet the electricity demand of the pump, a ow rate equivalent to
Q=2,5 l/s for at least two hours in the worst month in the year should be obtained. Moreover, optimum coupling
of the photovoltaic panels and the smooth running of the station should be achieved. Many visits to site were
conducted to identify relevant data, and to supervise the proper construction of the station.

This paper contains six sections: 2. Site Specications; 3. The Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Design; 4.
Simulation; 5. Installation; And 6. Conclusion.

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2. SITE SPECIFICATIONS
Hachana (Latitude: 33.31, Longitude: 10.33) is located in the region of Medenine district of Beni Khdeche. It
extends over vast sandy plains with altitudes ranging between 30 and 60 m. Temperatures remain high throughout
most of the year with maximum temperatures recorded in June and July ranges between 37 and 46 C. On the
other hand, the lowest temperature recorded is 2.5C, while the annual temperature average ranges between
20.5 and 23 C [9]. Hachana has signicant solar potentials which can be exploited as resource of energy. The
average annual Irradiation on Horizontal Plane Hh (kWh/m/day) is equivalent to 5,23 with monthly average of
irradiation on horizontal plane is as follows: Jan=4; Feb=3,7; Mar=4,9; Apr=5,9; May=6,8; Jun=7,2; Jul=7,3;
Aug=6,5; Sep=5,45; Oct=4,2; Nov=4 and Dec=3,1 (kWh/m/day). Moreover, the annual irradiation on a plane
with optimal inclination (Hopt) exceeding 5,72 kWh/m2/day and monthly irradiation average as follows: Jan=4,9;
Feb=5,2; Mar=5,4; Apr=5,7; May=6,1; Jun=6,6; Jul=6,8; Aug=6,6; Sep=6,1; Oct=5,5; Nov=5 and Dec=4,7 (kWh/
m/day) [9].

The site contains a well of water of depth equivalent 547m, a static level of 118 m, drawdown of 10.88 m, a
geometric level of 34m [9].

The adopted structure consists of a moto-pump powered by a photovoltaic generator, DC-DC Boost converter
provided with an MPPT (maximum power point tracking), DC/AC inverter, AC motor and centrifugal pump.

Figure 1. PV/Water Pumping System Configuration. Figure 2. Location of the Site

3. DESIGNING OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING

Generally, it is difcult to predict the specic performance of a solar pump under various operation conditions.
To maintain data credibility, a simplied procedure that allows determining the size the pumping system with an
acceptable degree of accuracy will be will be applied. The three most important factors that should be estimated
carefully to obtain a reliable sizing are as follows: water needs, sunshine data and the performance of selected
group (motor-pump) on the operating range of the system. The process occurs in three steps: Estimation of the
hydraulic load, water pumping system selection, the photovoltaic eld size determination.

3.1. ESTIMATION OF THE HYDRAULIC LOAD

Daily Water Requirement: the daily water requirement is determined by the amount of water consumed during
specic service duration. This need is equal to Qdy = 40 m3 / day [9].

The Flow Rate: Calculated by dividing the daily requirement by the pumping time. The ow rate as specied by
the CRDA will be equal to Q =2.5 l / s.

The Flow Velocity: The circulation speed of the existing circuit can be calculated by the following formula [10]:
with, Q (l/s); the ow rate, S (m); the conduit section and V (m/s) the ow velocity.
y

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Flow Regimes "Reynolds Number"(Re): The nature of the ow regime is determined by the "Reynolds number"
that is expressed[10]: with, V (m/s) the ow velocity, D (m) diameter of the pipe and (m/s) kinematic viscosity of
the uid.

Under most practical conditions, the ow in a circular pipe is laminar for Re 2300, turbulent for Re 4000, and
transitional in between (2300 Re 4000)[10].

Loss Loads In The Circuit (P): Is the sum of the linear load losses (the linear pressure loss) resulting from the
straight lengths of pipes and singular pressure losses due to various attachments and changes in momentum
(valves, Coude).

The Linear Load Losses (J): We can calculate the linear pressure loss by the following formula of Darcy-Weisbach:
with, D (m) The hydraulic diameter, (kg/m3) The density, the Friction factor (laminar regime; = 0,316. Re-0,25),
V (m/s) the ow velocity and L(m) the pipe Length [11-12].

According to the schematic diagram circuit gures 6 and 7. we notice the presence of two types of pipes with the
following characteristics (Table.1):

Table 1. The Different Characteristics of the Pipes.

Characteristics Slot Conduit PEHD Conduit
Inside Diameter Df = 80 mm Dp = 55,74 mm
Thickness e = 1,8-2,7 mm e = 3,8 mm
Length Lf 13,7 m Lp 300
Flow Velocity 0,641 m/s 0,841 m/s

Figure 3. The Water Well Figure 4. Pompe SP 8A-58 Figure 5. The Storage Tank.

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 Figure 6. The New Proposal Design of the Well. [9] Figure 7. The Proposal Design of the Storage Tank.

Singular Pressure Losses (Z): Can be calculated using the following formula [11-12]. with, the loss coefcient
for the pipe component, g the acceleration due to gravity, V (m/s) the ow velocity. Tab.2 shows the [9]of the
different component pipes.

Table 2. of The Different Component Pipes.

Type Coefficient () Numbre
Float valve DN80 12,3 1
Elbow DN 80 ange cast 0,5 2
Cast iron valve 80 0,2 2
Reduction Cone anged 80/63 0,2 1
Te 80/40 ange (assembled) 1,5 1
Elbow DN 63 ange cast 0,5 1
Te 63/40 ange (assembled) 1,5 1
PEHD valve 63 0,03 1
Check valve in cast iron 63 Z = 0,84 1
Figure 8. The Different Component Pipes.
Check valve cast 63 PEHD pipe Z = 0,84 1

Total Manometric Height (HMT): This is the difference of pressure in meters of water column between the suction
and discharge ports. It is calculated by following formula [13]. with, ND (m) is the dynamic level of the aquifer in
the well, HG (m) is the geometric difference in level between the well surface and the reservoir, NS (m) is the static
level and R (m) is the drawdown.

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3.2. CHOICE AND CHARACTERISTIC OF MOTO-POMPE
The Necessary Hydraulic Energy Eh: Once dened The Necessary needs by volume Qdy = 40 m3/day of water for
each month of the year and the characteristics of the well, we can calculate the average monthly hydro and need
from the relationship: (Wh/day). [14-18]

Electric Power Consumed Ec: For the calculation of the electric energy consumed by the pump, using the following
formula: with, is the MOTO-POMPE performance. [14-18]

The MOTO-POMPE Performance : Hydraulic peak power (Eh) needed depending on the electrical peak power
supplied by the photovoltaic generator (Ec) is given by: [14]

The chosen pump should to meet the varying site conditions. For a ow rate of Q=2.5 l/s (7.2m3/h), a total
manometric height (HMT) of 193,28m on a SP 8A-58 MS6000R type motor-pump marketed by GRUNDFOS.X. is
chosen.

Table.3. shows the motor-pump characteristics.

Table 3. The Different Characteristics of the Pump.

Characteristics SP 8A-58 Characteristics SP 8A-58
Maximum Flow Rate 8 m/h Input Voltage (V) 3400 V
Maximum HMT 383 m Current; (Imax) 28 A
Stages 58 Motor Efciency 80-82.5 %
Efciency 57 % Power Factor; cos() 0.74-0.86
power (P) 9.2 KW Motor speed 3500-4800rpm

Electrical Energy Produced by The Photovoltaic Generator (Ep): For the calculation of the electric energy produced
by the photovoltaic generator using the following formula: with, (K) is a coefcient taking account of system
components yields; (c) is the Wiring Yield, (t) Temperature yield and (FM) is the Matching Factor. [10]

The Wiring Yield, is the yield due to imperfections in the wiring of the different elements of the system. The wiring
yield is quite difcult to predict. However, in this study it is assumed that these losses do not exceed 3%. [9]

Matching Factor, also called adaptation factor, is a return that reects the fact that the solar cell almost never works
at its maximum power point. However, the use of a MPPT controller can remedy this lack. The adjustment factor
must remain close to 90%. It will also be assumed this condition is satised. [9]

Temperature yield, this yield reects the fact that the temperature of the cell has a small inuence on the yield, the
latter decreases with increasing temperature. It is calculated using the following formula: with, (Ctp) is Temperature
Coefcient and (Tcell) is the cell operating temperature. [16]

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(Tamb)is the ambient temperature (C), NOCT is the Nominal Operating Cell Temperature and (K T ) is the Clarity
Index calculated by: with, Hh is the annual Irradiation on Horizontal Plane and (H 0 ) is the annual Irradiation
extraterrestrial. For the calculation of K T and H 0 using
g the following
g formula: [15]

This method was used for Sizing The Photovoltaic Field during the worst months. Accordingly; the calculations
related to the month of December, which as identied as the worst month, are presented in Table.4.

Table 4. Data of the Worst Month.

Data December
Average Day N 344
Declination() -23,04
Hour Angle ws () 74,02
Average Temperature 17C
Average Irradiance (Time: 11:00-13:00) 813 [W/m2]
Solar constant Gsc 1.367kW/m

Remember that the main characteristics of solar panels are: TENESOL TE 755Voc=25V, Vm=22V, ISC=4.7A,
Im=4.4A, P=85Wc and NOCT=45C.At Standard Test Condition (STC) i.e. at 25 [C] temperature and 1000 [W/m2]
irradiance.

Peak Power Installation Pc (Wc): It can be determined by the following formula: with, Es is The available solar
energy
gy is expressed
p in Wh/m/dayy or kWh/m/dayy [17].

The Estimated Number Of Series Module Ns: The nominal voltage of the operation of motor-pump Vbus =100V.

For the calculation of the number of series module the following formula is used: with, Vm is the maximum solar
p
panel voltage
g [9].

The Estimated Number of Parallel Module (Np); (Im) is the maximum current of a module, (Vm) is the maximum solar panel
voltage
g and (Wc) is the power
p of module. The number of parallel
p module (Np) can be calculated using the following formula: [9]

The Power of the Inverter (Pin): the apparent power of the motor Pam can be calculated using the following
formula: [9]

Taking into account the factors above and overloads, it can take a 20% exibility on the apparent power. So the
power of the inverter Pin is: [9]

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4. SIMULATION

4.1.DESCRIPTION AND MODELLING OF THE SYSTEM

In order to increase the efciency of the solar pump it is recommended to add an impedance matching (maximum
power point tracking). This adapter will allow the pump to run at maximum load point which results in tension
reduction and output current increase from the PV array during low sunlight.

The proposed model consists of photovoltaic generator (144 panels; Ns=18, Np=8), DC-DC Boost converter
provided with an MPPT (maximum power point tracking), DC/AC inverter, AC motor and centrifugal pump. The
AC Motor block uses manufacturer datasheet parameters as mentioned in Table.3. The proposed model was
simulated using Matlab/Simulink software and in return allowed the evaluating the performance of the system.
p
Figure.9 represents the model used in the simulation.

Figure 9. Proposed System simulation model

4.2. PVCELL MODEL
The equations which dene the model of a PV cell are given below [19], [20]:
The reference temperature
p is given
g byy Treff = 273 + 25; The thermo voltage
g of cell Vt, is given by:

The open-circuit
p voltage
g VOC, is given
g by:
y

The diode current Id, is given

g by:
y

The diode reverse saturation current Is, is g

given by:
y

The diode reversed saturation current at Top, is g

given by:
y

The Shunt current Ish, is g

given by:
y

The light-generated
g g current Iph
p
, is given
g by:
y

The output
p current from the PV ppanel I, is given
g by:
y

Taking into Consideration the environmental and cell parameters, a PV cell simulation set up model based on
equations (21), (28), is developed in MATLAB/SIMLINK [21].

- 358 -
4.3. SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 10 and 11; shows The power-voltage (PV) and current-voltage (IV) curves of the photovoltaic array at:
Standard Test Condition (STC) i.e. at 25 [C] temperature and 1000 [W/m2] irradiance.
The worst month (December); 17 [C] temperature, and 813 [W/m2] Irradiance. [9]

Figure 10. Array I, V, and P curves with constant Figure 11. Array I, V, and P curves with constant
radiation and Temperature musered at Standard Test radiation and Temperature musered at the worst month
Condition. (December).

Figure 12 and 13; shows the characteristics of the Motor Input Voltage (Vnp), Motor Input Current (Inp),
Characteristics Rotor Speed and Flow Rate of the Motor-Pump.

The motor stator rotates with a speed of MRS=4000 rmp which coincides with the motor rated speed value which
is usually between 3500 and 4800 rmp. [9]

The motor input voltage equals to the motor optimum voltage (Vmp) which is equivalent to Vmp=Vinp= 400V.

The pump water ow rate Qp=31.7 g/m =2,5 l/s.

Figure 12. Characteristics of the Motor Input Voltage Figure 13. CharacteristicsRotor Speed and Flow Rate of
(Vnp) and Current (Inp). the Motor-Pump.

- 359 -
We can say that; The station that consists of photovoltaic array (144 panels TENESOL TE 755, P=85Wc;
Ns=18,Np=8) and MOTO-PUMP (SP 8A-58 MS6000R) at total manometric height (HMT) of 193,28 m. Is able to
provide a water ow rate equal to Qp=2.5 l/s minimum two hours in the worst month in the year.

5. INSTALLATION
Mechanical Assembly; The solar generator does not work correctly if certain conditions location and positioning
are not met. In this context we offer a support which has conrmed the ideal position of the panels with an optimal
inclination angle specic for the site of Hachana (Figure 14).

Positioning of The Generator On Site; The shadows coming out from any obstacle (buildings, trees, etc.) should
be avoided throughout the year. Otherwise the generators performance will greatly reduced. To facilitate the
positioning of the generator on site, Figure15, shows the minimum distances for a set of barriers to the north,
south, east and west of the generator.

PV modules are mounted according to the manufacturer's instructions. They should be located away from
children's games, falling objects, cattle, etc., and easily accessible to facilitate cleaning. It is important to provide
a protective fence.

Figure 14. Solar Generator and 3D Modeling of the Figure15. Proposal of Planting the Module Fields and
Support. Wire Fence.

Electrical Assembly; When mounting the modules to be respected designation of terminals and their polarities. It
will connect the panels of the eld starting from the lowest voltage. The connections must be carried out in small
groups, so as to push the achievement of higher voltage circuits as close to the nal connections. It is important
to make a good tightening of cables and cable glands, and ensure a good seal to the various cable entry points.

6. CONCLUSION
In this study, the components of photovoltaic water pumping station were analyzed to achieve the values set by
the Regional Ofces of Agriculture Development of Mdenine. The aim is accurate estimation for the number
of panels required to meet the electricity demand of the pump to achieve a ow rate equivalent to Q=2,5 l/s for
at least two hours in the worst month in the year. Moreover, an optimum coupling the photovoltaic panels was
established and smooth running of the station was ensured.

This study showed that the elements governing the choice of a pump depend on several important factors: the
type of the required pump, the total head of the installation, the type and voltage-current (V / I) engine, the power
required for pumping, etc. The choice requires knowledge of the depth of the water source. Optimization of the
dimensions and pump selection criteria suggests an extensive inventory of all the characteristics of motor-pumps
sold on the market.

Analysis is almost identical to the selection and sizing of solar panels: their builders characteristics of voltage
and power are variable from one model to another, an inventory of marketed panels is necessary. In this way, the
characteristic U / I of the panels and those of the pumps can be compared readily to optimize the choice and the
arrangement of the panels.

The orientation of solar panels and their location can be calculated. These require some knowledge of the site's
geographical parameters and its exposure to sunshine.

- 360 -
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Lintention Des Ingnieurs Et Des Techniciens . IEPF, EIER, CREPA, ISBN 2-89481-006-7.
19. Francisco M. Gonzlez-Longat - 2do congreso iberoamericano de estudiantes de ingeniera elctrica,
electrnica y computacin, Model of Photovoltaic Module in Matlab (II CIBELEC 2005).
20. J.A. Ramos-Hernanz,J.J. Campayo ,J. Larranaga , E. Zulueta ,O. Barambones ,J. Motrico ,U. Fernandez Gamiz, I.
Zamora, Two photovoltaic cell simulation models in Matlab/Simulink - (IJTPE), Iss. 10, Vol. 4, No. 1, Mar. 2012.
21. http://fr.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/leexchange/41537-a-photovoltaic-panel-model-in-matlab-simulin.

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 0138 - SPECTRAL TRANSMITTANCE OF NANOPARTICULATE MEDIA FOR SOLAR
THERMAL COLLECTORS: EFFECT OF THE SIZE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Layth Al-Gebory1,2 *, Pinar Meng1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering and CEEE, zyein University, stanbul, Trkiye
2
Department of Materials Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
Corresponding email: layth.ismael@ozu.edu.tr
* Corresponding author: Layth Al-Gebory

ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of particle size and particle size distribution on the light
attenuation by measuring the spectral transmittance of nanosuspensions which are proposed as working media for
solar thermal collectors. Two parts of experimental investigation is completed. The rst one includes preparation
and characterization of distilled water (DW) based TiO2 nanosuspensions, and the second part includes spectral
transmittance investigation based on ultraviolet/visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The investigation of spectral
transmittance is carried out in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges. The obtained results show that all
the prepared nanosuspensions behave like opaque to light transmittance in the ultraviolet range at low particle
concentration, and the transmissivity increases in the visible range of the wavelength. The effects of different
parameters including particle size and size distribution, and particle volume fraction on the spectral transmittance
are demonstrated.

Keywords: Nanoparticulate media, Spectral transmittance, Solar thermal collectors.

1. INTRODUCTION
Basically, everything except the vacuum is heterogeneous. Even in media which are consider to be homogeneous
(e.g., pure gases and liquids), it is possible to distinguish the individual heterogeneities (molecules and atoms) with
specic methods. Therefore, all media scatter light. When photons, so called electromagnetic waves interact with a
medium including small particles, the radiative intensity may be changed by scattering and/or absorption. How much
and into which direction a particle scatters an electromagnetic wave depends on important parameters which include
the shape and the type of the particle, the clearance between particles, its relative size and medium properties [1-3].

Nanosuspensions, i.e., liquid-nanoparticle suspensions, popularly named nanouids in the heat and mass transfer
eld are implemented in solar harvesting systems where nanoparticles are found to be effective electromagnetic
wave absorbers within UVvisible range, where 85% of solar energy is dissolved. While, conventional base uids
absorb 15% of solar energy within infrared region. For that, the radiative properties of the suspended particles and
the media that contains those particles should be investigated deeply. As there are many particles in a particulate
medium, the scattered photon from a particle may interact with those from other particles. This means, an incident
beams can be scattered more than one time and they can be scattered again by the nearby particles [4,5].

In the eld of solar thermal systems, nanosuspensions have a high potential to be used in the direct solar absorber
to improve their performances. However, particle agglomeration in nanosuspensions is a common phenomenon
as a result of the attractive forces between suspended particles. Particle agglomeration leads to agglomerates
with different sizes and structures, thus particle size distribution occurs. Understanding the effect of particle size
distribution on the radiative properties of nanosuspensions is very important [6-10].

Spectral Transmittance is one of the radiative properties parameters that describe the radiation phenomenon. It
is used to describe the process by which incident radiant leaves a surface or medium from a side other than the
incident side, usually the opposite side. The spectral transmittance refers to light attenuation, and it is related to
the medium depth and extinction coefcient. Therefore, calculation the transmissivity of nanosuspensions is very
important to study the effectiveness of solar energy absorption with suspended particles. Spectral transmittance
of several nanosupensions are very different, these differences depend on different paramters related to the
nature of the suspended particles and the medium. Also, suspended particle size and size distribution play a
signicant role in the spectral transmittance [11-13].

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Many researches have carried out studies to measure or predict the spectral transmittance of a particulate media.
Particle dispersion can reduce the transmittance of water by <5 % in the visible spectrum range. Water based
AlN and ZnO nanouids are selectively absorb solar radiation, while water based TiN and ZrC nanouids are
absorbed most of the solar radiation [14]. Lower transmittance and higher extinction coefcient can be observed
for nanouid containing carbon-coated Ni (Ni/C) nanoparticles, compared with that containing similar average
size of Ni nanoparticles [15].

Solar radiation is difcult to transmit through the ZrC and TiO2 nanouid. While a remarkable amount of visible light
can pass through the SiO2 nanouid. A highest solar absorption is shown for ZrC nanouid among the studied
nanouids [16]. An investigation is carried out on the inuence of temperature on the magnetic eld induced
light transmission in a kerosene based ferrouid containing oleic acid coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles, where the
direction of propagation of light is parallel to the direction of the external magnetic eld [17].

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of particle size and particle size distribution on the spectral
transmittance of distilled water (DW) based nanosuspensions. Spectral transmittance of nanosuspensions are
investigated within ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges. The experiments were conducted in two parts
including nanosupensions preperation and characterization, and the spectral transmittance measurements. In
addition, the effect of particle volume fraction on the spectral transmittance is explored.

2. SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS

Solar radiation is one of the most important renewable energy sources, solar energy offers a reliable solutions.
Nowadays, sustainable energy utilization is one of the most signicant challenges facing society. The amount of
solar energy absorbed by the earth and atmosphere is approximately equal to 4x1024 J/year. Where, the solar
energy captured by the earth in one hour is much more than the total energy consumed by the whole world in
one year. Through the investigations in solar energy technology, it is clear that photothermal energy conversion
is important to not only for thermal utilization, but also solar chemical technology and electricity generation [2,3].

In the solar thermal systems, solar thermal collectors are the most important part. They are categorized according
to their design and working temperature as shown in Fig. (1). Flat plate collector is the most common type of
solar thermal collectors. In this type, energy absorbed by the surface, then it transfers in a heat form to a working
uid. The efciency of the at plate collectors is limited by not only the absorptivity of the surface but also how
effectively the energy is transferred to the working uid. To enhance the efciency of collectors, an approach has
been proposed, where the solar energy is to directly absorb by the uid volume, this case is known as volumetric
or direct absorption solar collector DASC, which playes an important role in the photothermal energy conversion.

Figure 1. Types of solar thermal collectors based on operation temperature ranges

Due to their unique thermophysical and radiative properties, nanosuspensions are proposed to be used in
direct absorption solar collectors. Where, nanosuspensions can play a signicant role in photothermal energy
conversion. Fig. (2) shows an energy harvesting system, the concentrated sunlight is directly absorbed by a
nanosuspension. This approach can then serve as the heat source for different thermal processes including heat
engines. However, particle agglomeration in nanosuspensions is a common phenomenon resulting from the
attractive forces between suspended particles. Particle agglomeration leads to agglomerates with different sizes

- 363 -
and structures, thus particle size distribution occurs. Understanding the effect of particle size distribution on the
radiative properties of nanosuspensions is very important specically for solar thermal collectors [6-10].

Figure 2. Energy harvesting system includes volumetric (direct-absorption) solar thermal collector

2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

2.1 NANOSUSPENSIONS PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

Two-step approach is used for nanosuspensions preperation. Two different sizes of spherical shape titanium dioxide
(TiO2) nanoparticles are used as suspended particles with average particle size of 40 and 15 nm . Nanoparticles
are uniformly dispersed in the base uid (distilled water, DW), particle concentrations () are 0.01, 0.06 and
0.1% v/v. All the prepared suspensions are set up at pH equal to 2 and 10. The goal of applying this procedure
for nanosuspensions preparation is to investigate the effects of these parameters (particle size, and pH) on
the particle agglomeration behaviour and particle size distribution. Particle size distribution of the prepared
nanosuspensions is analyzed using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique.

2.2 SPECTRAL TRANSMITTANCE MEASUREMENT

Spectral transmittance is the term used to describe the process by which incident radiant leaves a surface or
medium from a side other than the incident side, usually the opposite side. The spectral transmittance is related to
the medium depth and medium extinction coefcient. Nanosupensions have optical properties that are sensitive
to particle properties including size, shape, concentration, particle agglomeration state and optical properties,
as well as the radiative properties of the medium. Spectral transmittance of the prepared nanosuspensions is
investigated in ultraviolet and visible (UV/Vis) wavelength ranges [11,12].

Ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy (SHIMADZU UV-3600) is the technique used to quantify light attenuation
by the prepared nanosupensions. Spectral transmittance of a sample (7) is dened as the fraction of photons

- 364 -
that pass through the sample over the incident number of photons based on Beer-Lambert law, i.e., 7   ,
I0. Where, I is the transmitted wavelength intensity, I0 is the incident wavelength intensity. In a typical UV/Vis
spectroscopy measurement, we are measuring those photons that are not absorbed or scattered (attenuated)
by a participating media. The scattering contribution increasing as the particles agglomerate to a greater extent
(particle agglomerate size), the structure of the agglomerates also plays a signicant role in the light attenuation
and as a result it affects the spectral transmittance of incident radiation.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Two experimental parts are included in this research. The rst part includes nanosuspensions preparation
and characterization, and the second part includes the spectral transmittance investigation of the prepared
nanosuspensisons.

It can observe that the nanosuspensions have low average particle size in the case of pH=2, while the average
particle size increases in the case of pH=10. That is because at pH=2 the nanosupensions are more stable and they
have low agglomeration rate with particle agglomerate size smaller than those produced in the case of pH=10. It
is worth to mention that to produce a long term stable nanosuspensions, pH value of the nanosuspension should
not be equal or close to the isoelectric point (pHiso) of the nanoparticle, at which the particle carries no electrical
charge to enhance the repulsive forces between suspended particles.

The effects of particle size and particle size distribution on the spectral transmittance of the prepared nanosupensions
are represented in Figs. (3 and 4), these gures shows the spectral transmittance in the wavelength range (200-
800 nm). The effect of differnt parameters on the spectral transmittance can be observed. While, particle size
and size distribution are the most important among them, and the effects of these parameters are different in
different wavelength ranges, this can appear in the relation between particle size and the wavelength, this relation
is represented by the dimensionless size parameter in the radiation calculations.

Spectral transmittance gives an indication about the attenuation of light inside a participating media. It is clear that
low transmissivity in the ultraviolet wavelength range (200-400 nm), and the nanosuspensions behave like totally
opaque to light transmittance at low particle volume fraction. While, spectral transmittance increases in the visible
wavelength range (400-800 nm) for all the types of prepared nanosuspensions.

Light transmission is one of the most important parameters in radiative systems and particularly the thermal type.
Particulate suspensions with largest transmittance are suitable for use in the case where a high transmittance of
visible light is desired. While, those of low transmittance (absorb a large amount incident radiation) are ideal for
application in direct absorption solar thermal collectors.

Figure 3. Spectral transmittance curve for DW based Figure 4. Spectral transmittance curve for DW based
TiO2 (dp~40 nm) TiO2 (dp~40 nm)

- 365 -
4. CONCLUSION
Through the experimental work performed in this research, it is shown the effects of different parameters on the
spectral transmittance of water based TiO2 nanosuspensions. Indeed, different radiative behaviour can be obtained
based on these parameters and in different wavelength ranges. This type of investigations is very important in the
eld of solar thermal energy conversion, where the radiative properties are the basis in these applications.

In different applications which include nanosuspensions, producing a long term stable suspension remains one
of the most important challenges, and it has a signicant effects on the thermal and optical properties. For that,
this research includes three experimental parts in order to demonstrate the effect of nanosuspensions on the
spectral transmittance which is one of the most important parameters in the radiative properties. Starting from the
rst step of nanosuspensions preperation, the effects of different parameters including particle size, particle size
distribution and particle volume fraction on the spectral transmittance can be observed, in addition to the effect
of nanosuspensions pH.

Suspended nanoparticles play a signicant role in the thermal and optical properties, and particle size and
size distribution show a signicant effects in different wavelength ranges, which is very important in specic
applications including solar thermal systems. However, particle agglomeration is a common phenomenon in
particulate suspensions, which results in increasing particle size and this leads to unwanted results.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the support that received from the Center for Energy, Environment and
Economy (CEEE) at Ozyegin University, Istanbul. Additional support is recieved from the KOC University Surface
Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM) laboratories, for Malvern ZS-Zetasizer. They also acknowledge the
assistance of Assoc. Prof. Dr. G. Bahar Basim, Assist. Prof. Dr. Zeynep Basaran Bundur.

- 366 -
REFERENCES
1. Minkowycz, W J., Sparrow, E M. and Abraham, J P. 2013. Nanoparticle Heat transfer and uid ow. Taylor &
Francis Group, LLC.
2. Bohren, C F. and Huffman, D R. 1983. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. Wiley-Interscience
Publication, Canada.
3. Xu, R. 2002. Particle characterization: Light scattering methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
4. Mishchenko, M I., Hovenier, J W. and Travis, L D. 2000. Light scattering by nonspherical particles. Academic
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864-872.
6. Ivezic, Z., Meng, M P. and Knauer, T G. 1997. A procedure to determine the onset of soot agglomeration
from multi-wavelength experiment. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer Vol. 57. No. 6. pp. 859-865.
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of Nano-Scale Powder Agglomerates. Nanostructure Science, Metrology, and Technology, Martin C. Peckerar,
Michael T. Postek, Jr., 160 Editors, Proceedings of SPIE Vol.
8. Du, M. and Tang, G H. 2015. Optical property of nanouids with particle agglomeration. Solar energy 122,
864-872.
9. Kozan, M., Thangala, J., Bogale, R., Meng, M P. and Sunkara, M K. 2007. In-situ characterization of dispersion
stability of nanoparticles and nanowires. J Nanopart Res., DOI 10.1007/s11051-007-9290-y.
10. Aslan, M M., Meng, M P., Manickavasagam, S. and Saltiel, C. 2006. Size and shape prediction of colloidal
metal oxide MgBaFeO particles from light scattering measurements. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, DOI
10.1007/s11051-006-9115-4.
11. Modest, M F. 2003. Radiative Heat Transfer. Academic Press-Elsevier science, USA.
12. Howell, J R., Meng M P. and Siegel, R. 2016. Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer. edition, CRC Press, New York.
13. Mishchenko, M I. 2014. Electromagnetic Scattering by Particles and Particle Groups (An Introduction). 1st
Edition, Cambridge.
14. Zhu, Q., Cui, Y., Mu, L., and Tang, L. 2013. Characterization of Thermal Radiative Properties of Nanouids for
Selective Absorption of Solar Radiation. Int J Thermophys, 34:23072321.
15. Zhang, L., Liu, J., He, G., Ye, Z., Fang, X. and Zhang, Z. 2014. Radiative properties of ionic liquid-based nanouids
for medium-to-high-temperature direct absorption solar collectors, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 130,
521528.
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Using Nanouids. 2nd Micro/Nanoscale Heat & Mass Transfer International Conference, December 18-21,
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17. Brojabasi, S., Mahendran, V., Lahiri, B B. and Philip, J. 2015. Temperature dependent light transmission in
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18. Tabordaa, E A., Francoa, C A. , Loperab, S H., Alvaradoc, V. and Corts, F B. 2016. Effect of nanoparticles/
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with different surfactants. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 75, Pages 341348.

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 0139 - THERMODYNAMICS AND POWER ANALYSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS
UNDER THE DIAGONALLY PARTIAL SHADING
Fatih Bayrak1, Hakan F. ztop2*, Gamze Ertrk2
1
Department of Mechanical Education, Technical Education Faculty, Firat University, Elaz, Trkiye
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technology Faculty, Firat University, Elaz, Trkiye
Corresponding email: hfoztop1@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Hakan F. ztop

ABSTRACT
Energy demand is increased rapidly in the world due to increasing of population and industrialization. The
renewable energy sources become popular in recent years due to the fossil sources of the world are not enough
to meet the need of energy and they produce pollution. The main aim of this work is to investigate the effects
of diagonal partial shading on energy and exergy efciencies of polycrystalline photovoltaic panels. The panels
have in 75 W power. An experimental work was done under clear weather conditions. All measurements were
carried out from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m at July, 2016 which were taken once every half an hour. Three different geometries
are used in the experiments. They are called as three different cases as Case I (20 x 20 triangle) Case II (30 x 18
triangle) and Case III (18 x 30 triangle). As a result of the experiments, the energy and exergy efciencies of the
system were found 4.81% -1.25%, 4.64%-1.24% and 4.18%-1.10%, respectively. Finally, the shading factor makes
important effect on energy and exergy efciencies of the system and the highest power loss was obtained as
66.98% for the shading ratio of Case III.

Keywords: Photovoltaic, shading, energy, exergy, power

NOMENCLATURE
A area of collector (m2)

hca heat transfer coefcient (W/m2K)

I sc short circuit current (A)

Is solar radiation (W/m2)

Im current at the maximum power point (A)

T temperature (K)

Voc open circuit voltage (V)

Vm voltage at the maximum power point (V)

v wind velocity (m/s)

Greek letters
hI energy efciency (-)
h II exergy efciency (-)

Subscripts
a ambient
c cell
m module, maximum
s sun

- 368 -
1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity production from solar energy becomes very popular in recent years due to increasing of efciency
of solar energy technologies and decreasing of investment cost. As well known that the PV panels convert the
energy of solar radiation directly to electrical energy. They do not have mechanical or moving parts. This is their
most important advantage. However, they are affected from many environmental parameters such as partial or
complete shading, dust, dye or other factors.

Sahin et al. [1] analysed the current-voltage variation with temperature, energy and exergy efciencies variation
with solar radiation of photovoltaic panel. Energy and exergy efciencies are obtained ranging from 7% and 12%,
2% and 8%, respectively. The I-V curve is seen to vary with panel temperature. Moreno et al. [2] studied presents a
basic mathematical model to assessment shading losses on photovoltaic systems. This model is applied directly
to power calculations,without the need to consider the whole I-V curve. The results of an experimental testing
on several shaded PV arrays to check the validity of model are also accepted. Akyuz et al. [3] compared the new
and classic approaches of exergy efciency on a PV system. The variations of exergy efciency are examined for
two different cases using experimental data obtained from an installed PV system in Turkey by using the Matlab-
Simulink software. They showed that the highest exergy efciency can be found for lower wind velocity and
environment temperature, as well as higher global solar radiation. So, they expected to be benecial for other
researches on photovoltaic systems of this approach. Dolara et al. [4] investigated the effect of partial shading
on polycrystalline and monocrystalline photovoltaic panels. They performed an experimental work consisting
of measuring the I-V and P-V curves of PV panels. They showed that I-V and P-V values are decreased by the
increasing shading ratio on PV panels. Dorado [5] worked presents a fast and basic method for modelling and
simulating the electrical behaviour of PV systems under different shading situations. Also, this method can be
used for different irradiance and temperature conditions in PV-cells. The performance of the proposed method
was tested with several examples. Owing to this modelling, any electrical variable, e.g. power or energy, can be
easily calculated. Sudhakar and Srivastava [6] investigated the thermal, electrical and exergy output of a PV panel.
They found that the energy and exergy efciencies various between 6% to 9% and 8% to 10% during the day,
respectively. In additionally, the exergy efciency of PV module increases initially with increase in solar radiation
intensity and then decreases after attaining maximum point. Sathyanarayana [7] investigated effect of shading on
the Power output, Fill factor and Efciency of photovoltaic panel. The impact of uniform and non-uniform shading
on the performance of photovoltaic panel was analyzed. For efcient panel performance, non-uniform shading
situations must be avoided to the maximum possible extent. Shaiek et al. [8] studied the effect of a PV system under
the shading, solar radiation and temperature which simulated by using Matlab software. Also, they compared
genetic algorithm approach with two conventional algorithms and this approach has given same analysis as other
methods. Rodrigo et al. [9] investigated the variation according to shading ratio of I-V curve at concentrator PV
panels. This study has used two PV panels which both panels have been measured under the different shading
conditions and I-V data obtaining have been compared. They found root men squared errors for the I-V curves
lower than %4. Yadav et al. [10] analysed by comparison for increasing performance of PV array conguration for
various shading condition. These congurations and shading condition are named such as series-parallel (SP),
total-cross-tied (TCT), bridge-link (BL), honey-comb (HC) and vertical, horizontal, diagonal shading, respectively.
They have used Simulink software which is and MATLAB/Simulink.

The main aim of this work is to study the partial shading effect on power output, energy and exergy efciency
of the system. As shown from the above literature survey and based on authors knowledge, there is no work on
second law analysis of thermodynamics on shading effect of photovoltaic panels.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

An experimental setup is tested in Technology Faculty of Frat University, Elaz of Turkey. The results obtained
from experimental measurements tested on polycrystalline panels with different percentage of shading. A serial
experiment has been performed different days with clear sky condition for June, 2016. The experimental studies
were tested under the weather conditions of the city of Elazg, Turkey which is located at 36o and 42o North
latitudes.
The experimental setup of the photovoltaic system with equipment is shown in Fig. 1. Non-transparent materials
are used as shading element on panels. These materials are used by closing as different shapes on the photovoltaic
panel. The detailed illustration is also given in Fig. 2. In this conguration, effect of shading on three Case was
considered at different percentages. As seen from the photograph that two panels are used which are same
capacities with 75 W in the experiments to make comparison.

- 369 -
 (a) (b)
Figure 1. The general view of photovoltaic system (a) rear, (b) front (Case I)

Case I Case II Case III

Figure 2. The PV panels with non-transparent for shading scenario of 20 x 20 - Case I, 30 x 18 - Case II and 18 x
30 - Case III

The total solar radiation incident on the surface of the photovoltaic was measured with a Kipp & Zonen
Pyranometer. The ambient temperature and surface temperatures of PV panels were measured by using the T-type
thermocouples with a diameter of 0.25 mm. All measurements were carried out from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m at June, 2016
which were taken once every half an hour. Table 1 gives the electrical characteristics of the PV panel.

Table 1. Electrical Characteristics of the polycrystalline solar panel

Maximum Power (STC) Pm 75 W
Open-Circuit Voltage Voc 21,93 V
Optimum Operating Voltage Vm 18,11 V
Short-Circuit Current Isc 4,14 A
Operating Current Im 3,69 A
o
Operating Temperature C -40 to 85 oC
Tolerance of the rating power 3%
Temp. Coefcients of Isc 0,0045%/C
Temp. Coefcient of Voc -0,32%/C

- 370 -
2.1. THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
First law of thermodynamics is not enough to dene the system efciency. Thus, it is needed to dene second
law efciency. The brief theory is presented here to show the rst and second laws calculation of photovoltaic
modules [11,12].
Vm I m

I ,PV = (1)
Is A
 T 
Vm I m
 1
a  hca A(Tc
Ta )
 Tc 

II ,PV = (2)
 Ta 
 1
T  I s A
s

hca = 5.7 + 3.8v (3)

where hca is heat transfer coefcient, v is the wind velocity and Ts is the temperature of sun which is taken as 5777 K.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this experimental work, rst and second law analyses of thermodynamics are performed in the presence of
diagonal shading factor on photovoltaic panels. Three cases are studied namely Case I (20 x20 triangle), Case II
(30 x18 triangle) and Case III (18 x 30 triangle).

Power versus voltage variation on panel for different conditions are presented in Fig. 3. As given in the gure,
shading factor makes huge effect on the power voltage and maksimum value of power decreases depends on the
cases. The minimum power is formed for the situation of Case I and trend of power changes completely. In other
words, linear increasing is formed when shading was applied on panel. Fig. 4. presents the variation of energy
and exergy efciencies of the PV panels for unshading and diagonal shading (20 x 20). The gure also compares
the variation of solar radiation. As shown in the gure, energy efciencies for unshaded case follows almost the
same trend with solar radiation. On the contrary, minimum energy efciencies are obtained for the maximum solar
radiation, namely at 12.30, for 20 x 20. Same trend is formed for exergy efciencies. The gure indicates that both
energy and exergy efciencies are decreased due to shading factor. Fig. 5 illustrates the variation of efciency
values with solar radiation at different time of the day. In this case, dimension of shading element is taken as 30 x
18. As obtained from the results that the shading element affect both energy and exergy efciencies almost 60%
for peak solar radiation values. And maximum exergy efciency values can reach 1.8%. These values changes
with changing of dimension of shading element as 18 x 30 as seen in Fig. 6. In this case, more cells are affected
in lateral direction and exergy efciencies are decreased. In other words, differences between exergy values of
unshaded and 18 x 30 shaded values obtained as very huge. And exergy values becomes constant during day
except time 12.30.

- 371 -
 Figure 3. The Power-Voltage curves of photovoltaic panels under diagonal shading

Figure 4. Variation of energy and exergy efficiencies of the PV panels for unshading and diagonal shading (20 x 20)

Figure 5. Variation of energy and exergy efficiencies of the PV panels for unshading and diagonal shading (30 x 18)

- 372 -
 Figure 6. Variation of energy and exergy efficiencies of the PV panels for unshading and diagonal shading (18 x 30)

4. CONCLUSION
In this study, effects of partial shading on photovoltaic panels are analyzed by using rst and second law of
thermodynamics. Results are obtained from an experimental set-up. Different shading ratio and shading positions
are applied on a cell of PV with 75 W. The main ndings can be drawn from the obtained results as.

The most important effect of shading on PV panels can be seen in case of Case III according to other cases.
Both energy and exergy efciencies decreases when solar radiation value becomes maximum due to
increasing of SR and temperature. Thus, hot spot situation is occurred as a result of shading.
The maximum energy and exergy efciencies are obtained 4.81% and 1.25%, 4.64% and 1.24%, 4.18% and
1.10% for Case I, Case II, Case III, respectively.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the nancial support provided by the Scientic and Technological Research
Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under the project no 215M892.

- 373 -
REFERENCES
1. Sahin, AD, Dincer, I, Rosen, MA. 2007. Thermodynamic analysis of solar photovoltaic cell systems, Solar Energy
Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 91, pp 153-159.
2. Martnez-Moreno, F, Muoz, J, Lorenzo, E. 2010. Experimental model to estimate shading losses on PV arrays,
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 94, pp 22982303.
3. Akyuz, E, Coskun, C, Oktay, Z, Dincer, I. 2012. A novel approach for estimation of photovoltaic exergy efciency,
Energy, Vol. 440, pp 1059-1066.
4. Dolara, A, Lazaroiu, GC, Leva, S, Manzolini, G. 2013. Experimental investigation of partial shading scenarios on
PV (photovoltaic) modules, Energy, Vol. 55, pp 466-475.
5. Daz-Dorado, E, Cidrs, J, Carrillo C. 2014. Discrete IV model for partially shaded PV-arrays, Solar Energy,
Vol.103, pp 96107.
6. Sudhakar, K, Srivastava, T. 2014. Energy and exergy analysis of 36 W solar photovoltaic module, International
Journal of Ambient Energy, Vol. 35, pp 51-57.
7. Sathyanarayana, P, Ballal, R, Lakshmi Sagar PS., Kumar, G. 2015. Effect of Shading on the Performance of Solar
PV Panel, Energy and Power, Vol. 5, pp 1-4.
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for maximum power point tracking of shaded solar PV generators, Solar Energy, Vol. 90, pp 107-122.
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electrical characterization of shaded high concentrator photovoltaic modules, Energy, Vol. 89, pp 768-777.
10. Yadav, AN., Pachauri, RK., Chauhan, YK., 2016. Comprehensive investigation of PV arrays with puzzle shade
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sustainable future, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 12, pp 593-661.
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 0147 - SOLAR POWER PLANT EFFECTS ON VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY IN GLBAI
MICROGRID DEMO SITE
Atakan Akgn, Deren Atl, Emrah Kalkan, Fatih zdemir, Seyit Cem Ylmaz*
R&D Department, BAKENT Electricity Distribution Company, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding e-mail: cem.yilmaz@eedas.com.tr
*Corresponding author: Seyit Cem Ylmaz

ABSTRACT
In university and factory campuses, other large industrial zones, microgrid is deployed frequently to generate
power for internal necessities. Microgrids not only meet their own energy demand but also feed the distribution
grid with the extra produced energy. In the scope of this paper, the microgrid that is fed by two solar power
plants(a 40 kWp and a 260 kWp with different connection point to the grid) and a diesel generator is analyzed
regarding voltage and frequency parameters. To examine the changes in these parameters, 260 Wp and 40 Wp
solar power plants were deactivated at 12:10 p.m., and activated again at 13:00 p.m. Both the production data
of the 40 kWp solar power plant and the measurements of the power quality device were utilized with the data
taken on the day of interruption and on a normal day. This study shows that the voltage in the distribution grid has
reached a higher value than the expected due to the inuence of solar power while there is no signicant change
in the frequency.

Keywords: Microgrid, Solar plant, power quality, off-grid, on-grid, voltage, frequency

1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity Distribution Grid has evolved over the past years to a non-traditional system with the integration of
distributed generators and inclusion of smart grid applications. Microgrids are one of the main components
of todays distribution grid. The MICROGRID, as dened by the U.S. Department of Energy, is ``a group of
interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DERs) with clearly dened electrical boundaries that acts
as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid and can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable
it to operate in both grid-connected or island modes'' [1] Microgrids that consist of renewable or fossil sources
provide reliable, efcient, secure, sustainable electricity. Due to their meaningful benets, university and factory
campuses, other large industrial zones prefer microgrids.

To observe the effects of Microgrid components on distribution grid a demo site has been installed in Gazi
Teknopark. Installations are still continuing in the scope of SEAS (Smart Energy Awareness System) project.
Currently 260 kWp and 40 kWp solar power plants, a 1250 kVA diesel generator and smart meters are operating
in demo site. Diesel generator is activated only when there is a cut-off on the grid but solar plants generate power
both in on-grid and off-grid mode. In on-grid operation if the load in Gazi Teknopark Microgrid area is lower than
produced energy, grid is fed by this excessive power generated by solar power plants. There may be undesirable
effects on the power quality parameters of these components of the microgrid. At present, the solar power plants
in the area of Gazi Teknopark are the most inuential component on the grid.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Gazi Teknopark is energized by the transformer TR-10096. 260 kWp solar plant is connected to main busbar of
TR-10096. An ATS (Automated Transfer Switch) is separated main busbar from 2nd busbar and diesel generator
in off-grid operation. 40 kwp solar generator is connected to 2nd Busbar and in off-grid operation 40 kWp solar
generator and diesel generator operate simultaneously. LOM-1(Loss of main relay) provides main protection when
power is cut-off, that is, main busbar is disconnected from grid and ATS is activated to keep operation going in
2nd Busbar. Thus, 2nd busbar is energized by diesel generator and 40 kWp solar plant. LOM-2 is also an additional
protection to disconnect 260 kWp solar plant when grid is off.

As shown in Figure 1, two power quality devices (PQ1 and PQ2) are installed to measure the power quality
parameters. PQ1 is located in the main low voltage busbar of microgrid while PQ2 is located in connection point

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of 260 kWp Solar Power Plant. These devices are in compliance with class A of the power quality standard IEC
61000-4-30 (Testing and Measurement Techniques - Power Measurement Methods).
In the scope of this paper, variations of the power quality parameters: r.m.s. values of voltage and frequency are
examined.

According to EN 50160, during each period of one week 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply
voltage shall be within the range of Un 10 %; and all 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall be
within the range of Un + 10 % / - 15 %.[2]

1) 260 kWp Solar Power Plant

2), 7), 8), 9) are loads
3) Compensation
4) ATS(Automated Transfer Switch)
5) 1250 kVA Diesel Generator
6) 40 kWp Solar Power Plant

Figure 1. Single line diagram of microgrid pilot area

For systems with synchronous connection to an interconnected system:

50 Hz 1 % (i.e. 49,5 Hz... 50,5 Hz) during 99,5 % of a year;
50 Hz + 4 % / - 6 % (i.e. 47 Hz... 52 Hz) during 100 % of the time;

For systems with no synchronous connection to an interconnected system (e.g. supply systems on certain islands):
50 Hz 2 % (i.e. 49 Hz... 51 Hz) during 95 % of a week;
50 Hz 15 % (i.e. 42,5 Hz... 57,5 Hz) during 100 % of the time.

To observe the deviation of power quality parameters when photovoltaics restart the generation after certain
cut-off period, 300 kWp Solar Power Plant (260 kWp + 40 kWp) was deactivated for 50 minutes. As shown in the
gures below, the power generation becomes zero for a period of time in the day of the experiment. Figure 2
shows the daily power generation of 40 kWp Solar System for a sunny day while Figure 3 indicates generation
values for a cloudy day and Figure 4 shows the power generation on demo day.

In the meantime, although the interruption is between 12:10 p.m. and 13:00 p.m., the interruption appears to
have been made between 11:10 a.m. and 12:00 p.m., because the web portal time we receive is at GMT+2.

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 Figure 2. Generation graph of 40 kWp for a sunny day

Figure 3. Generation graph of 40 kWp for a cloudy day

Figure 4. Generation graph of 40 kWp for experiment day

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3. RESULTS
Results regarding voltage, frequency, icker and individual harmonic voltage and currents are shown below for
the experiment day according to measurement of PQ1.

As seen in Figure 5, the voltage reaches 235 V at 3:00 a.m. and decreases the minimum point at 11:00 a.m., ie 225
V. It seems that the voltage rises after the interruption.

Figure 5. Phase-Neutral Voltage amplitude on the day Figure 6. Phase-Neutral Voltage amplitude on the
of the interruption ordinary day

Figure 6 shows that on an ordinary day the voltage is around 235 V at 3 a.m. and falls to 225V at 4:00 p.m.

The frequency varies between 50.05 and 49.95 as shown in Figure 7 during the day of the interruption. The
frequency values between 12:10 p.m. and 13:00 p.m., which is the interruption time, are within this range.

Figure 7. System Frequency on the day of the Figure 8. System Frequency on the ordinary day
interruption

According to Figure 8, the frequency on an ordinary day ranges from 50.05 to 49.95.

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4. DISCUSSION
It is a well-known fact that the increase in the loads reduces the voltage level while the production plants increase
the voltage in the electrical system. In this study, it was observed that as the load of microgrid increased, the
voltage dropped, and when the solar energy production ceased, it fell even further, and when the production
started again, there was a partial voltage increase.

According to measurements just before the interruption Microgrid load is 168 kW, the total energy generated
from solar energy is 112 kW and the power drawn from the network is 56 kW. Solar energy accounts for 67
percent of the energy required. In spite of this, the voltage increased by only 1.7 percent when the solar system
was deactivated.

In terms of frequency, there is not much difference between the cut-off day and the ordinary day, but the frequency
limit values are between 49.5 Hz and 50.5 Hz on both days. There was no unusual change in the frequency of the
Microgrid main bar during cutting of the plant.

5. CONCLUSION
The integration of renewable energy sources into the electricity grid is one of the most important challenges of
modern electricity networks. This paper examines how solar power plants affect parameters such as voltage and
frequency, which are vital in integration, in the microgrid power grid. Experiments with a solar system with a size
of 300 kWp in the demo area have not been effective enough to violate the standard limit values.

REFERENCES
1. SINA PARHIZI1, HOSSEIN LOTFI1, AMIN KHODAEI, SHAY BAHRAMIRAD. 2015. Digital Object Identier
10.1109/ACCESS.2015, State of the Art in Research on Microgrids: A Review
2. Henryk Markiewicz & Antoni Klajn, Wroclaw University of Technology, July 2004, Voltage Disturbances,
Standard EN 50160

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 0151 - THE INCREASE OF ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY ON GRID-BASED PV SYSTEMS
Mehmet Ali zelik
Gaziantep University, Electric and Energy Department, Vocational High School of Technical Science, Gaziantep, Trkiye
Corresponding email: ozcelik@gantep.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
PV (Photovoltaic) systems occupy an important place in renewable energy systems. Hence, it is vital to make use of
PV systems by obtaining maximum efciency. The energy produced by the PV panels shows variance depending
on the radiation and temperature values and sometimes the panel voltage may not be at the desired level for the
on-grid inverter. The research aims at increasing energy sustainability in grid-based PV systems. The PV panels
output voltage is constantly measured with a sensor and by the way of microprocessor and batteries, the input
voltage interval is kept at the on-grid inverter working level and thus the energy sustainability is increased.

Keywords: Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, On-Grid System, Energy Sustainability, Solar Power Inverter, Smart
System

1. INTRODUCTION
Due to factors such as increasing world population, the exhaustion of fossil-based energy sources and global
warning, the demand for renewable energy sources has been increasing [1]-[2].The building-integrated use of
these energies in meeting the energy demand is getting common [3] and it bears benets for environment,
economy and social life [4]. While wind and solar energies have important place among renewable energy sources,
the solar energy systems has grown 20-25% for the last 20 years and the growth is mostly in grid-connected
applications [5]-[6]. Photovoltaic panels absorb a large part of the solar energy nevertheless they converted only
a small part of this solar energy into electricity [7]. The solar radiation falling on PV panels in relation with the heat
is showing in Fig.1 a non-linear characteristic [8]. Thus, due to their low efciency and non-linear characteristic, it
is important that studies to increase the efciency of these panels be carried out.

Figure 1. Characteristics of PV panels (a) I-V curve (b) P-V curve

As it is seen from the non-linear characteristic curve of PV panels in Fig.1, depending on the radiation and heat,
there comes about a maximum power point (MPP). To reach this MPP, techniques such as maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) and ncremental conductance (IncCond), Perturb-and-Observe (P&O), Fuzzy logic, Constant
Voltage (CV), Constant Current (CC), the particle swarm optimisation (PSO), genetic, proportional-integral (PI)
algorithms etc are utilized [9]-[10].

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The PV systems are designed as either stand-alone or on-grid [11]-[12]. In the connection of the PV system to the
grid, DC-AC converters are used [13] and Generally, the voltage level available at the terminals of a given PV array
is not as high as desired to allow the use of a single DCAC converter to inject the power produced by the PV array
into the grid [14]-[15]. In such cases, by using boost type DC-DC converters, the necessary DC voltage for the
inverters is obtained [16]-[17]. However, the increase in the number of converters causes power loss. In this study,
in a model PV system connected to grid and meeting energy consumption need, in the case where the voltage
value is not at the needed level, there has been proposed a solution suggestion. In this proposition, the inverter's
input DC voltage is constantly measured and when necessary, it is increased with the battery and thus the energy
sustainability of PV system is increased.

This paper has been organized as follows: in the material part the PV model, the PV systems independent of the
grid and connected to grid, in the methodology part the proposed algorithm of the PV system and experimental
set-up, in the results part the results obtained and in the conclusion part a general assessment has been made.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

MATERIAL

2.1. PV MODEL
The PV models are the kind of energies that convert the radiation and heat they are exposed to directly into
electric. The obtained electric is in the DC (direct current) character and the most popular model used to represent
the PV module is the current source in parallel with a diode, with a parallel and series resistor [18]. This is illustrated
in Fig. 2 and the equation of the circuit in Fig.1 is given equation (1)

RS I

Ig RP
V
-

Figure 2. Equivalent circuit diagram for PV model

Solar cells have a current source that are connected with a parallel diode and resistance, to which is connected a
serial resistance.

(1)
In this equation I is the PV current, V is the PV voltage, Rs is the series resistor, Rp is the parallel resistor, Ig is the
light-generated current, Is is the diodes saturation current, and a = AkT/q, where A is the diode ideality factor, k is
Boltzmanns constant, T is the temperature, and q is the charge of an electron.

2.2 STAND ALONE (OFF GRID) PV SYSTEM

Off-grid PV systems are used in such cases as when there is need for electricity but there is no grid, in places that
are far away, where setup of a grid is costly or where there is grid but the power-cuts take place too often. They are
mostly used in far-away residential areas where the need for energy is not very high and in industrial applications.

The main equipments used in these systems are solar panel, solar charge control device, battery and where
necessary inverters. The direct current (DC) produced by the solar panels is regulated by recharge control device
and stored in batteries. While the electrical devices that work with DC are fed either directly by battery or the
output of recharge control device, the energy for the alternative current (AC) devices is transferred over an inverter
connected to the battery. The consumed electric derives from the produced energy by way of produced energy.

- 381 -
Such system store the produced excess energy in batteries. The off-grid system is shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3. Off grid PV system

2.3. ON GRID PV SYSTEM

These are applications working synchronized with grid where the grid is available. As it is working synchronized
with the grid, the solar derived energy could be used if there is consumption need in the application eld. If there
is no consumption need or the energy produced is more than that of consumed then the produced energy is
transferred to the grid. The On-Grid PV system is shown in Fig.4.

Figure 4. On grid PV system

METHODS

2.4 THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM OF THE PV SYSTEM

In the proposed algorithm, the inverter's, which is in on-grid PV systems, full power MPPT minimum voltage
range value has been used as a set value. As the range value of the used inverter is 30-60 V level, Vminimum range = 30
Volt. In this algorithm, rstly the voltage of 3 serial-connected PV panels has been measured with (Vp). Then the
measured (Vp) value is compared with Vminimum range and the Arduino control card's D2 and D4 digital output PIN is
adjusted to passive or active depending on the case. In case PV panel voltage value is below Vminimum range, D2 and
D4 digital PINs are activated and the battery is activated. In a reverse case, the PINs are passive. When the battery
is activated it is serially connected to the PV panels and the inverter's input voltage value is increased. This way,
the voltage needed for the inverter to get connected to the grid is provided. The algorithm of the Proposed PV
system is shown in Fig.5.

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START

Set Full Power

MPPT Minimum
Voltage Range
(Vmin.range)

Measure PV Panels
Voltage (Vp)

Yes No

Vp < Vmin.range

D2 and D4 pins are D2 and D4 pins are

HIGH LOW

Delay

Figure 5. Proposed algorithm

2.5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental setup is seen in Fig. 6. It is composed of 3 serially connected 50 W Pmax of voltage value 17.57
V monocrystalline PV panels, an inverter of 300 W, 12 Volt battery, a dual meter, MPTT charge regulator and DC
charge LED lamp.

Figure 6. Experimental setup for proposed PV system

- 383 -
The block chart of the application system is seen in Fig. 7. The 300 Watt inverter is connected to the grid. The 10
Watt LED lamp is used as consuming DC charge. The MPPT allows the power transferred to the charge reach the
maximum level and recharge the battery. Here below is shown how the proposed system works.

Figure 7. PV-based smart on grid system block chart

The obtained voltage value from 3 serially connected PV panels provides the on grid inverter's input DC
voltage.
The voltage of the serial connected PV panels is measured by voltage sensor and the voltage value is given to
the Arduino control card's A1 analog input (Fig.8).

Figure 8. Connection of voltage sensor between PV panel and Arduino control card

If the voltage value given to the Arduino control card's A1 analog input is enough, it will give energy to the
inverter grid. If the voltage value is not enough, the D1 and D2 PINs of the control card will actively communicate
with T1 and T2 transistors.
The T1 and T2 transistors control RL1 and RL2 relays. The purpose of open and close states of these relays is to
connect the battery serially to the PV panels and thus increase the voltage level, as a result of which impede
the deactivation of the inverter.

3. RESULTS
With the applied system, when it is cloudy or towards the evening the decreasing PV panel voltage causes the
deactivation of the inverter. Thus, when the PV panel power is low, with the support of battery, the low level PV
system power will be utilized by adding the inverter to the circuit.

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4. CONCLUSION
While the PV systems occupy an important place in renewable energy systems, their on-grid uses have been
increasing as well. The on-grid inverters that are used to connect PV systems have input voltage range of maximum
and minimum. In this study, the voltage information obtained from the PV panels stationed on the roof has been
assessed in relation with the proposed algorithm and where the voltage was not enough the battery support was
provided and thus the time for the on-grid inverter to connect to the grid has been increased. Hence, the low-
efcient PV panels have been beneted in the highest level.

REFERENCES
1. Selveraj J., Rahim N.A.,2009. Multilevel Inverter For Grid-Connected PV System Employing Digital PI Controller,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.56, No.1, pp. 149-158.
2. zelik M.A., Ylmaz A.S. 2015. Improving the performance of MPPT in PV systems by modied Perturb-and-
Observe algorithm, Journal of Engineering Research, Vol.3, No.3, 77-96.
3. Singaravel M.M.R., Dabiel S.A. 2015. MPPT Single DC-DC Converter and Inverter for Grid-Connected Hyrib
Wind-Driven PMSG System, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.62, No.8, 4849-4857.
4. Botelho A., Ligia M.C., et al. 2016. Social sustainability of renewable energy sources in electricity production:
An application of the contingent valuation method, Sustainable Cities and Society, 26 (2016), pp.429-437.
5. Xiao B., Hang L., Mei J., Rilet C., Tolbert L.M., Ozpineci B. 2015. Modular Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel PV
Inverter With Distributed MPPT for Grid-Connected Applications, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,
Vol.51, No.2, 1722-1731.
6. Carrasco et al. 2006. Power-electronics systems for the grid integration of renewable energy sources: A survey,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.53, No.4,pp.1002-1016.
7. Stropnik R., Uro S. 2016. Increasing the efciency of PV panel with the use of PCM, Renewable Energy, 97(2016),
pp.671-679.
8. Patel H., Agarwal V. 2008. MATLAB-Based Modeling to Study the Effects of Partial Shading on PV Array
Characteristics, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol.23, No.1, pp.302-310.
9. Oliveria F.M., Silva S.A.O., Durand F.R., Sampaio L.P., Bacon V.D., Campanhol L.B.G. 2016. Gried-tied
photovoltaic system based on PSO MPPT technique with active power line condition,IET Power Electronic,
Vol.9, Isss.6, pp.1180-1191.
10. Brito M.A.G., Galotto L., Sampaio L.P., Melo G.A., Canesin C.A. 2013. Evaluation of the Main MPPT techniques
for Photovoltaic Applications, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.60, No.3, pp.1156-1167.
11. Vazquez M.J., Marquez J.M.A., Manzano F.S. 2008. A Mehodology for Optimizig Stand-Alone PV-System Size
Using Parallel-Connected DC/DC Converters, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.55, No.7, pp.
2664-2673.
12. Agarwal R.K., Hussain I., Sing B. 2016. LMF-Based Control Algorithm for Single Stage Three-Phase Grid
Integrated Solar PV System, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol.7, No.4, pp. 1379-1387.
13. Hu J., Zhu J., Dorrel D.G. 2015. Model Predictive Control of Grid-Connected Inverters for PV Systems With
Flexible Power Regulation and Switching Frequency Reduction, Vol.51, No.1, pp.587-594.
14. Yang Y., Blaabjerg F. 2013. Low-voltage ride-throug capability of a single-stage single-phase photovoltaic
system conncted to the low-voltage grid, International Journal Photoenergy,2013, pp.1-9.
15. Wu T.F., Chang C.H., Lin L.C., et al. 2011. Power loss comparison of single-and two-stage grid-connected
photovoltaic systems, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol.26, No.2, pp. 707-715.
16. Freitas A.A.A., Tofoli F.L., Junior S., et al. 2015. High-Voltage Gain DC-DC Boost Converter with Coupled
Inductrs for Photovoltaic Systems, IET Power Electronic, Vol.8, No.10, pp.1185-1892.
17. Walker R.G., Sernia C.P. 2004. Cascaded DC-DC Converter Connection of Photovoltaic Modules, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronic, Vol.19, No.4, pp.1130-1139.
18. Bennett T., Zilouchian A., Messenger R. 2012. Photovoltaic Model and Converter Topology Considerations for
MPPT Purposes, Vol.86, pp. 2029-2040.

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 0152 - NON-VACUUM AND LOW-COST PRODUCTION OF CUINGASE ABSORBER THIN
FILM BY SUBSEQUENT ELECTRODEPOSITION TECHNIQUE
H. Yldrm, A. Peksz*
Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uludag University, Gorukle Campus, 16059 Bursa, Trkiye
Corresponding email: peksoz@uludag.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Ahmet Peksz

ABSTRACT
CuInGaSe absorber layer was fabricated on indium thin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate by a six-stage
electrodeposition process at different potentials ranging from -0.35 to -1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl. Subsequent
electrodeposition of Cu/In/Cu/Ga/Cu/Se/Cu stacked layers was performed in a single deposition solution. This
solution consisted of aqueous solutions of 10 mM CuCl2, 10 mM InCl3, 20 mM GaCl3, 20 mM H2SeO3 as precursors,
and 200 mM LiCl. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 1.7 adding HCl. The produced precursor Cu-In-Ga-Se
precursor thin lm was annealed at 550 oC for 30 min. Energy dispersive x-rays analysis showed that the lm
had Cu: 33.68%, In: 19.50%, Ga:22.94%, O:9.04% and Se:14.84% elemental components. Micro and nano-scale
topographical shapes on the deposited lm surface were imaged by means of SEM and AFM. Thickness of the
produced CIGS lm was determined to be 511 nm. It was obtained that the lm was of p-type semiconductor with
an energy band gap of 1.41 eV. From Hall-effect measurements, carrier concentration of the CIGS lm was found
to be 5.51016 cm-3.

Keywords: electrodeposition, CuInGaSe thin lm, p-type semiconductor

1. INTRODUCTION
Copper indium gallium selenide (CuInGaSe) absorber layer is a promising material for thin lm solar cells.
The energy band gap of the CIGS thin lm can be adjustable in the range of 1.05-1.67 eV by changing atomic
compositional ratios of the lm [1, 2]. Low-cost and easy production of organic and inorganic semiconductor thin
lms is possible in electrodeposition technique. Vacuum medium and additional temperature for the substrate
is not required in electrodeposition method. Both p-type and n-type semiconductor lms consisting of the same
atomic ingredients can be manufactured by changing atomic ratios of the thin lm during electrodeposition.

In the present work, Cu/In/Cu/Ga/Cu/Se/Cu layers were subsequently grown on indium thin oxide (ITO) coated
glass by electrochemical deposition technique. CuInGaSe absorber layer was obtained by annealing these seven
individual atomic thin lm layers at 550 oC for 30 min. Generally, CIGS absorber layers have been produced in
two stages: First CuInGa precursor thin lm has been obtained by one-step electrodeposition from an acidic
deposition bath and then Se atom has been added to CuInGa by annealing in Se atmosphere [3-5]. However,
deposition potential of Cu, In, Ga and Se atoms is highly different from each other. For this reason, it is difcult to
produce CIGS lm with desired stoichiometry. Yeh, at al. (2016) produced by electrodeposition of Cu/In/Cu/Ga/
Cu stacked layers and then they applied annealing in Se atmosphere to the layers including Cu, In, Ga atoms [6].
According to the our knowledge, we have rst obtained CIGS absorber layer in a single acidic deposition solution
at room temperature, i.e. Se atom was also deposited on the substrate from the same deposition bath instead
of annealing in Se atmosphere as in the literature [6]. This study presents some new perspectives dealing with
low-cost, non-vacuum and easy production of precursor CIGS thin lms, according to our rst efforts. We are also
planning to study annealing temperature effect on the physical properties of the CIGS absorber layers, which will
produced as described here, in the near future.

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2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

2.1. MATERIAL
Copper (II) chloride (CuCl2, 99.99% in purity), gallium (III) chloride (GaCl3, 99.99% in purity), indium (II) chloride
(InCl3, 99.99% in purity), selenous acid (H2SeO3, 99.99% in purity), lithium chloride (LiCl, 99.00% in purity), and
hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were used as received and pure water
was used for deposition bath. A transparent ITO coated glass was used as a substrate with a surface area of 1 cm
x 1 cm and a sheet resistance of 0-10 /cm2. Prior to the deposition, the substrate was cleaned with acetone and
then pure water using ultrasonic cleaner in order to remove any adsorbed substances on the electrode surface for
a better adhesion of the lms. Finally, the cleaned substrate was dried to be ready for the lm deposition.

2.2. SYNTHESES OF CuInGaSe ABSORBER LAYER

All electrochemical experiments were performed with a Gamry Reference 3000 Potentiostat/Galvanostat. A
schematic illustration of the electrodeposition system was given in Fig. 1. This deposition system has a conventional
three-electrode conguration: ITO-coated glass as a working electrode, platinum wire as a counter electrode and
Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. Deposition solution consisted of 10 mM CuCl2, 20 mM GaCl3, 10 mM InCl3, 20
mM H2SeO3, 200 mM LiCl, and 50 cc pure water. HCl was added to the deposition bath in order to adjust pH ~
1.70.

Potentiostat/
Galvanostat

Ag/AgCl Pt wire
P
Reference electrode
Glass/ITO/Cu/Ga/Cu/In/Cu/Se
computer stacked layers
deposition solution
pH=1.7
solution resisstivity~40

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of electrodeposition system used in this work.

Electrodeposition of each atom was subsequently carried out in a single deposition bath containing Cu, In, Ga
and Se ions. Precursor lm material was deposited by six-step: Cu was coated at a deposition voltage of -0.35 V
for 3 min in rst step. After this, Ga was coated at -1.20 V for 8 min and Cu was deposited on Ga layer at -0.35 V for
3 min again. In fourth step, In was deposited at -1.10 V for 8 min Cu was grown on In layer for 3 min in fth step.
Se was grown on Cu layer at -0.95 V for ve min in the last step. Schematic demonstration of these subsequent
glass/ITO/Cu/Ga/Cu/In/Cu/Se stacked layers was depicted in Fig. 2. This precursor material was annealed at 550
o
C for 30 min to obtain a whole CuInGaSe absorber layer (Fig. 2). Deposition of each element was controlled and
performed by using chronoamperometry technique available in software of the system. Fig. 3 shows time-current
curve during deposition of Cu/Ga/Cu/In/Cu/Se stacked layers for 1800 s. Deposition voltage and deposition time
for the related atomic ingredient was shown in Fig. 3 for six different steps.

- 387 -
 Se layer Stacked layers were Easy and low-cost production
Cu layer annealed at 550 oC &X,Q*D6H$EVRUEHU0DWHULDO
In layer for 30 min. 511 nm thickness
Cu layer After annealing, a 1.41 eV optical band gap
Ga layer single CuInGaSe p-type semiconductor
5.51016 cm-3 carrier concentration
Cu layer absorber material was
Indium tin oxide (ITO) manufactured. Indium tin oxide (ITO)
Glass substrate Glass substrate

Figure 2. Schematic demonstration of the glass/ITO/Cu/Ga/Cu/In/Cu/Se stacked layers and CuInGaSe absorber
material after annealing. The values shown in figure were obtained in this work.

10

1. step 2. step 3. step 4. step 5. step 6. step

5 Cu layer Ga layer Cu layer In layer Cu layer Se layer
3 min. 8 min. 3 min. 8 min. 3 min. 5 min.
&XUUHQWP$

-0.35 V -1.20 V -0.35 V -1.10 V -0.35 V -0.95 V

0

-5

-10

-15
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
7LPHV
Figure 3. Chronoamperometry curve for six different steps.

2.3. MEASUREMENTS
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs were obtained by a Carl Zeiss EVO 40 system (Carl Zeiss NTS
Limited Company, Cambridge, UK). The elemental analysis was performed in Bruker AXS Microanalysis energy
dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis operated at 10 keV with XFlash 4010 detector. Atomic force microscope (AFM,
Nanomagnetic Instruments, England) was used to image three-dimensional surface prole of the lm. Ultraviolet-
visible spectra (UV-vis) were recorded with the Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer. Hall-effect measurement
system with four-point probe was used to determine some electrical parameters of the lms (HMS-3000 Manual
Ver 3.5). The thickness of the CuInGaS lm was obtained by PHE-102 Spectroscopic Elipsometer (250-2300 nm).

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. SEM, EDX AND AFM ANALYSIS

Surface of the CuInGaSe thin lm was imaged at a magnication of 5000 (Fig. 4). Small spherical grains appear
in most of the surface. Some big aggregated formations are also observed. Elemental ingredients available in
annealed CuInGaSe absorber layer EDX analysis were detected by EDX. EDX spectrum was taken from whole
surface seen in Fig. 4, and the spectrum was plotted as seen in Fig. 5. EDX analysis showed that CuGaInSe absorber
layer was composed of composed of 33.68% Cu, 19.50% In, 22.94% Ga, 14.84% and 9.04% O. Especially Se and
Ga ratios are in desired level compared with the literature [7]. The deposition of Ga is difcult due to the its low
melting point. The deposition way to be applied here prevented Ga to ow from the surface during annealing.
Thickness of annealed CuInGaSe lm was determined to 511 nm. AFM study provided 3D visualization of annealed
CuInGaSe material (Fig. 6). 3D-AFM image of the lm supports the appearance in SEM image compared Figs. 4
and 8. This surface appearance may be better in solar cell due to the properties dealing with reection of incident
photons.

Figure 4. SEM image of deposited CuInGaSe absorber layer.

4
Cu:33.68%
Cu Ga In: 19.50%
In Ga: 22.94%
3 Se: 14.84
O: 9.04
&RXQWV FSVH9

2 O
Au In Cu

Se Pd
1 In Ga
In
Au Ga Se
Se
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
ENH9

Figure 5. EDX spectrum of annealed CuInGaSe absorber film.

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Figure 6. 3D-AFM image of annealed CuInGaSe absorber film from a scan area of 20 m x20m. Tapping mode
was used for imaging. Spring constant of the AFM probe was 40 N/m.

3.2. OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL STUDIES

Absorbance and transmittance spectra of annealed CuInGaSe absorber lm were recorded wavelength range
between 200 and 1100 nm (Fig. 7). It can be seen that the absorber layer is highly effective between 300 and
700 nm wavelength (Fig. 7). Transmittance of the material increases beyond 700 nm. A decreasing is observed in
transmission throughout the near infrared (NIR) region between 700 nm and 1100 nm.

3 30
Absorbance
Transmittance (%)
7UDQVPLWWDQFH

2 20
$EVRUEDQFH

1 10

0 0
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
:DYHOHQJKWQP

Figure 7. UV-vis-NIR absorbance and transmittance spectra of annealed CuInGaSe absorber material.

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 0.25
Experimental data
Best fit line, R=0.993
0.2
K210-15P-1 H9

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6
KHY
Figure 8. The plot of (h)2 versus photon energy, h, for annealed CuInGaSe absorber film.

The optical band gap (Eg) of annealed CuInGaSe absorber material was calculated by using optical absorbance
data and Taucs law [8]:

h = A(h
Eg ) m (1)

Where is the absorption coefcient, h is photon energy, Eg is energy band gap, A is the edge parameter and
m is a constant for a given transition (the value of m is 1/2 for direct allowed transitions for CIGS materials). Fig.
10 shows plot of square of the product of the optical absorption coefcient () and photon energy (h) against
photon energy. The band gap Eg was estimated from where the best t line in linear region of the variation (h)2-
h cuts horizontal axis (Fig. 8). Optical band gap of the CuInGaSe absorber lm was determined to be 1.41 eV.

Electrical properties of the lms were characterized by four-point probe technique and Hall effect measurements
system in a magnetic eld strength of 0.556 T at room temperature. Electrical conductivity of the lm was found to
be 0.0012 (cm)-1. Carrier concentration of the CuInGaSe absorber material was observed to be 5.5081016 cm-3.
Deposited CuInGaSe absorber lm exhibited p-type semiconductor character.

4. CONCLUSION
This study reports rst results dealing with some new insights on production CuInGaSe thin lms to be a promising
material for solar cells. The deposition was rst performed on ITO coated glass substrate to be Cu/Ga/Cu/In/Cu/
Se stacked layers, and then these stacked layers were annealed at 550 oC for 30 min in air. CuInGaSe absorber
material was produced at the end of the annealing. This absorber material had 33.68% Cu, 19.50% In, 22.94%
Ga, 14.84% and 9.04% O according to the EDX analysis. The produced CuInGaSe thin lm showed an energy
band gap of 1.41 eV, suitable for absorbing incident solar spectrum. Electrodeposited lm was p-type conductive
semiconductor with a carrier concentration of 5.5081016 cm-3. The method followed in this study offers the
possibility for large-area, low-cost production of main absorber layers in heterojunction solar devices.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the Research Fund of the Uludag University, Project number OUAP(F)2013/11. The
authors thank to Uludag University for nancial support.

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REFERENCES
1. Harati, M, Jia, J, Giffard, K. et al. 2012. One-pot electrodeposition, characterization and photoactivity of
stoichiometric copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) thin lms for solar cells. Physical Chemistry Chemical
Physics. Vol. 12, pp 15282-15290.
2. Wang, J, Zhu, J, and He, YX. 2014. The inuence of different locations of sputter guns on themorphological
and structural properties of CuInGaprecursors and Cu(In,Ga)Se2thin lms. Applied Surface Science. Vol.
288, pp 109-114.
3. Malaquias, JC, Berg, DM, Sendler, J. et. al. 2015. Controlled bandgap CuIn1 xGax(S0.1Se0.9)2 (0.10 x 0.72)
solar cells from electrodeposited precursors. Thin Solid Films. Vol. 582, pp 2-6.
4. Bhattacharya, RN. 2013. CIGS-based solar cells prepared from electrodeposited stacked Cu/In/Ga layers.
Solar Energy Materials &Solar Cells. Vol. 113, pp 96-99.
5. Kois, J, Ganchev, M, Kaelin, M. et al. 2008. Electrodeposition of CuInGa thin metal lms for Cu(In, Ga)Se2
based solar cells. Thin Solid Films. Vol. 516, pp 5948-5952.
6. Yeh, MH, Ho, SJ, Wang, KC. et. al. 2016. Toward low-cost large-area CIGS thin lm II: Out-of-plane compositional
variations of sequentially electrodeposited Cu/In/Cu/Ga/Cu stacked layers selenized in rapid thermal process.
Solar Energy. Vol. 129, pp 116-125.
7. Lee, H, Yoon, H, Ji, C. et al. 2012. Fabrication of CIGS Films by Electrodeposition Method for Photovoltaic Cells.
Journal of Electronic Materials. Vol. 41, pp 3375-3381.
8. Ubale, AU, Choudhari DM, Kantale JS. et al. 2011. Synthesis of nanostructured CuxS thin lms by chemical
route at room temperature and investigation of their size dependent physical properties. Journal of Alloys
and Compounds. Vol. 509, pp 9249-9254.

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 0156 - INNOVATIVE FINANCING MODELS FOR SOLAR SYSTEMS
Benedictta Dibia*, Jie Zhu
The University of Nottingham, UK
Corresponding email: Benedictta.Dibia@nottingham.ac.uk
* Corresponding author: Benedictta Dibia

ABSTRACT
Energy demand increasing is due to rising living standards and economic growth. Governments support
conventional energy nancially than renewable energy currently. Reducing the support requires adopting
more market-based mechanisms in energy sector. Governments policies in increasing energy supplies require
mobilising innovative nancial mechanisms. This study propose private funding source to support renewable
energy deployment. Some companies are installing PV on the building without consumers paying while the
system pays overtime. In 2013 International Energy Agency (IEA) revealed additional innovative nancing yet not
effective in renewable sector. In next 21 years countries will invest USD 40 trillion in energy supplies and USD 8
trillion in performance improvement. In some scenarios innovative nancing signicantly have reduced stumbling
block for cash needed to install solar Photovoltaics (PV) on buildings. Government partnership with private sector
through innovative nancing mechanisms such as local investment funds, third-party, loans and community/estate
ownership, micronance etc. will support renewable energy development. It is expected that the mechanisms can
achieve large-scale renewable deployment to meeting 2020, 2030 and 2050 targets. Solar PV systems is vital for
well-being, safety and health while the business model can accelerate social and environmental sustainability.

Keywords: Innovative Financing Mechanisms, Government/Private Partnership, Renewable Energy and Solar
Technologies,

1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is critical while electricity supports socio-economic development. Developed economy has secured access
to modern energy sources for wealth and development. Since Electricity provides best and most efcient form of
lighting, opening up new possibilities for communication through household appliances, entertainment, heating,
enables water pump for crops, foods and medicines refrigerated [1]. Conversely solar energy emitted from sun
provides electricity through PV systems. Solar energy is most obvious choice of renewable energy source and
reaches the earth for electricity consumption daily while Sun proved most predictable source of energy throughout
the year. Study report solar energy hits the earth every second is equivalent to 4 trillion 100 watt light bulbs [2].
Despite the technical and economic challenges the nancial sourcing for small-large scale solar PV systems is the
focus area. Recently and globally innovative nancing models emerged through individuals, local communities/
institutions, developers, nancial institutions companies and national governments concept to support renewable
energy technologies development and deployment. According to report modern energy services enhance the
life of the poor in countless ways [3]. Renewable energy technologies convert primary energy source in renewable
form readily and easily for heating and electricity. Electricity being most precious form of energy with versatile
usage will require renewable technologies to meet global energy demand over supply. Solar PV and thermal
technologies (CSP) are most common designed for the conversion either on the roof-top or ground mounted [4].

Developing alternative energy has grown exponentially with limited nance for the expansion. Study aim and
objectives is to examine the innovative nancing model from Public and Private case scenarios to address the
problems that can help reduce cost of PV system components to increase deployment and decarbonize the
economy. The hypothesis postulates that innovative nancing method supports solar PV feasibility project at
any given location. Secondly creating healthy solar markets with high quality projects requires new methods
of nancing to complement conventional nancing mechanisms used for most projects. This paper focus on
available market-based mechanisms within private sector to minimize needs of government support. That covers
relevant literature, methodology options appropriate for grid and off-grid applications followed by result and
discussions and conclusions.

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2. ELECTRICITY ACCESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
In 2013 study estimated 17 percent global population of 1.2 billion people without access to electricity and many
suffer from poor quality supply. More than 95 percent living without electricity are in sub-Saharan Africa and
developing Asia countries. Since 2000 about 80 percent predominantly are in rural area while progress in providing
electrication in urban outperformed rural areas [1, 5]. More than 2.7 billion worlds population about 38 percent
estimated relied on traditional use of solid biomass for cooking and inefcient stoves in poorly ventilated spaces
dominated by developing Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in 2013. The number relying on biomass in developing
Asia are larger than in sub-Saharan Africa while electricity access share lower about 50 percent compared to 80
percent in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China over the last two decades hundreds millions of them have reached
modern energy access and the rapid economic development is as result of increasing urbanisation and on-going
energy access programme (OECD and IEA and Shutterstock, 2015). Study found a signicant growth in demand
for PV systems can meet the basic electrical needs of the 2 billion people without access to conventional electricity
grids in developing countries [1, 6]. Diagram below is showing the percentage analysis gure of them.

Figure 1. Showing percentage of developing countries without access to Electricity (Sources: OECD statistics
and United Nations Population Division, 2015; World Urbanization Prospects, 2014 and World Population
Prospects, 2012).

3. FINANCING SOURCES FOR ELECTRICITY ACCESS

Critically the world governments remain an important source of nancing for energy access. In recent years
many energy sectors open to private investors. In 2013 global capital investment directed to improve access to
electricity and clean cooking facilities estimated USD$13.1 billion. Overwhelmingly the energy access investments
for power sector to increase generation capacity or extend transmission and distribution networks only 3 percent
directed to increase access to clean cooking facilities [5].

Figure 2. 2013 World energy access investments by type and source [1, 5].

Energy sector sources include self-nancing by energy investor; the state budget allocation or external nancing
through bank lending and capital markets with poor information available about private sector investments,
south-south investment ow in the case of China and the nancing of mini and micro-scale projects. Developing
countries reliance on different sources includes countrys own budgets 37 percent; multilateral organisations
33 percent; private investors 18 percent and bilateral aid 12 percent. The need for capital and expertise made
public- private partnerships (PPPs) an important area of focus [1].

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4. SOLAR PV SYSTEMS
Solar PV panels convert solar radiation directly into electric current (DC) and indirectly into electrical energy (AC)
through inverter. Solar thermal in form of concentrating solar power (CSP) receives sunlight while light beams
concentrated on the uid using mirror heat up the uid to achieve high temperature while the hot uid then use to
drive a conventional turbine to generate electricity. This can heat water and pump into residential central heating
or cooling [7]. Solar cells are produced from different types of materials. The main types used and commercially
available are Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Silicon PV, Amorphous Silicon PV and Hybrid PV. According to
research solar PV systems are considered a lower risk than wind or liquid gas (LNG) turbines [8]. Solar PV systems
potential benets such as free fuel cost, no grid-connection, extension and distribution lines costs and yearly O&M
costs after installation outperform conventional electricity access while entering the existing market that are highly
subsidized by fossil fuels [9].

5. INNOVATIVE FINANCING METHODS

Study described innovative nancing as non-traditional applications of solidarity, public-private partnerships (PPPs)
and catalytic mechanisms that support fundraising, tapping new sources and engaging investors beyond nancial
dimension transactions as partners and stakeholders in the development and delivery of nancial solutions to
available development problems [10]. Balancing demand with PV systems load considering most countrys public
nance under pressure by supporting and nancing amount to some energy companies and nancial institutions
who recognised the gap of need to provide innovative nance model to reach areas without electricity which
replaced cash as the most signicant stumbling blocks to renewable energy transition [11,9] Most of the models
allow systems to pay for themselves overtime and lower electricity bill price and transforming the industry [12,13].
The recent identied innovative nancing methods include:

5.1. THIRD-PARTY METHOD

Third-party ownership mechanism is where individual or organisation permits another organisation to install to
own a renewable energy system on rooftop property through solar leasing and power purchase agreements
(PPA). It offers homeowners way to benet from solar PV without high upfront costs, the burdens of installing,
operating, maintaining and nancing the system and much more rapid adoption of the technology within 15-
20 year long-term at monthly xed fee for PV electricity generation while excess generated to the grid allow
the homeowner receives credit. With all electricity generated PPA provide xed tariff per kilowatt-hour (kWh)
consumed and slightly below utility electricity rate. This method was pioneered in the United States (U.S) and
also introduced in Australia, Netherlands, India and some African countries. In California more than half of solar
energy systems are owned by third parties. Climate Policy Initiative stated that a customer own system often form
a complex home investment while third-party ownership provides customer with solar energy as a money saving
service [14].

5.2. CROWD FUNDING METHOD

This is companys platforms that enable distributed PV project owners to obtain funding from a large pool of
individual investors each contributing a small amount of capital as little as US$25 while investors receive a
constant annual rate of return about ve percent xed in number of years before returning the principal in the U.S.
Owner of the project slightly pay higher interest rate for access to capital collected by crowd funding company.
The difference between amounts paid to investors and the project owners is collected by the company [15, 16].
Already established in Europe (Germany), U.S and emerging markets communities.

5.3. COMMUNITY FUNDING METHOD

Community funding is limited to individual investors living in a particular community in the village or small town
that pool capital together to invest in renewable energy projects in the community. It is similar to crowd funding
where installation is bought by a community buying shares for the installation.

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5.4. MICROFINANCE METHOD
Originally provide loan to very poor families but gradually provide alternative loan to individuals and small
businesses lacking access to traditional banking and nancial services The developed micronance include non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), cooperatives, government agencies and community-based development
groups.

5.5. INTERNET LENDING METHOD

Internet is rapidly creating new avenues for fundraising and investment where individual borrowers can present
ideas directly to individual lenders and circumventing traditional nancial institutions. It has direct connections
between lenders and borrowers to promote transparency while reducing transaction costs.

5.6. SOLAR LOANS METHOD

Solar loans allow customers to spread upfront costs for PV systems over time while retaining ownership while
the system owners bear the liabilities of repairs and maintenance. For loan known as secured home equity uses
customers home as collateral while unsecured loans without collateral attract higher interest rates. For example
U.S loan programmes targeted specic distributed solar [17].

5.7. INSTITUTIONAL FUNDS METHOD

The Funds are vehicles investment capital from large institutions such as pension funds or insurance companies
segregated from equity market volatility while growing with limited understanding of the sector globally. For
example China is considering such investments model for renewable energy projects [18].

5.8. LOCAL INVESTMENT FUNDS METHOD

This where local authorities step to reduce CO2 emissions in territories making several innovative nancing
solutions available such as local carbon and investment funds as seed fund for start-up companies in sustainable
projects and emission reduction.

5.9. INTERNATIONAL BANKS METHOD

They provide nancing assistance through the World Bank, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and various other
international and regional banks within the United Nations by creating loans for renewable energy projects mostly
in developing countries. The programs include United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and United Nations
Environment Program (UNEP). For example the multilateral development banks and National development banks such
as multilateral investment guarantee agency (MIGA) organised by the World Bank help investors and lenders to deal
with political risks, insuring eligible projects against losses relating to currency transfer restrictions, breach of contract,
war and civil disturbance as well facilitate developing countries to attract and retain private investment [19].

5.10. MARGIN MONEY FINANCE METHOD

Margin money nance is a government source of support since private nancial institutions do not take the risks
of default is a subsidized relief has proven successful in several cases. For example a traditional loan structure
demands down payment requirements and a borrower seeking a loan for renewable energy system need to cover
the term payments and often lack the ability to cover the margin money payment. Government small investment
of margin money nancing allows rural and urban business owners particularly without access to electricity to
install reliable renewable power generation. It also allow new owner from rst installation benet to purchase
additional units under its own nancing.

5.11. PAY AS YOU GO (PAYG) METHOD

This allows customers to buy solar-powered electricity in small amounts through mobile phone text messages.
The electricity generated are purchase at affordable increments through a pre-paid systems. The technology
come with a small box suitcase customised with packages or bundles that power homes and other small business
appliances [20].

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6.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1. FINANCING MODELS CASE SCENARIOS ANALYSIS

Case Study A: Case Scenario 1: Yield Companies solar leasing through third-party pioneered by SunEdison is
a public listed and tradable by pre-established renewable energy developers. This allows a developer place a
portfolio for energy generating assets under the company to raise capital and manages the assets by providing
dividend than growth. In most cases the developers are the main shareholders of the company {21, 18]. Case
Scenario 2: Leasing Developers through third-party by-pass signicant up-front capital and installation costs and
leases the assets to a third party. For example owner of building lease the rooftop to developer for PV roof-
top projects to install solar systems on the rooftops and sell the electricity generated to the building owner or
utility companies. In addition developer can also rent rooftops from the building owner and sell the electricity
generated to power utility companies without subsidies. In 2014 the model rolled out in ve large cities of Gujarat
province in India while Delhi government replicated the scheme [21, 22, and 18]. Case Scenario 3: Solar bond
leasing through Third-Party converts the facility into electricity generating solar assets and securitized them. For
example Solarcity launched about USD 250 million loan facility provided by group of lenders headed by Bank
of America (Merrill Lynch). The company raised enough capital to nance more than USD 4 billion solar projects.
In March 2013 Sunpower also launched solar-backed bonds while Canadian solar and Jinko solar is considering
such move [13]. In California Stem and Green Charge Networks companies installed leasing storage systems for
business customers who pay for the systems through long-term contracts. The customers reduce electricity costs
while the systems pay for themselves. Additionally, the storage units reduce need for utilities to build peak-load
generators that often unused reducing overall costs for all grid power customers.

Case Study B: Case Scenario 1: Abuja Local Communities through Lumos PAYG is a solar company that partner
with MTN Nigerias largest telecommunications company with over 60 million subscribers. The technology come
with a home solar panel polycrystalline, indoor storage and connection unit with USB mobile adapter, socket and
4 powerful LED bulbs that allows customers access to signicant amounts of power on demand day and night
to power lights, GYM, fans, cell phone charging and televisions. It is affordable at the rate of N110 equivalent to
USD$0.50 with one PV panel polycrystalline which is far cheaper than buying and servicing kerosene lamp [20].
Case Scenario 2: Lagos Island Local Community through Arnergy PAYG a solar company that install 2 PV panels of
monocrystalline on rooftop of poor households community with customised service system design to suit energy
need for 24/7 electricity to houses with free maintenance and telephone support services to ensure uninterrupted
power supply mostly for communities without access to Nigerian national grid. The technology customised with
500 bundles, 5 LED bright bulbs and 2 sockets to power television, fan, barbing saloon and suitable for micro and
small businesses. It is affordable at N330 equivalent to USD$1.The company partner with Bank of Industry (BOI)
through Renewable Energy Partnership with United Nations Development Programme for grid-connected for
electricity to benet 7,000 Nigerians, 500 cottage businesses and street lightings [23].

Figure 3. off-grid rural roof-top powered PV installation in Lagos Island and Abuja.

Case Scenario 3: Remote PV Installation through Azuri solar technology PAYG is a UK-based start-up launched
August 2012 that combined mobile phone and the technology that enables users pay by purchasing scratch card
for solar usage weekly. The indigo Duo SHS contain 2.5 Wp PV modules and 3.3 long-life Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate
batteries in a bright yellow case with keypad, sockets for the PV module with two 60-lumen LED lights and a USB
socket for charging phone. The top-ups purchase from physical cards or codes system around US$1.50-$2.00
depending on exact territory for each weekly top-up. The users pay 80 times after the initial fee of about US$10
for the home installed and permanently unlocked the system. The developed model is due to high up-front costs
barrier to small solar systems applications [24, 25]. Case Scenario 4: Kenya Hire Purchase through PAYG is a Kenyas
leading mobile operator Safaricom partnered with mobile technology company M-kopa. Customers purchase
solar home lighting solutions on hire purchase through mobile money transfer service known as M-Pesa. The

- 397 -
subscribers pay deposit of USD$31 to access solar home system supplied by direct light with daily instalments of
USD$0.50 through M-Pesa for one year. Case Scenario 5: Kenya Solar PV sale for Water Supply through Grundfos
Lifelink PAYG is due to rural water supply problem. Study found many Sub-Saharan Africa people living off-grid
areas with unsustainability of rural water supply infrastructure. The company developed a solution with combined
system of proven pump technology, PV panels and automatic water dispenser unit where safe water is pumped
from a borehole into an overhead tank. The system sizes range from 50Wp to 9.2 KWp with 200m pumping heads
while consumers can tap water using a water card with water credits. In Kenya the company had demonstrated 40
projects and the nancing partner include NGOs and community-based associations [26].

6.2. BENEFITS OF INNOVATIVE FINANCING METHODS

Micronance products and services have expanded to renewable energy infrastructure and installations rapidly
and helping to bring new energy online to underserved communities. It also demonstrates micro-lending
potential that transform and expanded rural renewable energy market for the location. For example Grameen
bank through micronance extended banking facilities to poor men and women, eliminates exploitation of the
poor by money lenders, create opportunities for self-employment for vast number of unemployed in Bangladesh
rural communities, bring mostly women from the poorest households with organisational reform to understand
and manage themselves and reverse the vicious cycle of low income, low saving and low investment into new
model of nancing. The Bangladesh bank pioneered micronance while the investment programs change
traditional nance models by dealing on micro-loans so also incorporated social and environmental principles
into the nancial institution. For being successful several other providers offer micronance in different settings.
Yieldcos provides stable, long-term cash ow to the shareholders has become popular in the North America and
Europe. In 2013 NRG yield became the rst yield company to list on U.S stock exchange raising US$431 million
for solar and wind projects. The company shares were more than ten times over-subscribed for the initial public
offer (LPO). Meanwhile Chinese companies are in the early stages of exploring the use of yield companies [27].

Institutional funds with low cost of capital provide developers and investors with long-term, stable and ination-
linked yields. In 2013 Blueeld solar income fund became rst listed fund in London Stock Exchange with gross
proceeds of 130 million raised from a broad group of large institutional investors. In addition an institution in
Europe expected to pay a greater role in RE nancing in the future invested more than US$3.3 billion in renewable
energy in 2013 [14]. Investment funds provide start-up companies loan support for development of sustainable
energy projects. For example Portugal municipality created Almada Less Carbon Fund for 10 per tonne CO2
reduction. In Netherlands the local government provides soft loans known as Amsterdam Investment Fund
for sustainability projects and seed funding to support start-up companies in the eld of sustainable energy.
International banks well-known and established play large role by initiating renewable energy programs, catalyse
and expedite the renewable energy market investment as well as technical assistance for developing countries
in form of grants. Margin money nance a successful program used by Indian government to demonstrate the
nancing viability and encourage RE investment through Solar Electric Light Company (SELCO) margin nance
model for weaver community in conjunction with the Indian government, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and
other micronance institutions nancing which provided economic livelihood for the small handloom weaver
community with lighting to increase the silk weaver production along with reliable nancial link to Doddaullarthi
remote village in India.

Africa customers using PAYG saved 50 percent of money spent to service kerosene lamps and hours spent walking
to the market for mobile phone charging. Through this business model the distributors or suppliers have well-
established local based businesses in the local market with distribution network reaching remote off-grid areas.
The business initiatives make the distributors responsible for installing the systems, selling top ups while others
with their telecommunication partner provide after-sales services at coverage areas. Most of these companies
businesses were funded through equity, working capital loans and loans from donors for prot. The integrated
system for revenue collection and water management help address problem of water supply for low income
communities in Kenya. For the past two decades 2.3 billion people have gained access to safe water remaining
800 million who depend on water from unsafe sources. [28,29]. Companies business initiatives developed in Sub-
Saharan Africa have provided commercial and nancial model for electricity delivery and access to safe water to
rural homes at affordable rates and also provided long-term alternative to national grid inadequate power supply
in the communities.

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7. CONCLUSION
Public policies is the most favourable driving force for renewable energy demands due to pressure to combat
climate change [30, 31]. Funding through debts has been a major barrier to the development that require
substantial amounts of money to plan the project, purchase and install the equipment, training staff for operation
and maintenance of the system. Most often the nancing communities refer to renewable energy sources as high
risk investments as a result rigid requirements by investors and developers [17, 32 and 33]. Some countries have
established well-developed tested nancing methods through nancial institution companies, cooperatives and
community-based which are attractive sourcing options to address the cut on existing policy incentives and the
key instrument mechanisms adopted by world governments. Due to public nance under pressure it is imperative
for all stakeholders to support nancing sources of renewable investments for rapid systems expansion and
integration. Finally, lesson learned from the nancing case scenarios without subsidies in some cases and the
benets of solar PV systems to the environment is enough evidence to increase development and deployment
among all stakeholders through collaboration and subsidies support for shifting from fossil fuels to renewable
energy for clean-safe societies. Conversely, solar power not only help ght climate change but will create thousands
of jobs across global continents. Additionally, the success of innovative nancing in the health sector provides a
good learning platform for development organizations to introduce this mechanism into the solar system sector
and other renewable energy sectors. The author suggested that crowd/community funding should be the best
option for the underdeveloped and/or developing economies as great way to engage stakeholders and promote
green energy values and save money on bills.

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worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment> [Accessed 08 November 2016].
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energyaccessdatabase/ > [Accessed 08 November 2016].
4. Rafael Soria et al (2016) Modelling concentrated solar power (CSP) in the Brazilian energy system: A soft-
linked model coupling approach. Energy Volume 116, Part 1, 1 December 2016, Pages 265280. 2016
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
5. WEO (2011) World Energy Outlook: International Energy Agency (IEA)
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(IIED) Annual Report 2010/11 {Online} Available from<http://www.iied.org/annual-report-2011 > [Accessed
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(GRE) Limited http://www.greenrhinoenergy.com/nance/renewable/nance_structure.php [Accessed 4
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google.co.uk/books?isbn=1483371557> [Accessed 24 October 2016].
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Law Review Volume 32 Issue 3
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[Accessed 8 October 2016].
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energy access: Integrated renewable energy nancing in Malawi. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Volume 62, September 2016, Pages 793803 2016 Elsevier Science Direct. All right reserved.
12. Anjali Shanker (2011) Overview of Task 9: Developing PV services for regional Development. IEA PVPS
Workshop, Fukoaka PV Sec 21 November 2011.
13. Chris Nelder (2014) 5 nance models bringing clean power to the people Thursday, April 3, 2014 {Online}
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May 2015

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15. Berger Louis (2014) Understanding the Risks of Crowdsourced Clean Energy Investing {online} Available from
http://www.greetechchmedia.com/articles/read/clean-energy-investing-in-a-crowdfunded-world [Accessed
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16. Juan Alario et al (2008) Innovative nancing models of solar projects: the European experience from European
Investment Bank (EIB) perspective. Conference on the Mediterranean Solar Plan in Paris 22 November 2008.
Ministry of ecology, Energy, sustainable Development and Town and Country Planning.
17. Thomas Meier (2014) Financing options for renewable energy and energy efciency: Sustainable Energy
Regulation and Policymakers for Africa. Report IEA PVPS Task 9 Pp. 19-69. ISBN 978-3-906042-27-5.
18. Ernest & Young (2014) Capitalizing on Chinas renewable energy opportunities: Innovative nancing models
for Chinas solar and wind markets 2014 Ernest & Young (China) Advisory ltd. All Rights Reserved.
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Guarantee-Agency-MIGA-2016-annual-report [10 November 2016].
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[Accessed 23 October 2016].
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OECD Publishing Paris.
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2006. www.seeds.lk
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fromhttp://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/ [Accessed 9 November 2016].
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communication with The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) www.ebrd.com
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from< http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2009).pdf> [Accessed 17 October 2016].
32. Handbook: Module 19 (2016) Financing options for renewable energy and energy efciency: Sustainable
Energy Regulation and Policymakers for Africa. Pp. 19-69
33. UNFCCC (2016) Latin America and Caribbean Carbon Forum (LACCF) in Zimbabwe 30 September 2016
{Online} Available from https://cdm.UNFCCC.intl/latin America and Caribbean carbon forum [Accessed 16
October 2016].

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 0161 - TYPES OF PV PANELS AND A PROPER PV PANEL SELECTION FOR KAYSERI
REGION
Seyfettin Grel1, Sezai Alper Tekin2*
1
Erciyes University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Kayseri, Trkiye
2
Erciyes University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Design Engineering, Kayseri, Trkiye
Corresponding email: satekin@erciyes.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Sezai Alper Tekin

SUMMARY
The usage of fossil fuels has many drawbacks in environment in recent years. Due to this fact, for producing clean
energy, the new strategies have been carrying out by scientists nowadays. The novel and promising opportunity
is solar energy. The solar energy is bountiful and clean source among the all types of renewable sources. Different
technologies exist for energy production from solar energy. The most and well-known technology is PV technology.
However, in order to produce efcient and stable energy, choosing appropriate PV panel gains an importance
considering with its cons and prons. In this paper, the ranges of PV panels and their selection which is related to
performance at different climate conditions such as irradiation are analyzed for Kayseri.

Keywords: Kayseri , PV Panels, Solar Energy

1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the usage of fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gaz and coal so on.) have increased and this sources emit
atmosphere carbon dioxide and similar gases that damages to nature, the demand on novel energy sources is
increasing so as to meet this requirement. To overcome this need, a plenty of studies has accelerated about an
energy production via energy sources which are already exist in nature. Aforementioned, energy sources, solar
energy becomes more preferable among all energy sources such that it has the properties with its abundance
and cleanliness.

The common system which is used for electricity production is PV systems. A PV System basically consists of solar
panel, charge regulator and inverter. In this system, the most signicant part of the system is solar panel. The most
efcient way to utilize solar energy is related to the amount of total radiation in which solar panel is used and
solar panel efciency. The efciency ratio of solar cell explains the produced power via incoming solar energy,
proportional with solar panel efciency [1].

Photovoltaic process converts sunlight to electrical energy without any interface [2]. When it is taking into
consideration the produced energy via PV systems globally, with the addition of 50 GW electricity productions to
the installed power, the total amount of produced power reaches 227 GW. Germany, Portugal, China, Japan and
USA are the leaders of this power production and England follows these countries with its energy production.

As an energy source, solar energy has the major advantages as both clean and economical. These good sides
are the most important factors for choosing systems so as to produce energy. In order to increase the efciency
of PV systems which are widely preferable for producing energy, the different materials and designs have been
developed. These materials which are used is given Figure 1[2].

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 Figure 1. Materials used in PV systems [2]

PV cell technologies are given as 3 different headings according to used materials [3]. These technologies are
commonly gured out as three generation:
First Generation: Crystalline Silicon
Thin Film
Concentrated and Organic PV [4]

Silicon technology is still employed globally for PV cell technology. Despite its cost, Silicon technology underlie
the rst generation solar cell and it is preferable with regard to high efciency levels and plentiful in nature [5-6].
However, the efciency of these solar cells vary between 15%-17% by producer when it is wish to commercialize
[5]. In most applications, it is more preferable monocrystalline silicon solar cell wtih its highest efciency all of the
type of solar cells. Nevertheless, as a other option poly-crystalline structure may be attractive which has lower cost
[2]. The science communities has also been carried out research on solar cell which is based on GaAs with its
structure similar to silicon type of solar cells. GaAs has high efciency and lighter, but when it is compared with
other crystalline silicon cells, these cells are more costly. Yet, having with high heat resistance, it becomes avaliable
these solar cell space aerospace applications and concentrated PV systems [2].

Thin lm solar cells is presented in second generation solar cell group and when it is compared with silicon based
solar cells, its cost is low due to the fact that the need of material is less for production [2]. In other words, thin
lm solar cells may have less cost of electricity from crystalline silicon solar cells. The main problem is that tellium
produces low amount of cadmium. This produced cadmium causes toxicity and this constrains its usage [3].

Thin lm solar cells require less semiconductor material to absorb the same amount of sunlight. In addition to
this, it can be made lighter structures and exible packaging [3]. The most substantial three thin lm solar cell: a)
Amorphous Silicon, b) Cadmium Tellurium, c) Copper Indium Diselenide and Copper Indium Galium Diselenide
(CIGS).

Numerous studies have been maintained about Third Generation Solar Cells under laboratory conditions. Rather
than commercializing applications, their theoretical efciencies are very high. Some of them are: Organik Solar
Cells, Quantum Solar Cells and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the novel design of more efcient and high conversion ability to photon
energy to electricity taking into consideration of all advantages and disadvantages of PV technologies hitherto.
Different types of PV panels, with their positive and negative properties; it makes important how to make this
selection. Two widely used PV Panel, Mono and Poly Crystalline Panels, selection is shaped according to that
parameter. When thinking about PV panel selection for Kayseri in Turkey, from both enoughness of radiation level
and the changes in temperature difference, Poly Crystalline Silicon PV type panel would be suitable.

Monocrystalline Silicon PV Panels have the ability of much more energy production even radiation is less and
these panels require less area for installing power plant. For example, the coasts of Blacksea Region has low
radiation levels, so these panels will be more attractive for this region Considering to all this, the new and gifted
design which will be done in future is that applying Einsteins photoelectric theory, one solar cell structure design
which will absorb all photon energy to increase PV cell efciency can be appropriate.

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2. METHOD
As mentioned before, there are many types of PV panels for producing electricity. Actually, for both unit cost of
production and produced power analysis, selecting a proper solar panel is directly related with actual parameters
of that region. In order to investigate this relation, three widely using PV panels (Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline
and Thin Film) are chosen and calculated produced energy from PV panels and unit cost production from average
monthly irradiation in 2014, 2015 and average of 2014 and 2015 for Kayseri-Melikgazi region.

In order to calculate power production from monthly irradiation, the rst step is to nd declination angle for the
10th July.
y The formula is g
given byy (1),

where, n is the number of day. For the 10th July, n=161.

Then, depending
p g on a latitude value of Kayse the value of hourlyy angle
y ri () g is calculated by (2),

The daily extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface(H0) is computed by the Equation (3):

The latter parameter

p is KT, is dened as a dailyy clearance index for air, given
g byy (4),

where H is monthly global irradiation which is taken from Turkish State Meteorological Service for Kayseri-Melikgazi
Region.

Rt, is the ratio of hourly total irradiation to daily total irradiation in Equation (5),

where a and b coefcients and are calculated byy Equation

q (6) and (7):

Rd , is the ratio of hourly diffuse radiation to the daily diffuse radiation, which is given by Equation(8):

The other equation Rb is ratio of beam radiation on the tilted surface to that on a horizontal surface at any time
[20], can be given as Equation (9):

The next parameter that should be found is IT, the total radiation in the tilted surface in Equation (10):

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After computing IT, the extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface is calculated with Equation 11:

The hourly efciency of module is one of the important parameter that affects power prodcution. During calculating
this parameter, the coefcient Zi is calculated using with IT and I0 parameters which are given as Equation 10 and
11. Also, the Formula for Zi is given Equation 12:

where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 are the coefcients that are calculated from Equations 13,14,15,16,17 and 18:

The hourly module efcienct is then calculated by Equation 19:

where mp,ref is the efciency of maximum power, is the efciency of maximum power point, mp is the temperature
coefcient of maximum power point, Ta,i is hourly temperature, Tref is the value of ambient temperature.

After nding hourly efciency of module, the hourly production of power can be calculated via Equation 20:

,where Ac is the required area for installation of solar panels.

3. RESULTS
After making necessary calculations, it is obtained produced power and unit cost of power production via plotting
in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4. Figure 2 shows the average monthly produced power and unit cost of production
from Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline and Thin Film Panels successively in 2014.

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 Figure 2. The Monthly Produced Power and Unit Cost of Production from Mono-crystalline, Polycrystalline and
Thin Film Panels in 2014.

Figure 3 shows the average monthly produced power and unit cost of production from Monocrystalline,
Polycrystalline and Thin Film Panels successively in 2015.

Figure 3. The Monthly Produced Power and Unit Cost of Production from Mono-crystalline, Polycrystalline and
Thin Film Panels in 2015

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Figure 4 shows the average monthly produced power and unit cost of production from Monocrystalline,
Polycrystalline and Thin Film Panels successively average of 2014 and 2015.

Figure 4. The Monthly Produced Power and Unit Cost of Production from Mono-crystalline, Polycrystalline and
Thin Film Panels successively average of 2014 and 2015.

4. DISCUSSIONS
According to Lund [13] and Tawada [14], CIGS based polycrystalline PV panel is the most suitable cell material
in laboratory conditions. As a similar that result, in the case of using Polycrstalline panel for energy production
reaches highest value comparing other types of panels during this work.

5. CONCLUSION
In this study, three different PV Panel Technologies are analyzed corresponding radiation values for the years 2014
and 2015. To sum up, we can conclude that a Polycristalline PV Panel is most suitable for Kayseri- Melikgazi region
because the maximum energy production occurs for both in 2014 and 2015 in the case of Polycristalline PV Panel.
After Polycristalline PV Panel, Monocrystalline PV Panel is better option for produced power levels. A promising
but not sensible for producing energy production Thin Film PV Panel is the third and not cost-effective comparing
with other types of PV panels which are used in this study. It may be not enough to make calculations for the years
2014 and 2015. It will become better to calculate energy production for 5 years period.

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REFERENCES
1. Fotovoltaik hakknda ska sorulan sorular, (Web Adresi: http://www.gunessistemleri.com/fotovoltaiksss.php)
2. Pandey, A. K., Tyagi, V. V., A/L Selvaraj J., Rahim, N. A., Tyagi, S. K., Recent advances solar photovoltaic systems
for emerging trends and advanced applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (2016) 859-
884
3. Eldin, A. H., Refaey, M., Farghly, A., A Review on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Technology and its efciency.
4. Irena working paper, Renewable Energy technologies cost analysis series, IRENA, vol. 1.,2012, issue 4/5.
5. Tyagi, V. V., Rahim. Nurul A. A., Rahim, N.A., A./L. Selvaraj, J., Progress in solar PV technology: Research and
achievement, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 20 (2013) 443-461.
6. Gorgolis, G., Karamanis, D., Solar Energy materials for glazing Technologies, Solar Energy Materials & Solar
Cells 144 (2016) 559-578.
7. Ylmaz, S., Ozcalik, H. R., Kesler, S., Dincer, F., Yelmen, B., The analysis of different PV power systems for the
determination of optimal PV panels and system installation A casetudy in Kahramanmaras, Turkey, Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1015-1024.
8. Kondo, M., Outlook of Solar PV Technology: from Material to System, Fuku-Fukushima Renewable Energy
Institute,AIST
9. Parida, B., Iniyan, S., Goic, R., A review of solar photovoltaic Technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 15 (2011) 1625-1636.
10. Boutchich, M, Alvarez J, Diouf D., Cabarrocas PRi, Liao M, Masataka I, et al. Amorphous silicon diamond based
heterojunctions with high rectication ratio. Journal of nonCrystalline Solids 2012 Article in Press.
11. Britt J. Ferrekides C. Applied Physics Letters 1993;62:2851.
12. Boer KW. Cadmium sulde enhances solar cell efciency. Energy conversion and Management 2011;52:426-
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13. Lund CP, Luczak K, Pryor T, Cornish PCL, Jennings PJ, Knipe P, Ahjum F, Field and laboratory studies of the
stability of amorphous silicon solar cells and modules. Renewable Energy 2001;22:287-94.
14. Tawada Y, Yamgishhi H. Mass production of large size a-Si modules and future plan. Solar Energy Materials &
Solar Cells 2001;66:95-105.
15. Radue C., van Dyk EE, Macabebe EQ. Analysis of performance and device pa-rameters Of CIGS PV modules
deployed outdoors. Thin Solid Film 2009;517: 2383-5.
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polymer and ZnO nanober composites. ThinSolid Films 2006;496:269.
17. Itoh M., Takahashi H., Fujii T., Takamura H., Hamakawa Y., Matsumoto Y., Evaluation Electric energy performance
by democratic modle PV system eld test. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2001;67:435-40.
18. Zeynel Seferolu, Organik Tabanl Gne Hcreleri, http://www.websitem.gazi.edu.tr/site/znseferoglu
19. Wang, X., Zhi, L., Taso, N., Tomovic, Z., Li, J., Mllen, K.,Transparent Carbon lms as Electrodes in Orgranic
Solar Cells, Angewandte Chemistry, 2008, 120, 3032-3034.
20. Dufe A., J., Beckman A., W., Solar Engineering of Thermal process, Fourth Edition, 2013, page 23.

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 0162 - BUILDINGS OF THE FUTURE: SOLAR ARCHITECTURE
Mjde Altn
Dokuz Eyll University, Faculty of Architecture, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding email: mujde.altin@deu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT:
This paper discusses the trends in solar architecture with the use of new technologies. The rst solar house was
one which was known as Socrates House in literature. It was a stone house in which only passive solar architecture
principles were used. But the latest case studies are the ones which are much more technical, and which use
nanotechnology products. What will solar architecture in the future look like is a good question to ask nowadays
since there are many utopic designs spread throughout web pages. They even have interesting names. They are
ranging from a pavilion that powers electric-driven vehicles, to a home unit which is using only renewable energy
resources that can be placed anywhere on earth. There are many more examples. Therefore, the aim of this paper
is to prepare a quick review of solar architecture from the beginning of architecture until today, and to examine
todays case studies which are either constructed or is just a design- in order to make a projection of what the
future solar architecture would look like in the future.

Keywords: Solar Architecture, Passive Solar Architecture, Solar Collectors, BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics),
FuturisticArchitecture.

1. INTRODUCTION
People used solar energy in their homes from very ancient times. But when it is literature to talk about, it can be
said that the rst solar architecture case study is Socrates House (also known as Megaron House). It presented the
rst compact scheme of passive solar architecture principles. After that, people kept using these principles in the
design and construction of their buildings until the industrial revolution. When this happened, it was no longer
necessary to use solar architecture principles since people could heat and cool their buildings with the use of
fossil fuels. As a result, big windows and curtainwalls were used. Therefore the energy requirement of buildings
was highly increased. It was the energy crisis in 1970s which led a way back to solar architecture. The energy crisis
showed that fossil energy resources are limited and also they give harm to the environment. Therefore, new and
renewable energy resources have begun to be searched. As a result, one of the rst solutions to this was the use
of photovoltaic (PV) panels on buildings, since the area to put them was already present on them. Until then, PV
panels were generally used in space vehicles to generate energy for them from the sun in the space. [1]

One of the rst uses of PV panels in building design was a multi-storey building in Boston in 1978. It had PV panels
on the roof. The second application was the Carlisle House with a 7,5 kWp system power which is connected to
the net. It was constructed in 1980. The houses south oriented roof is composed of PV panels. This roof produces
all the houses energy demand and gives the surplus energy to the net. The house also is designed according
to passive solar principles to decrease energy demand of the building. It has passive solar heating and cooling,
super-insulation, thermal mass for energy storage, daylighting and a roof integrated solar thermal system. [2]

Figure 1. Multi-storey building in Boston [2]

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Another example of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) use is the Impact 2000 House in Brooklyn, USA which
was constructed in 1984. This house also has a roof with PVs and it produces most of the energy demand of the
house. The power of this system is 4,3 kW, the PV panels have 40 m2 area and 45 incline. There are 12 PV modules
on each side of the middle part, right and left. On the middle part, solar collectors are placed. The unframed PV
modules are placed directly on timber roof frames and they form the roof cladding. [3] Many examples of BIPV
were constructed since then.

Figure 2. Carlisle House [2] Figure 3. Impact 2000 House [2]

There are many futuristic designs of solar architecture nowadays and they keep on going further with the
developing technology.

2. CASE STUDIES
The case studies of history of solar architecture will be examined here from Sokrates House until the utopian
designs.

2.1. SOKRATES HOUSE (THE MEGARON HOUSE)

This is one of the rst passive solar designs known in literature. It represents most of the passive solar principles in
its design. It has thick stone walls on the northern part of the house to keep cold winter winds out and away from
the living spaces. The terrace is in the southern part of the house. It protects the living space from getting hot in
the summer by shading the high-inclined summer solar radiation, and helps keeping the living space warm in the
winter by letting the inclined winter solar radiation getting inside the building. The living space is protected from
the cold weather outside by the storage room (the service space of the house) on the northern part of the house.

Figure 4. Drawings of Sokrates House, plan on the left and section on the right [4]

- 409 -
2.2. MONT-CENIS ACADEMY BUILDING IN HERNE-SODINGEN
Another example of solar architecture is Mont-Cenis Academy building in Herne-Sodingen in Germany. It has
both passive and active solar principles. The building is a big mega-structure which keeps smaller buildings under
its roof which has PV cells between two glass panes. Some of these panes are left without PV cells in order to get
necessary solar radiation to keep the interior calm. [5]

Figure 5. Herne-Sodingen Academys roof with PV Figure 6. Herne-Sodingen Academys roof with PV
panels [6] panels seen from inside [7]

2.3. SOLAR FABRIK IN FREIBURG, GERMANY

The architect of the building is Rolf + Hotz Architecture (Fred Rolf and Matthias Hotz) from Freiburg. The mono-
crystal silicon PV panels are used on the roof, the faade, the commercial screen and shading elements of the
building and their total area is 450 m2. The power of the system is 56,5 kWp. It can produce 40 MWh of electricity
annually. The building is a zero-emission factory building which produces PV modules.[5][8]

Figure 7. General view of Solar Fabrik in Freiburg Figure 8. Detail of PV use in Solar Fabrik in Freiburg
(Photo: Mjde Altn, 2006) (Photo: Mjde Altn, 2006)

2.4. GREENPIX ZERO ENERGY MEDIA WALL, BEIJING

It has nearly 2000 m2 area with the biggest color-LED screen on earth. This screen is working by using the energy
produced by the PV cells placed on the glass screen facade. PV cells produce about two-fold of the energy
demand of the screen.[9]

Figure 9. General view of GreenPix Zero Energy Figure 10. Detail of GreenPix Zero Energy Media Wall
Media Wall in the evening [9] screen with PV cells [9]

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2.5. VOLVO PURE TENSION PAVILION
The architect of the pavilion is Synthesis Design + Architecture (Los Angeles). It is an example of tensile architecture
with PV cells on its surface. So that it can produce electricity and this energy could be used to charge the battery
of a car, a vehicle or any other device that uses electricity to run. The pavilion is portable. It could be folded up
and moved to another place to be used. The architects described the pavilion as essentially the rst-of-its-kind
portable charging station for a hybrid car.[10] The PV cells used here are exible ones, which are the examples
of the third-generation PVs.

Figure 11. General view of Volvo Pure Tension Pavillion [10]

2.6. ECOCAPSULE
Two architects from Slovakia designed a living unit for two users which is self-sufcient. It is an autonomous unit so
that it can be transferred to anywhere just like a caravan. It is powered by both solar (600 Watt) and wind energy
(750 Watt). It produces electricity by the PV cells which are placed at the roof of the unit. It has batteries which will
be enough to power the house for ve days without recharging. [11][12][13]

Figure 12. General view of EcoCapsule [11] Figure 13. Plan of EcoCapsule [11]
2.7. FLOATING HOUSE: WATERNEST 100
It is an ecological oating habitat which is autonomous, designed by Giancarlo Zema. Its area is 100 m2, its diameter
is 12 meters, the height is 4 meters and it is made with recycled laminated timber and recycled aluminium hull.
The roof includes 60 squaremeters of amorphous PV panels which generate 4 kWp. It can be used as a house, an
ofce, a lounge bar, a restaurant or a shop. [14]

Figure 14. General view of WaterNest 100 [15] Figure 15. PV roof of WaterNest 100 [15]

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3. CONCLUSION
Solar architecture has been used since the beginning of architecture due to the fact that the shelter requirement
of human-beings is present with the necessity of comfort conditions and the sun is up in the sky. With the
developing technology, new devices have been added to the design of the buildings like solar collectors and
PVs. This happened mostly after the energy crisis in 1970s. Because with the crisis, it became clear that the fossil
fuels are limited and they give harm to the environment. Therefore people tried to nd other energy resources
that are not limited and that dont give harm to the environment. Solar energy is one of the best solutions to this
and as a result, solar energy has evolved rapidly after 1970s and has been used in the design and construction of
buildings since then.

After a quick review of solar architecture, it can be seen that passive solar principles and active use of solar energy
is developing each day. New trends in architecture mostly use solar energy to make the building autonomous.
This is seen when looked at especially futuristic designs of architecture. They use solar energy since the energy
resource is up in the sky ready to be used and it is free. Therefore it can be said that buildings of the future will be
solar architecture buildings. And architects of the future should be ready for that from today.

REFERENCES
1. Altn, M. 2005. Research on the Architectural Use of Photovoltaic (PV) Components in Turkey from the
Viewpoint of Building Shape, Dokuz Eyll University, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences,
Ph.D. Thesis.
2. www.solardesign.com, retrieved on 24.01.2013.
3. Sick., F. & Erge, T., 1998. Photovoltaics in Buildings: A Design Handbook for Architects and Engineers, IEA:
International Energy Agency, UK
4. Atagndz, D. P.-I. (1989). Gne Enerjisi Temelleri ve Uygulamalar. zmir: Ege niversitesi Basmevi.
5. Altn, M., 2004. Yeni Yap Malzemesi Fotovoltaik Paneller, zellikleri ve Tarihesi, 2. Ulusal Yap Malzemesi
Kongresi ve Sergisi Kongre Bildirileri, s.438-444, Istanbul, Turkey.
6. https://aedesign.wordpress.com/2010/01/26/mont-cenis-academy-herne-sodingen-germany/ , retrieved on
21.11.2016.
7. www.oja-services.nl, retrieved on 2004.
8. Solar-Fabrik in Freiburg, Detail, 1999/3.
9. Arup. GreenPix zero-energy media wall http://www.arup.com/Projects/GreenPix_Zero_Energy_Media_Wall.
aspx , retrieved on 07.02.2014.
10. Grifts, Alyn (2013). Volvo Pure Tension Pavilion that charges an electric car by Synthesis Design + Architecture,
https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/14/volvo-pure-tension-pavilion-charges-an-electric-car-by-synthesis-
design-architecture/ , retrieved on 20.11.2016.
11. Ecocapsule: New Era of Sustainable Living, http://futuristicnews.com/ecocapsule-new-era-of-sustainable-
living/ , retrieved on 15.11.2016.
12. Ecocapsule: A Tiny Solar-and-Wind-Powered Mobile Home, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/
articles/2016-04-28/ecocapsule-a-tiny-solar-and-wind-powered-mobile-home , retrieved on 22.11.2016.
13. http://www.popsci.com/hub-away-home , retrieved on 22.11.2016.
14. http://www.giancarlozema.com/waternest-100/, retrieved on 22.11.2016.
15. The WaterNest: An Eco-friendly Floating House, http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/waternest-oating-
house/ , retrieved on 20.11.2016.

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0163 - SPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL SITES FOR SOLAR DESALINATION PLANTS
IN TURKEY
Fulya Aydn*, Hasan Sarpta
Ege University Solar Energy Institute, Bornova zmir
Corresponding email: fulya.aydin.edu@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Fulya Aydn

ABSTRACT
Many countries in Middle East and Mediterranean regions suffer from physical water scarcity problem due to limited
fresh water resources and increasing demand for water caused by rapid population growth, economic development,
urbanization, industrialization, tourism, and non-sustainable agricultural activities. Climate change will make the
problem even more difcult and costly. Currently, 1.6 billion people live in regions with absolute water scarcity and
the number is expected to rise to 2.8 billion people by 2025. In order to mitigate the increased water scarcity problem
seawater desalination with the renewables such as solar and/or wind possesses a chance to reduce future concerns of
countries. The study was focused to spatial assessment of potential sites for solar desalination plants in coastal areas
of Turkey. To determine suitable areas, GIS and MCE was used as a spatial decision support approach. Several criteria,
such as sea temperature-salinity, solar radiation, precipitation, population and water price were examined with Fuzzy
and AHP method in GIS environment. As the result, the most suitable areas for solar desalination were determined
as stanbul, zmir and Aydn. The areas in Artvin, Trabzon and Rize have lowest suitability up to 45% because of the
sufcient precipitation pattern and inexpensiveness of water prices.

Keywords: Solar desalination, GIS, MCE, Fuzzy, AHP, Turkey

1. INTRODUCTION
In the world, 97.5% of the water is saline water (storage in oceans, seas, lakes and groundwater); only 2.5% of
the water is fresh water [1]. Nearly 69% of the fresh water is stored in ice caps, glaciers and permanent snow.
Withdrawal of the most of groundwater is not economically feasible. Because of this poor storage, large areas of
the World suffer from lack or pollution of fresh water [2]. Access to the fresh water in the countries is considerably
variable per their location and climate pattern. Considering the Turkey, it is seen that the demand of water is
supplied from the surface water resources (186 km3) such as rivers, lakes and basins; only 69 km3 of the water is
groundwater [3]. While Turkey was a water-rich country before the year 2000 (population as 63.17 million) with
1652 m3/ca.y, this amount decreased 1586 m3 in 2007 along with the rising population as 70.6 million. Nowadays,
Turkey is categorized as the Water Stressed country. TurkStat (Turkish Statistical Institute) predicts the population
100 million for Turkey in 2030. This crucial increase in population can cause the diminishing of the usable water
amount up to 1000 m3 in 2023 [4]. In addition to increasing population, inappropriate water management practices
and water policies and additionally climate change are the other signicant reasons of water problems [5].

In Turkey, the half of the annual water-ow located in 5 basins (Frat, Dicle, Dou Karadeniz, Dou Akdeniz and
Antalya) of all 26. Just Frat and Dicle basins have 30% of the total ow. Marmara Basin, the most populous region of
Turkey, has also only 4% of the total ow [4]. This situation indicates that there is an inequality in water distribution,
so an imbalance between the basins ow rate and population, for which the basins service in Turkey. In addition
to Frat, Dicle and Marmara Basins, there are also variations between ow-rate and population in the basins as
Sakarya, Kk Menderes, Byk Menderes, Kzlrmak, Konya. This condition effects the water consumption in the
basins and causes the water problem in our country [5].

When surface water begins to decrease, the groundwater supplies -particularly aquifers- gain importance. Nevertheless,
drought challenges the groundwater sources. Turkey has generally the water stress in dams in summers. Because of
this stress in a lot of locations the people and local communities begin to use groundwater (aquifers). Since the drought
has been increased, the cost of access to aquifers has increased rapidly [6]. All these problems have generated the
new quests for solution. One of the solutions can be the solar desalination method in arid and semi-arid areas or water
poor and water stressed countries. Taking into consideration, water supply from seawater has become eligible in many
countries, especially in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) Region (i.e. Oman) in recent years.

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In the contrary, solar desalination plants need a lot of energy in short time; although they are eligible solution to
obtain fresh water. All of the methods applied for desalination (i.e. membrane methods and thermal methods)
consume high amounts of energy. In the case of supplying of required power by fossil resources, numerous
problems are also emerged related with dependence on foreign resources, high import costs for fossil fuels,
the depletion of fossil resources and air pollution due to gas emissions (especially CO2). In order to reduce
the economic responsibility and environmental impacts of high energy consuming desalination processes and
to generate sustainable seawater desalination technologies, renewable energy resources are examined and
applied in seawater desalination. For this purpose, solar, wind and geothermal resources are frequently utilized
in renewable energy-based desalination plants [7]. Turkey, like other Mediterranean countries, has the huge
potential to use renewable energy sources. For example, coastal areas in Aegean and Mediterranean regions of
Turkey, where are living in water-stressed basins and faced serious water scarcity problems, have considerable
potential in terms of solar energy.

In the light of these issues, this study visualizes the suitable areas for solar desalination plants in Turkey. In order
for the suitable areas to identify, MCE/GIS-based method was used. All the analysis methods show that decision
mechanism is always difcult. But the modern technologies (i.e. GIS), hardware and softwares can provide time/
cost efcient and reliable results during the decision-making process. Reliable decisions can save the countries
incentives and sustainable development in the evaluated locations. In MCE/GIS-based method, Fuzzy tool and
AHP approach was used; to standardize the criteria data associated with their suitability and to weight these
criteria in hierarchical frame, respectively. Finally, the result map was created in GIS-MCE model. Thus, the Turkeys
coastal regions spatial suitability for solar desalination plants was assessed to improve freshwater resources using
desalination plants and to prevent the problems about fossil fuel use through the utilization of efcient renewable
energy sources (solar, wind and geothermal) [7].

2.DATA AND METHODOLOGY

2.1. METHODOLOGY
In order to assess the spatial suitability for the solar desalination plants in Turkeys coastal regions, a 5-steps
methodology was applied in the presented study:

1. Criteria identication,
2. Database development: Data collection and processing,
3. Fuzzy standardization: Fuzzy tool implementation to the criteria in MCE model,
4. Factor weighting: AHP approach implementation to the criteria in MCE model and
5. Running of MCE model to create the result map.

2.2. CRITERIA IDENTIFICATION

In this study six different criteria were used:

(i) seawater temperature, as a process parameter for desalination plant.

(ii) seawater salinity, as another process parameter for desalination plant.
(iii) solar radiation, higher the radiation levels increase the energy potential.
(iv) population, as the indicator of water demand.
(v) water unit price, as the indicator of economic feasibility of the desalination system.
(vi) precipitation, as the indicator of water stress.

The suitability intervals for these criteria were given in Table 1 as increasingly suitable (0,1); decreasingly suitable
(1,0); not suitable (0) and suitable (1) in order for reclassication in Fuzzy tool.

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Table 1. Criteria and suitability intervals
Factors Suitability Intervals
o
Seawater temp. ( C) 0 - 21 = 0, 1 > 21 = 0
Seawater salinity (psu) 0 - 30 = 0, 1 30 = 1 30 - 39 =1, 0 > 39 = 0
Solar radiation (kWh/m2) 0 - 150 = 0, 1 > 150 = 1
Population (million) 0 - 14.3 = 0, 1
Water unit price (TL) 0 - 8.03 = 0, 1
Precipitation (mm/day) 0 - 2 = 1, 0 >2=0

2.3. STUDY AREA

The study area includes the coastal cities of Turkey including Hatay, Adana, el, Antalya, Mula, Aydn, zmir,
anakkale, Edirne, Krklareli, Tekirda, Balkesir, Bursa, Yalova, Istanbul, Sakarya, Dzce, Zonguldak, Bartn,
Kastamonu, Sinop, Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Rize and Artvin (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Study area: Coastal cities of Turkey

2.4. DATABASE DEVELOPMENT

The data/criteria of the study were obtained from the variable database. In Table 2 the database and the obtained-
data were given in detail.

Table 2. Data and data sources

Data Name Database Data Name Database
(1) MODIS Data of AQUA mission
Seawater temperature Water Price Municipal Water Tariffs
(2) LANCELOT - Web Tool (CMCC)
Seawater salinity LANCELOT - Web Tool (CMCC) Solar Radiation JRC EC PVGIS Interactive Maps
Ministry of Environment and
Precipitation LANCELOT - Web Tool (CMCC) Map of Cities
Urban Planning
Population Turkish Statistical Institute

Seawater temperature data were obtained from NASA as spatial raster layer to use in GIS environment directly. In
addition to seawater temperature map, the precipitation, population, water unit price, solar radiation and seawater
salinity data were attained as numeric format from related database. These numerical data were integrated to IDW

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(Inverse distance weighted) tool in ArcGIS environment and the density maps of these criteria were created in
spatial-base (Figure 2 Figure 6). Here, the water unit prices map (Figure 5) was created with numeric data based
on individual using of settlements the amount of water above 20 m3 (the maximum charging of municipalities) for
each city. Solar radiation map was also generated as kWh/m2 as if the solar desalination may carry out with grid-
connected PV-farms. The values in the map show the average sum of global irradiation per m2 received by the
modules of the given system. The given system was described below;

Nominal power of the PV system: 1.0 kW (crystalline silicon)

Estimated losses due to temperature and low irradiance: 10.3% (using local ambient temperature)
Estimated loss due to angular reectance effects: 2.4%
Other losses (cables, inverter etc.): 14.0%
Combined PV system losses: 24.7%

Figure 2. Seawater temperature (MODIS data)

Figure 3. Precipitation map of the cities.

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 Figure 4. Population map of cities.

Figure 5. Water unit prices for coastal cities.

Figure 6. Solar radiation map.

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2.5. MCE MODEL DEVELOPMENT

2.5.1. FUZZY ANALYSIS

In the study, Fuzzy tool, which is a logic different from the binary-included classical logic, was used in IDRISI
environment for reclassication of the criteria legend between 0 and 1 related with their suitability intervals [8]. In
Figure 7 the owned-intervals of the criteria and related suitability intervals were given.

Figure 7. Fuzzy graphs of sea temperature (a) and salinity (b), solar radiation (c), population (d), water unit price
(e) and precipitation (f).

2.5.2. AHP WEIGHTING

The weight of the factors was calculated via AHP tool, which includes pairwise comparisons matrix of the criteria.
In this study two AHP matrix were used with contribution of decision makers opinion and experience [8]. The
average of these weights was given with Table 3.

Table 3. Result of the AHP matrix: The factors weights.

Factors Weights
Sea Temperature 0.09665
Sea Salinity 0.05525
Solar Radiation 0.3744
Precipitation 0.0424
Population 0.1669
Water Prices 0.2644

RESULTS
After these three steps, the MCE model, which is providing help to the decision makers for the best option
through a lot of possible options in the presence of priorities of the multi decision criteria and variable criteria,
was actuated [9]. On account of MCE model, the spatial suitability map for solar desalination plants was obtained,
which was given in Figure 8. The result map of the study was also given in Figure 9.

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 Figure 8. MCE model creation.

Figure 9. Site suitability map for solar desalination plants in the coastal cities.

According to result map, the highest suitability up to 91% for solar desalination plants was found in the metropolitan
cities as zmir and stanbul. Additionally, the highest suitable areas were determined in Aydn. The areas in Artvin,
Trabzon, Rize have lowest suitability up to 45% because of the sufcient precipitation pattern and inexpensiveness
of water prices.

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4. CONCLUSION
Turkey, located throughout Mediterranean and Middle East, has very variable water resources in variable areas.
However, the future of water seems limited, when taken into consideration of historical change. The country is in a
semi-arid region and the availability of water resources has decreased up from 4000 m/cay in 1960s to 1.500 m/
cay. While the country is evaluated as water scarce region (not under severe water stress today), water is not always
in the right place at the right time to meet present and anticipated needs and by 2100 Turkey could experience
an expansion of arid areas that could lead to increased water stress around the southern Mediterranean areas.

Turkeys future water pattern depends on the climate change, drought conditions and variations in precipitation
volume of the locations. The decision makers and managers specify even if the water resources will be enough
for Turkey for more years; but the distribution of water supplies and the rapidly change of climatic conditions
are concerned the people about access this essential resource in future. Furthermore, the water report of D.S..
(General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works) species that it is estimated the amount of available water will likely
to be less than 1000 m3 in 2023/capita/year. Seawater desalination with the solar energy possesses also a chance
to reduce future water scarcity for Turkey.

The motivation in the study was making an awareness for decision makers about this crucial issue. In the study,
the aim was evaluation suitability of the coastal sites for solar desalination incentives. For identication, variable
data were used and structure of the model was created. It must be known that the structures of the decision-
making models can be same for the similar studies; but the criteria, their suitability intervals values and their
weights include diversity according to the study area and its quantity [10]. Results of the study can provide reliable
decisions and action plans for decision makers and managers.

REFERENCES
1. GreenFacts-Salk ve evre ile lgili Gerekler. Su Kaynaklar Hakkndaki Gerekler: Birlemi Milletler Su
Geliim Raporu 2nin zeti. http://www.greenfacts.org/tr/index.htm (Access Date 20.07.2014)
2. Bouchekima B. 2002. A Solar desalination plant for domestic water needs in arid areas of South Algeria.
Elsevier.
3. Business Monitor International (BMI). 2015. Turkey Water Report: Includes 5-Year Forecasts to 2018. ISSN
2052-7683.
4. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. 2009. Turkey Water Report 2009. Ankara, Turkey.
5. Akzm T, akmak B, Gkalp Z. 2010. Trkiyede su kaynaklar ynetiminin deerlendirilmesi. TABAD: Tarm
Bilimleri Aratrma Dergisi.
6. Deniz suyundan "Tatl su" dnemi. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/teknoloji/8637407.asp (Access Date 11.06.2014)
7. Dlgen D, Sarpta H, Alpaslan M N. Desalinasyon tesislerinde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarnn kullanm.
8. Aydn F, Sarpta A. 2014. Site identication for Solar-PV systems using GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation - A
case study for demi, zmir, Turkey. SolarTR 2014 Conference and Exhibition, zmir.
9. Erden T, Cokun M Z. 2011. Cora bilgi sistemleri ve analitik hiyerari yntemleri yardmyla itfaiye istasyon
yer seimi. 13. Trkiye Harita Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultay. Ankara.
10. abuk A, Avdan U, Cmert R, Uygugil H, et.al. 2011. Cora Bilgi Sistemleri. Anadolu niversitesi Akretim
Fakltesi Yayn. 1. Bask. No: 1245. Eskiehir.

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 0165 - A COMPARISON OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT IN FLAT-PLATE SOLAR
COLLECTORS WITH INNER TUBE APPARATUS
Abdulkadir Kocer1, Ismet Faruk Yaka2, Afin Gngr2*
1
Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Trkiye
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Trkiye
Corresponding email: afsingungor@hotmail.com
*Corresponding author: Afin Gngr

ABSTRACT
Solar collectors are one of the most promising renewable technologies for energizing future systems. Solar
collectors are used for a variety of heating systems such as domestic hot water systems and industrial application.
Increasing the collector efciency is an important factor in terms of unit cost. The objective of this study is to
increase efciencies of at plate solar collectors. For this purpose, various apparatus will place into collector
tubes which increase the heat transfer between plate and uid. The experiments were performed on collectors
with apparatus and without apparatus. It was compared to at-plate solar collectors with apparatus and without
apparatus.

Keywords: heat transfer, solar collector, energy efciency

1. INTRODUCTION
Technological advances and the increasing human population have increased in the last century energy needs.
As a result of this increased use of fossil fuels is the main energy source. However, these sources are limited.
Therefore, mankind has turned its attention to renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources include
solar energy is the most widely used source.

Solar energy has an important place among the renewable energy sources. Solar hot water supply in residential
heating and cooling applications in the process industry in the provision of heat, agriculture irrigation, drying
and cooking, electricity is an energy source that can be used in producing. In Turkey, a country with solar energy
potential is very high. The annual average sunshine time is 2640 hours, the average annual solar radiation value
1311kwh / m2 value [1].

Recently, detailed thermal applications related to energy storage and solar energy in the literature review studies
[2]. Advances again saved the day in the heat system in the year have been revealed a study review [3]. The
widespread use of solar energy in Turkey is to meet the housing needs of hot water. Solar collectors angle of for
residential which should be established has been demonstrated studies [4, 5, 6].

The systems used in order to meet the hot water needs from solar energy works in two ways, on and off. The water
circulating in the water collectors with open systems are the same as the system. Closed systems are the system
with water is different of heating water. Water heated in the collector heat with the heat exchanger, it transferred
the use of water.

The apparatus also relates to the use of copper tubing in the system, various studies have been made. Kumar [7],
a rate of 18 to 70% of the bent strip for use in planar collector in the study was observed by increasing the heat
transfer. The thermal performance was observed with increasing Reynolds number increases. Pipes, an increase
in the pressure loss due to resistance by 87-132% create a ow of bent strip that is inserted into the rotary motion
to the stream was observed. However, experimental work ow in the collector is arranged to circulate as in the
coil from a single pipe collector. Kumar [7] this has been tried in the 5000-23000 range of the Reynolds number.

In a study conducted in Canada Hobby [8] by increasing the heat transfer applications in at plate solar collectors
worked for cold climates. Straight pipe of this study, short and full-length curled ribbon types, the effect of heat
transfer and tapered helical wire ring was investigated experimentally. The impact data elements inserted into the
pipe was observed to be very signicant. Keeping constant experimentation in the work of the collector surface

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temperature radiant heaters are made with 300 and 400 C temperature. After all collector arrangements to be
made of the ow in the pipe was reported that a signicant impact on productivity.

Another work in the natural circulation system throughout the day with 0,022 kg of uid ow in the system between
10:00 and 16:00 0,010 / h was observed to vary in the range. This time interval radiant intensity 700 W / m2 to 1100
W / m2 have during the study. In this study, different properties twisted strip into the solar collector pipes (y = 3, 4,
5, 6) placed in the increase in the collector efciency has been investigated experimentally. Compared to smooth
pipes in the collector efciency yield increases of up to y = 3 in the application [9].

In this study, experiments were performed on collectors with apparatus and without apparatus. It was compared
to at-plate solar collectors with apparatus and without apparatus

2. METHODS
This work was done experimentally. In the study, the effects on the system performance of using the apparatus
inside the pipe in the natural circulation, closed system solar collectors were investigated experimentally.

Three different experimental setups have been established for this. For the normal collector, it is used with a
natural circulating, closed system, a pressurized at collector system storage. The plane collector is 2 pieces and
each piece is 93 cm x 193 cm in size. Hot water storage of the system is 300 l capacity. There are 11 copper pipes
with a diameter of 1.6 cm in each collector.

Two planar solar collectors, one 93 cm x 193 cm and one 186 cm x 193 cm, were designed in the scope of
the study. Both collectors have 300 l of hot water storage. Pipes were prepared horizontally in plane collectors
designed in the scope of the study. Copper pipes with a pipe diameter of 5 mm were placed at intervals of 3 cm
and 52 horizontal pipes were used. The horizontal lengths of the pipes are 80 cm for the short collector system,
170 cm for the long collector system and 3 cm diameter half pipes are connected.

For both long and short collector systems in horizontal tubes, 52 pieces and 3 mm thick aluminum bars were bent.
Bent aluminum rods are shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1. Aluminum Bars

Flat plate collectors system schematic representation of the actual system and the external appearance are shown
below in the Figure 2.2 and 2.3.

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 Figure 2.2. Collector overview

Figure 2.3. Collectors

In order to compare the three systems in an objective way, these systems were run under the same operating
conditions and the results were compared and examined in detail. Temperature measurements were made within
the scope of the study. A temperature data logger is placed at the inlet and outlet of the collector to determine
the temperature change in the collectors. By means of these data loggers, how much the uid circulating in the
collector has been measured. Measurements start at 8:00 in the morning and nish at 8:30 in the evening. The
measurement range is set to 30 minutes.

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3. RESULTS
Three solar collectors were used in the study. This collector is designed and manufactured under study.

When compared with normal Apparatus collector of short-collector:

The temperature difference is small in the morning hours. However, since 10:00 hours the temperature difference
has increased rapidly. This increase was up to 8-9 C at noon. In the evening, the temperature difference is around
4-5 C. This status indicates that the collector is placed inside the apparatus acts as a heat store.

When compared Normal collector and Apparatus long collector:

It was observed that there was a temperature difference of 2-3 C in the morning hours. However, since 10:00
am the temperature difference has increased very rapidly. Especially after lunch, this difference reached 10-11 C
degrees. The maximum temperature difference is maintained until the evening hours.

It is seen that there is a temperature difference between the long collector and short collector. This temperature
difference is 2-3 C in the morning hours. However, it has increased rapidly since 15:00, especially after lunch. It
reached the maximum value at 16:00. This is due to the fact that the long collector has more thermal power than
the sunlight.

Table 3.1. Collectors Temperature Value

Temperature C
Apparatus
Hours Apparatus Collector Normal Collector
Collector (long)
08:00 25 25,2 24
08:30 27 27,8 25,8
09:00 28,6 29,8 27,6
09:30 32,1 34,2 29,5
10:00 35 37,7 30
10:30 38,9 41,4 34,2
11:00 43,8 45,8 39
11:30 48,6 49,5 44,1
12:00 55,8 57,2 47,2
12:30 62 63,8 50,8
13:00 64,8 66,1 54
13:30 66,5 67,3 57,8
14:00 67,1 69,4 60
14:30 68,2 71,8 62,7
15:00 69,5 75 64
15:30 70,8 76,6 64,3
16:00 70,1 75,8 63,2
16:30 68,2 74,2 61,7
17:00 66,1 73,8 60
17:30 64,5 71,3 58
18:00 62,4 68,5 55,8
18:30 61 66,4 54,1
19:00 59,9 64 52,2
19:30 52,2 57,5 47
20:00 50,3 55,5 44,8
20:30 48,5 52,7 42

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 Figure 3.1. Collectors Temperature Distribution

When the table 3.2 is examined it is seen that there is a difference of 3-4 C between the shorted collector and
the long collector. The difference between the normal collector and the short type collector is 5-6 C. There is a
temperature difference of 9-10 C between the normal collector and the long collector. The variation between
these temperature differences is shown in gure 3.2.

Table 3.2. Monthly Average Collectors Temperature

Temperature C
Date Apparatus Collector Apparatus Collector (long) Normal Collector
15 April 40,8 44,2 35,1
30 April 48,1 51,4 41,5
1 May 40,5 43,6 35,2
15 May 40,3 45,7 34,9
30 May 41,0 44,6 35
1 June 47,8 51,0 41,3
15 June 54,1 57,6 48,2
30 June 48,4 50,0 42,1
1 July 47,6 50,0 41,7
15 July 54,3 57,3 49,1

Figure 3.2. Monthly Average Collectors Temperature Distribution

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4. DISCUSSION
As a result of the measurements made, it is observed that the newly developed system provides less efciency
increase than the classical systems. The production of excavated systems is quite costly compared to normal
systems. It has been observed that these systems produced are not very good at amortizing the cost. As a
consequence of this situation, it has emerged that users will not prefer a costly system for a small efciency increase.

In addition to this situation, various attempts can be made to develop such systems with low efciency gains.
First of all, the type of uid in the system can be changed. Heat transfer can be increased by using a high heat
transfer uid. In the second experiment, the bending rate of the apparatus used in the collector tubes is changed
so that the uid will be exposed to the maximum solar energy at the maximum, and the ideal bending rate can be
determined.

5. CONCLUSION
In this study, it was aimed to increase the efciency of the solar collectors used to utilize solar energy from renewable
energy sources. From here, the effect of the insertion of the planar solar collectors into the pipe is investigated.
Depending on collector size, a temperature increase of 8-9 C compared to normal systems has been achieved.
This temperature increase is not enough to increase the efciency. However, because solar energy is the most
important source of renewable energy resources, this efciency increase will be a guide for future work.

REFERENCES
1. Gungor, A, Kocer A. 2013. Efciency and Economical Assessment Of South Facing Solar Collectors For Building
Applications. Solar Energy for World Peace. stanbul. Turkey. 168-172.
2. Tian, Y, Zhao, C Y. 2013. A review of solar collectors and thermal energy storage in solar thermal applications.
Applied Energy. Vol. 104, pp. 538553
3. Shukla R, Sumathy K, Erickson P, Gong J. 2013. Recent advances in the solar water heating systems: A review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 19, pp.173190.
4. Kocer A, Gungor A. 2013. Future Of Solar Collectors: Tilt Angle Optimization For Maximum Performance. 3rd
International Exergy, Life Cycle Assessment, and Sustainability Workshop & Symposium (Elcas3). Greece. pp.
395-403
5. Gungor A, Kocer A, Demirci E. 2013. Gne Enerjisinin Kullanmnda Optimum Tilt Asnn nemi. 6. Gne
Enerjisi Sistemleri Sempozyumu ve Sergisi. Mersin. Trkiye.
6. Gunerhan H, Hepbasli A. 2007. Determination of the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors for building
applications. Building and Environment. Vol 42 (2), pp.779783.
7. Kumar, A, Prasad, B N. 2000. Investigation of twisted tape inserted solar water heaters-heat transfer, friction
factor and thermal performance results. Renewable Energy. Vol. 19, pp. 379-398.
8. Hobbi, A R. 2007. Design of solar water heating systems for cold climate and study of heat transfer enhancement
devices in at plate solar collector. Ms Thesis, Concordia University, Montreal Quebec, Canada, 175
9. Jaisankar, S, Radhakrishan, T K, Sheeba, K N, Suresh, S. 2008. Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction
factor characteristics of thermosyphon solar water heater system tted left-right twisted tapes. International
Journal of Applied Engineering Research. Vol 3 (8), pp.1091-1103.

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 0166 - CARBON CAPTURE IN FAADES VIA BUILDING INTEGRATED
PHOTOBIOREACTORS
Aya Toku1*, Glden Kktrk2
1
Department of Architecture, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Trkiye
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Eng., Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding email: ayca.tokuc@deu.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Aya Toku

ABSTRACT
Algae are a collection of diverse photosynthetic organisms that are prominent in aquatic mediums. During
photosynthesis they consume carbondioxide and give out oxygen, other potential utilization areas include being
a nutrition source, an energy source and pollution control. Their successful integration into buildings can play a
signicant role in decreasing carbon emissions, however this is not easy since they are aquatic organisms that
require special growth and harvesting conditions, and the enclosed containers that are used for this purpose are
called photobioreactors. There are a number of conceptual and experimental studies designed for integration
of photobioreactors into building faades. This paper aims to evaluate the use of photobioreactors in buildings
faades in terms of their applicability for climate change mitigation in buildings of the future. The method includes
the analysis of essential criteria for photobioreactor design and types of photobioreactors. Then the integration
of photobioreactors into buildings are categorised in terms of the type of photobioreactor (panel, tubular,
column), the type of algae, and their aim of utilization (energy by biomass production, carbon capture etc.). The
most commonly utilized photobioreactor type, algae type and utilization purpose are discussed along with their
advantages and disadvantages.

Keywords: Algae, Photobioreactor, Algaetecture, Bio-adaptive Faade

1. INTRODUCTION
Photosynthesis is one of the most efcient forms of solar energy production. Algae are a collection of diverse
photosynthetic organisms that are prominent in aquatic mediums. They consume carbon dioxide (CO2) and give
out oxygen (O2) during photosynthesis, in fact they are the source of nearly 50% of all O2 production on earth
[1]; therefore algae can have an impact on decreasing the CO2 in the atmosphere by acting as a carbon sink [2].
One kilogram of algal dry cell weight utilizes around 1.83 kg of CO2 [3]. The amount of biological CO2 xation via
algae, is greatly affected by the characteristics of the strains, their tolerance to temperature and the CO2 fed to the
environment they live in [4].

There are various environmental benets from utilization of algae in addition to CO2 sequestration. Since they are
one of the basic building blocks of life, they can be cultivated for nutrition [5] or valuable biomolecules such as
cosmetics and pharmaceuticals [6]. For our purposes in this paper, algae can also be used in the production of
various energy sources such as biomass [7], bioethanol [8], biodiesel [9], methane [10] and hydrogen [11]. CO2 is
not the only molecule that can be regulated by algae, other treatment areas include ue gas and wastewater [12].
The algae strain is the determining factor in reaching the desired outcome since each strain has its own properties
[13].

Algae are traditionally grown and harvested in ponds and pools; however they can be more efciently grown
in enclosed containers called photobioreactors. In these closed loop systems, the medium for growth can be
controlled more precisely. The factors for optimum growth include the suitable design for the photobioreactor,
availability of light, density of culture, availability of nutrition, suitable pH, proper mixing, temperature control,
excess and harvesting from the reactor [14, 15].These special conditions need to be precisely designed and
regulated [16]. The algae strain, light way, mixing system and O2 removal are the parameters that limit the design
of a photobioreactor [17-20].

The most common photobioreactor types that can be used outside are panel, tubular and column. They are usually
located under controlled laboratory conditions, some can be also used outdoors. Aside from algae farms, outdoor

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photobioreactors can be located in roofs, parks and building facades in the cities. Their successful integration
into buildings can play a signicant role in decreasing carbon emissions. There are a number of conceptual and
experimental studies designed for integration of photobioreactors into building faades. This paper deals with
the utilization of photobioreactors in buildings faades. It also focuses on the types of photobioreactors and algae
that can be used for climate change mitigation.

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

Algae form one third of the plant biomass on Earth. There are around 22,000 to 26,000 species of algae however
the biochemistry and ecophysiology of only around 50 species is analyzed. Microalgae and for the phytoplankton
and are used for food sh and other aquatic organisms, therefore they are at the base of the food chain. In
many resources regarding microalgal biotechnology, cyanobacteria are evaluated along with microalgae.
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae used in photobioreactors, are not eukaryotic like other algal
groups but prokaryotic. Since they are photosynthetic, their production system is the same as microalgae.

Living environments of cyanobacteria are similar to microalgae. Even though open systems such as ponds provide
similar environments to the natural living environments of microalgae, are simple to manage and have low costs,
they also have some disadvantages including the seasonal variety in the amount of their yield, requirement for
large areas, evaporation losses, pollution and contamination. Therefore more research on closed photobioreactor
systems was done and they became more feasible since the more efcient under laboratory conditions and utilize
new technologies. Therefore the optimum parameters for the production of microalgae will be taken as the basis
for living environment design in this study. The general value ranges of temperature, saltiness, lighting density,
light-dark cycle and pH parameters are given in Table 1.

Table 1. The general value ranges of signicant environmental parameters

Parameters Range Optimum Value
Temperature 16-27 18-24
Saltiness 12-40 20-24
Lighting density Younluu 1-10 2,5-5
Light-dark cycle 16:8 (minimum)
24:0 (maximum)
pH 7-9 8.2-8.7

The most efcient photobioreactor systems that can be applied in buildings are tubular and panel types. Generally
they are made of PVC, glass or similar transparent material. Tubular photobioreactors consist of three main units
in respect to their design. These are the tubes that contain the culture environment, the degasication unit that
provides the excretion of accumulating gas from the system, and pump system for circulation. They can be
positioned horizontally or vertically for the optimum utilization of sunlight. The tubes can be at, curved or helical.
Panel type photobioreactors have a at panel that envelops the aquatic environment and a distributor unit placed
usually on their bases provides air circulation inside the system.

Photobioreactors need to be protected from breaking since the transparent materials are fragile, therefore
precautions are necessary for building applications. These precautions affect the light penetration very little in
panel systems yet it is not as easy to protect long tubular systems, thus panel type photobioreactors can be readily
used in areas of high managerial risk and difcult control. Their cleaning and sterilization is easier than long
tubes and accumulation of chemicals used for cleaning can be prevented. Another signicant advantage is simple
cleaning of outer surfaces which is also positive for lighting.

Due to all of the aforementioned reasons above as well as easy integration into a curtain wall system, this study
researches the application of a at panel photobioreactor in a building faade. The system is as detailed by
Bahadar and Khan [21], and its schema is given in Figure 1. The panel studied has a chamber of dimensions of 60
cm x 90 cm for algae cultivation. It is used in the south faade of a ve story high ofce building and is integrated
to the 25 m wide curtain wall with a total of 450 m2 surface area. The CO2 xation and biomass production capacity
of the wall is analyzed according to the algae species and the amount of produced algae mass.

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 Figure 1. Flat panel photobioreactor schema [21]

3. RESULTS
Nature has a way to capture energy from the light that falls onto the plants; photosynthesis. Basically photosynthesis
makes use of solar energy to transform water and CO2 in the atmosphere into O2 and carbohydrates such as
glucose (Equation 1). In this equation CO2 is carbon dioxide, H2O shows water, C6H10O5 denotes glucose, whereas
O2 is oxygen [22].

Around fty percent of the photosynthetic activity on the world occurs because of aquatic photosynthetic
microorganisms [23], therefore algae can be utilized to capture CO2 and generate biomass at the same time.
Mondal et al. report three main types of biological carbon capture mechanisms in nature; C4 mechanism, active
transport of organic carbon, concentration of CO2 after acidication in the section adjoining to RuBisCO [24].

The main factors in the growth of algae in photobioreactors include the amount of CO2 present in the medium,
type of photobioreactor, temperature and the illumination. The CO2 xation ability of microalgae strains is mainly
related to the initial CO2 concentration percentage (%), biomass growth rate (gram per liter and day, g L-1 d-1), CO2
removal percentage (%) and photobioreactor type. Studies regarding different species reported in the literature
are compared in Table 2.

Synechocystis aquatilis SI-2 can achieve a carbon bioxation rate of 50 g m-2 d1 and growth rate of 30.2 g m-2
d-1 from according to Zhang, Miyachi, and Kurano [25]. Therefore the sample 270 m2 building faade can x 22.5
kg CO2 per day and produce 13.58 kg biomass per day, thus a total of 8212.5 CO2 kg reductions per year and
4957.92 kg biomass production per year for one wall of 450 m2.

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Table 2. Comparison of the CO2 xation ability of algae strains reported in the literature [Adapted from 3, 4 and 24].
Species Initial CO2 Biomass growth CO2 removal CO2 xation Photobioreactor
concentration (%) rate (%) type
(g L-1 d-1)
Anabaena sp.
0.2 0.31 1.45 g L1 d1 bubble column
ATCC 33047
Chlorella kessleri 18 0.87 0.163 g L1 d1 conical ask
1 1
6 0.065 0.122 g L d tubular
Chlorella vulgaris 2 2.03 0.43 g L1 d1 tubular
Chlorella sp. Air 0.682
2 1.445 58 0.261 g h1
5 0.899 27 0.316 g h1 bubble column
10 0.106 20 0.466 g h1
15 0.099 16 0.573 g h1
Chlorococcum batch
20 0.4 4 g L1 d1
littorale photobioreactor
Dunaliella sp. 3 0.17 0.313 g L1 d1
Phaeodactylum airlift
60 6.2 63 2.47 g L1 d1
tricornutum
Scenedesmus tubular
18 0.04 0.26 g L1 d1
obliquus
Spirulina sp. 6 3.40 53.29
tubular
12 3.5 45.61

4. DISCUSSION
Photobioreactors are designed to optimize the aquatic algal culture environment for maximum cultivation amount
by monitoring and controlling the required conditions without extra need for agricultural land and having utmost
economical quality and yield. Building applications are one of the numerous study areas and there are a number
of available photbioreactors however at panels applications would be more effective in buildings because of
their many advantages. These include increasing the light efciency by decreasing the light way, having optimum
lighting with minimum area due to its volume/surface area ratio, possibility to satisfy angle variations when
required, no necessity to use a pump since the agitation is made through air feed thus both gas transfer and
mixing takes place at the same time, can enable articial lighting, simple design and application, possibility to
manipulate environmental conditions, easy cleaning, and making the system with minimum number of parts. Yet
the main disadvantages of at plate photobioreactors are being hard to scale up however building applications
can utilize addition of small surfaces therefore the scaling issue ceases to be a problem. Another issue to be
addressed is possible algal decay therefore they need to be carefully designed.

Photobioreactor faades can be designed and integrated to perform together with other building elements.
Possible systems to integrate with are building energy management systems, heating and electricity generation
from biomass, heat distribution system, and air/water/ sewage purication systems. The applications can be in
a myriad of forms such as part of the faade itself, a shading element or supporting columns, therefore their
application, maintenance, and efciencies can show huge differences especially regarding the specie properties
and climatic considerations. Faade applications can give the buildings a new function of CO2 capture, aside
from controlling the relations between indoor and outdoor environment. Additionally a new production area for
valuable biological materials would be provided or local renewable energy could be more widespread. Thus while
the buildings become more energy efcient they also aid in the creation of a more sustainable living environment.

The sample application was for a very limited surface area in a mid-rise commercial ofce building. The application
of larger surface areas would lead to more CO2 capture and biomass production; however the buildings should
be positioned to not interrupt each others access to sunlight. Ofce buildings are usually constructed in dense
urban areas and are multistoried with story heights between 3-4 m. They are usually built to showcase the wealth

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and prestige of the owner corporation and generally curtain walls or double shell structures, which are expensive
to build and maintain, envelope these buildings, yet the application of photobioreactors to these systems
instead of glass panels would be easy. Other possible building types for application are production factories and
transportation hubs that are low and contain large unused surfaces.

5. CONCLUSION
The demand to decrease CO2 to ameliorate the effects climate change increases so biological CO2 capture
mechanisms gain importance and research on the utilization of algae gains speed. Algae can be used to capture
CO2 from different sources and biological sequestration has many advantages in reducing the increasing CO2
levels in the atmosphere. Studies in the application of photobioreactors have begun with one demonstrative
building application and other commercial products on the way. Photobioreactor faade applications can
become a stable and ecofriendly way to decrease CO2 emissions; however this technology can only be spread in
the building sector in accordance with national and global policies, precautions, conventions and incentives to
decrease carbon.

This study evaluates the potential of a panel type photobioreactor on a sample faade. A at panel photobioreactor
system is proposed for a ve storey ofce building. The estimated CO2 xation would decrease an ofce buildings
management carbon footprint and reach national target values in decreasing CO2 emissions. An additional benet
of this application is the production of benecial products such as food, fuel or valuable materials. However issues
regarding the selection of the algal strain, photobioreactor system and its application to buildings also need to
be addressed. In the next phase of this study is the prototype application of the proposed system with its control
mechanism. Thus, substantial expertise and technological research and development are still necessary before
this application can become globally feasible.

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REFERENCES
1. Chapman, R.L. 2013. Algae: the worlds most important plantsan introduction, Mitigation and Adaptation
Strategies for Global Change. Vol. 18 (1), pp 5-12.
2. Sudhakar, K., Suresh, S. and Premalatha, M. 2011. An overview of CO2 mitigation using algae cultivation
technology. Int J Chem Res. Vol. 3 (3), pp110-117.
3. Kumar, K., Dasgupta, C.N., Nayak, B. et al. 2011. Development of suitable photobioreactors for CO2
sequestration addressing global warming using green algae and cyanobacteria. Bioresource Technology.
Vol.102 (8), pp 49454953.
4. Wang, B., Li, Y., Wu, N. and Lan, C.Q. 2008. CO2 bio-mitigation using microalgae. Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology. Vol. 79 (5), pp 707-718.
5. Chacn Lee, T.L. and Gonzlez Mario, G.E. 2010. Microalgae for healthy foodspossibilities and challenges.
Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. Vol. 9(6), pp 655-675.
6. Harun, R., Singh, M., Forde, G.M., Danquah, M.K. 2010. Bioprocess engineering of microalgae to produce a
variety of consumer products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 14, pp 10371047.
7. Jorquera, O., Kiperstok, A., Sales, E.A. et al. 2010. Comparative energy life-cycle analyses of microalgal biomass
production in open ponds and photobioreactors. Bioresource Technology. 101, pp 14061413.
8. John, R.P., Anisha, G.S., Nampoothiri, K.M. and Pandey, A. 2011. Micro and macroalgal biomass: a renewable
source for bioethanol. Bioresource technology. Vol. 102 (1), pp 186-193.
9. Chen, C.-Y., Yeh, K.-L., Aisyah, R. et al. 2011. Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae
for biodiesel production: A critical review. Bioresource Technology. Vol. 102 (1), pp 7181.
10. Haiduc, A.G., Brandenberger, M., Suquet, S. et al. 2009. SunCHem: an integrated process for the hydrothermal
production of methane from microalgae and CO2 mitigation. Journal of Applied Phycology. Vol. 21 (5), pp
529-541.
11. Rashid, N., Rehma,n M.S.U., Memon, S. et al. 2013. Current status, barriers and developments in biohydrogen
production by microalgae. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 22, pp 571-579.
12. Muoz, R., Guieysse, B. 2006. Algal-bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: a review.
Water Res. 40, pp 27992815.
13. Mata, T.M., Martins, A.A. and Caetano, N.S. 2010. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications:
a review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. Vol. 14 (1), pp 217-232.
14. Ugwu, C.U., Aoyagi, H. and Uchiyama, H. 2008. Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae. Bioresource
technology. Vol. 99(10), pp 4021-4028.
15. Singh, R.N. and Sharma, S. 2012. Development of suitable photobioreactor for algae productionA review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 16 (4), pp 2347-2353.
16. Bitoga, J.P., Lee, I.-B., Lee, C.-G. et al. 2011. Application of computational uid dynamics for modeling and
designing photobioreactors for microalgae production. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 76, pp
131147.
17. Sivakumara, G., Xua, J., Thompsonb, R.W. et al. 2012. Integrated green algal tech. for bioremediation and
biofuel. Bioresource Technology. Vol. 107, pp 1-9.
18. Fernandes, B.D., Dragoner, G.M., Teixiera, J.A., Vicente, A.A. 2010. Light regime characterization in an airlift
photobioreactor for production of microalgae with high starch content. Applied Biochemical Biotechnology.
161, pp 218226.
19. Fan, L., Zhang, Y., Cheng, L. et al. 2007. Optimization of carbon dioxide xation by Chlorella vulgaris cultivated
in a membrane photobioreactor. Chemical Engineering & Technology. Vol. 30 (8), pp 1094-1099.
20. Demirba, M.F. 2010. Use of algae as biofuel sources. Energy Conversion and Management. Vol. 51 (12), pp
27382749.
21. Bahadar, A., Khan, M.B. 2013. Progress in energy from microalgae: a review. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews. Vol 27, pp 128-148.
22. Field, C.B., Behrenfeld, M.J., Randerson, J.T., Falkowski, P. 1998. Primary production of the biosphere:
Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science. 281, pp 237240.
23. Tre, S. 2001. Biyoktle enerjisi. Ankara: Tbitak.
24. Mondal, M., Khanra, S., Tiwari, O.N., et al. 2016. Role of carbonic anhydrase on the way to biological carbon
capture through microalgaeA mini review. Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy.
25. Zhang, K., Miyachi, S., Kurano, N., 2001. Evaluation of a vertical at-plate photobioreactor for outdoor biomass
production and carbon dioxide bio-xation: effects of reactor dimensions, irradiation and cell concentration
on the biomass productivity and irradiation utilization efciency. Applied microbiology and biotechnology.
Vol. 55 (4), pp 428-433.

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0168 - AN EFFICIENT FUZZY LOGIC BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER UNDER
PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS
Nurettin Beli1*, Rknettin Ik2
1
Harran University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, anlurfa
2
Harran University, Birecik Vocational School, anlurfa
Corresponding email: nbesli@harran.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Nurettin Beli

ABSTRACT:
In this study, a fuzzy logic based MPPT (maximum power point tracker) algorithm which can track the GMPP
(global maximum power point) under different conditions such as partial shading of PV(photovoltaic) array is
developed. The proposed algorithm is simple, feasible, and does not require additional hardware. By using
MATLAB/Simulink simulation program, a 9 kWp PV array model consisting of Kyocera KD32GX-LFB PV panels is
formed. I-V (current-voltage) and P-V (power-voltage) characteristic curves of the PV array are obtained under the
various shading patterns and irradiation values ranging between 2001000 W/m2. To measure the performance of
the proposed algorithm, off-grid PV system simulation model is formed by combining boost converter, electronic
load and fuzzy logic based MPPT system with the PV array. The off-grid PV system simulation is run under previously
mentioned shading patterns and irradiation values. The results show that the proposed MPPT system algorithm
can track Global MPP with the accuracy of 99.9%. Conventional MPPT algorithms, in case of partial shading,
often fail because they settle on a local MPP value. As a consequence, the PV array system performance drops
signicantly. By applying the proposed MPPT algorithm, the efciency ratio can reach high levels depending on
shading patterns and irradiation values.

Keywords: MPPT, Partial shading, Fuzzy logic, PV system

1.INTRODUCTION:
Rapidly growing world population and rising living standards are constantly increasing demand for electricity.
Environmental risks and potential health issues caused by the use of traditional energy sources such as fossil fuel
and nuclear material have led mankind to generate electricity from renewable energy sources. PV technology
with its desirable features such as abundant supply of solar energy, easy accessibility, cost effective scalability and
direct production of electricity attracts more investment all over the world[1] [2]. On the other hand, PV systems still
have high cost, low energy conversion rate (14-19%) and signicant performance dependency on irradiation and
temperature[3] [4]. In order to mitigate these disadvantages, the PV arrays should be operated at the maximum
power point (MPP) at which they achieve the maximum efciency value. For this purpose, MPP tracking algorithms
are used in PV systems [5]. Conventional MPPT algorithms such as Hill Climbing (HC) [6], Perturb & Observe [7],
Incremental Conductance [8], Fractional Open Circuit Voltage [9], and Ripple Correlation Control [10] offer simple
and successful solutions for PV systems under uniform irradiation. However, these algorithms usually fail because
they settle on a local MPP value for PV systems under varying and non-uniform conditions such as partial shading.
Algorithms based on exible calculation methods have been proposed in the literature. Articial Neural Network,
Fuzzy Logic Controller, Ant Colony Optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization techniques are some of these
[11] [12] [13] [14].

In this study, we propose a MPPT algorithm consisting of a fuzzy logic controller and voltage sweep units. It can
follow Global MPP points under partial shading conditions. Suggested algorithm is simple, feasible and requires
no additional hardware.

PV arrays are constructed by serial and/or parallel connections of PV cells, made of wide at p-n semiconductor
materials. It converts energy of photons in solar beams to electrical energy. Figure 1 shows a single-diode PV cell
model[15].

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 Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of single diode PV cell model

Power, Current and Voltage relation of a PV cell is given with Equations (1) and (2).

PPV = VPV .IPV (1)

  VPV + IPV .RS   VPV + I.RS

IPV = IPH
IO exp 
1
(2)
  a.VTh
RP

where IPH is the photon current, PPV, VPV and IPV are power, current and voltage of PV cell, IO is the reverse saturation
current of the diode, a is idealization factor of the diode, RS and RP are serial and parallel resistance of the PV cell.

PV cells are connected in serial and parallel to obtain a desired voltage and current level. Serial connection
increases the voltage while parallel connection increases the current. Let NS and NP denote serial and parallel
connected cell counts, a current-voltage relation of a PV array is given by Equation (3).

  V + I.(NS / NP ).RS   V + I.(NS / NP ).RS

I = NP.IPH
NP.IO exp 

1
(NS / NP ).RP (3)
  NS .a.VTh
I-V and P-V characteristic curves of PV panels differ from one PV to another due to differences in production,
irradiation and ambient temperature. Characterizations of Kyocera KD325GX-LFB panel under Standard Test
Conditions (STC, irradiation is 1000W/m2, ambient temperature is 25 OC) is given in Table 1 and its I-V and P-V
characteristic curves are shown in Figure 2.

Table 1. Characterizations of Kyocera KD325GX-LFB panel under STC conditions

Maximum Power (W) 325.221
Open circuit voltage VOC (V) 49.7
Voltage at maximum power point VMPP (V) 40.3
O
Temperature coefcient of VOC (%/ C) -0.37
Light-generated current IPH (A) 8.7052
Diode saturation current IO (A) -4.0077e-10
Diode ideality factor 1.017
Shunt resistance RP (ohms) 230.342
Series resistance RS (ohms) 0.40174

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 Figure 2. a) I-V and b) P-V characteristics of Kyocera KD325GX-LFB panel

As seen from P-V characteristic curves in Figure 2.b, the power of PV panel changes in a broad range depending
on the voltage and reaches its maximum value at the MPP point in case of uniform irradiation. MPP point also
varies with irradiation and temperature values. However, under uniform irradiation, there is always one MPP point
on P-V curve.

Partial shading occurs when some cells in a PV array are exposed to a lower irradiation level than the others and
can cause a signicant drop in the system efciency and hotspots on these cells. To limit the efciency loss and to
protect the cells, serial cells in PV modules are divided into groups and each group is connected to a bypass diode
in parallel and reverse polarity [1], [15], [16]. Bypass diodes begin conduction when cells under partial shading
provides threshold voltage and this causes multiple MPP points on the P-V characteristic curve of PV depending
on their quantity. Using MATLAB/Simulink program, as specied in Table 2, we model a PV array consisting of 28
PV panels with the characterizations shown in Table1.

Table 2. Specications of the PV array modeled in simulation at STC

Maximum Power (W) 9 010
Open circuit voltage VOC (V) 347.7
Short circuit current ISC (A) 34.75
Voltage at maximum power point VMPP (V) 279.7
Current at maximum power point IMPP (A) 32.22

Further, I-V and P-V characteristic curves of the array are obtained by applying different irradiation levels to each
group of panels in order to see the effect of partial shading. Figure 3 shows block diagram of PV array and
irradiation levels applied to panels and Figure 4 shows I-V and P-V characteristic curves corresponding to this
shadowing pattern.

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 Figure 3. PV array consisting of 28 panels and their exposure level of the irradiation

Figure 4. PV array under shadowing conditions a) IV and b) PV characteristics

MPPT algorithms ensure that PV array operates at the highest possible power output by manipulating the duty
cycle of a PWM signal applied to a DC-DC converter which is placed between PV array and the rest of the system
[5]. Voltage and power values of all local MPP points and global MPP point seen in Figure 4. PV array under
shadowing conditions a) IV and b) PV characteristicsFigure 4 are given in Table 3. Most Conventional MPPT
algorithms can settle on a local MPP point such as MPP3.

Table 3. MPP points under partial shadowing

MPP Power (W) Voltage (V)
MPP1 3 246 126.0
GMPP 4 033 202.8
MPP2 3 458 261.3
MPP3 2 023 315.5

Figure 5 shows block diagram of a PV system with MPPT unit. In this system, a controllable DC electronic load is
used to represent the rest of the circuit.

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 Figure 5. PV system block diagram

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

The proposed MPPT system in this study consists of a fuzzy logic controller and voltage sweep unit. The algorithm
determines duty cycle of the PWM signal applied to the converter in the PV system according to the PV array
current, IPV and voltage, VPV. This way, only current and voltage sensors are needed to implement the algorithm.
The voltage sweep unit running at a period of Ts is used to position the PV panel operating point close enough
to the GMPP. This process is performed by decreasing the PV array output voltage starting from the open circuit
voltage(VOC) down to a specic VMIN voltage gradually and comparing output power in current and previous steps.
Depending on the type of the converter used in PV system, PV array voltage is decreased gradually by means of
increasing or decreasing the duty cycle of the PWM by a constant amount (D). At the end of execution cycle of
the voltage sweep unit in a period, the duty cycle (DMAX) corresponding to the operating point close to the GMPP
is being determined. Following this phase, PWM duty cycle is set to the DMAX and control of the MPPT is handled
by Fuzzy Logic Controller in order to set the operating point at the GMPP point precisely.

The Fuzzy Logic Controller consists of fuzzication, inference, rule-base and defuzzication units and it determines
duty cycle of the PWM signal applied to the converter by using membership functions dened for input and
output variables and the rule-base. Flowchart of the proposed algorithm is shown in Figure 6.

To evaluate performance of the proposed algorithm, a MATLAB/Simulink simulation model consisting a PV array,
MPPT controller, boost converter and an electronic load is implemented. PV array specications are given in
Table2, boost converter parameters [17] and electronic load specications are given in Table 4. The shading
pattern shown in Figure 3 is applied to the PV array.

Table 4. Specications of the boost converter and electronic load

Ci 100 F
L 5 mH
Switching frequency 5 000 Hz
Vdc 400 V

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 Figure 6. Flowchart of the MPPT algorithm proposed

9B39BSX 9B39BSX

Discrete,
,B39BSX ,B39BSX g 0HDVXUHPHQW
Ts = 1e-06 s.

9'&BOLQNBSX 9'&BOLQNBSX
9
9'' powergui

MPPT
m_PV +
L
g
C

m
+
+

IGBT VDC v - Vdc

Ci
E

,U ,U +

,UUDGLDWLRQ
-

39$UUD\

Figure 7. Simulation model of the PV system

Input variables of the Fuzzy Logic Controller designed in the simulation model are the slope (E) of the P-V curve
and the change (CE) in this slope as dened in Equation (4) and (5). The output variable on the other hand is the
change in duty cycle (dD) of the PWM signal. Membership functions of these variables are shown in Figure 8 and
Figure 9. Rule-Base is given in Table 5.

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 P P(k)
P(k
1)
E(k) = = (4)
V V (k)
V (k
1)

CE(k) = E(k)
E(k
1) (5)

Figure 8. Membership functions of input varables E and CE

Figure 9. Membership function of the output variable dD

Table 5. The rule-base

E CE NB NS ZE PS PB
NB ZE ZE PB PB PB
NS ZE ZE PS PS PS
ZE PS ZE ZE ZE NS
PS NS NS NS ZE ZE
PB NB NB NB ZE ZE

3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

After running the proposed PV system simulation model given in Figure 7 on MATLAB/Simulink program, Power-
time graph seen in Figure 10 is obtained. First, Fuzzy Logic Controller part of the MPPT system runs and searches
MPP starting from VOC at time t1. If only this unit works, MPPT settles on MPP3 point at time t2 and stays at this local
MPP point. The reason for this is that the starting point is selected as VOC and the MPP point closest to this point
is MPP3. However, in our proposed MPPT algorithm, voltage scanning is performed periodically. At time t3, the
voltage sweep unit will be activated and at the end of the interval,t4, the controller nds a voltage point very close
to GMPP. After this point between time t4 and t5, the fuzzy logic controller unit searches for the real GMPP point
by ne tuning. Thus, the PV array is prevented from operating at a local MPP point and operates at the GMPP point
until the time t6 when the other voltage sweep process starts.

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 Figure 10. PV array power output

The fuzzy logic based MPPT algorithm in [18] cannot nd the GMPP under the partial shading conditions. Instead,
the PV array runs at one of the local MPP points. If the PV array system simulated in this study employs the MPPT
algorithm given in [18], the power output will be 2,023 W. However, if the proposed algorithm is used, PV array
power output will be doubled to 4,033 W.

4. CONCLUSION
In this work, a fuzzy logic based MPPT algorithm with voltage sweep unit is proposed. Using MATLAB / Simulink
program, PV array system is modeled and simulated under partial shading conditions. The results show better
performance compared to the conventional MPPT algorithm under the partial shading conditions of PV array.

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REFERENCES
1. MERTENS, K. 2014. Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technology and Practice, England: Wiley.
2. HABERLIN, H. 2012. Photovoltaics System Design and Practice, England: Wiley.
3. KAMARZAMAN, N. A. and TAN, C. W. 2014. "A comprehensive review of maximum power point tracking
algorithms for photovoltaic systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 37, no. 2014, pp. 585
598.
4. KOTTI, R. and SHIREEN, W. 2015. "Efcient MPPT control for PV systems adaptive to fast changing irradiation
and partial shading conditions," Solar Energy, vol. 114, no. 2015, pp. 397-407.
5. FEMIA, N. PETRONE, SPAGNUOLO, G. G. and VITELLI, M. 2012. Power Electronics and Control Techniques for
Maximum Energy Harvesting in Photovoltaic Systems, New York: CRC Press.
6. KOUTROULIS, E. KALAITZAKIS, K. and VOULGARIS, N. C. 2001. "Development of a Microcontrolled-Based
Photovoltaic Maximum Power Tracking Control System," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,
vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 46-54.
7. FEMIA, N. PETRONE, SPAGNUOLO, G. G. and VITELLI, M. 2005. "Optimization of perturb and observe
maximum power point tracking method," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, vol. 20, no. 4,
pp. 963-973.
8. LIN, C. H. HUANG, C. H. DU, Y. C. and CHEN, J. L. 2011. "Maximum photovoltaic power tracking for the PV
array using the fractional-order incremental conductance method," Applied Energy, vol. 88, no. 2011, pp.
4840-4847.
9. AHMAD, J. 2010. "A Fractional Open Circuit Voltage Based Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic
Arrays," in 2nd International Conference on Software Technology and Engineering(ICSTE), San Juan.
10. T. ESRAM, KIMBALL, J. W. KREIN, P. T. CHAPMAN, P. L. and MIDYA, P. 2006. "Dynamic Maximum Power
Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Arrays Using Ripple Correlation Control," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER
ELECTRONICS, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1282-1291.
11. VEERACHARY, M. and YADAIAH, N. 2000. "ANN based peak power tracking for PV supplied DC motors," Solar
Energy, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 343-350.
12. KOTTAS, T. L. BOUTALIS, Y. S. and KARLIS, A. D. 2006. "New Maximum Power Point Tracker for PV Arrays Using
Fuzzy Controller in Close Cooperation With Fuzzy Cognitive Networks," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY
CONVERSION, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 793-803.
13. JIANGA, L. L. MASKELL, D. L. and PATRA, J. C. 2013. "A novel ant colony optimization-based maximum power
point tracking for photovoltaic systems under partially shaded conditions," Energy and Buildings, vol. 58, no.
2013, pp. 227-236.
14. ISHAQUE, K. SALAM, Z. AMJAD, M. and MEKHILEF, S. 2012. "An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
Based MPPT for PV With Reduced Steady-State Oscillation," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,
vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 3627-3638.
15. MASTERS, G. M. Renewable and Efcient Electric Power Systems, USA: Wiley, 2004.
16. VARDHANA, J. and NAICK, B. 2014. "Optimization ofPV MPPT performance and DC link voltage ripples
compensation using a duty cycle modier," in IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances and
Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE-2014), Jaipur.
17. RASHID, M. 2011. Power Electronics Handbook, USA: Elsevier.
18. KUMAR, A. CHAUDHARY, P. RIZVAN, M. 2015. Development of Fuzzy Logic based MPPT Controller, 2015
Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), New Delhi.

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0169 - COMPARISON OF SOLAR IRRADIATION MODELS FOR ANLIURFA PROVIDENCE
Emrah Aslan1*, Mehmet Akif lkhan2, Nurettin Beli3, Blent Yeilata4
1
Silvan Meslek Yksekokulu, Dicle niversitesi., Diyarbakr, Trkiye
2,3,4
GAP Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Enerji Verimlilii, Harran niversitesi, anlurfa, Trkiye
Corresponding email: emrah.aslan@dicle.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Emrah Aslan

ABSTRACT
Although working principles of solar energy technologies differ from each other, common parameter of all
principles is solar irradiation. Solar irradiation amount is naturally the most important parameter when calculating
efciency values and generation potential of thermal systems, photovoltaic systems and concentrated solar
power systems (CSP). Solar irradiation varies according to location, geographic structure and historical changes
of the region. Irradiation values are measured by utilizing stations located in certain regions. Due to the high
cost of these stations, measurements cannot be carried out directly where the related location is. Conclusions of
recent researches show that mathematical models which enables calculation of solar irradiation amount related to
regions are generated by using certain variables. These models are generated from the long term meteorological
and geographical data related to region referenced. More than one model can be formed for a region utilizing
different parameters and coefcients. Irradiation amounts calculated using these models match up with real
amounts to a great extent. Solar irradiation models yield better results for the regions which they are established
for and error amount is increased with distance from the referenced region. For referenced region, results of solar
irradiation calculations on horizontal surfaces by utilizing different mathematical models generated in literature
based on Angstrm Prescott mathematical model are compared in this study. Solar irradiation of the region
can be calculated by the preferred model using mathematical model selection menu in our application. More
than one model can be utilized for the chosen region and comparison of results can be displayed graphically.
Thus, among the different models, the most appropriate mathematical model for the region can be sorted out.
Future models can be added to the application with the add model menu. Outdated models can be erased from
the database as well. In this study, anlurfa providence is referenced and comparison of results from different
models is implemented. Verication tests are carried out by comparing with solar energy plant feasibility software.
In addition, comparison of real time solar irradiation measurements performed by GAP Renewable Energy and
Energy Conservation Center (GAP REEC) and results of mathematical models is carried out in this study. Utilizing
implemented comparison, the model with highest accuracy rate for the region is determined.

1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is the indispensable necessity of daily life. The rapid increase in the world population and the rapid development
of technology to have an important place in human life have also increased the energy consumption. Fossil fuels are
used as raw materials in traditional energy production methods. It is produced from fossil sources that are close to 90%
of the energy consumed in the world. Because of fossil fuels cause damage to the environment and the amount of
raw materials is gradually decreasing, people are turning to alternative energy sources. The sun is the source of fossil
resources (coal, oil, etc.) and renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydraulic, bioenergy, etc.).

Solar energy can be gathered in two basic topics as Thermal Technologies and Photovoltaic Technologies. Although the
working principles of these technologies and the types of energy produced are different from each other, productivity and
production potential are calculated based on solar radiation values. The amount of solar radiation is the main fundamental
parameter in the design and performance evaluation of these systems (Aslan, 2015, Bulut, 2008, Kilic and ztrk, 1983).

Solar radiation is measured by a device called pyranometer. Since the device is costly, solar radiation measurements
are only made at meteorological stations in certain centers. The number of these stations in our country and
in the world is very small. For places where meteorological stations are not available, the use of mathematical
solar radiation models is a common application in predicting the data required for solar energy systems. Some
parameters are used to create various empirical models in solar radiation calculations. The parameters used in
the model of solar radiation are extraterrestrial radiation, sunshine duration, average temperature, cloudiness,
evaporation, relative humidity, day number, altitude, latitude, longitude, date, time (Togrul and Onat, 2000, Jin et
al., 2005, Ertekin ve Evrendirek, 2007, Yrkoullar, 2013, Aslan, 2015).

- 442 -
The purpose of this study is to determine the model that gives the closest result to the real values for the region,
using different mathematical models for a selected region. In our work, an application was developed to calculate
the solar radiation values. Appropriate models are selected and calculated graphically from the model selection
menu to determine the models or models suitable for the region. In our application, for example, random 10
different mathematical models determined for anlurfa province and actual data measured by GAP Renewable
Energy and Energy Efciency Center (GAP YENEV) were calculated.

2. CALCULATE SOLAR RADIATION AND USED MODELS

The parameters used in solar radiation calculations and the general equation are expressed by the following
equations developed by Angstrom (1924).

H / HO = a + b ( n / N )

Where H is the average monthly solar radiation; HO, monthly average atmospheric radiation; (H / HO), cloudiness
index (KT); N, average monthly sunshine duration; N, average day length per month; A and b are constants
calculated by statistical methods. The constants in the equation vary depending on the climatic condition of the
region, meteorological information, topographical structure and vegetation cover.

Solar radiation outside of the atmosphere is called solar radiation, which is transmitted to the unit vertical surface
by unit time. The intensity of radiation measured outside the atmosphere is called the solar constant (Gsco). Solar
constants are accepted as 1367 W / m2 with an error margin of 1% according to the research results.

The sun's radiation coming from the earth is based on solar radiation outside the atmosphere. Where f is the solar
constant correction factor, and n is the number of days from January 1.

f=1+0,33cos[(360*n)/365]

Declination angle (d): The angle of the sun's rays with the equatorial plane.
d= 23,45 x sin[(360/365)x(284+n)]

Latitude angle (e): It is the angle of the radius that connects a point on the earth to the center of the earth with
the equatorial plane. This angle equals 0 degrees, +90 degrees in the north pole, -90 degrees in the south pole.

Clock angle (h): The angle between the longitude of the sun's rays and the longitude of the considered point.
cos h= -tan d * tan e
h= arccos(-tan d * tan e)

Sun rise time (tg): Day length. 15 degrees is 1 hour, we can use the following equation to nd the full day sunshine
time in hours.

tg= (2/15) arccos (-tan d * tan e)

tg= (2/15) * h

Zenite angle (z): The angle between the sun's rays and the normal of the horizontal surface.
cos z =cos d * cos e* cos h + sin d * sin e
z=arccos(cos d * cos e* cos h + sin d * sin e)

Elevation angle (y): The angle at which the sun's rays are made with the horizontal surface.
y= 90-z

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Sun azimuth angle (ag): It is the angle indicating the sun's rays deviate in the clockwise direction with respect to
the north.

cos ag = (cos d * sin e *cos h sin d * cos e) / cos y

ag = arccos [(cos d * sin e *cos h sin d * cos e) / cos y ]

We can use the following equation to calculate the instantaneous radiation (H0) to the horizontal surface outside
the atmosphere.

H0 = [(24*3600* Gsco ) / pi] * f * sin d * sin e * [((pi*h)/180) tan h]

Where Gsco is the solar constant, f is the correction coefcient, e is the latitude, d is the declination angle, h is the
clock angle, pi is the number of pi.

Many mathematical models have been developed to determine solar radiation. Some of these mathematical
models are like this.

1) Angstrm, Prescott Model: It is the rst studies on solar radiation calculation. It is also known as a linear model.
H / HO = 0,307992 + 0,33741 ( n / N )

2) Page Model: It is one of the most used models. It claims to be valid everywhere in the world. The coefcients
for the equation are as follows.
H / HO = 0,23 + 0,48 ( n / N )

3) Bakrc Model: It is a model unique to Turkey.

H / HO = 0,2786 + 0,4160 ( n / N )

4) Trs Modeli: It is a unique model of Turkey's Gebze district.

H / HO = 0,2262 + 0,418 ( n / N )

5) Li Model: It is a model unique to China's Tibetan city.

H / HO = 0,2223 + 0,6529 ( n / N )

6) Said Model: It is a model for Libya's Tripoli city.

H / HO = 0,215 + 0,527 ( n / N )

7) lgen ve zbala Model: It is a model unique to the zmir city of Turkey.

H / HO = 0,2424 + 0,5014 ( n / N )

8) Aras Model: Created for Turkey. It is a peculiar model of Central Anatolia Region.
H / HO = 0,3078 + 0,4166 ( n / N )

9) Torul Modeli: Modied for some cities of Turkey (Ankara, Antalya, zmir, Aydn, Adana and Elaz).
H / HO = 0,318 + 0,0449 ( n / N )

10) Kl and ztrk Model: Models created for Turkey.

H / HO = a + b ( n / N )
a = 0,103+0,000017z + 0,198cos(e - d)
b = 0,533 0,165cos(e - d)

3. COMPARISON OF MODEL RESULTS

In our application, the amount of instantaneous solar radiation coming to anlurfa was calculated by using different
mathematical models. The parameters in the models used are obtained by the formulas given above. The results of
the calculations are compared with the actual values measured by the GAP Renewable Energy and Energy Efciency
Centers (GAP YENEV) meteorological station. These calculations and measurement results are presented in Table 1.
The measurements and calculations in Table 1 were prepared for the province of anlurfa in April.

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Table 1: Results of April Solar Radiation Models for anlurfa
No Solar Radiation Model Instantaneous radiation
1 Angstrom- Prescott 654,68
2 Page 666,13
3 Bakrc 678,31
4 Trs 613,10
5 Li 790,71
6 Said 683,55
7 lgen-zbala 698,56
8 Aras 715,98
9 Torul 440,08
10 Kl ztrk 666,94
11 GAP YENEV lmleri 842,00

Figure 1 is the graphically compares of these values.

Figure 1. Comparison of the results of solar radiation models for anlurfa

In comparison to the ones we have selected among the ten mathematical models we have chosen from the
database, instant solar radiation values are compared for the Sanliurfa province in April. As a result of comparison,
Li model with the error margin of 6.09 percent was determined as the most suitable model. In order to determine
whether there are more suitable models, it is necessary to determine the most suitable model for the selected
region by calculating and comparing the results in the other models in the database. If there is no suitable model
for the selected region, a new model can be created by using statistical data and saved in the database.

4. PROJECT WORK
In this study, C # and Visual Studio 2010 software development environment were used.

The purpose of our application is to obtain the closest result to the real values using mathematical models without
setting the solar radiation measurement station of the designated region. This will make it easier to nd the solar
radiation values of that zone if the plant is installed in a zone or if the zone is to be surveyed.

The system is designed so that all users can use it comfortably. After the application is turned on, the user selects
the Region from which he / she wants to know the radiation information by entering the search box or the map.

- 445 -
 Figure 2. Main Menu Screen

Figure 3. Positioning Screen

If the selected region is to be calculated according to the mathematical model, the model is selected from the
model selection section. Calculations are made according to the selected model and saved in the database.

Figure 4. Mathematical Model Identification and Calculation Screen

- 446 -
These calculated values are compared visually with the actual data and reported to the user. Thus, the mathematical
model suitable for the region is determined. If there is an incomplete model in the database, the insert operation
is performed via the model add menu.

Figure 5. Report Creation Screen

5. EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION

Solar energy is the main source of renewable energy. Solar radiation models are important for the design of solar
energy systems. The rst parameter considered by engineers, researchers and investors in the design of solar
power plants is the solar radiation values of the region.

If a solar energy plant is to be installed in a region, the solar radiation information of that region must be known.
With this radiation information it is possible to calculate the energy production potential. In this way, the user
determines the suitability for solar energy usage by analyzing the solar radiation values of the zone. As a result,
for a region, all models give an estimate of the average daily solar radiation per month. However, for precise
information new equations have to be created according to the region. Our work can give the investor a preliminary
idea.
In this study, the results were compared using different models in the literature derived from the Angstrom -
Prescott model of the solar radiation coming to the horizontal surface for the determined region. In our application,
we can calculate the solar radiation of the region with the mathematical model selection menu according to the
selected model. Calculations can be made with more than one mathematical model for the selected region and the
comparison of the results is graphically shown. Thus, the most suitable one for the region is determined by using
various models of solar radiation data belonging to a region. The Add Model menu and the new mathematical
models to be created later can be added to the application. Models that have lost their updates can be deleted
from the database. In this study, the results of some mathematical models were compared with reference to
anlurfa province. Accuracy tests have been performed by comparing with the feasibility software of the solar
power plant. In addition, this study showed that the model with the highest accuracy rate for the region was the
Li model by comparing the real time solar radiation values measured by GAP Renewable Energy and Energy
Efciency Center (GAP YENEV) with the mathematical model results.

- 447 -
REFERENCES
1. Aslan, E., Gne Radyasyonu Modellemesi ve Elektrik Santrali Fizibilite Raporu Oluturulmas, Harran
niversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstits, 2016
2. Aslan, E., Tenekeci, M.E., Beli, N., Yeilata, B., Online Solar Irradiant Modelling and Visuallization Software,
SolarTR 2014 Dergisi, sy 249-252, 2014.
3. Doan, ., Gne Enerjisi Uygulamalar, Aydn Bodur Biliim, 2006
4. Yeilata, B., Aktacir, M.A., Fotovoltaik G Sistemli Pompalarn Dizayn Esaslarn Aratrlmas, Mhendis ve
Makine, cilt 42, say 493, sy 29-34, 2001.
5. Fratolu, Z.A., Yeilata, B., Bataryal ve Direk Akupleli Fotovoltaik Pompa Sistemlerinin alma karakteristiklerinin
aratrlmas, Yldz Teknik niversitesi Dergisi, sy 8-18, Haziran 2003.
6. Fratolu, Z.A., Fotovoltaik Destekli Su Pompas Sistemlerini Analiz ve Optimizasyonu, Yksek Lisans Tezi,
Harran niversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstits, 2002.
7. Bulut, H,. Durmaz, F.A., Yeilata, B., Eik Dzleme Gelen Gne Inm DeerlerininDeneysel Olarak ncelenmesi,
I.Ulusal Gne ve Hidrojen Enerjisi Kongresi sy 143-149 21-23 Haziran.
8. Bulut, H,. Bina Enerji Analizi ve Gne Enerji Sistemleri in Eimli Yzeylere Gelen Toplam Gne Inm iddeti
Deerlerinin Hesaplanmas, IX.Ulusal Tesisat Mhendislii Kongresi, sy 435-448.
9. Bulut, H,. Durmaz, F.A., Trkiye in Pencerelerden Geen Gne Inm Analizi, II.Ulusal Gne ve Hidrojen
Enerjisi Kongresi, sy 85-95, 12-13 Haziran 2008.
10. Durmaz, F.A., Eik Yzeylere Gelen Gne Inmnn Analizi ve Cam Yzeylerden Geen Gne Inmnn
Tespiti, Yksek Lisans Tezi, Harran niversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstits, 2007.
11. Akinoglu, B. G., Ecevit A., Construction of a quadratic model using modied Angstrom coefcients to estimate
global solar radiation, Solar Energy 45, 85- 92, 1990.
12. Akdur, B., Gne Enerjisi ile Hava Istacak, zolasyonlu Kompozit Duvar Dizayn ve Similasyonu, Lisans Tezi, Ege
niversitesi, 2012.
13. ztrk M., zbek, N., Berkama, B., Isparta in Aylk Ortalama Gnlk Global Gne Radyasyonu Tahmininde
Mevcut Olan Baz Modellerin Karlatrlmas, Pamukkale niversitesi Mhendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, cilt 18,
say 1, 2012 sy 13-27.
14. Ylmaz, T., Bulut, H., zgren, M., Is Kazanc Olarak Camdan Geen Toplam Gne Radyasyonu Hesaplanmas.
ukurova niversitesi Mhendislik Mimarlk Fakltesi Dergisi sy 133-146 1996.
15. Aksoy, B., Estimated monthly average global radiationfor Turkey and its comparison with observations,Renewable
Energy 10, 625-633, 1997.
16. Benkaciali, S., Gairaa, K., Comparative Study of Two Models To Estimate Solar Radiation On An nclined Surface
Revue des Energies Renouvelables Vol, sy 219 228, 2012.
17. Buresch, M., Photovoltaic Energy Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.
18. Wong, L.T., Chow, W.K., Solar Radiation Model, Applied Energy 69, sy 191- 224, 2001.
19. Bakrc, K., Yatay Yzeye Gelen Anlk Global Gne Inmn Tahmini in Basit Bir Hesaplama Metodu, Is Bilim
ve Teknik Dergisi, sy 53-58, 2009
20. zdemir, ., Fotovoltaik Sistemler in Mikrodenetleyicili En Yksek G Noktasn izleyen Konvertrn
Gerekletirilmesi, Yksek lisans Tezi, Gazi niversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstits, 2007.
21. GAP Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Enerji Verimlilii Merkezi http://gapyenev.harran.edu.tr/
22. National Renewable Energy Laboratory http://www.nrel.gov/
23. Meteoroloji Genel Mdrl http://www.mgm.gov.tr
24. Photovoltaic Geographical Information System Interactive Maps http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps4/
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htm

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 0170 - INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAICS INTO TENSILE AND INFLATABLE
STRUCTURES
Ahmet Vefa Orhon
Dokuz Eyll University, zmir
Corresponding email: vefa.orhon@deu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
Tensile and inatable structures are light-weight structures that represent a relatively low-cost way to cover wide
areas and offer immeasurable opportunities for architectural expression, with freeform and complex geometries.
The introduction of exible photovoltaic (PV) cells served an opportunity to integrate PV solar technology into
tensile and inatable structures. Although the rst trial for this integration came out in 1998, there are still very
few prominent examples today. Incorporating PVs in tensile and inatable structures is still a challenging area of
innovation. This paper aims to give a general overview of current status of PV integration in tensile and inatable
structures. Current integration strategies and methods are discussed with regard to opportunities and challenges
for incorporating PVs in aforementioned structures. State-of-the-art PV technologies and materials, and case
studies are also discussed with emphasis to complex aspects that have to be taken into account during the design
phase (such as arrangement, orientation and shadowing of PVs, distribution of stresses and deections in structure
etc.).

Keywords: exible photovoltaic, exible PV, photovoltaic membrane, tensile solar

1. INTRODUCTION
Tensile surface structures are light-weight structures that represent a relatively low-cost way to cover wide areas and
offer immeasurable opportunities for architectural expression, with freeform and complex geometries. Tensile and
inatable structures, in particular, whose usage has greatly increased in the last decades, are an important solution
for temporary and permanent building installations [1]. Architectural membranes, which offer an attractive range
of architectural possibilities for wide-span lightweight building skins even with a high level of light transmission,
are essential materials for tensile and inatable structures. The many different kinds of buildings constructed
with high-performance membranes and thin-sheet or lm-like materials conrm the enormous potential of
these materials [2]. The introduction of thin-lm solar cells (exible photovoltaics) has served an opportunity to
integrate photovoltaic (PV) solar technology into innovative applications that favor envelopes characterized by
free morphologies such as membrane structures [3]. Integration of PVs into architectural textile and membranes
simply allows the exploitation of the external surfaces of tensile and inatable structures not only as a mere
coverage of areas but also as a solution to increase their sustainability [4].

2. INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAICS INTO TENSILE AND INFLATABLE STRUCTURES

Modern membrane technology is a key factor for intelligent, exible building shells, complementing and enriching
todays range of building materials. Integration of PVs into membranes is one of the important issues for current
and future membrane research activities aiming to improve the performance of membrane structures [5]. Within
this paper, architectural fabric /textile /membrane structures with embedded /integrated /mounted photovoltaics
are called as PV membrane structures.
2.1. FIRST APPLICATIONS OF PV MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
While amorphous silicon (a-Si) exible PVs for building integration have been commercially around since the
early 1990s, their integration into membrane structures took time. The rst PV embedded tensile structure was
showcased in 1998 in a photovoltaic exhibit, entitled Under the Sun for the Cooper-Hewitt National Design
Museum in New York (Figure 1.a). The translucent fabric tensile structure, which is 9.7 m in high, demonstrated
off-grid power capacity for a variety of permanent or temporary applications [6] using a-Si exible PVs of 120
m thick, encapsulated and laminated to contoured panels of woven fabric [7]. PV Integration into an inatable
structure is rstly implemented in Hightex Ofce building in 2007, being the cover for the internal reception and

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meeting area. Double layer ETFE foil cushion in dimensions of 5 m x 5 m is partly (37%) covered with a-Si exible
PVs that cover 9.3 m in total producing 0.44 kWp (Figure 1.b) [8].

(a) (b)
Figure 1. Pioneering installations for PV membranes. (a) First PV integration into a tensile structure: Under the
Sun Pavilion (1998) [6] (b) First PV integration into a inflatable structure: Hightex Office Building (2007) [8]

2.2. FLEXIBLE PVS

The backbone of PV membrane structures is exible PVs. Thin-lm solar cells (exible PVs) are a class of
photovoltaic cells that are manufactured through the chemical or physical deposition of one or more thin layers
or thin-lm of photovoltaic material on a substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. The term thin-lm refers that
these types of solar cells use a much thinner semiconductor material then rst-generation crystalline silicon (c-
Si) monocrystalline (mono-Si) or polycrystalline (poly-Si) solar cells that use wafers of up to 200 micrometers.
Thickness of thin-lm varies from a few nanometers to tens of micrometers. This allows thin-lm solar cells to be
exible, lower in weight, and have less drag or friction compared to the rst generation solar cells. Thats why
thin-lm solar cells are called as second generation. Third generation solar cells emerging PVs also include a
number of thin-lm technologies. There are currently four types of exible PVs applied to PV membrane structures:

1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) and other thin-lm silicon (TF-Si) solar cells
2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar cells
3. Copper indium gallium selenide (CI(G)S) solar cells
4. Dye-sensitized (D(S)SC or Grtzel cell) and other organic photovoltaics (OPV)

An overview of exible PVs applied to PV membrane structures can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1: An overview of exible PVs applied to PV membrane structures [9]

Thin film Organic

Type of Cell
(Second Generation) (Third Generation Emerging PVs)
Transparency Opaque Translucent Opaque Translucent Transparent
Conjugated
Conjugated molecular,
Semiconducter a-Si a-Si molecular, conjugated N/A
material conjugated polymer
polymer
CI(G)S, CdTe etc. CI(G)S TiO2
Homogenity High Medium High High High
Highest Eff. 20.4% 12%
Manufacture Chemical Vapor Deposition
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Methods Roll to roll printing technique

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Organic photovoltaics (OPV) are emerging PVs. Other types of emerging PVs currently are not applied to
membrane structures mainly due to stability issues. For example, perovskite solar cells degrade quickly in moist
environments. In July 2015, the largest perovskite solar cell was only the size of a ngernail [10]. Dye-sensitized
solar cells (D(S)SC or Grtzel cell) are made with liquid electrolyte solution whose solvents permeate plastics. This
precludes large-scale outdoor application and inherent integration into exible structure [11].

2.3. STATE OF THE ART

First applications of PV membrane structures were applied using translucent woven fabric as seen in Under the
Sun Pavilion (1998). In 2000s, various portable PV fabric structures were developed for the U.S. army, such as
PowerShade in 2001. Due to long-term stability issues of rst applications, further applications were investigated
using more stable materials such as PVC coated polyester fabrics and nally uoropolymeric membranes.
Fluoropolymeric materials like ETFE (Ethylene tetrauoroethylene) and PTFE (Polytetrauoroethylene) are the
backbone of current membrane technology. ETFE lm and PTFE-coated glass-ber (PTFE/Glass) fabric are durable,
resistant to UV radiation and self-cleansing materials used for membrane structures. PV Flexibles can be directly
integrated in ETFE and mounted on PTFE/glass membranes. First applications have been implemented in the
South of Germany in 2007 as seen in Hightex Ofce Building and are currently monitored with regard to their
output performance [12]. This technology is based on extremely exible a-Si thin-lm solar cells embedded in ETFE
laminates. In roll-to-roll production process, PV cells are applied to the polymer bearing material in a sequence of
layers, whereby the solar cells ultimately have a total thickness of only about 1 m. PV rolls manufactured in this
way are cut to length, aligned and joined to form laminates that meet the specic requirements of each project.
The PV membrane is then bedded between two ETFE layers of different thicknesses [2].

Currently there are limited researches investigating performance of OPV directly printed on architectural
membranes. Current OPVs are typically manufactured by depositing active materials on plastic substrates like
PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) or PEN (Polyethylene naphthalate). In spite of the low cost and easy availability of
these materials, their inferior performance when compared with common architectural membranes like ETFE and
PTFE limits their future application in contemporary architectural context [13]. Therefore the integration of OPV to
common architectural membranes is thought to be a better strategy. However better integration is not easy. For
example, ETFE demands a high surface hydrophobicity, which leads to a bad printing quality of OPV electrode
layers [9]. The OPV integrated onto membrane also bears external strains that makes their electrical properties
difcult to predict [13]. Nevertheless, despite the relative high stress introduced into the membrane, the highly
extensible encapsulant used in the lamination process can accommodate a considerably different elongation
reducing the loads on the solar cell in a drastic way [3]. There are currently three strategies for membrane
integrated OPV applications [13] (Figure 2).

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2. Strategies for membrane integrated OPV (a) Mechanical integration (b) Lamination (c) Direct printing

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3. CASE STUDIES
Case studies for PV membrane structures are presented in a chronological order.
3.1. JAPAN PAVILION EXPO 2010 (SHANGHAI, CHINA, 2010, NIHON SEKKEI)
The Japan Pavilion in Expo 2010, nicknamed the "Purple Silkworm Island", resembled a living breathing organism.
The lightweight structure of the building is composed of a tubular metal support system covered in a purple
colored ETFE lm pillow membrane with titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic coating. Thin lm exible PV (a-Si)
modules attached to membrane surfaces produce 20-30 kWh electricity (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Japan Pavilion in Expo 2010 with a-Si flexible PV integrated double layered PV membrane

3.2. AWM CARPORT (MUNICH, GERMANY, 2011, ACKERMANN & PARTNER)

The AWM (Abfallwirtschaftsbetrieb Mnchen) is a municipal corporation of Munich dedicated to the ecological
treatment of waste recyclable materials. The AWM carport is a large canopy roof structure used for under-cover
parking of the trucks belonging to Munich's waste disposal companies [14]. Its structure comprises a steel
construction with a roof cover made of rectangular three-layered ETFE lm cushions with integrated exible PVs
attached within the middle layer (Figure 4). This solution allows, not only protect the parking lots against rain and
improve the thermal conditions of the area, but also take advantage of the large surface area exposed to the sun
to produce electrical energy for the power consumption of the facilities. PV system with 2.640 exible PV modules
has area of about 3,500 m and produces 145.73 kWp Specic power yield of the system is 889 kWh/kWp. This
power is enough for all-year electricity consumption at the main headquarters of the waste disposal companies
in AWM [15].

The structure is 120 m in length, 70 m in width with a ridge height of about 10 m. Columns of the structure are
made of tubular steel with integrated roof drainage. The column grid is 10mx12m in size. Multi-bay frames of
the steel structure comprise columns and 3-corded tie bars which are fanned out at the edges using tensioned
braces. Average weight of steel construction per area of building is 48 kg/m2.The roof cover comprises 220 air-
supported, three-layered ETFE lm cushions.

The lower lm layer, whose thickness is 250 m, is printed to reduce the light transmitted through the cushions
onto the carport deck. Thickness of middle lm layer is 100 m. Each cushion bears 12 exible PVs xed to the
middle layer by means of mechanical connectors. Some of these exible PVs can be moved, so that they are not
subjected to any bending, tensile or shearing forces, even not in the event of heavy snow loads the former canopy
structure partially collapsed in 2006 after a heavy snowfall. The middle layer also has airow openings two rows
of 12 circular holes with a diameter of 90mm at the edge and one row of 12 holes at the peak that equalize the air
pressure between the upper and lower cushion chambers. That makes the middle layer mechanically pre-stressed
and prevents creasing. The upper lm layer, whose thickness is 250m, was xed separately from the other two
heat-sealed lm layers in the double-welt clamping prole, so this layer can be opened separately and basically
works like a service cover allowing the replacement of faulty PV modules (Figure 5).The exible PVs were fastened
mechanically to the middle lm layer in place on site with the guidance of a special pre-assembly table before
installation of the cushions [15].

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 Figure 4. PV integrated ETFE film cushion roof of AWM carport [14]

Figure 5. Integration of flexible PVs into three-layered ETFE film cushion roof of AWM carport [14]

3.3. PURE TENSION PAVILION (2013, ITALY, SDA + BURO HAPPOLD + FABRIC IMAGES)
Pure Tension Pavilion is a lightweight sun-powered portable charging station for electric cars. It was designed
to showcase a new electric hybrid car during a promotional tour of Italy in 2013 (Figure 6). The structure of the
pavilion was made of a tensioned HDPE (high-density polyethylene) mesh skin with embedded PV panels and
a perimeter ring made of CNC-bent aluminum pipes. There were total of 252 CIGS panels within an applied
graphic pattern of vinyl tiles along the mesh with total PV area of about 8 m. Since the pavilion was designed
to travel throughout Italy without knowing the specic site and sun orientation, the PV pattern was the result of
intensive solar incidence analysis on the structure that found the average annual solar incidence of the tensioned
skin for 360 degrees of orientation on any given site in Italy. The PV panels were placed in the areas of greatest
average annual solar incidence to achieve at least 0.3 kWh the minimum power required to charge the car [16].
To inherently deal with PV orientation issues, a MPPT (Maximum Power Point Transmission) controller was utilized
in the PV system this controller ensures that the system is receiving as much charge as possible in any given
orientation by sampling the output of the cells and selectively disabling those that are not collecting enough
energy.

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 Figure 6. Pure Tension Pavilion PV integrated portable tensile structure as solar charging station [16]

3.4. TECHSTYLE HAUS (2014, VERSAILLES, FRANCE)

Techstyle Haus is an international student collaboration that has designed a solar-powered passive house. The
project was built in Solar Decathlon Europe 2014 that took place in Versailles, France. The outer skin of the
structure is a-Si exible PV integrated PTFE/Glass membrane with TiO2 photocatalytic coating [17] (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Techstyle Haus in Solar Decathlon Europe 2014 [17]

3.5. AU PEACE AND SECURITY BUILDING (ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA, 2015)

The Peace and Security Council is an organ of the African Union (AU). AU Peace and Security building is the
headquarter of this council. One of the main features of the building is the OPV shade sail located above the
buildings interior (Figure 8). The active solar shade sail, which forms the focal point of the building, is in the shape
of the African continent which also serves as the logo of the African Union. The system, measuring approx. 25
m x 20 m overall, consists of 445 individual transparent blue modules made of exible organic solar cells, and
held in place by a stainless steel cable mesh construction underneath a membrane dome. The translucency of the
PV modules makes for approx. 75% light transmission for the overall roof surface. PV system generates enough
energy to power the internal LED lighting of the building. The system was installed in ve days using mainly local
personnel [18].

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 Figure 8. OPV shade sail of AU Peace and Security building [18]

3.6. GERMAN PAVILION EXPO 2015 (MILAN, ITALY, 2015, SCHMIDHUBER + MILLA & PARTNER + NSSLI)
Expo 2015 in Milan showcased the theme Feeding the planet, energy for life. German Pavilion attempted to
reproduce the landscape of the typical rural areas of its country under the Fields of Ideas motto [19]. The central
design element of the pavilion is stylized trees emerged from the ground alongside the external exhibition area
expressive membrane-covered energy-harvesting shelters in the shape of sprouting plants: the Idea Seedlings.
By integrating transparent exible organic solar cells into the pavilions membrane skin, the seedlings become
Solar Trees whose energy is used for illuminating the pavilion at night (Figure 9). At maximum insolation, the
ve solar trees produce a total power output of up to 5 kWh. Diameters of OPVs integrated onto solar trees vary
between 35 cm and 100 cm total areas of the cells are more than 300 m2 [20].

5. CONCLUSION
Architectural membrane technology is an important asset for innovating smart, exible, lightweight and sustainable
building shells of the future. Combining the features of architectural membranes with the PV technologies
allows the seamless utilization of solar power in building environments as an effective solution to increase the
sustainability. That is why integration of PVs into architectural textiles and membranes to be used in tensile and
inatable structures is currently an important subject for membrane researches. Case studies presented within
this paper clearly points out that PV membranes can be satisfactorily applied to tensile and inatable structures
without compromising the electricity production.

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 Figure 9. OPV integrated solar trees of German Pavilion Expo 2015 [19]

As seen in AU Peace and Security Building and German Pavilion Expo 2015, OPV have been implemented in
tensile structures since 2015. However, as seen in both structures, OPV modules are held in place by cable meshes
due to low strength and relatively short service life of OPV modules. Mounting them in a tensile mesh enables
that they work without structural tension and can be easily replaced when their service life ends. Also note that,
OPV modules in AU Peace and Security Building, which is a permanent installation, are placed underneath a
membrane dome to be protected from wear. OPV is a still-young technology. The main disadvantages of OPV,
which is based on photoactive organic materials, are low efciency, low stability and low strength compared to
inorganic PV technology. Current service life of OPV modules is estimated to be more than 1,000 hours under
aggressive laboratory conditions. This service life currently limits the use of OPV modules in outdoor applications.
However, it is certain that better integration of OPV technology into architectural membranes will be achieved in
the near future.

Seamless and efcient integration of photovoltaics into architectural membranes is a complex process that
involves a lot of aspects that have to be considered for each single project. Such as, determining the optimum
arrangement and orientation of PVs with respect to membrane surface geometry (synclastic, anticlastic etc.) and
insolation, estimating the yield of PVs, stress and deection analysis of PVs etc.

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REFERENCES
1. Seidel, M. 2009. Tensile surface structures: A practical guide to cable and membrane construction, John Wiley
& Sons.
2. Cremers, J. 2009. Integration of Photovoltaics in Membrane Structures. DETAIL Green, Issue 1-2009, pp 58-60.
3. Ibrahim, H., Wagdy, A., Beccarelli, P., et al. 2016. Applicability of Flexible Photovoltaic Modules onto Membrane
Structures Using Grasshopper Integrative Model. Procedia Engineering,155, pp 379-387.
4. Scotta, R., Lazzari, M., Stecca, E., et al. 2016. Membranes with embedded photovoltaic exible cells: Structural
and electrical performances under uniaxial and biaxial stresses. Composite Structures, 157, pp 111-120.
5. Cremers J. 2011. Energy Saving Design of Membrane Building Envelopes. International Conference on Textile
Composites and Inatable Structures, Structural membranes, Barcelona.
6. FTL Architecture & Engineering Associates, http://ftlstudio.com/
7. Klassen, F. 2004. Material innovations: transparent, lightweight, malleable and responsive. In Transportable
Environments 2004, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Portable Architecture & Design, pp
28-30.
8. http://www.solarnext.eu/eng/ref/envelopeprojects.shtml
9. Fan, Z. 2015. Photovoltaic Flexibles: Integrating organic solar cells onto ETFE membrane, PhD thesis,
Politecnico di Milano.
10. Sivaram, V., Stranks, S. D. and Snaith, H. J. 2015. Outshining Silicon. Scientic American, July 2015, pp 4446.
11. Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne, New Efciency Benchmark For Dye-sensitized Solar Cells,
ScienceDaily, 3 November 2008, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080629130741.htm
12. Cremers, J. 2015. High Performance Lightweight Building Envelopes Made of Foils and Textiles. In. Lightweight
Landscape: Enhancing Design Through Minimal Mass Structures. Springer, pp 39-48.
13. Fan, Z. De Bastani, M., Monticelli, C. and Zanelli. 2015. Performance investigation of organic photovoltaic
layers on architectural membrane. In. Advanced building skins: Conference Proceedings of the 9th Energy
Forum, pp 1255-1269.
14. https://www.bauforumstahl.de/carport-abfallwirtschaftsbetrieb-in-muenchen
15. Reiter, H. 2014. Innovative membrane architecture for carport. Tensinews, 27, pp 6-8.
16. Grifths, A. 2013. Volvo Pure Tension Pavilion that charges an electric car by Synthesis Design + Architecture,
De zeen, 14.11.2013.
17. Abendroth, R., Albano, J., Almassi, et al. 2015. Techstyle Haus. Legacy. Paper 2.
18. Belectric. 2016. Africa supplies green electricity Completion of worlds largest building-integrated OPV
system, Press Release, 29.09.2016.
19. http://www.schmidhuber.de/en/project/german-pavilion-expo-milano-2015
20. Merck, 2015. Organic photovoltaics: Generating power and creating shade, M The Explorer Magazine,
2015/5/13.

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 0171 - A REVIEW ON ADAPTIVE PHOTOVOLTAIC FACADES
Ahmet Vefa Orhon
Dokuz Eyll University, zmir
Corresponding email: vefa.orhon@deu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT:
While building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are becoming the backbone of the nearly zero energy building
(NZEB) European target for 2020, BIPV facades have started to be used more and more. Utilization of PV collectors
on facade surface is usually the least effective alternative with respect to other parts of the building shell such as
the roof, skylights mainly due to solar irradiance difference between horizontal and vertical surfaces. Although the
worldwide fast development of building-integrated PV technology has usually prompted the design alternatives
of xing the solar panels on the building facades, utilization of xed PV modules on the facade is the least effective
solution preventing the full use of an integrative system. That is why scholars are currently looking to improve the
performance of facade PV systems by using adaptive approaches. An adaptive PV facade is a facade mounted
photovoltaic system that adapts to solar conditions by using a solar tracking mechanism. It simply combines
the benets of adaptive shading with facade integrated solar tracking in order to generate electricity, improve
utilization of daylight, and improve energy performance of the facade by obtaining reductions in heating/cooling
loads.

This paper aims to present a review of adaptive BIPV facade systems. Current adaptive PV strategies and systems,
such as Adaptive Solar Facade (ASF), Integrated Concentrating Dynamic Solar Facade (ICDSF) etc., and prominent
case studies are discussed with regard to design requirements and considerations.

Keywords: adaptive facade, building-integrated photovoltaics, adaptive BIPV

1. INTRODUCTION
While around 40% of worldwide energy demand is consumed by buildings [1], over a third of the anthropogenic
green house gas (GHG) emissions stem from the buildings due to their fossil fuel based operations (heating,
ventilating, air conditioning, electricity etc.) [2]. Therefore, the buildings also hold the greatest potential for energy
savings. Thats why the concept of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) has gained attention and is now seen as the future
target for the design of buildings. For example, the recast of the energy performance of buildings directive of
EU [3] requires member states to ensure that by 31 December 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero-energy
buildings (NZEB) and after 31 December 2018, new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities are
NZEBs. At this point, taking into account the fact that supplies of non-renewable energy sources are limited, the
turn toward renewable energy sources is simply unavoidable. Solar radiation is the most abundant energy source
on Earth as stated in [4]: The solar energy that hits the Earths surface in one hour is about the same as the amount
of energy consumed by all human activities in a year. Integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into buildings is a
viable way to harvest this abundant energy source.

Basically, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) can be used in all parts of the building envelope such as the
roof, skylights, facades, shades etc. Facade mounted PV systems are usually less effective than roof mounted
systems due to solar irradiance difference between horizontal and vertical surfaces (Figure 1). Therefore, rooftop
applications have the largest market share within BIPV systems. However, facade PV systems are expected to gain
importance. Key market driver for these systems is aforementioned EU directive [5]. Facade mounted systems are
essential to meet this directives demand, as in many utility and buildings especially when the building is high-
rise the roof is simply not large enough to generate all energy required by the building.

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 Figure 1. Solar Irradiance difference between roof and facades [6].

Although the worldwide fast development of PV technologies has usually prompted the design alternatives of
xing solar panels on the building facades, utilization of xed PV modules on the facade is the least effective
solution preventing the full use of an integrative system. That is why scholars are currently looking to improve the
performance of facade BIPV systems by using adaptive approaches. Current research is moving in the direction of
using PV facades as a dynamic building envelope and a climate-adaptive building shell [1].

2. ADAPTIVE PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) FACADES

The building facade acts as a boundary/mediator into which a wide range of technologies can be integrated to fulll
various functions (Figure 2) [7]. In contemporary architecture, the increasing demand of sustainability concerns is,
without doubt, contributing to change the building envelope, or facade, from a passive barrier towards a sensible,
active and adaptive layer between interior and exterior environments [8]. Therefore, adaptive facades are gaining
interest to cope with multifarious requirements, such as energy saving and harvesting, mitigating environmental
impacts etc. Adaptive characteristic of these facades aims to increase building performances and to satisfy a
wider range of necessities by combining them. For example, adaptive photovoltaic (PV) facades aim to ne tune
the different functions, generate electricity, improve utilization of daylight, and improve energy performance of
the facade by obtaining reductions in heating/cooling loads. An adaptive PV facade is simply a facade mounted
photovoltaic system that combines the benets of adaptive shading with facade integrated solar tracking.

Figure 2. Importance diagram of various facade functions [7]

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As it is known, PV modules need to be aligned perpendicular or at a certain angle to the sun to operate at
peak efciency. The drawback of facade BIPV is its vertical orientation that results in receiving lower incident
irradiation than rooftop and ground installations [9]. However, they offer lower diurnal and seasonal variations,
and can therefore substantially contribute to local electricity generation [7]. They also allow integrating PV into
conventional facade components, such as cladding, shading systems etc., thus avoiding the cost, embodied
energy and corresponding emissions related to those [9].

Adaptive PV facade systems require a solar tracking mechanism to maximize the yield of solar cells. Solar tracking
can improve the output of a PV module by up to 30-40 percent per annum compared to a xed-tilt module, or by
about 70 percent compared to a horizontally xed module [10]. Solar trackers are categorized in two groups as
single-axis tracker and dual-axis tracker. There are a very few BIPV installations that could incorporate a dual-axis
tracker [11]. Solar trackers can operate with or without sun sensors. Solar tracking without a sun sensor is achieved
using a cyclic astronomical algorithm which evaluates the position of the sun on the basis of a comparison of
latitude and longitude with the UTC time. While this is called as open-loop solar tracking, tracking with sensor-
based feedback controllers is called as closed-loop solar tracking.

Currently, the main drawback of modular adaptive PV facades is the technical complexity of solar tracking actuators.
These components are costly when they are designed for outdoor and extensive usage, and require substantial
maintenance due to their mechanical complexity [12]. Despite the documented effectiveness of solar tracking, such
systems have not been widely implemented due to the high costs, and often complex and cumbersome structures that
added a substantial weight to the initial PV system [13]. Therefore, the development of novel approaches for low cost
and low weight solar trackers and actuators has been gaining interest. For example, compressed air-controlled soft
pneumatic actuators are implemented and tested as presented in [14]. This type of actuators cost only a few dollars
when produced industrially [12]. There are also other preliminary studies about the subject. For example, Lamoureux
et al. proposed the kirigami (the art of paper cutting) structures combined with thin-lm photovoltaics as a simple,
low-cost, and lightweight method to track solar position an elegant cut pattern is made in thin-lm gallium arsenide
solar cells, which are then stretched to produce an array of tilted surface elements that can be controlled to within 1
(Figure 3.a) [13]. Utilization of the hygroscopic nature of wood is a viable approach to create convertible wooden
components which move as a result of daily changes in air humidity without needing additional engines or control.
Wooden solar tracker presented in [15] is powered by reversibly actuated wooden bilayers which respond to diurnal
changes of relative humidity (Figure 3.b). A photovoltaic system implementing wooden bilayer solar trackers will be
installed on the roof of the ETH House of Natural Resources building to be tested [15].

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Two novel proposals for low cost actuators to be used for integrated solar tracking: (a) Dynamic
kirigami structures [13] (b) Wooden solar tracker [15]

The embodied environmental impact of a dynamic BIPV solution is about 50% higher [16] than a static alternative
due to the added adaptive components (trackers, actuators, additional supporting structure) resulting in higher
life cycle impacts. However, when accounting for the systems multi-functionality aspect, i.e. savings through
adaptive shading to the building's heating, cooling and lighting loads, the embodied environmental impact can
be offset, making the adaptive solar facades an interesting alternative for BIPV [15]. Analyses of the benets of
dynamic solar shading devices in terms of energy and lighting demand demonstrate the advantages of such
devices [17-18]. As presented in [7] an adaptive solar facade can achieve total energy savings of 56% compared
to the no shading case and 25% compared to the xed louvers case.

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3. CASE STUDIES
The rst facade implementation of PV modules was applied in Stadtwerke Aachen (Aachen, Germany) in 1991
by embedding c-Si wafers into insulation glass of the facade [1]. First adaptive installations of PV facades were
applied using PV integrated movable shutters/louvers that can track either on a daily or a seasonal basis. This type
of adaptive PV systems, which can be installed either vertically or horizontally in front of the facade, is operated
by linear actuators that have the capability to operate complete facades. A series of louvres are attached to a
system of levers and push rods which link them to a motorized control system enabling the louvres to rotate
within a range of up to 90 degrees. A good example for this system is Riverhouse at Rockefeller Park (New York,
U.S.A., 2009) which is a LEED Gold Certied residential high-Rise building featuring passive solar tracking on
three facades (Figure 4) [19]. The PV system, which crowns the building, allows an estimated 20% increase in
efciency when compared to an equivalent solution with xed PV [20].

Figure 4: Mono-Si solar cells integrated, passive solar tracking PV louvres on Riverhouse at Rockefeller Park
(2009) [19].

3.1. IBA SOFT HOUSE (HAMBURG, GERMANY, 2013, KENNEDY & VIOLICH / 360GRAD+)
The Soft House, designed for the International BauAustellung (IBA) in Hamburg, consists of four row housing units
[21]. The distinguishing feature of the three-story building is adaptive photovoltaic textile membrane shading
(Figure 5).

Figure 5: Adaptive PV textile membrane shading of IBA soft House [20]

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Individually movable PV integrated textile membrane strips, called as twister, can be raised and twisted using
DC motors. The facade reacts adaptively, similar to the principle of the sunower following the sun during the
day [22]. The residents can regulate the inow of light and the view. The facade provides shade in summer, and
minimizes energy loss and allows daylight in winter. Fiberglass-reinforced plastic deformable boards on the roof
are used to adjust storm and season positions (Figure 6).

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 6. Some of the facade positions (a) storm, straight (b) storm, rotated (c) winter, rotated [22]

3.2. ADAPTIVE SOLAR SKIN

Adaptive solar skin is a self-supporting solar collection facade that encloses existing buildings, forming a double
envelope. The system consists rows of solar panels that can be linked to a single mechanical driver which is
electronically programmed to track the sun on a diurnal basis (Figure 7). This results in up to 40% more efciency
in power collection when compared to stationary PV modules. As the panels open, they also serve to shade
building interiors during hotter months and passively ventilate the double envelope. When closed, the panels lap
and seal to create a watertight exterior (Figure 8) [23].

Figure 7: Adaptive Solar Skin [23].

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 Figure 8: Adaptive movements of modules in Adaptive Solar Skin [23].

3.3. ADAPTIVE SOLAR FACADE

The House of Natural Resources (Zrich, Switzerland, 2015) is an ofce building in Hnggerberg campus of
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. The building serves as ETH Zurichs research laboratory for
sustainable wood constructions and innovative facades. One of the novel systems implemented in the building
is an adaptive modular PV facade system which is partially located on the south side of the building envelope
(Figure 9).

Figure 9: The adaptive solar facade on the south side of the House of Natural Resources Building [14].

Adaptive solar facade consists of individual PV modules mounted on a cable network on the facade. PV modules,
which produce electricity through highly efcient copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-lm solar cells,
can move by means of pneumatically controlled actuators. With these soft pneumatic actuators, PV modules are
aligned at a certain angle to the sun to operate efciently. The different modes of the modules are controlled
based on sensor as well as on occupant input. The system also helps to control the light and heat of the internal
space simply by adjusting the amount of solar radiation through the window. There are 50 PV modules on the
system. The total weight of each PV module is about 0.8 kg including the cantilever and the solar tracker [14].
Since the system is very lightweight, it is suitable for mounting almost anywhere including on existing buildings
[7].

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3.4. THE INTEGRATED CONCENTRATING SOLAR FACADE
As rstly dened in [24], the Integrated Concentrating Solar Facade (ICSF) is a concentrating photovoltaic system
developed as an adaptive/dynamic day-lighting system for box-window curtain wall assemblies in buildings. It
ensures an efcient transfer of electric and thermal energy into interior applications while reducing solar gain and
enhancing day-lighting through the incorporation of translucent concentrating modules into double-skin curtain
wall systems. The system is implemented in 2009 on the Center for Architecture Science and Ecology (CASE) in
New York, which is a research facility of Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute. Pyramid shaped concentrating glass solar
receptors catch 85% of sunlight. They move on a pivot responding to closed-loop solar tracking to maximize light
gain a highly accurate, inexpensive tracking mechanism. The PV system also captures thermal energy trapped
by the glass receptors for use in the buildings heating and cooling systems (Figure 10-11) [25-26]. Energy
production projections show cost payback periods which are substantially below those of existing solar systems
[24]. The system can also be architecturally integrated into building roofs.

Figure 10: The integrated concentrating solar facade implemented on the facade [25]

Figure 11: The water cooled PV module of ICSF, getting benefit of the thermal energy (PVT module)

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

While building-integrated photovoltaics are becoming the backbone of the nearly zero energy building European
target for 2020, this inevitably puts the facades at the very center of the energy issues. Developing adaptive
modular PV facades and intelligent ways of balancing daylighting and shading is a viable path to deal with this
facade-oriented energy issues. Adaptive PV facades simply present an approach to optimize both solar energy
production and solar gain control through a smart, dynamic, PV integrated shading device mounted on the facade.
This paper addressed the importance of adaptive PV facade systems that contribute to technical innovation and
building sustainability.

Case studies presented within this paper clearly point out that utilization of adaptive PV facade systems is a viable
and efcient solution for large scale BIPV applications to exploit the facades which are usually the largest surfaces
available for energy production. Utilization of lightweight structure (such as cable nets, meshes or light frames)
and PV material (thin solar lms) is a no-nonsense approach to make the system run more efciently by reducing

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the total weight. Mounting a lightweight structure on the building facade allows the system to be installed on
all facades even on the ones not suited for conventional installations. In order to maximize energy efciency of
these systems further studies about geometry and dimension in relation to facade orientations and solar path, are
needed.

REFERENCES
1. Heinstein, P., Ballif, C. and Perret-Aebi, L. E. 2013. Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV): review, potentials,
barriers and myths. Green, 3(2), pp 125-156.
2. Lucon, O. and rge-Vorsatz, D. 2014. Mitigation of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change. Fifth Assessment Report, pp 674-738.
3. EU, 2010. Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of
Buildings. Ofcial Journal of European Union, L 153. pp 13-35.
4. World Wildlife Fund, 2013. Solar PV Atlas: Solar Power in Harmony with Nature, Annex 2.
5. Frontini, F., Bonomo, P., Chatzipanagi, A., et al. 2015. BIPV Product Overview for Solar Facades and Roofs. BIPV
Status Report 2015, Swiss BIPV Competence Centre (SUPSI) & Solar Energy Application Centre (SEAC).
6. Moulin, J. M. 2011. Facade Integration: Challenges and Solutions for BIPV. Sapa Building System Limited,
Presentation in BIPV2 / BRE conference 2011.
7. Nagyn, Z., Svetozarevic, B., Jayathissa, P., et al. 2016. The Adaptive Solar Facade: From concept to prototypes.
Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(2), pp 143-156.
8. Orhon A. V. 2016. Adaptive Building Shells, In. Developments in Science and Engineering, St. Kliment Ohridski
University Press, Soa, pp 555-567.
9. Perez, M. J., Fthenakis, V., Kim, H.C. and Pereira, A. O., 2012. Facade- integrated photovoltaics: a life cycle and
performance assessment case study. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 20(8), pp 975-990.
10. Mousazadeh, H., Keyhani, A., Javadi, A., et al. 2009. A review of principle and sun-tracking methods for
maximizing solar systems output. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 13(8), pp 1800-1818.
11. Prasad, D. and Snow, M. 2013. Designing with Solar Power: A Source Book for Building Integrated Photovoltaics,
Earthscan.
12. A/S Team of ETH Zurih. 2016. Chasing the sun. Revue Technique Luxembourgeoise, 2016(2), pp 46-48.
13. Lamoureux, A., Lee, K., Shlian, M., et al. 2015. Dynamic kirigami structures for integrated solar tracking, Nature
communications, 6.
14. Svetozarevic, B., Nagy, Z., Hofer, J., et al. 2016. SoRo-Track: A two-axis soft robotic platform for solar tracking
and building-integrated photovoltaic applications. Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2016 IEEE International
Conference, pp 4945-4950.
15. http://www.honr.ethz.ch/en/the-group/facade/wooden-bilayer.html
16. Jayathissa, P., Jansen, M., Heeren, N., et al. 2016. Life cycle assessment of dynamic building integrated
photovoltaics. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 156, pp 75-82.
17. Nielsen, M.; Svendsen S. and Jensen, L. 2011. Quantifying the Potential of Automated Dynamic Solar Shading
in Ofce Building through Integrated Simulations of Energy and Daylight, Solar Energy, 85(5), pp 757-768.
18. Kim, K. and Jarrett, C. 2011. Energy performance of an adaptive facade system. Proceedings of the 2011
ARCC, Considering Research: Reecting upon current themes in Architecture Research, pp 179-186.
19. http://www.altpower.com/projects/bipv/riverhouseat
20. Medio, S. 2013. Photovoltaic Design Integration at Battery Park City, New York. Buildings, 3(2), pp 341-356.
21. http://www.kvarch.net/projects/87
22. Maier, F. 2014. Bewegliche PV-Membranen: Soft House in Hamburg. Detail. Available: http://www.detail.de/
artikel/bewegliche-pv-membranen-soft-house-in-hamburg-8881
23. Raznick, D.Hanson, A. and Brenny, C. Adaptive Solar Skin. Available: https://danielraznick.com/about/
adaptive-solar-skin/
24. Dyson, A. H., Stark, P. R. H. and Jensen, M. K. 2007. Integrated concentrating (IC) solar faade system.
25. SOM. The Center for Architecture Science and Ecology. Available: http://www.som.com/ideas/slideshows/
center_for_architecture_science_and_ecology
26. SIERRA. Windows That Generate Energy. Available: http://vault.sierraclub.org/sierra/201103/innovate.aspx

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 0173 - EVALUATING DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER
ACCORDING TO THE EN 50530 STANDARD
Onur Krcolu*, Murat nl, Sabri amur
University of Kocaeli, Trkiye
Corresponding email : onur.kircioglu@kocaeli.edu.tr
*Corresponding author : Onur Krcolu

ABSTRACT
A SEPIC (single-ended primary inductance converter) DC/DC converter is capable of operating in either step-
up or step-down mode and widely used in photovoltaic (PV) systems as maximum power point tracker (MPPT).
The perturb & observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC) techniques, which are widely used maximum
power point tracking systems, are implemented on the SEPIC converter by using DSP. The performance of MPPT
in PV system under dynamic environmental conditions (such as irradiation, dirt, temperature) is very important
in the point of its efciency. Thus, EN 50530 standard, which is developed for test the dynamic performance of
PV system, is used to evaluate the performance of the both MPPT techniques in this paper. The experiments are
conducted using the dynamic performance test platform that consists of a commercial PV array simulator, SEPIC
DC/DC converter and DSP. The results show that efciencies of the both MPPT techniques are very close to each
other. Moreover, the averaged efciencies of the both are above 99% at 100Hz of MPPT frequencies for over all
slopes in the range from 0.5 to 100 W/m2/s and 100 W/m2 - 1000 W/m2 as dened by EN 50530 standard.

Keywords: DSP based Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC), photovoltaic systems, maximum
power point tracking, EN 50530 standard

1. INTRODUCTION
The switching mode DC/DC converters are commonly used in renewable energy systems. They can be realized
by different circuit topologies. Among them the buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, and SEPIC (Single-Ended Primary
Inductor Converter) converters are the mostly used depends on requirements for power conversion system. The
converter must be able to operate as step up or down in order to continue supplying the constant load voltage
over the entire battery voltage range [1].

The step up or down DC-DC converters have become popular in recent years since they are useful in applications
where the battery voltage may be above or below the regulator output voltage. A SEPIC DC-DC converter is
able to operate in either step-up or step-down mode. They are widely used in a battery charger system [2]. This
converter has some advantages in addition to capable of operating in either step-up or step-down mode, and
they can be summarized as; its output voltage has the same polarity with input voltage. Its switch referenced to the
ground node as boost converter topology, therefore, it is easy to drive. Its input current is not pulsating. Having
non-pulsating input current is particularly signicant to accurately tracking maximum power point in photovoltaic
systems. Therefore, it is reduced EMI and accordingly reduced the amount of additional lter equipment.

In literature, SEPIC DC/DC converter is mainly used as a maximum power point tracker and battery charger in
photovoltaic energy system. It is also used in power factor correction and LED driver applications [3-9].

In [10] it is evaluated the dynamic performance of the perturb & observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC)
with respect to EN 50530 dynamic efciency test standard. Buck-boost DC/DC converter is used in their study for
MPPT process. Their results are nearly the same for P&O an IC, and obtained below 99% for the both algorithms.

A modied P&O algorithm proposed in [11] order to reduce the steady state oscillation and to lessen the probability
of wrong perturbation direction. They compared the modied P&O and The conventional P&O algorithms by
using EN 50530, and acquired 1.1% more efciency than the conventional under the slow irradiance change and
12% under the fast irradiation change. The averaged efciency of their proposed MPPT was computed as 98.2%.

The dynamic efciency of the three direct MPPT algorithms (P&O, IC and dP/dt) were obtained using buck-boost
DC/DC converter the EN 50530 standard and compared to each other in [12]. The algorithms are investigated for

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different perturbation size ()V) and MPPT frequencies under both static and dynamic conditions according to EN
50530 standard. Moreover, it was observed that the inuence of the different values of MPPT frequencies on the
dynamic efciency. It was revealed that the efciency of the MPPT increases proportionally by frequency of MPPT
only at dynamic conditions [12]. In [13], boost converter is used to employ MPPT algorithms (P&O and IC), and It
is showed that the both methods are equivalent because the both demonstrate the same performance.

The perturb & observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC) algorithms are broadly used in commercial MPPT
systems [14]. In this study, P&O and IC MPPT methods are employed in tracking maximum power of a PV system.
The methods were implemented on the SEPIC DC/DC converter, and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is used as a
controller to perform these MPPT algorithms. The dynamic performance of the DSP-controlled PV system under
dynamic environment conditions is tested using PV array simulator and evaluated according to EN 50530 standard
given in detail by comparing P&O and IC algorithms.

In this paper, rstly, a SEPIC converter circuit is designed by considering that it operates in continuous conduction
mode (CCM). A coupled inductor is used in the circuit of the SEPIC in order to decrease the cost and PCB surface
area. In Section III, the fundamental study of P&O and IC algorithms are introduced. In Section IV the overview
of the implementation for PV systems, the platform developed to test the dynamic performance of MPPT and
test procedure is introduced. In Section V, the dynamic performance of the MPPT methods is evaluated with the
obtained experimental results.

2. SEPIC CONVERTER TOPOLOGY

The single-ended primary-inductance converter (SEPIC) DC/DC converter is used to convert the input voltage
to the output voltage diverse changing from above to below the output voltage. In PV applications, the input
voltage of the SEPIC converter is the output voltage of the MPPT. Therefore, regardless of the output voltage, the
maximum power can be transferred to the output.

The SEPIC converter has four energy storage elements; these elements two capacitors (C1, C2), two inductors
(L1, L2). The SEPIC converter is involves an active power switch (MOSFET, S1), passive power switch (diode, D1),
and the equivalent circuit of SEPIC converter shown in Fig. 1. In this circuit C1, which is between the inductors L1
and L2, ensures DC isolation which blocks any DC current path between the input and the output [9]. The SEPIC
converter has two switching modes when considered it operates in continuous conduction or continuous inductor
current mode. S1 is turned on; L1 and L2 are charged by Vi and VC1 respectively. C1 and C2 are discharged by iL2 and
iRL, respectively. S1 is turned off; C1 is charged by iL1.

Figure 1. The equivalent circuit of SEPIC converter

The inductors L1 and L2 can be used coupled or uncoupled. The uncoupled inductors are wound on the separated
core, whereas the coupled inductors are wound on the same core. In this study, the coupled inductors (L1 and L2)
in the circuit of SEPIC are used, and hence the bulk of the circuit is decreased. The SEPIC converter is designed
to operate in the continuous inductor current mode, with the following parameters: the switching frequency (f) =
100 kHz, inductor L1=340 H and inductor L2=340 H, capacitor C1 = 8.8F and C2 = 950F.

3. P&O AND IC MPPT METHODS

The PV module has a nonlinear characteristic, and the output power of depends on solar radiation and cell
temperature. The PV modules may not work at the maximum power point when they are directly connected to
load. Therefore, MPPT methods are used to enforce them to operate at the maximum power point. To maximize
output energy from PV system, MPPT methods is necessary for all PV applications.

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Among MPPT methods, especially Perturbation and Observation (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (IC)
algorithms are widely used in most of PV applications [14]. The main advantages of these two methods are that
they have low-cost, simplicity and ease of implementation, and further they do not need information about the PV
module [14]. The algorithms of P&O and IC are given in Fig. 2.

P&O method: The P&O algorithm rstly, multiplies the measured PV voltage and current, and the instant PV
power is calculated. Afterwards, when the operating voltage of PV array is perturbed, and observed the variation
output power [15]. Thus, when the PV voltage is perturbed in a given direction and if the extracted PV power from
the PV array increases, this means the direction is true, that is the operating point has moved toward the MPP [14].

Perturb & Observe

Algorithm

Vn, In sample;
Pn=In*Vn; P=Pn-Pn-1; V=Vn-Vn-1;

N Y
P>0 ?

N Y N Y
V>0 ? V>0 ?

Dn=Dn-1- Dn=Dn-1+ Dn=Dn-1+ Dn=Dn-1-

Vn-1=Vn; Pn-1=Pn; Dn-1=Dn

End
(a)
Incremental Conductance
Algorithm

Vn, In sample; V=Vn-Vn-1; I=In-In-1

N Y
s=0 ?

Y Y
I/s=-I/V I=0 ?

N N
Y N Y
I/s>-I/V I>0 ?

N
Dn=Dn-1- Dn=Dn-1+ Dn=Dn-1+ Dn=Dn-1-

Vn-1=Vn; In-1=In; Dn-1=Dn

End
(b)

Figure 2. (a) Flowchart of the P&O MPPT algorithm (b) Flowchart of the IC MPPT algorithm

- 468 -
IC Method: This method is based on the fact that the slope of the PV array power versus voltage (PV) curve is
zero at the MPP. Namely, it can be inferred that if the slope of P-V curve at the operating point is positive (dP/dV
> 0) on the left-hand side of the maximum power point (MPP), while it is negative (dP/dV < 0) on the right-hand
side of the MPP [10]. And nally if the slope of the P-V curve is zero, it is deduced the operating point is at the
MPP. This method was proposed to improve the tracking accuracy and dynamic performance to overcome the
disadvantage of the P&O method which fails to track under rapidly varying conditions [16].

4. IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM AND TEST PROCEDURE

The picture of the test platform is depicted in Fig.3. It is built in order to test of the dynamic performance efciency
of the both MPPTs according to the European Standard (EN 50530). Moreover, the simplied block diagram
pertain to the implementation system is given at Fig. 4. The MPPT algorithm is implemented on the designed
SEPIC DC/DC converter. The algorithm process and all control are performed by DSP control card. The SEPIC
converters efciency between input and output is not concerned in this work. The dynamic performance test
platform consists of SEPIC converter, the PV array simulator and DSP control card. The picture of the experimental
setup is depicted in Fig. 4.

Computer

Load

DSP

The PV Array Simulator

SEPIC Converter

Figure 3. The PV system test platform

Power Stage (SEPIC DC-DC Converter)

PV Simulator Rload

Ipv
LPF PWM
Dref
Ipv
ADC
MPPT
Vpv Algorithm
LPF Vpv

DSP Board

Figure 4. Block diagram of the implementation system

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In the test platform, the PV array simulator provides the environmental conditions (such as irradiation, temperature,
shading, dirt). Before test studies, primarily the PV array simulator built a PV module that having voltage at the
maximum power point (Vmpp) = 17.3V and power at the maximum power point (Pmpp)= 80W. Afterward, the I-V
(current-voltage) and the P-V (power-voltage) curves of the PV module are obtained. In addition, the values of
MPPT efciency are computed with the help of the PV array simulator.

The PV voltage (the output of the PV simulator) and the current are measured using voltage and the current sensor
circuits, respectively. These measured values are used in input of P&O and IC MPPT algorithms in DSP. The MPPT
generates reference duty cycle (Dref) after the MPPT algorithm process. The DSP produces PWM signal according
to the reference duty cycle Dref for the SEPIC DC/DC converter. Thus, the converter forces the PV module to
operate at the maximum power point. Perturbation size ()Dref ) and MPPT frequency is set to 0.01 and 100Hz,
respectively. In this paper, the DSP control card preferred as a controller because it possesses a high ADC speed
and PWM resolution. In addition this, it is fast enough to fulll MPPT algorithms accurately.

The complete dynamic test prole specied in EN 50530 standard is as shown in Fig.5. This test prole includes
different values of ramps in within a certain time. This irradiation test proles are produced in the PV array simulator,
and it directly applies to input of the SEPIC converter.

Figure 5. The complete dynamic test profile specified in EN 50530

Table 1. The Performance of P&O and IC methods dynamic test conditions (EN 50530) under low to medium
insolation region (0.5 50 W/m2/s)
Slope Repetitions Ramp Up Dwell Time Ramp Down Dwell Time Durations P&O I&C
(W/m2)/s (n) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (eff %) (eff %)
0,5 2 800 10 800 10 3540 99.31 99.33
1 2 400 10 400 10 1940 99.29 99.37
2 3 200 10 200 10 1560 99.27 99.36
3 4 133 10 133 10 1447 99.24 99.33
5 6 80 10 80 10 1380 99.20 99.27
7 8 57 10 57 10 1374 99.19 99.27
10 10 40 10 40 10 1300 99.13 99.18
14 10 29 10 29 10 1071 99.06 99.18
20 10 20 10 20 10 900 99.01 98.31
30 10 13 10 13 10 767 98.98 98.92
50 10 8 10 8 10 660 98.75 98.35
Average Efciency: 99.13 99.08

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Table 2. The Performance of P&O and IC methods dynamic test conditions (EN 50530) under medium to high
insolation region (10 100 W/m2/s)
Ramp
Slope Repetitions Ramp Up Dwell Time Dwell Time Durations P&O I&C
Down
(W/m2)/s (n) (s) (s) (s) (s) (eff %) (eff %)
(s)
10 10 70 10 70 10 1900 99.33 99.43
14 10 50 10 50 10 1500 99.41 99.43
20 10 35 10 35 10 1200 99.38 99.45
30 10 23 10 23 10 967 99.32 99.39
50 10 14 10 14 10 780 99.30 99.33
100 10 7 10 7 10 640 99.19 99.22
Average Efciency: 99.321 99.375

From Table 1 and 2 can be seen around 99% efciency is obtained for in all over ramp proles under test EN
50530. .

5. DYNAMIC TEST RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The detailed dynamic performance of both methods is obtained as given in Table 1 and Table 2. The results are
obtained with respect to different ramps in the test prole dened in Tables. The values of efciency are computed
with the help of the PV array simulator.

In this study, the designed SEPIC DC/DC converter is used to realize MPPT algorithms. The obtained results show
that both well-known MPPT (P&O and IC) techniques efciencies are very close to each other for all over ramp
proles as dened by EN 50530 standard. The average efciencies of the P&O and IC methods are 99.13% and
99.08%, respectively in low-medium region (100-500 W/m2). In low-medium region (300-1000 W/m2) the average
efciencies of the P&O and IC methods are 99.32% and 99.38, respectively.

In low-to medium insolation region: the both MPPT algorithms shows approximately the same efciency
performance. However, in slow ramp region (0.5 W/m2/s 20 W/m2/s) the IC algorithm is slightly better than the
P&O in terms of MPPT efciency, and in fast ramp region (20 W/m2/s 50 W/m2/s) the P&O algorithm is slightly
better than the IC.

In medium-to high insolation region: the both MPPT algorithms shows approximately the same efciency
performance. However, in all over ramp proles (10 W/m2/s 100 W/m2/s) the IC algorithm is slightly better than
the P&O in terms of MPPT efciency. The test results showed that around 99% efciency is achieved with the
conventional MPPT algorithms by comparison with the other studies.

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 0174 - LOW COST HYBRID SOLAR TRACKER BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC
Mehmet Emin Tenekeci1*, Abdulkadir Gm2
1
Department of Computer Engineering, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
2
Department of Electrical and Electronical Engineering, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
Corresponding email : etenekeci@harran.edu.tr
*Corresponding author : Mehmet Emin Tenekeci

In these days, increasing importance of renewable energy, recent works have been researched for increase
efciency and benet from solar energy. For this purpose, studies are ongoing with increasing of solar cells,
developing MPPT design and, increasing sun exposure of the panel. Two different methods that are CSP
panel desing and solar trackers, are used for increasing sun exposure of the solar panel. Solar tracking
system developed for increasing time and rate of sun exposure. Solar tracking systems currently used in the
market, is costly. In this study, a new solar tracking system that are used with the Arduino Mega development
board, is designed. The developed system is very cost-effective and working stably compared to the existing
model. Arduino is working as calculation and management unit. Light direction is detected by four Light
dependent resistors (LDR). The system operates vertically and horizontally biaxially. Algorithm of tracking
system use hybrid method mixed location based and sensitive to light intensity algorithms. These two
methods are used for determining the optimal angle and position from obtained data with fuzzy logic.

Keywords: Solar Tracker, Fuzzy Logic, Energy Efcency

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 0175 - A MODEL APPLICATION IN A COLLECTIVE SETTLEMENT AREA WITHIN THE TS
825 STANDARD IN TERMS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Mut Yce*, Ahmet Serhan Hergl
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Kocaeli, Trkiye
Corresponding email: mut.yuce@kocaeli.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Mut Yce

ABSTRACT
Law of energy efciency (5627) and energy performance directive in buildings aimed at effective and efcient use of
energy resources. Energy requirements of the buildings should be limited to ensure and protect the environment.
Therefore by preparing a document including greenhouse gas emissions levels, insulation properties, efciency
of the heating and cooling systems which will become a legal obligation since 2017. This study was performed
according to the energy performance directive regulations for Aydn considering climatic and environmental
features. Heating energy requirements of the building is done within the TS 825 standard. The maximum annual
energy demand is determined. Total heating demand calculated considering thermal insulation properties by
using specic heat losses of the building, internal heat gain, solar heat gain, loss and gain rates of the building.
It is presented that condensation proles due to characteristics of the selected insulating materials have been
demonstrated. The greatest heat loss legally allowed 30,51 kWh/m2 according to the regulations for 1st district.
Average annual amount of heating energy per unit area of 38,32 kWh/m2 according to the initial calculations.
Within the scope of standards by taking into account of the annual heating energy requirement and condensation
properties 16,26 kwh/m2 energy per unit area required.

Keywords: TS 825, standard, energy efciency, insulation, heat losses, climate change.

1. INTRODUCTION
In developing countries, energy efciency accepted as an energy source. With the rising concern about the
depletion of energy sources, many research institutions and companies have been conducting investigations on
different types of energy resources. So, countries make new strategies to make alternative energy sources to gain
energy. Energy is social, economic, technical and strategical subject. There can be various types of generating
energy from sources in countries. But, it limited for countries due to their geographical position and their
strategical position on energy sources. So, investigators and consumers make a choice from now on contribute to
their environmental aspect energy management for increase and maintainability of energy sources. In one way or
another, we must make energy efciencies from all resources and consumption.

Researchers and insulation materials producers in recent years have been focused on the reduction of heat
transfer coefcients of the materials. So that it is aimed to isolate and insulate the buildings correctly and ensure
comfort conditions in all the works done. Thermal transmittance of exposed building components is examined
for the further calculations [1,2].

Dilmac and Kesen [3] compared that our Turkish Standard TS 825 with the ISO 9164, EN 832 and the German
regulation. In this study, they have seen that EN 832 standard is essentially similar to the ISO 9164 and so TS
825 same equation, same restriction, same exibility. Principal differences between the calculations of standards
imparted in this paper as acceptance of climatic data, the calculation method of internal heat gain from the
environment, the calculation method of solar heat gain from the sun and the air acceptance of the air change
rating values.

Samdan et al. [4] in a study they evaluated a model buildings energy necessity. In terms of building energy
economy and studies performed in recent years the hotel, building and plaza centers is indispensable arguments
in scripts.

Kohler et al. [5] using degree day method developed a method to design heating demands of the urban area.
They achieved a case study which is consists of urban heat island and degree day method approaches. Bianchini

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et al. [6] investigated of a control approach which is demand response based on the building heating systems.
Using Energy Plus simulator evaluation of the algorithm in terms of pros and constraints is done. The design of any
energy system for residential building heating or air-conditioning systems rstly the thermal losses of the building
should be evaluated. Afterward optimal sizing of the conditioning system should be done. Thus will prevent waste
of energy and money. In this work we have done the total energy requirement of a collective settlement area is
handled in every direction according to the TS 825 standard.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was conducted via TS 825 calculator program [7]. This calculation program, provide the determination
of thickness, choosing materials design for against mold formation and isolation materials while being used in
buildings according to suitable TS 825 standard boundary conditions.

According to TS 825 program in new design buildings; explicit heating energy necessity rules, the highest heat
loss calculation, determining the condensation and relevant information about the study can be reported. In the
renewal of existing building, this program provides pieces of advice in this standard.

TS 2164 TS 825

Every volume separately evaluate Build evaluate as a whole

Figure 1. According to TS 2164 and TS 825 building application differences [7]

2.1. ESSENTIAL METHOD

Fundamental principle is calculating the net heat requirement. For this reason in buildings heat losses and gains
determine and net heat requirement procurable via nding up the difference.

The law of conservation of mass is given below using for continuous ow systems.

In this equation, is per unit time input and output total energy via heat to the system, is per unit time input
and output total energy via work to the system and is per unit time transmitted energy via mass to the control
volume.

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Accordingly, these equations determine t factors heat energy requirement of a construction.
Construction properties; heat losses via conduction, transportation and ventilation
Heating system characteristic feature; especially control systems and heating systems responding time to
changes in heating energy requirement.
Internal climate conditions; necessity of utilizers heating value
External climate conditions; exterior temperature, wind direction and violence
Internal heat gain sources; providing heating sources except heating system, radiant various devices and
people
Sun energy; acquisition from the sun transparent materials like a window.

2.2. ANNUAL HEATING ENERGY REQUIREMENT CALCULATION

Annual heating energy requirement is equal to sum of the monthly differences between heat losses and heat gain.

2.2.1. HEAT LOSSES CALCULATION

Specic heat losses (H), occurs via transmission and convection (HT) and ventilation (HV) heat losses as total.

- Heat loss calculation via transmission

- Heat loss calculation via ventilation

2.2.2. HEAT GAIN CALCULATION

In dwellings, schools, and normal constructions,

According to the equation (3) monthly heating energy requirement for

1 kJ= 0,278.10-3 kWh.

Total heat loss Qyear= Qyear=0,278.10-3*60.047.669 (kJ) = 16.693 kWh

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Table 1: Annual heating energy requirement calculation chart

Heat Loss Heat Gains

Gain Heating
Specific Gain of GLR Usage Energy
Temp. Heat Internal Factor Req.
Month Heat solar Total
Difference Losses heat gain
Losses energy

Jan 10,6 11,729 6.735 0,57 0,83 15.910.443

1,603

Feb 10,0 11.065 2.124 7.256 0,66 0,78 14.009.242

Mar 7,4 8.188 2.870 8.002 0,98 0,64 7.948. 244

Apr 3,2 3.541 3.354 8.486 2,40 0,34 1.698. 631

May 0,0 0 4.249 9.381 0,00 0,00 0

June 0,0 0 4.547 9.679 0,00 0,00 0

1.106,48 5,132
July 0,0 0 4.398 9.530 0,00 0,00 0

Aug 0,0 0 3.951 9.083 0,00 0,00 0

Sep 0,0 0 3.019 8.151 0,00 0,00 0

Oct 0,5 553 2.199 7.331 13,25 0,00 0

Nov 6,0 6.639 1.528 6.660 1,00 0,63 6.331. 686

Dec 9,7 10.733 1.379 6.511 0,61 0,81 14.148.836

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Using the above equations,

highest heat loss of construction is equal to .

Due to for this reason calculated value is under the average heating requirement energy
amount. So this construction is proper to standards according to given by TS 825 standard calculation method.
There is no risk of mold grows in the internal surface due to the internal surface temperature of construction above
the 17 oC. Condensation did not observe in building components because of the used material group of thermal
conductivity appropriate to TS 11989 EN 13164. Making condensation verication on building component
is proper to all requirement of standard since providing the designated all criteria. In the gure, temperature
distribution proles are observed. Determining the thickness of the construction material thermal conductivity
resistances taken into calculation.

Figure 2. The coldest month condensation figures (December & January)[7]

According to the building specic heat loss calculation charts, every single building structure element specic heat
transfer coefcient is determined. Structure basement level is in contact with the ground by outer walls. So that,
ground contact basement is also included in the calculation in the module. Taking into account the geographical
characteristics of the zone, the average thermal losses from the ventilation are also calculated.

4. CONCLUSION
By using Izoder TS 825 Heating & Insulation calculation program, collective settlement area building was analyzed.
Due to increasing heating demand costs and obligation the usage of energy resources efciently, energy efciency
has great importance. In this work total heating demand calculated considering thermal insulation properties by
using specic heat losses of the building, internal heat gain, solar heat gain, loss and gain rates of the building.
It is presented that condensation proles due to characteristics of the selected insulating materials have been
demonstrated. The greatest heat loss legally allowed is 30,51 kWh/m2. The specic heat loss of the building was
determined. Then compared with the existing values in the standards, it seems to be appropriate. Therefore, it is
recommended that the existing buildings and the buildings in construction should be applied with reference to
TS 825 standard.

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REFERENCES
1. Kathryn B. Janda, John F. Busch., (1994). Worldwide status of energy standards for buildings, Energy, 19, pp.
27-44.
2. Huan Lia., Carmen E. Carrin-Floresb., (2017), An analysis of the ENERGY STAR program in Alachua County,
Florida, Ecological Economics, 131, pp. 98108.
3. Dilmac S., Kesen N., 2003. A Comparison of New Turkish Thermal Insulation Standard (TS 825), ISO 9164, EN
832 and German Regulation. Energy and Buildings. Vol. 35 pp. 161174.
4. Samdan S., 2007. Bir Binann Istma ve Soutma Sistemlerinin Enerji Etd, Sakarya niversitesi, Yksek Lisans
Tezi.
5. M. Kohler, N. Blonda, A. Clappier, (2016), A city scale degree-day method to assess building space heating
energy demands in Strasbourg Eurometropolis, Applied Energy 184, pp. 4054.
6. Gianni Bianchini, Marco Casini, Antonio Vicino, Donato Zarrilli, (2016), Demand-response in building heating
systems: A Model Predictive Control approach, Applied Energy, 168, pp. 159170.
7. IZODER TS 825 Heating&Insulation Calculation Program.

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 0180 - SOLAR POWER BENEFITS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Seluk zdil, Ahmet Acar*, Katya Kaya
The Green Buildings Council of Turkey, Istanbul, Trkiye
Corresponding email : ahmet.acar@cedbik.org
*Corresponding author : Ahmet Acar

ABSTRACT
In the recent years solar power has crept into power generation agenda in Turkey as well but mainly in the form of
big solar power plant applications. Although central power plants are still in the scene, a fast revolution is possible
through power generation on site, in a distributed fashion, locally nowhere farther then our buildings. EDBK -The
Green Buildings Council of Turkey- has published edbik Konut 2016 -the rst Turkish green building certication
program for residential buildings-. The program is a comprehensive certication guide covering all aspects of
the design for residential buildings from small houses to multi-storey medium to high rises. This program will be
a vital tool towards high performance building design towards cutting down greenhouse gas emissions due to
buildings that is calculated to be as much as 40%. Among all the topics solar power and sun related direct or indirect
effects and active and passive uses are built into the program earning points towards higher grades of certicate. The
rating system based on 100 points may allow up to almost 13 points - this may vary upon building design - related to
the effectiveness of implementation of solar benets including innovative ways. We believe this emphasis shows the
importance of solar design in buildings. This paper shall introduce and clarify all the solar benets in residential
building design evaluation approach of edbik Konut to enrich the toolbox of architects and engineers for high
performance, comfortable, healthy living spaces design. As Turkish elders wisely stated Sun rays in doctor out!

1. INTRODUCTION
Solar power is becoming increasingly important in Turkey as the energy consumption is getting higher due to the
population growth, urbanization and todays energy dependent society and industry. The use of fossil resources
is causing an irreversible climate change and damage to nature due to high levels of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. In round gures buildings cause 40% of the total GHGs and the residential buildings consume 70% all
the energy produced across the world among all types of buildings.

High performance buildings help to mitigate this burden by reducing energy consumption by active/passive
energy efcient design practices and by replacing fossil energy sources by the use of renewable energy systems.
Building, refurbishing and use of renewables to power residential buildings is then extremely critical in decreasing
GHG emissions. Solar power is coming forward as one the most efcient element of renewable energy systems.

There are various methods to integrate solar power into the buildings such as roof top, faade, parking area,
window etc. solar panels as energy generators. Roof top solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are the most common
solar power generation systems in buildings as it is composed of the most basic elements. However, solar power
generation is not limited to PV panels but again rooftop solar water heaters (SWH) and other innovative heating
and cooling systems do exist. These systems can meet the total or partial energy needs of buildings. Besides
energy generation the sun also provides light and heat to the buildings that can be utilised in many active or
passive benecial ways towards higher energy performance, comfort and wellbeing of the occupants.

EDBK -The Turkish Green Building Council- was established in 2007, has now more than 130 members with
wide spectrum of interests from the local construction sector. edbik also has been granted Full Council Status
with the World Green Building Council (WGBC) since June 2012. edbik is continuing to develop through an
increasing number of members and through multilateral cooperation and participation in joint projects with other
Green Building Councils (GBCs) in the world.

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EDBK aims to contribute to the building industrys development by introducing and spreading of principles of
sustainability through trainings and design guides. EDBK is working on developing and adapting environmental
design and certication systems for buildings specic to the geographical, climatic, political, social and
technological context of Turkey. Towards this goal edbik Konut 2016 [1] is the rst design guide and certication
system developed by the association for residential buildings.

2. EDBIK-KONUT 2016
In edbik Konut 2016 design guide, credits are directly dependent on reducing energy consumption, increasing
energy conservation and efciency through high performance design by calculated use of active, passive
measures and renewable energy systems in residential buildings. Among renewables the higher the capacity
of solar systems used the higher points can be achieved. Energy generation, active and passive heat gain and
lighting and innovation are the most common topics related to solar power benets in residential buildings.
Therefore good design of solar related features are extremely important for a building to be accredited as green.

2.1. ENERGY
The Energy topic is very important in edbik-Konut 2016 as well as in other international certication systems,
because high performance design, conservation and efciency of energy, enables an important decrease in GHG
emissions. This topic includes Commissioning, Energy Efciency, Renewable Energy Use, Exterior Lighting and
Energy Efcient Equipment. Depending on the energy simulation and design, energy credits constitute a high
percentage of the total available points - up to 25 points.

Among these credits, renewable energy use allows 7 points when energy is generated on site from a
renewable source such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydro-energy, biomass or biogas. Use of solar panels
can generate power to meet the residential needs to different levels in economically viable payback
periods depending on the panel capacities and technologies used. Again depending on the design
parameters the points can be achieved incrementally in different patterns from single family houses to
multi family buildings. The use of solar systems can also contribute to earn additional points from the
Energy Efciency credit as it may help reduce excessive energy consumption with abundance of fossil fuels.

2.2. ILLUMINATION AND VISUAL COMFORT

Light has always been a source or warmth, health and happiness for mankind. We need adequate light to perform
almost all tasks. Although we are able to use adequate articial light day and night, daylight and view to the
exterior is essential to well-being of the occupants. Daylight is more comfortable and attractive. Daylight by its
variations provides temporal, social psychological information and equilibrium. Spaces lit by daylight appear
naturally beautiful and better in aesthetic quality.

Light directly inuences the mood and health of all humans improving the performance through higher
concentration, alertness and better cognitive functions. Daylight and sun rays create healthy environment both
outside and inside the building providing less sick building syndrome and lower medical bills. As elders wisely
stated Sun rays in doctor out! Thus daylight is a precious solar resource and it is free! Energy efciency, economy
and health issues have brought daylight to the forefront. The use of high levels of daylight in indoor environments
may bring up to 2 points in edbik Konut certication. Exterior lighting article also allows 1 point credit if solar
panels are used to generate energy for exterior illumination of the project area.

2.3. INTEGRATED DESIGN

In order to obtain all the said solar benets integrated design approach is the preliminary prerequisite of edbik
Konut 2016. Where all parties involved in design and construction must be actively involved and informed about
the system design and performance requirements through all the project phases.

Energy design must be based on good energy simulation respectful to the size and orientation of the building and
all interactions with other active and passive systems and phenomena must be considered. Heat gain prevention
must be provided using solar protection devices for shading. In case of lighting and visual comfort the same
principles apply. Size of windows and building orientation is also crucial in visual comfort to take in sufcient

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daylight in proper quality and quantity. The light has to be uniformly distributed and a well balanced combination
of natural and articial lighting must be provided. Active systems to balance light sources and prevent glare and
excess contrast are becoming common additions with careful design for reectance of the interior surfaces.
2.4. OTHER CREDITS
edbik-Konut 2016 has Innovation topic which allows points for the use of innovative systems and solutions
in buildings. For example, innovative solutions for water and energy efciency including passive solar design,
irrigation technologies or different solar equipment usage may count as eligible in this credit and may credit up
to 2 points.

3. ROADMAP AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF EDBIK CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS

Turkey was ranking number nine in LEED certications worldwide [2]. This shows the responsiveness of the Turkish
developers and owners towards environmental challenges. For Building Day 2015 during COP21 in Paris edbik
has committed to 1.5 million square meters of additional certied buildings in the next ve years. However almost
all the projects certied to date are large scale and commercial in nature. However the large portion of the building
activity is in residential segment. For this reason, edbik has developed edbik Konut certication program in the
rst place.

However, edbik Konut 2016 is developed for new-built residential buildings only. The immense amount
of already built stock requires a good refurbishment and renovation design guide. On the other hand, single
buildings becoming high performers or green does not necessarily create green neighbourhoods or districts.
Also buildings treated in larger groups in a district may attain higher efciencies and economies of scale (like
district energy generation and/or heating) and higher performance. Therefore edbik has set-up two more
technical committees in order to develop design and certication programs for renovation of existing buildings
and district design. Following the results of Build Upon project and other sectoral cooperation projects we hope
these programs will be available by the end of 2018.

The need for higher performance buildings requires certication systems to be highly adaptable to the advances
in building design and construction technologies. Today the majority of the existing certication programs are
qualitative rating systems in nature and their scopes cover commissioning at most. In face of pressing climate
change threats nations have to adopt GHG emission budgets which require quantitative measurable systems that
are monitored and inspected for performance realization over the lifetime of the buildings.

To this end, edbik ve year road map [3] envisions all edbik certication programs to become measurable
and quantitative by 2020. Our technical teams have already started working on construction materials life cycle
inventory database for embedded energy; and life cycle simulation based energy consumption and GHG emission
evaluation methods to be implemented in all our programs by 2020. We also trust that web enabled smart
metering and monitoring tools will help us to realize effective monitoring and inspection for the sustainability of
the certied performance of the buildings.

In order to achieve all these challenging tasks, Turkey needs large number of educated technical workforce. Among
our commitments towards WGBC goals we are going to continue with our training and education programs
to introduce more than 2500 professionals to high performance building design concepts thus disseminating
knowledge to the sector and training 500 accredited professionals capable of consulting, verifying monitoring
and inspecting high performance building design, commissioning and use. In order to achieve our goals we are
going to cooperate and coordinate with all the major players, decision makers in the construction sector.

4. CONCLUSION
The use of solar power systems in buildings is becoming increasingly important in decreasing energy related
GHG emissions. Residential buildings, constituting the highest proportion of carbon emissions among all types
of buildings, should be the primary segment where renewable energy solutions especially solar energy are
applied. edbik Konut 2016 includes a number of criteria and available credit points corresponding to the use
of solar power in buildings. Solar power also has health and wellbeing benets in high performance buildings
in addition to reducing GHG emissions and energy consumption, which will result in a higher quality sustainable
environment for human existence on the planet Earth.

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REFERENCES
1. edbik Konut 2016, http://www.cedbik.org/cedbikkonut-sertikasi_p1_tr_44_.aspx
2. http://www.usgbc.org/2015top10countries
3. edbik Road Map, http://www.cedbik.org/cedbikyolharitasi.html

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 0185 - DETERMINATION OF PV SOLAR ELECTRICITY POTENTIAL FOR IGDIR
DEPENDING ON DIFFERENT SOURCES
Levent Yaln1*, Burak Aydodu2
1
Metosfer Energy Engineering and Meteorological Services Trading Limited Company. Gazi Teknopark, Ankara
2
Idr Investment Support Ofce, Serhat Development Agency, Idr, Trkiye
Corresponding e-mail: dr.leventyalcin@metosfer.com.tr
* Corresponding author: Levent Yaln

ABSTRACT
Igdir, as a province located in eastern Turkey, has microclimatic properties different from around. Igdirs area is less than
1 % of Turkey. Therefore it may be ignored in climatic and energy studies those cover continents or country. Although
it is known that it has less precipitation, clear sky and much sun, it has not a fame on solar energy. In addition there is
no any PV electricity system in the city. Because of that it was needed to study about its eligibility for PV electricity. In
order to say numerical magnitude of solar potential some methods are used and at least one of them is needed such
as forecasting, remote access via satellite, geographical information systems, modelling, calculation and of course site
measurements. Methods developed synthetically aim to obtain information where meteorological measurements and
observations are not possible. PV solar electricity potential can be obtained from different sources but it is not possible
to say something in numeric very denitely. It can be easily oscillated depending on meteorological and climatological
conditions from year to year. In this study it is being tried to dene Igdirs global solar radiation in the unit of kWh/
m2-year via some sources respectively GEPA (Solar Energy Potential Atlas for Turkey), 1493; PVGIS, 1618; HelioClim,
1646; NASA SSE, 1607; SOLARGIS, 1650; TSMS CAR model, 1625; TSMS GWR model, 1625; TSMS measurements,
1636. Many of meteorological and climatological parameters for long years are analysed to nd out trends of those
parameters. While cloud coverage and humidity have been decreasing, sunshine duration and global solar radiation
have been increasing accordingly transparency of atmosphere has been extending. PV electricity potential is calculated
as 1636 kWh/m2-year because of calculation is consisting of site measurements and little bit conviction.

Keywords: PV solar electricity, Solar potential, Igdir, solar measurement, Meteorological parameters for solar,
GEPA

1. INTRODUCTION
Igdir region has a specic micro-climate which possesses a quite different climatological characteristics then the
surrounding East Anatolian Region. Covering less than 1 % of Turkeys surface area, Igdirs specic micro climate
is sometimes ignored in regional and national geographical and meteorological analyses. The reason that Igdir -
known as having low precipitation, clear skies and high sunshine duration - is not yet associated with solar energy,
and also no solar energy plant has yet been established in the area, triggered this study to research the suitability
of the region for PV solar electricity.

Turkey, due to political and legal binding of Climate Change Framework Programme as well as socio-economical
and strategic reasons, should have a strong interest on renewable energy in general and solar energy specically.
Other countries are also progressing this way. Turkey, having insufcient conventional energy resources, must
provide national, sufcient, new and renewable energy resources to be able to supply to ever growing energy
demand.

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Turkey is the 20th biggest electricity consumer in the world and 75 % of primary energy demand is supplied
by foreign exports. Annual increase on electricity demand is around 6 % [1] and reaches to 264,000 GWh/year
[2]. Dependency on foreign exports and high carbon emissions cause economical, strategic and environmental
problems.

With these considerations, legislative arrangements have been initiated since 2005 and licensing period for solar
electricity production has been started since 2013. But during this 11 years period, there has been no, licensed or
non-licensed, land based or roof attached PV solar energy plant in Igdir.

Based on MENR's (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) 2011 report on "Power distribution units and
capacities on which solar energy production plants can be connected to" [3], there is a ~13km2 of area that could
be feasible for PV Solar energy plant investment in Igdir region. With the assumption of requiring 20,000 m2 area
(that includes the required buildings) for 1 MW of production plant, there is roughly potential land to establish
around 650 MW PV Solar energy plant in Igdir region. This is a large enough area to provide the complete 600
MW licensed solar energy plant requirement for Turkey.

When MENR initiated the solar electricity production licensing period for the rst time in Turkey, it was agreed
that for a high yield investment, total annual solar radiation to a horizontal surface should be 1620 kWh/m2-year in
minimum based on GEPA (Solar Potential Atlas for Turkey) [4] standards.

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

There are 8 different land classication in Igdir based on soil structure and land usage data. There are agricultural
activities in the rst 4 types. 5th and 6th type lands are classied as grassland, dry-agricultural land and pasture.
8th type land covers non-agricultural areas such as hills and mountains. The land class for FV GES plants is the 7th.
7th class land area covers 106.652 hectares and corresponds to 31 % of the city's surface area. The target areas
- excluding the building roof and urban integrated units - for solar farms and renewable energy resource areas
(YEKA) are class 7 [5].

5-7 $c/kWh PV solar electricity production cost that was calculated as cost analysis of scenarios and simulations,
reaches to 6-8 $c/kWh when computed based on LCOE (Levelized energy cost analysis). In IRENAs report on
Power of Change [6], Solar and Wind cost decrease potential, PV electricity production cost is expected to be
5-6 $c/kWh in 2025 and this value can be achieved in Igdirs case almost in 2016. As well as using the electricity
produced by FV GES for local consumption, energy surplus is guaranteed to be bought via supply companies at
a 133 $/MW rate for 10 year period. In addition to that, if FV GES uses nationally produced equipment, an extra
70 $/MW is added for the rst 5 years [7].

Global solar radiation data is required to design a PV system. In the context of this research and development
project, energy potential based on PV solar electricity production for Igdir has been studied by using 10 different
method and resource including direct observation data from TSMS (Turkish State Meteorological Service). By this
study, it has been registered that Igdir is one of the suitable regions in Turkey for FV GES (PV Solar Power Plant).

The rst study on solar potential of Turkey was declared in 1983. TSMS and IEW (Institution for Electrical Works) used
some actinograph and heliograph measurements for estimation of solar radiation from angstroms coefcients.
Measurements belonged to the years of 1968 and 1983. This study gives solar radiation especially for thermal
purposes in the form of energy in kcal/cm2-day. Igdir has 308 kcal/cm2-day average annual solar radiation like
Turkey. It equals to 1311 kWh/m2-year energy potential for Igdir [8].

After years IEW produced a new solar potential atlas for Turkey called GEPA in 2010. GEPA depends on ESRI Solar
Radiation Model. The model calculates solar radiation in the points of grid which has 3.120.000 of them in the
denition of 500 x 500 m for whole Turkey. This data was distributed on a map by the methods of GIS. Main input
of algorithms of the model is altitude as multiplier. Because of that the higher altitude the higher solar radiation.
So eastern Igdir which has 800 m altitude has 1400 kWh/m2-year and western Igdir, just 100 km away which has
1000 m altitude has 1650 kWh/m2-year solar radiation. Based on GEPA, Igdir has a very high sunshine duration,
securing a 2. position nationally, and is listed as 46th on solar radiation [4].

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PVGIS is developed as a solar radiation database from climatologic data homogenized for Europe and available
in the European Solar Radiation Atlas, using the r.sun model and the interpolation techniques s.vol.rst and s.surf.
rst. The model algorithm estimates beam, diffuse and reected components of the clear-sky and real-sky global
irradiance/irradiation on horizontal or inclined surfaces. The total daily irradiation Wh/m2 is computed by the
integration of the irradiance values W/m2 calculated at regular time intervals over the day. Based on PVGIS Igdir
has 1618 kWh/m2-year solar radiation on horizontal surface and 1824 kWh/m2-year solar radiation on 32 degree
optimum PV angel [9].

HelioClim is a family of databases which comprise total (total radiation is equivalent to "spectrally integrated") solar
irradiance and irradiation values available at ground level. HelioClim covers Europe, Africa, the Mediterranean
Basin, the Atlantic Ocean and part of the Indian Ocean via Meteosat. HelioClim provides spectrally-integrated
Global irradiance and irradiation on a horizontal surface (GHI) values. By using split algorithms, one may derive
the direct and diffuse components from the global radiation on a horizontal plane. It is possible to dene solar
irradiation for a certain point and time period. Igdirs solar radiation value is 1646 kWh/m2-year for 2004 and 1610
kWh/m2-year for 2005 [10].

NASA SSE Release 6.0 contains more than 200 primary and derived solar, meteorology and cloud related
parameters from data spanning the 22 year period from July 1, 1983 through June 31, 2005. The parameters are
available globally on a 1-degree latitude, longitude grid which is selectable by the user. The underlying solar and
cloud related data (Table 3.1) are obtained from the Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) portion of NASAs Global
Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX). NASA SSE shows Igdirs average solar energy potential as 1607
kWh/m2-year [11].

For historical and recent data, SOLARGIS uses a semi-empirical solar radiation model. Data from satellites are
used for identication of cloud properties using the most advance algorithms. Most of the physical processes of
atmospheric attenuation of solar radiation are considered and some physical parameters on the input are also
used. Therefore, this approach is capable to reproduce real situations. On the other hand, outputs from operational
numerical weather models (NWP) are used for forecast data; in the post-processing phase, operationally calculated
information from the satellite model is used for dynamic improvement of the accuracy of the forecast. SOLARGIS
Europe gives Igdirs average solar radiation capacity at the level of 1600 kWh/m2-year and SOLARGIS Iran gives
1650 kWh/m2-year [12] .

TSMS produced a kind of solar potential atlas for Turkey in 2009. The atlas provide solar radiation measurement from
157 different meteorological stations those distributed all over Turkey. Method of the study is that geographical
parameters are measured in some locations and distributed whole Turkey by using spatial interpolation methods.
So solar forecasting map in ED50 datum is built by Lambert Conformal Conic Projection. This map says that Igdir
has 1625 kWh/m2-year solar capacity [13].

There is a meteorological observation garden located in 3955'33.19"N latitude and 4403'13.52"E longitude in
Igdir. It had actinograph and heliograph device until 1970-2010. At the beginning it was alone where it located. But
it was covered with urban objects such as buildings, walls and trees. These obstacles have caused to prevent not
only wind but also sun rays to reach actinograph and heliograph especially in the early morning. One of them with
the height of 10 m is just 17 m far from observation park (Figure 1, 2, 3). The obstacle effects solar measurements
negatively both horizontally and vertically. For instance in 21st December, sun rays cannot be measured ideally
whenever sun passes rst 26 horizontal (Figure 2) and rst 17,7 vertical (Figure 3). With not being able to say
exactly, it reduces sunshine duration and solar radiation almost 15 % with conviction. Finally Igdirs solar radiation
potential based on meteorological measurement 1970-2010 1342 kWh/m2-year; 1990-2010 1423 kWh/m2-year.
After this correction calculation it is computed to be around 1636 kWh/m2-year.

- 486 -
Figure 1. Igdir meteorological observation garden from 1000 m above

Figure 2. Igdir meteorological observation garden horizontal plan

Figure 3. Igdir meteorological observation garden vertical section

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3. RESULTS
There are quite remarkable meteorological analysis results for Igdir. The temperatures are rising for the last 60
years and that could be linked to global warming. The average temperature has risen from 11.6 C of 1950s to
12.6 C to 2010s with a 1 C increase overall. This has to be taken into account! The rise in temperature is not
the only parameter. The relative humidity went down from 65 % in 1970s to 50 %. The atmospheres capability to
transfer sunlight has increased based on these parameters.

Parallel to the decrease in relative humidity, the cloud coverage has also decreased from 5/10 to 4/10 during the
last 40 years. Both parameters have a direct inuence on the arrival of sun lights on surface causing an increase
on both sunlight duration and horizontal solar radiation. As a result, 7.2 h/day of sun light duration in 1980s has
increased to 7.7 sunlight duration in 2000s. Global solar radiation has also regularly increased from 3.42 W/m2-
day in 70s to 3.48 W/m2-day to 80s and 3.9 W/m2-day in 90s and 2000s. A similar increase on those parameters is
expected to continue in coming years.

City of Igdir is one of the more suitable regions of building solar energy based electricity production plants based
on many factors including solar radiation potential and suitability of existing land areas. Igdir is therefore registered
to be a city suitable for FV GES by exceeding 1636 kWh/m2-year global solar radiation capacity threshold which is
not only for Eastern Anatolia region but also for overall Turkey and its potential based on land characteristics and
solar energy is established with concrete academic, technical and economical analyses.

To be able to determine the solar energy capacity, at least one of the methods of prediction methods, remote
sensing, geographical information systems, modelling or direct observation techniques is needed. Methods other
than observations are employed in case a direct observation is not possible. Even in case of all resources and
methods are used, it is not always possible to determine PV solar electricity potential of a region in strict numerical
terms. It may vary over years depending on meteorological and climatological conditions. Following table (Table
1) presents Igdirs solar radiation values based on different methods. Igdirs global solar radiation is calculated to
be 1636 kWh/m2-year based on data provided by TSMS.

Table 1. Igdir solar energy potential from different sources

Data source Solar radiation, kWh/m2-year
1493
GEPA
1600 (Western Igdir, Tuzluca)
1618
PVGIS
1824 (32 PV panel angle)
1610 (2005)
HelioClim
1646 (2004)
1607 (Average)
NASA SSE 1864 (Max.)
2140 (Clear sky)
1600 (Turkey map)
SOLARGIS
1650 (Iran Map)
1365 (Eastern Region of Turkey)
TSMS and IEW, 1983
1311
TSMS, CAR model, 2009 1625
TSMS, 1970-2010 1342 (Average)
1423 (Average)
TSMS, 1990-2010
1636 (Average free of shadowing effect)

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4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION
SIMULATIONS: Based on meteorological analyses oriented for a probable FV GES investment in Igdir region, a
base, a pessimistic and an optimistic scenarios are prepared to provide guidance for investors, entrepreneurs
and regulators. Pessimistic and optimistic scenarios have low realization probabilities whilst base scenario is highly
likely to realize. Different scenarios that are likely to happen over a nearly 30 years of an operational run time of a
FV GES are projected. In all scenarios, with the condition that land selection and project choices remain identical,
FV GES electricity production performances are compared due to changes on global solar radiation. Scenarios
are set up for a 1 MW production FV GES plant. By this way, 4000 of 250 W PV panels and 27 units of inverter are
needed. Investors may also benet from producing carbon credits that would be possible to sell on international
markets to the companies that would like to reduce their carbon footprints (Table 2).

Table 2. Different FV GES scenarios based on Igdir solar energy potential

Scenario Solar Electricity Investment Plant Electricity Return of
radiation, production, value $/yl electricity cost, US$/ investment,
kWh/m2-year MWh/yl income $/yl kWh Yl (year)
Base 1636 1642 1.000.000 218.386 0,06 ~5
Pessimistic 1391 1364 1.000.000 181.412 0,07 ~6
Optimistic 1881 1926 1.000.000 256.158 0,05 ~4

FV GES project software : PVSYST V6.47

Meteorological data : TSMS Igdir station direct observations
Project area : Between Airport and OIZ (Organized Industrial Zone) along Igdir Tuzluca highway
Optimized angels : PV Panel optimized angel is 35 in all scenarios
PV panel : 250W multi-crystal silisium panel produced by SolarTurk in Gaziantep
Inverter : Mavisolar 32 kWAC model produced in Kocaeli

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank TSMS, NASA, EU-JRC, SOLARGIS, EC-SODA for supporting our study.

REFERENCES
1. TEA Trkiye Elektrik Enerjisi 5 Yllk retim Kapasite Projeksiyonu (2015-2019)
2. EPDK Elektrik Piyasas Sektr Raporu 2016 06 V2
3. ETKB TEA Gne Enerjisine Dayal retim Tesislerinin Balanabilecei Trafo Merkezleri ve Kapasiteleri, 11
Austos 2011
4. http://www.eie.gov.tr/MyCalculator/Default.aspx
5. Gda, Tarm ve Hayvanclk l Mdrl 2012
6. http://www.irena.org/
7. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarndan Elektrik Enerjisi reten Tesislerde Kullanlan Yerli Aksamn Desteklenmesi
Hakknda Ynetmelik
8. Anonim. 1983. Trkiye gne enerjisi potansiyeli - zamansal ve alansal dalm. DM, (83 - 29), 83 s., Ankara.
9. http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps4/pvest.php
10. http://www.soda-is.com/esra/
11. https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/
12. http://solargis.info/doc/_pics/freemaps/1000px/ghi/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Turkey-tr.png
13. Bostan P.A., Akyrek Z., 2007, kincil Veriler Kullanlarak Trkiye Ortalama Yllk Ya Deerlerinin Mekansal
Dalmnn Modellenmesi, TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mhendisleri Odas, Ulusal Cora Bilgi Sistemleri
Kongresi, 30 Ekim 02 Kasm 2007, KT, Trabzon

- 489 -
 0190 - AN APPLICATION OF PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR (PTC) SYSTEM TO A
HOSPITAL BUILDING
Atilla Dnk1*, Selman Salam1, r Diner1, Yunus eri1, Yunus engel1, Onur Gnduru2, Francesco Orioli3,
Yasemin Somuncu4*, M. Pinar Meng4*
1
Adnan Menderes University, Aydn, Trkiye
2
Onur Enerji, zmir, Trkiye
3
Soltigua, Laterizi Gambettola srl, Italy
4
zyein University, Center for Energy, Environment and Economy, stanbul, Trkiye
Corresponding email: yasemin.somuncu@ozyegin.edu.tr; adonuk@gmail.com, pinar.menguc@ozyegin.edu.tr
*Corresponding authors: Yasemin Somuncu, Atilla Dnk, M. Pnar Meng

ABSTRACT
As part of an EU FP7 Project BRICKER, we are working on a comprehensive renovation project in the main block of
the ADU hospital in Aydn, where the solar irradiation is pretty favorable throughout a year. This project is carried
out with Turkish, Spanish, Italian and Belgian partners together for the application of tri-generation for electricity
production, air conditioning and heating, with an overall objective of more than 50% energy savings. For this
purpose a 1 MWt PTC plant has been designed and is currently under construction. Here, we outline the PTC
plant design and construction process, including (1) the selection and optimization of location and the orientation
of the collectors; (2) the discussion of the site specic variables (wind, precipitation, etc.) which affect the structural
performance of the collectors. The foundation system has been designed after careful calculation of the loads
induced by various variables. Furthermore, the design and management of blocking or leakage of the oil in the
pipes have been considered, from the point of safety and operation of the system.

Keywords: Solar thermal systems, parabolic trough collector (PTC) technology, single axis tracking, building
energy efciency

1. INTRODUCTION
Parabolic trough collector (PTC) technology for solar thermal energy systems is quiet promising and has been
used extensively as an alternative option for regions with high solar irradiation capacity. There are many studies
and applications of PTC technologies. They are used for buildings [1] and with alignment feature according to the
local latitude [2]. Their physical operation was modeled by a number of researchers (see, as an example, [3]), and
different numerical simulations for the performance were reported with a storage tank and an Organic Rankine
Cycle (ORC) [4]. Different methods for the analysis of geometrical and physical properties were reported [5], and
details of different of PTC system designs were discussed [6].

In this study, a 1 MWt PTC plant which has been designed with PTMx-36 solar collectors manufactured by Italian
company Soltigua and is currently under construction in Adnan Menderes University, Aydn, as part of BRICKER
project is outlined. This FP-7 project aims to provide more than 50% energy savings with the application of tri-
generation which are electricity production, air conditioning and heating in a hospital building. Aydn province of
Turkey is preferred by the consortium since the solar irradiation in the region is quite favorable throughout a year
as given in Figure 1. The PTC plant design and construction are deeply analyzed, considering the benets of the
application. The main problems during tting of the plant are studied in detail: (1) the location and the orientation
of the collectors has been optimized considering the geographical limits of the eld, while targeting to obtain
the maximum solar irradiation; (2) the climatic aspects based on site specic variables (wind, precipitation, etc.)
affecting structural performance of the collectors are considered in comparative manner. The foundation system
has been designed after careful calculation of the loads induced by various variables. Furthermore, the design
and management of blocking or leakage of the oil in the pipes have been considered, from the point of safety
and operation of the system.

- 490 -
 Figure 1. Total irradiation map for Aydn, Turkey [7]

2. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ON SOLAR FIELD

Solar power is a critical component of the BRICKER active system integration works. Solar energy harvesting is
achieved by circulating thermal oil in the PTCs up to 225oC. Then, an amount of this mid-temperature oil is send to
the ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) unit to generate electricity while the rest is used for heating the building during
winter time or for cooling during summer time. Due to the reallocation of the initial solar eld area to another
project, a new area has been dedicated and alternative layouts have been considered.

Figure 2. Location of solar field, Adnan Menderes University, Aydn, Turkey

2.1. SOLAR FIELD LAYOUT SELECTION PARAMETERS

The model and the number of solar collectors have been dened in the BRICKER description of work (DoW), so
the nal shape of the solar eld is mainly determined by the two following parameters:
i. Distance between two parallel rows, or interaxis (In.)
ii. Azimuthal angle of the solar collectors, or more simply, collector azimuth (Az.)

Different layouts were analysed together with collector provider Soltigua. To comply with the regulations and
legislations on high voltage systems, at least 2 meters of clearance had to be satised between the high voltage
transmission line which is indicated in red line in Figures 3 and 4 and the solar eld. This limiting factor resulted in
elimination of alternatives A1 and A2 in Figure 3 although their simulated performance was better.

The rst intention was to design a solar eld with a considerable space between the rows of collectors to be 7
meters with N-S alignment and zero Az. However, the possible iterations satisfying these criteria were to reduce
the distance between collectors.

To overcome this challenge, another option was to shift the two or four rows of collectors called B1 and B2 in
Figure 4. As given in Table1, the effect of shifting the rows not only causes the gross output to reduce, but also
pressure drops in the pipes and thermal losses in the primary circuit occur.

- 491 -
CASE A1 CASE A2 CASE A3 CASE A4

Collectors lay under 6m spaced solar eld In line with high voltage First applicable layout N-S
the high voltage power interferes with the high lines regulations, yet too aligned, completely outside
transmission line (red voltage line. The 1m close to the boundaries. the off-limit area of high
circle), which is forbidden reduction of interaxis is voltage line. The annual
by regulation. insufcient. gross output 6% less than
ideal case A1.
Figure 3. Comparison of alternatives having azimuth 0o

CASE B1 CASE B2 CASE C1 CASE C2

4 rows or 2 loops. Thus 6m of spacing between Arranged in parallel to theSolar eld aligned in
N-S alignment and good rows, allowing shifting only boundary between Point parallel to the high voltage
spacing between the two rows, not four (see 7 and Point 6 in layout line. The results are lower
rows are maintained. CASE B1). Thus the gross drawing. Change of the than the case C1 due to
Additional piping due output is reduced; the azimuthal angle (27) greater displacement from
to change of position of issues about the pressure reduces the amount of N-S direction (43).
collectors, results in more drops into pipes and energy yearly delivered
thermal losses in primary thermal losses in primary to ORC.
circuit and slightly bigger circuit is less signicant.
pressure drop into the
piping respect to ideal A1
case expected.
Figure 4. Comparison of alternatives having different azimuth

- 492 -
The congurations A1 and A2 are presented as theoretical best solutions taken here as reference point. Among
the remaining 6 congurations the difference between the max and min annual yield is approx. 6%. After several
discussions, layout C1 with Az=27 degrees has been decided to be most optimum layout, yet slight modications
have been implemented to t the system to the ground perfectly, considering piping and related equipment
installation and maintenance.

Table 1: Comparison of all layout alternatives

Net energy delivered to the
Collector Distance (m) Azimuth Angle () Applicable
ORC (kWhth)

A1 1438 7 0 N/A
A2 1411 6 0 N/A
A3 1377 5 0 Yes
A4 1360 4.75 0 Yes
B1 1431 7 0 Yes
B2 1408 6 0 Yes
C1 1396 7 27 Yes
C2 1345 7 43 Yes

Figure 5. General layout of solar field in relation to mechanical building and the hospital in campus; Adnan
Menderes University, Aydn, Turkey.

3. DESIGN OF PTC FOUNDATION

The collectors to be placed onto the eld with prespecied limits were supposed to be installed on a proper base.
The effects induced by site specic variables were taken into consideration during design of the base. Depending
on the extent of the collector surface, the wind blowing over the surface might impose signicant loads on the
collectors. In addition to the moderate weight of the collector, these wind loads were calculated during design of
the foundation system. The forces exerted by the wind are the result of a combination of factors such as:
Wind speed
Exposure factor
Shape of the structure
Dynamic response factor

- 493 -
Accordingly, wind pressure (P) can be calculated by the equation given below:

1 
p = Cw 
Vb 2  Cd Ce (1)
2 
where P is wind pressure, Cw is drag coefcient, W is air density, which can be taken as 1.25 kg/m3, Vb is reference
wind speed in m/sec at 10 m height from the ground at an altitude lower than 500m, Cd is dynamic coefcient, Ce
is exposure coefcient.

For the parabolic collectors; drag coefcient and the dynamic coefcient can be typically taken as 2 and 1,
respectively.

Wind speed changes according to the exposure degree and the altitude. The highest wind speed in Aydn was
recorded as 29.5 m/sec in 1969 (according to database of Turkish General Directorate of Meteorology). Although
the height of the station is uncertain, in order to be at safe side the reference wind speed was assumed to be equal
to the recorded value (Vb=29.5 m/sec).

As it is illustrated in Figure 6, the exposure can be classied according to terrain surrounding the eld in interest [8].
An American standard introduced by American American Society of Civil Engineers [9] use Eqn (2) for calculation
of exposure coefcient.
2

z 

Ce = 2.01  (2)
 zg 
where z is the height above ground, zg is the nominal height of boundary layer also referred as gradient height
and is the power law coefcient.

The values of zg and depends on type of exposure and are given in Table 6.

Figure 6. Types of exposure [8]

Table 2: Values of zg and for different types of exposure [12].

Exposure zg (m)
B 7.00 365.76
C 9.50 274.32
D 11.50 213.36

- 494 -
Hence the exposure coefcient (Ce) for the ADU case is:

2

10  9.5
Ce = 2.01 = 1.00 (3)
 274.32 

Accordingly, the wind pressure was calculated as follows:

1 
1 
p = Cw 
Vb 2  Cd Ce = 2  1.25* 29.52  1*1 = 1087.8(N / m2 ) (4)
2  2 

As it is given in Figure 7, only the forces to be induced by parabola position leading to maximum wind force are
taken into consideration. Plan view of the collector is shown in Figure 8. As the wind force in the direction x or y
imposes moment over the foundation, it causes axial reaction forces to get increased or decreased according to
the moment of inertia of the whole system and the location of each support.

Figure 7. Parabola position leading to maximum wind force (Courtesy of Soltigua)

Figure 8. Support forces on layout of the type (Courtesy of Soltigua)

According to Turkish Standard 500 (Turkish National Code for Reinforced Concrete Structures) design loads
were obtained through superposition of different load types. In order to provide optimal safety margins, design
loads were specied according to the most unfavorable case deduced from several combinations of load types.
The support forces in accordance with the load combinations have been calculated and displayed in Table 3.

- 495 -
Table 3: Maximum support forces
Wind Pressure p 0 (only weight) (N/m2) 1090 (N/m2)
Plate Type Fx (N) Fy (N) Fz (N) Fx (N) Fy (N) Fz (N)
A 102 73 407 2708 22 11988
B 372 266 1487 55 4983 17838
C 664 475 2657 22 9924 35347
D 442 316 1768 940 4991 18039

The support forces have been carried out by reinforced-concrete foundations. Considering the positions of the
supports given in Figure 8, each assembly of the supports at the sides and the conjunction points of the collectors
can be placed over a mat foundation designed according to the support forces of relevant assembly.

As it is seen in Figure 8, there exist 7 assemblies within the collector. A mat foundation with dimensions of
2mx2mx0.3m was designed for each assembly. A total number of 20 collectors are to be installed within a setup
layout suitable for the eld. Therefore, foundation system has been prepared to t a total number of 10 rows, each
composed of 2 serially connected collector modules. The details of the design for just one row are given in Figure
9. Resultant reinforcement is the same for every mat foundation. Therefore, concluded single design facilitates the
construction of the foundation system. A gusset column, as a constructive means, has been designed to ensure an
adequate thickness for the embedment depth of anchors and to avoid unforeseen problems due to leveling the
ground. The details of 0.93mx0.75mx0.60m gusset column are given in Figure 10.

Figure 9. Plan view of the mat foundations

Figure 10. Section view of the mat with gusset

Each collector module to be mounted over these foundations is 36 m in length, resulting in 72 m length of a
row. There are glass heat collecting pipes passing along the length of the collectors. The fragility of these pipes
imposes tight tolerances for support connections during installation. Considering the length of the collector, it
is quite compelling to satisfy these tolerances during installation. In order to precisely install the collectors, the
connections between supports and the gussets are designed as to be relatively exible to stay at safe side. The
supports of the collectors are to be welded over plates to be placed onto the gussets by means of anchors. The
plates with holes of 40 mm in diameter have been mounted on the anchors with diameter of 30 mm (Figure 11).
After assemblage of the plate, surface of the plate excluding the holes for anchors provides a free area over which

- 496 -
the supports can be welded within a shift range of 25 mm in x and y directions. Accordingly, the xing point for
each support can be arranged as to be at the safe side in x and y directions during installation.

The tolerance in z direction (elevation) is to be overcome by casting the concrete of gusset in two stages (Figure
11). In the rst stage, the concrete has been poured until the top level reaches at 54 cm height from the upper
level of mat foundation, which provides a gap of 6 cm between top of gusset and the plate leveled by means of
bolts. The plate, thus, can be freely moved in z direction properly. After welding the supports (installation of the
collectors), the gap left between the gusset and the plate will be lled with concrete.

Figure 11. Concrete casting stages in gusset

4. CONCLUSION
The PTC plant to be installed within the ADU Campus in Aydin is discussed in this paper. This plant will be one of the
largest applications in Turkey which is going to be completed in late 2017 with the installation of PTC integration
to the active system within the entire energy efciency retrot project, BRICKER. The system is based on the
design of Soltigua, Italy, which is one of the partners in the project.The real time post monitoring will continue
after the completion of the project for one full year to closely and transparently collect regular data and analyse
the efciency of the system. So far, the integrated project delivery and the design phases have been implemented
and the construction phase is moving on in a seamless fashion, in full cooperation with solar technology provider
Soltigua. Furthermore, the operation and facilities phase has started; the design and management of blocking
or leakage of the oil in the pipes have been considered, from the point of safety and operation of the system. It is
expected that the design and implementation of the PTC system will be completed in early 2017, and the project
will be in operation within a year.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Parabolic trough collector plant construction is partially funded by the European Union 7th Framework Program
for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement No: 609071 in the scope of
BRICKER project. The construction funding is provided by Adnan Menderes University. Partial support is received
from the Center for Energy, Environment and Economy (CEEE) at zyein University, Istanbul, Onur Enerji, zmir
and Soltigua, Laterizi Gambettola srl., Italy. Other partners of the project are in order of the DOW list are: Acciona
Infraestructuras S.A., Fundacion Cartif, Centro de Estudios Materiales y Control de Obras S.A., Accademia Europea
per la Ricerca Applicata ed il Perfezionamento Professionale Bolzano, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Consejeria
de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Medio Ambiente y Energia, Greencom Development scrl, Purinova Sp. z o.o.,
Steinbeis Innovation ggmbh, Province de Liege, Fundacion Tecnalia Research & Innovation, Universite de Liege,
Youris.com, Expander Tech s.l.

- 497 -
REFERENCES
1. Tonghui, L, Yang, F and Yuan C. 2013. A novel parabolic trough solar lighting and thermal system for building
energy efciency, IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), MoET5.5,
pp 657-662.
2. Song, Y Q, Xiang, Y, Liao, Y B, et al. 2013. How to decide the alignment of the parabolic trough collector
according to the local latitude, International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment
(ICMREE), IEEE, 94-97.
3. Mufti, G M, Jamil, M, Naeem, D, et al. 2016. Performance Analysis of Parabolic Trough Collectors for Pakistan
Using Mathematical and Computational Models. Power Systems Conference (PSC), Clemson University, IEEE.
4. Ahmed, M, H, Rady, M, A and Amin, A, M, A. 2014. Multi Applications of Small Scale Solar Power Plant Using
Organic Rankine Cycle and Absorption Chiller, 3rd International Symposium on Environmental Friendly
Energies and Applications (EFEA).
5. Salamanca, S, Merchan, P, Perez, E, et al. 2015. A Framework for the Analysis of Parabolic Trough Collectors
Using 3D Data from Laser Scanners, 9th International Conference on Compatibility and Power Electronics
(CPE), IEEE, pp. 548-553.
6. Zeroual, B, Moummi A. 2012. Design of Parabolic Trough Collector Solar Field for Future Solar Thermal Power
Plants in Algeria, 2nd International Symposium on Environment-Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA),
Northumbria University, IEEE, pp. 168-172.
7. GEPA, retrieved from www.eie.gov.tr
8. Taranath, B. S. 2012. Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings, London: CRC Press.
9. ASCE. 2006. ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil
Engineers.

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 0193 - COMPARING THE ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES INCLUDED TOTAL COST
AND CO2 EMISSIONS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN TURKEY BASED ON DIFFERENT
SHARES OF SOLAR ENERGY
Merih Aydnalp Kksal1, Eda Dal2*
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
2
Clean and Sustainable Energies Graduate Program, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Trkiye
Corresponding email: edadal@hacettepe.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Eda Dal

ABSTRACT
Modeling the electricity generation based on various fuel mixture scenarios is one of the most effective tools in
determining the strategies on the generation and investment planning. While optimizing the demand and supply
costs effectively, policy makers should consider the full cost of generation which includes external cost that the
cost of economic, environmental and social impacts. In this study, total cost of electricity generation including the
environmental externalities in Turkey based on solar energy shares is compared with different scenarios. 2015
year Business as Usual Scenario, 2023 renewable energy targets, solar energy share reached to 5% and 10% of
total generation scenarios are compared while reducing the share of natural gas until 2035. The environmental
externalities data of the electricity generation technologies are obtained from the Cost Analyses of Sustainable
Energy Sources (CASES) project. The project provides the full cost (including environmental externalities) of
electricity generation from various energy sources for the EU-25 and for some non-EU countries, including Turkey.
The optimization is performed by using Answer Times bottom-up energy modeling program which is developed
by International Energy Agency. In the study, by changing the shares of solar energy in total electricity production,
total cost and CO2 emissions compared.

Keywords: Environmental Externalities, Modeling the Electricity Generation, CASES, Answer-Times, Turkey
Renewable Energy Targets, Total Cost of Electricity Generation

1. INTRODUCTION
Turkey has initiated a forward-looking and innovative energy policy to support sustainability and security of energy
supply under environmental considerations. In 2023, Turkey plans to have an electricity generation mix in which
the share of renewable energy accounts for 30% of overall need [1]. Besides, sustainable and secure energy, cost
efciency is another important parameter to satisfy the demand. To get the prices right, external costs that impose
on society and environment have to be considered. These costs are not tangible as market prices for investors but
policy makers will consider these costs for sustainability and environment.

National Renewable Energy Action Plan for Turkey [1] published by Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources in
December 2014, planned tangible targets for electricity generation from renewable energy sources. Estimated
demand growth till 2035 are published by Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources [2] in 2016. Share of fuels/
sources to meet the demand in 2015 is as shown in Figure 1 published by Energy Market Regulatory Authority
(EMRA) Electricity Market 2015 Development Report [3].

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 Figure 1. Electricity Generation in 2015 [3]

If Turkey could reach the national renewable energy targets in 2023 and demand occurs as estimated in high
demand scenario, share of hydro, geothermal, solar, wind and biomass sources in total generation are as shown in
Table 1. For hydro and geothermal, Turkey almost reached the targets while far below for solar, wind and biomass
energy shares in total generation.

Table 1. 2023 Renewable energy targets shares (%) in estimated demand [2]
Fuel Type 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Hydro Energy 26.03 24.64 24.21 24.07 23.88 22.84 22.00 21.20 20.43
Geothermal Energy 0.79 0.83 0.89 0.95 0.99 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.14
Solar Energy 0.18 0.43 0.90 1.13 1.33 1.50 1.58 1.65 1.78
Wind 5.36 6.40 7.45 8.41 9.20 9.82 10.37 10.80 11.13
Biomass 0.65 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 0.98 1.01

Cost of damaging to environment and society is named as external cost. CASES project developed by European
Union Commission. Monetary values for changes in biodiversity, ecosystem damage and willingness to pay
approach is considered for different countries based on Purchasing Power Standards (PPS), population density,
forests, rivers and other natural area share of countries total area. Turkey is included to the project with coal, lignite
and biogas. By considering at these fuels results and PPS of Turkey, for each fuel source adjusted results for Turkey
electricity generation costs per kWh evaluated in this study.

The objective of this study is to compare the associated cost and CO2 emissions of 2023 renewable energy targets
shares, and generating electricity based on different shares of solar energy while decreasing the share of natural
gas. The data and methodology used for analyses are presented in section 2, the studies previously conducted in
this subject are summarized in section 3, and the scenarios applied to the developed method are introduced in
section 4. The results of the scenarios are presented in section 5 and in the last section represent the discussion
and the conclusion of the study.

2. DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

In this study, power plants data, share of fuel/sources in electricity generation and demand estimations of Turkey
were obtained from the Turkey Electricity 4 years Generation Capacity Reports [4] published by Turkey Electricity
Transmission Company (TEIAS) between 2012 and 2015. Capital cost, O&M cost and efciency of power plants
are received from International Energy Agency (IEA) World Energy Investment Outlook-2014 report [5]. Natural
gas pipeline capacity agreements are received from BOTA ofcial website. [6]. Due to classication as secret

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information, natural gas import prices are received from open source publications. Assumed as the most expensive
gas is from Iran and Russia and Azerbaijan respectively [7-9]. Discount rate is received from Turkish Statistical
Institute 2015 Financial Investment Tool Statistics [10]. For the calculations of external costs, Cost Assessment
of Sustainable Energy Systems (CASES) project [11] is evaluated and data of Poland are used for different
technologies.

In this study, Answer Times bottom up model generator [12] is used which computes for each region a total net
present value of the stream of annual costs, discounted to a user selected reference year with the mathematical
expression shown in Equation 1. CO2 emissions are calculated based on emissions per MWh [13].

NPV : Net present value of the total cost for all regions i.e. the objective function of Answer TIMES
ANNCOST : Total annual cost
d : General discount rate
REFYR : Reference year for discounting
YEARS : Set of years
r : Single region in this study
R : Set of regions in this study
y : Specic year of the modeling period

3. PREVIOUS STUDIES
Modeling the energy production has started around 1970's [14-16] and aimed to satisfy demand at least cost
scenario. These studies considered just investment cost, operating and fuel cost and did not internalize external
costs which are the cost of damage to environment, health and social welfare. Around 1990s external cost gained
importance with environmental concerns and in 1991 [17], the European Commission together with the United
States Department of Energy launched a project towards sustainability to evaluate the environmental cost of energy
and to get total cost right. Commission published the project named ExternE which addresses the advantages of
investments in environmental friendly technologies like hydro, wind and solar. Number of studies some of which
are commissioned by government departments, energy agencies or by research and development companies are
internalized externalities in cost analyzing and modeling [18].Also number of optimization models were developed
to generate best result for energy planning systems[19]. In Turkey modeling the electricity production is started at
1963, with four years planned period 1963-1967 by Turkey Electricity Distribution Company(TEDAS) [20]. Besides
state owned company TEDAS, studies conducted by researchers about planning electricity generation. Boran at
all. [21] studied fuel mix energy generation including nuclear power, hydro power, wind power, natural gas, and
fossils. In study fuels are ranked on different criterias with TOPSIS method. Kne and Bke [22] evaluated best fuel
mix for electricity generation with Analytical Network Process (ANP) model. For sustainability hydro energy ranked
as best alternative while coal is the best alternative for energy security. Kne [23] studied social cost energy in
Turkey by using CASES project data. In this study scenarios based on share of fuels in 2015 generation, scenario
based on 2023 Turkey renewable energy targets and increasing the share of solar energy 5% and 10% in 2023
Turkey renewable energy targets while decreasing natural gas are evaluated.

4. SCENARIOS MODELED WITH ANSWER TIMES

The section presents brief information on the scenarios applied to the developed model.

4.1. BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO

In 2015, share of natural gas, hydro energy and coal in electricity generation was 37.81%, 25.76% and 16.05%
respectively. When compared with 2023 renewable energy targets, geothermal energy reached 1.3% share
while planned as 0.79%. Hydro energy is 25.76% while planned as 26.03%. Share of wind, solar and biomass

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are below the planned targets in 2015. In this scenario, shares of fuels/sources in electricity generation kept
constant according to2015 year generation share as shown in Table 2. In model; naphtha, diesel oil and liqueed
petroleum gas fuels are ignored because of low share percentages and solar energy share assumed as 0.1%in
total share.

Table 2. Business as usual (BAU) scenario fuel shares (%)

Fuel Type 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Asphaltit 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
Biogas/Mass 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
Fuel Oil 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22
Geothermal 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
Hard Coal 16.05 16.05 16.05 16.05 16.05
Hydropower 25.76 25.76 25.76 25.76 25.76
Lignite 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
Natural Gas 38.16 38.16 38.16 38.16 38.16
Solar 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Wind 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.45

4.2. 2023 RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS SCENARIO

According to renewable energy targets, biomass, solar and wind energy share in total energy production would
be 1%, 11.12%, and 1.78% in 2023 respectively. Because of reaching ratio upper than planned, geothermal and
hydro energy shares in total generation considered not to decrease to lower levels in progressing years. Asphaltit,
hard coal and lignite shares kept constant according to share in 2015. Besides, all fuels/sources share are kept
constant till 2035 according to share in 2023 year. The shares of the fuels developed in this scenario are shown in
Table 3.

Table 3. 2023 Renewable energy targets scenario fuel share

Fuel Type 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Asphaltit 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
Biogas/Mass 0.56 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fuel Oil 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22
Geothermal 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
Hard Coal 16.05 16.05 16.05 16.05 16.05
Hydropower 25.76 25.76 25.76 25.76 25.76
Lignite 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
Natural Gas 38.16 30.84 29.37 29.37 29.37
Solar 0.10 1.72 1.78 1.78 1.78
Wind 4.45 9.81 11.12 11.12 11.12

4.3. SOLAR ENERGY- 5% FUEL SHARE SCENARIO

This scenario is based on increasing the share of solar energy to 5% in 2023 while keeping other fuels/sources
share constant according to scenario 2023 targets and decreasing the share of natural gas as shown in Table 4.
2023 renewable energy targets scenario assumptions and shares kept constant except solar energy and natural
gas. Increase in share of solar energy is substituted with the decrease of share of natural gas.

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Table 4. Solar energy- 5% fuel share scenario

Fuel Type 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Natural gas 38.16 29.56 26.15 26.15 26.15
Solar 0.100 3.000 5.000 5.000 5.00

4.4. SOLAR ENERGY-10% FUEL SHARE SCENARIO IN TOTAL PRODUCTION

This scenario is based on the share of solar energy reached to 10% in total production in 2023 according to
scenario 2023 Energy Targets as seen in Table 5. Other fuel/sources except natural gas shares are the same to
those presented in 2023 Renewable Targets scenario ratios.

Table 5. Solar Energy- 10% Fuel Share Scenario

Fuel Type 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Natural gas 38.16 26.56 21.15 21.15 21.15
Solar 0.10 6.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The section presents a comparative assessment of the results of the scenarios explained in section 4.

5.1. CO2 EMISSIONS COMPARISONS

The CO2 emissions based on four scenarios are given in Figure 2. As can be seen here, the CO2 emissions are
expected to increase as the demand increases for four scenarios. The major increase is expected for BAU scenario,
where as the emissions based on 2023 targets and 5 and 10% solar scenarios are expected to be lower. As the
shares of the solar energy increase in the total mix while keeping the coal, fuel oil and asphaltit shares constant
and lowering the natural gas share, a signicant decrease in emissions are expected as seen below.

Figure 2. Annual CO2 emissions based on four scenarios

5.2. EXTERNAL COST COMPARISONS

External costs estimation based on scenarios are presented in Figure 3. As seen here, the external costs are
expected to increase as the demand increases for all scenarios. Since BAU scenario includes the highest fossil
fuel shares among other three, it represents the highest external costs. However, the differences among the 2023
target and 5 and 10 % solar scenarios are due to the different shares of solar and natural gas based electricity
generation. As expected, electricity generation from natural gas has higher external costs than that of solar.

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 Figure 3. External cost of electricity generation based on four scenarios

5.3. TOTAL COST COMPARISONS

Total cost of electricity generation includes fuel, xed and operation investment and external costs. The total cost
of electricity generation based on four scenarios is as shown in Figure 4. Similar to those seen for emissions and
external costs presented in Figures 2 and 3, the total cost of electricity increases as the demand. The difference
between the total costs of electricity among four scenarios is high until 2030 due to the new investments for solar
and other renewable energy based plants. This difference gets smaller as the return of investments of the solar
and other renewable energy based plants ends by 2035 as seen below. In fact, the cost of electricity generation
based on BAU scenario becomes higher than those of other scenarios in 2035.

Figure 4. Total cost of electricity generation based on four scenarios

6. CONCLUSION
This study aims to develop a comparative assessment of externalities included electricity generation cost based
on various scenarios. In addition, the electricity generation associated CO2 emissions based on four scenarios are
also compared. The share of natural gas is assumed to be replaced solar energy in the developed scenarios. Since
the share of natural gas in current fuel mix is about 40%, the changes in its share play major role in emission and
cost evaluations. Even though investment cost per unit capacity of solar energy is higher than natural gas, the total
cost of electricity generation based on 5 and 10 % solar energy scenarios become lower by 2035 than those of the
BAU and 2023 target scenarios which include higher share of natural gas.

In order to achieve the renewable energy targets set for 2023, more investments are required for wind, biomass and solar
energy based power plants to supply the expected demand. The renewable energy targets should be developed to supply
the demand estimated based on high demand forecasts. Environmental concerns regarding with CO2 emissions and Paris
Agreement signed by Turkey compel policy makers to consider emission levels while planning the generation mix.

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7. ABBREVIATIONS
ANP : Analytical Network Process
CASES : Cost Assessment of Sustainable Energy Systems
CO2 : Carbon dioxide
BAU : Business as Usual
BOTAS : Petroleum Pipeline Corporation
EMRA : Energy Market Regulatory Authority
IEA : International Energy Agency
MENR : The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
MWh : Mega Watt Hours
TEDAS : Turkey Electricity Distribution Company
TEIAS : Turkey Electricity Transmission Company
YEGM : General Directorate of Renewable Energy
TEIAS : Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation

REFERENCES
1. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2014, National Renewable Energy Action Plan for Turkey, http://www.eie.gov.tr/
duyurular_haberler/document/National_Renewable_Energy_Action_For_Turkey.PDF last accessed on November 1st, 2016
2. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Mavi Kitap-2015, http://www.enerji.gov.tr/
File/?path=ROOT%2f1%2fDocuments%2fMavi%20Kitap%2fMavi_kitap_2015.pdf , last access on October 20th, 2016
3. EPDK, 2016, Electricity Market 2015 Development Report, http://www.epdk.org.tr/TR/Dokumanlar/Elektrik/
YayinlarRaporlar/ElektrikPiyasasiGelisimRaporu, last access on November 2nd, 2016
4. TEIAS, Turkey Electricity 4 Years Generation Capacity Report 2015-2019, http://www.teias.gov.tr/YayinRapor/
apk/projeksiyon/index.htm, last access on October 25th, 2016
5. IEA, World Energy Investment Outlook 2014, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/weomodel/
investmentcosts/, last access on October 30th, 2016
6. http://www.botas.gov.tr/, last access on November 3rd,2016
7. http://www.eud.org.tr/TR/Genel/BelgeGoster.
aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFA79D6F5E6C1B43FFEFF9A56CAA041EFE, last access on November 8th, 2016
8. http://haberrus.com/economics/2015/04/07/azerbaycan-290-rusyaya-377-iran-431-dolar.html, last access on November 8th, 2016
9. http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-
world-energy-2016-natural-gas.pdf, last access on November 8th, 2016
10. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=106, last access on November 8th, 2016
11. http://www.feem-project.net/cases/, last access on November 8th, 2016
12. http://www.iea-etsap.org/web/Markal.asp, last access on November 8th, 2016
13. Ar I., Aydinalp Koksal M., 2011, Carbon dioxide emission from the Turkish electricity sector and its mitigation
options, Energy Policy, 39, pp. 61206135
14. Anderson D.,1972, Models for Determining Least-Cost Investments in Electricity Supply, The Bell Journal of
Economics and Management Science, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 267-299
15. Anderson, D., 1970, "Investment Analysis in Electricity Supply Using Computer Models." Working Paper No.
91, Economics Department, World Bank
16. Whitting, I. J., 1963, "The Exploration of Alternative Plans for an Expanding Electrical Power System." First
PSCC on Digital Computation for Electric Power Systems, Queen Mary College, London
17. Krewitt W., 2002,"External costs of energy do the answers match the questions? Looking back at 10 years of
ExternE" Energy Policy, 30, pp 839848
18. Larsson S., Fantazzini D., Davidsson S., Kullander S., Hk M., 2014, Reviewing Electricity Production Cost
Assessments, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, pp. 170183
19. Zeng Y. Cai Y., Huang G., Dai J.,2011, A Review on Optimization Modeling of Energy Systems Planning and
GHG Emission Mitigation under Uncertainty, Energies No: 4, pp. 1624-1656; doi:10.3390/en4101624
20. Ylmaz A.O., Uslu T., 2007, Energy policies of Turkey during the period 19232003, Energy Policy, 35, pp. 25826.
21. Boran F., Etz M., Dizdar E., 2013, Is Nuclear Power an Optimal Option for Electricity Generation in Turkey?,
Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 8:4, pp. 382-390, DOI: 10.1080/15567240903551179
22. Kne A.., Bke T., 2007, An Analytical Network Process (ANP) evaluation of alternative fuels for electricity
generation in Turkey, Energy Policy, 35, pp. 52205228
23. Kne A.., 2015, The Social Cost of Energy: External Cost Assessment for Turkey, Energy systems and
Management, pp. 253-259

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 0196 - A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC INVESTMENT STAGES
IN TURKEY: PV FINANCING DATABASE
Sedat Yldrm1*, Faruk Telemciolu1, Kemal Gani Bayraktar1,2, Blent Yeilata1,3
1
GUNDER, Turkey Section of International Solar Energy Society
2
zocam Tic.ve San. A. .
3
Harran University GAP-YENEV R&D Center
Corresponding email: info@gunder.org.tr
*Corresponding author: Sedat Yldrm

ABSTRACT
In this work, we introduce some preliminary but important aspects of PV Financing Database prepared for Turkey.
The difculties during the nancing of the system were dened by interviewing with the parties involved in system
investments. These parties are; Bankers, project nancing rms, EPC rms, legal experts and investors. These
concrete steps have encouraged us to develop the PV Financing Database in order to eliminate information
deciencies regarding the system installation. We believe that with the help of the database, investors can learn
how to develop a system for residential, commercial and industrial application segments. The investors can learn
about the legal permits, approvals and applications for system installation. It also provides which institutions
and companies and technical specialists take role during the installation. Furthermore, both foreign and Turkish
investors can learn about the difculty level of each step and the legal remedies that investors will follow in case
any unexpected obstacle or delay occurs during the system installation. An important conclusion can be drawn
from our work that the database explains the processes regarding photovoltaic system investments with a clear
and understandable way both in Turkish and English

Keywords: PV Financing, database, application segments, nancing schemes

1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, in Turkey solar energy investments are highly demanded by both Turkish and international investors.
Many people would like to invest in solar energy especially not only for their self-consumption but also to benet
the Feed-in-Tariff payments. The investors are lacking of the necessary information to start the investment process.
They are curious about the bureaucratical procedures and permissions. They also would like to learn about the
nancing schemes structure. Furthermore, from the investors point of view it is also important to know the legal
sources and legal remedies in case they meet a barrier.

Gnder, Solar Energy Association of Turkey, is the national implementation partner of PV Financing Project [1]
for Turkey. PV Financing project has received funding from European Unions by far the largest research and
innovation program Horizon 2020. It aims to enable the investment of photovoltaic systems. The project has been
implemented within the six European countries and Turkey. The other partners are: Austria, Spain, Italy, United
Kingdom, France and Germany. Each partner implements the project synchronously with each other. PV Financing
maintains the success of prior projects PV Grid [2] and PV Legal [3]. The Database covers more country than PV
Financing due to the fact that it covers the PV Grid Project also

The aim of the project is to ease the nancing and mitigate the risk of the investments. Hence, nancing schemes
like bank loans, green bonds, renewable energy cooperatives and private equity have been researched within the
concept of project. The conditions and the application procedures for nancing schemes have been explained
in detail to increase the knowledge of investors. Photovoltaic industry has been developing in Turkey and the
know-how is one of the main gaps for system investments. Within the light of this background of the sector, we as
Gnder planned to develop a database.

The database provides useful information for system applications. In Turkey, the unlicensed electricity production
regulation enables the investors to install systems up to 1 MWp without obtaining a license. However, it also
restricts the system size with a thirty-fold of power needed by self-consumption [4]. Furthermore, the regulation
doesnt dene any application segment for Turkey. However, the projects one of the main stakes is application

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segments. We analysed systems according to the features of the investors. In our project, we analysed the system
features for residential, commercial and industrial & education buildings. However, the only classication for our
country is the system size dened by unlicensed electricity production.

The map in Fig. 1 indicates the qualitative evaluation of national circumstances regarding photovoltaic market.
The countries with dark blue colours attended the database program and presented the national perspectives of
their countries.

Figure 1. Countries Involved in Database

2. THE DATABASE
In order to benet and use the database, the investors should learn about its basic features, principles, assumptions
and procedures based on it.

In order to learn the severity of the investment stages, it is necessary to choose the one of the stages listed
on the top right of the map in Fig. 1. By choosing the country on the map, investors can learn about the
practical information regarding administrative process steps requirements and the existing barriers.
Moreover, the PV FINANCING database also provides information on viable business models and nancing
schemes for PV projects. In order to explain the working principles of database, we believe that it is necessary to
provide some background information on the assumptions and denitions that database rests on.

2.1. PROCESSES
A process is one of the functional procedures necessary to develop a PV system, such as Site Selection, Grid
Connection, PV System Construction. A process is further described by a sequence of process steps. Overall
Project refers to the combination of all processes listed below:

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Site Selection: The acquisition of the project site and any needed process to make it legally suitable for further
project development activities
Electricity Production Licence: All necessary procedures in order to obtain the license to produce electricity.
This license may have different names, such as electricity generation license or exploitation authorization

Administrative Process: All necessary administrative authorisation processes (apart from Grid Connection Permit
and Electricity Production License) such as the application for building or environmental permit all activities that
need to be completed before the construction of the PV installation may start

Grid Connection Permit: The formal process to obtain the permission to connect the PV installation to the grid

Support Scheme(s): The formal process to obtain the permission to connect the PV installation to the grid

PV System Construction: The physical installation of the PV system and any administrative requirements
associated with this process

Grid Connection & Commissioning: The phase of realising the PV systems physical connection to the grid and
its initial

Financing: The steps to be taken to acquire the necessary capital, equity or nancing for the realisation of the PV
installation

Corporate Legal-Fiscal: All necessary processes to incorporate (if this is legally required), to become member of
a certain association, to become liable for taxation, or to become exempted from it

PV System Operation: The requirements and other activities involved with the operation of a grid-connected PV
system over its 20-30 years operational lifetime

g
Below in the ow diagram g 2), one can nd the processes
(Fig. p in an order that is used in the Database for Turkey

Figure 2. Flow diagram of PV investment stages in Turkey

Furthermore, the processes for each country are represented with a colour as illustrated in Fig. 3. After choosing
the country on the map and the related process name on the top right of the database, one can learn about the
difculty level of the process simply by comparing the colours represented on the map for each country.

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2.2. BARRIERS
In PV GRID database, barriers are considered as those obstacles that affect the planning and deployment of PV
systems across Europe. The barriers have been researched and analysed according to severity and category. As
for severity 10 levels are considered.

1-3: Small barrier barriers which are inconvenient but are relatively easy to overcome and do not prevent
further development;

4-6: Medium barrier barriers which forces considerable efforts and investments to overcome and may prevent
further development;

7-8: Severe barrier serious barriers that are difcult to overcome and often prevent further project development;

9-10: Very severe barrier barrier that practically prevents further market development.

A barrier list function is also available. This function allows you to generate a personalised list of barriers according
to the chosen countries, market segments and involved processes. The list can be exported in a MS Excel
spreadsheet.

Figure 3. Coloured database map indicating the process severity by country

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2.3. APPLICATION SEGMENTS
A segment denes a part of the national PV market. Three market segments have been identied within PV GRID:
1. Residential systems: small-scale installations on residential buildings;
2. Commercial rooftop systems: small-to-medium-scale installations on commercial buildings;
3. Industrial ground-mounted systems: medium-to-large-scale ground-mounted installations on open lands.

2.4. INDICATORS
The indicators used in the PV GRID database are the statistics used to quantitatively assess the practical experience
of PV project developers. In order to make results comparable across countries, three standard PV plant sizes have
been considered:

3 kWp (residential systems)

50 kWp (commercial rooftop systems)
2500 kWp (industrial ground-mounted systems)

Minimum, average or maximum indicator values are used in the database.

The scope of database is quite sufcient to provide the investors with necessary data

3. THE DATA BASE AND TURKEY

The database is prepared bilingual (English-Turkish). Hence, it helps both domestic and international investors
who want to install systems in Turkey. It will also help Turkish investors to learn about the system installation
processes in other countries such as, Spain, France, Britain, Sweden, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria etc. It enables the
users to choose business models and application segments. After choosing the country. The stages are coloured
according to difculty level.

Since, the legislation (unlicensed electricity production regulation) doesnt foresee application segment
differentiation, the results that we reach can be regarded similar for each application segment. Only rooftop
system applications have some differences. First, investors must nd suitable places for their systems and must
obtain the permissions such as construction permit and letter of conformity for roof top systems [5]. The "Dry
Marginal Agricultural Land" attests that the land on which the system is going to be built is not an agricultural land
[6].

International nancial institutions such as European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and
European Investment Bank (EIB) initiated loan programs for Turkey. Turseff [7] & Midseff [8] programmes fund the
energy efciency and renewable energy investments in the commercial and industrial segments. Tureeff program
[9] funds the projects in residential segments.

The programs extend loans via the local participatory banks of the program. Investors can apply for loans either
by webpages of the programs or by applying the participatory banks. The loans may provide a grace period
depending on the system size or an additional time necessary for the construction of the PV system. Furthermore,
some of the participant banks allow the investors to repay the loan according to the system's income (more in
summer less in winter). Apart from this, banks can grant usual loans, namely consumer commercial loans.

However, these loans require higher interest rates and shorter maturity compared to Turseff and Midseff programs'
loans. The loan applications require 20-30 % of private equity and banks require the approval of the projects
by accredited technical inspection rms. Mortgage, land, car or cash blockage is required as collateral for loan
granting

The interviews have shown us that site selection stage is very though and applications can be stuck in the assessment
processes by governorates, municipalities and Provincial Directorate of Food Agriculture and Livestock. In the
case of searching for legal remedy, investors are advised to go to administrative court after receiving the rejection
by municipalities, governorates and Provincial Directorate of Food Agriculture and Livestock within 60 days.

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The study shows that for Turkey, site selection and nancing are problematic processes. There are many reasons for
this fact. First, the state institutions and the role taking partners for photovoltaic system installations are deprived of
technical assessment criteria. Furthermore, the system application processes differ among the regions. In Turkey,
unlicensed system applications are submitted to distribution companies. There are 21 distribution companies,
each have local monopoly power within the region it operates. So, in each region there maybe differences
stemming from bureaucratical permits and procedures.

It is necessary to obtain a construction permit for rooftop PV systems. In order to apply for a construction permit,
investors have to present the documents indicating the static data of the building and its roof. Yet in Turkey,
most of the old buildings were constructed without static reports and obtaining such data after the building was
constructed requires time. Moreover, the examination procedure to gather these static data can be harmful for the
concrete of the building. On the other hand, new buildings have been constructed with these statistical reports
and it is less likely to meet this problem with new buildings.

The letter of conformity indicates that the roof is strong enough to carry the weight of the PV system, including in
case of snow and ice, and can withstand strong wind. Since, the legislation regarding PV system applications is
not sufciently developed, municipalities face some difculties. Moreover, municipalities often lack the necessary
know-how in order to evaluate PV applications. Thus, it takes long time to answer the demands of applicants.

4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
PV Financing Database is an important study for Turkish market. There isnt any reference in the Turkish
photovoltaic market which explains the application procedure with that much detail. As mentioned before, the
legislation doesnt foresee differences for application segments. Especially the state institutions couldnt evaluate
the applications on time and this creates delays in the application periods. The investors also become familiar with
the legislation thanks to resources provided in Database. The database warns the investors for these barriers. It
informs the investors about the possible regional and local differences and unexpected demands. Furthermore, it
also suggests to nd legal remedies. Furthermore, as the international investors would like to invest in Turkey and
search for investment opportunities and information, the database will be a safe advisor for their needs. All in all,
the database will be a contributing study for the development of the photovoltaic market.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PV Financing project has received funding from European Unions by far the largest research and innovation
program Horizon 2020. The authors are thankful to the colleagues in GUNDER and members of the association
for providing great support and consulting during research period of this work.

REFERENCES
1. http://www.pv-nancing.eu
2. http://www.pvgrid.eu/home.html
3. http://www.pvlegal.eu
4. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/03/20160323-5.htm
5. http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.3194.pdf
6. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2005/03/20050325-5.htm
7. http://turseff.org/
8. http://www.midseff.com/tr/
9. http://www.tureeff.org/

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 0197 - APPLICATION SEGMENTS AND BUSINESS MODELS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM INVESTMENTS IN TURKEY
Sedat Yldrm1*, Faruk Telemciolu1, Kemal Gani Bayraktar1,2, Blent Yeilata1,3
1
GUNDER, Turkey Section of International Solar Energy Society
2
zocam Tic.ve San. A. .
3
Harran University GAP-YENEV R&D Center
Corresponding email: info@gunder.org.tr
*Corresponding author: Sedat Yldrm

ABSTRACT
Effective and clear business models and nancial schemes are needed to support the widespread implementation
of PV projects in Turkey. Therefore, Gunder joined PV Financing Project as one of the partners and has taken main
role of identifying the most protable business models and nancial schemes for PV Systems in Turkey. In this
work, we considered three application segments for Turkey, namely residential, commercial and industrial. Each
application segment requires different system size and this results into a different business model. Regarding the
sector boundaries and available nancial schemes in Turkey, the applicable business models for these segments
are limited. Consequently, we considered here two business models actively used; Net-metering and Self-
consumption. We elaborately presented each business models nancial scheme and then applied to real cases
to concretely analyze cash ow and protability. To present the cash ow of the net-metering model, a real case for
6 kWp single family residential system, near Istanbul where specic yield is changing between 1300-1400 kWh/
qm/a, is used. The system payback period is found to be nearly 15 years. The results suggest that the net-metering
model can be more feasible in southern part of Turkey where specic yield is between 1750-1800 kWh/sqm/a.

Keywords: Application segments, Business Models, Financial Schemes, Photovoltaic System Investments

1. INTRODUCTION
Located in the southernmost part of Europe in a sunny belt, Turkey is very advantageous in terms of solar potential
and has abundant solar energy resources. Turkey has three main streamline north 1400-1450 kWh/sqm/a, middle
1550-1600 kWh/sqm/a and south 1750-1800 kWh/sqm/a [1].

Currently solar energy is most commonly used for domestic hot water production in Turkey. However, the interest
for photovoltaic system applications are increasing. The country was left behind by many other European countries
in photovoltaic system installations, despite the need and the potential. High and stable energy demand growth,
government support system, land availability, the saturation of the photovoltaic industry in the neighboring and
Western European countries, high solar energy potential and public interest and acceptance are the enhancing
elements behind the existing and anticipated rise of interest for photovoltaic system investments in Turkey. The
country is now on the threshold of a solar energy revolution that could add a lot to the increasing economic
growth [2].

The prices of turn-key projects have substantially decreased from 2012 to 2014. From the 2,000 EUR/kWp in 2012, the
prices for turn-key projects have decreased even below 1,000 EUR/kWp for systems larger than 750 kWp in installed
capacities. Due to economies of scale, this ratio does not withhold for projects with smaller installed capacity. The main
reason behind this sharp fall could well be related to the potential boom in the Turkish PV industry. During the last four
years, several investments for PV module production facilities from both domestic and international investors have
been established with the governments support scheme. With the regulations and the market potential leading to a
growth of appetite and tendency to invest and enhance competition, experienced suppliers and EPC companies and
investors from the countries with in which PV sector is almost saturated are ocking to the PV sector and consequently
the race amongst them results in a further decrease in the prices.

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The market has witnessed another sharp fall in the prices in November 2013; right after the government raised
the licensing limit from 500 kWp to 1 MWp for unlicensed electricity production [3]. The feed-in-tariff (FiT) (13,3
USD cents/kWh) is guaranteed for 10 years only and it is not clear what will happen following the tenth year.
Any plant to benet from the active feed-in-tariff needs to connect to the grid before 31.12.2020 bylaw. The
unlicensed electricity regulation hasnt dened any application segment differentiation yet, meaning regardless
of the capacity all PV installations connected to the greed receive the same FiT.

This way high electricity tariffs charged to commercial customers will encourage many to offset their electricity
consumption through unlicensed commercial-scale projects. All unlicensed PV projects must be approved by the
Turkish Electricity Distribution Company (TEDAS) [4]. Currently the resources available at TEDAS, the capacity of
transformers and transmission lines especially, are the limiting factors that determine the rate at which unlicensed
projects are completed and approved. This has created a signicant amount of uncertainty in photovoltaic
market since the rate of project approvals may not increase soon because of capacity shortage. Real persons
and companies are exempt from establishing joint stock companies or limited liability partnerships to generate
electricity and benet from the incentives. For grid connection, under 1 MWp projects apply to the local DSOs and
pay grid usage fees to the DSO for electricity fed into or received from the grid once they can connect.

The retail electricity price in Turkey is not high and for industrial and agricultural facilities it is even lower. Such
plants, despite having available land or roofs for PV instalments, do not see the conversion to self-generation of
electricity through PV lucrative since buying it directly from the grid makes more sense. Apart from the feed in
tariffs, several other support mechanisms are in practice for enhancing renewable energy investment nationwide.
Turkish Transmission Company, TEIAS and the distribution companies give priority to the connection of renewable
energy power plants [5].

The distribution companies are also enforced to procure renewable power in up to 20% of its consumption in their
supply to ineligible customers. RES power plants pay only 1% of the regular licensing fee and are exempt from
the annual license fee for the rst 8 years in operation. They are also bound to pay only 15% of the system usage
fees for the rst 5 years. The same reduction of 85% applies on fees related to transportation and transmission
infrastructure investments as well.

Due to the different reasons explained above regarding the applicability of the sectors, the following report
will describe the following application segments in Turkey as following: 1) Residential Single Family House; 2)
Commercial Ofce Building and Factory; and 3) Industrial Parks and Universities.

Regarding the sector boundaries and facts explained above the applicable business models for Turkey are
presently limited. Consequently, the following sections of this work are explaining only two business models, the
Net-metering and the Self-consumption.

2. APPLICATION SEGMENTS CONSDERED FOR TURKEY

2.1. RESIDENTIAL SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE

In the scope of Unsilenced Electric Generation Regulation, the Specications (Terms of Reference) of solar
installations with 30 kWp capacity for Turkish electric market was announced in 2014. This document is especially
important for small size rooftop solar installations. The road map includes information on number of steps and
obligations to be followed for residential PV systems. The Specications (terms of reference) was criticized by
sector stakeholders being only up to 30 kWp capacity. After the critics, it has been revised and re-announced in
September 2015 with increasing the capacity to 50 kWp. With this new announcement, fees for screening of design
appropriateness and acceptance procedures have been removed and this has made residential investments more
attractive. This was welcomed; however, the application procedures are still not clear and easy.

The main barriers on investing in residential PV systems can be listed like;

Cache ow difculties due to huge amount of initial/advance investment payments,
Lack of widen authorized sales and maintenance service availability, meaning EPCs are mainly focusing on 1
MW un-licenced market rather than micro market referring the range of 11kW to 50 kW.
Un-matured micro green nance/loan products

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 Legally rooftop of an apartment is a joint property (community property). To use some rooftops of a
neighbourhood to build PV systems for an investor is nearly not possible since all at owners should give
permissions and should facilitate from the system. The application procedure for this option is also not
clear. Since Power Purchase Agreement business model is not allowed for unlicensed electricity generation
residential segment is not improved enough in Turkey.
System application procedure and bureaucratical steps are very similar with large scale systems.

2.2. COMMERCIAL-OFFICE BUILDING AND FACTORY

PV Systems are not likely common in commercial segment. Besides the high operational costs and limited loan
options provided by banks, not accepting the project itself as collateral is one of the main nancial barrier for this
segment. Investors or project owners must provide extra collateral which is not easy in most cases.

PV systems are built up to create an additional income and to reduce the electricity costs of the ofce building.
The ofce buildings are actively used during daylight hours and in some cases, there are active buildings at night
too. So, PV System is providing electricity during the day and the surplus electricity is feeding the grid. Like all
other segments the initial investments costs are still high for ofce building PV systems. It is known that some
shopping malls have covered their roofs of parking places with PV panels to benet from sunny days.

2.3. INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND UNIVERSITIES

In Turkey the application procedures for licensed and un-licensed PV plants are different. The projects over
1MW are obliged to attend a tender to get a license. Organized Industrial Zones (OIZs) are legally recognized
as free-electricity producers with the Renewable Energy Law. Under this law with the regulation called Support
Mechanism for Renewable Energy (SMRE), OIZs and Universities that generate their own electricity are exempted
for the obligation to follow the licensed procedure for over 1 MW investments. If the institutions decide to sell their
electricity to third parties they have to apply for the license. The less than 1 MW producers can sell the electricity
(net-metering) only as a service fee. The existing legislation does not allow them to invoice the electricity itself.

OIZs are generating their own electricity to sell it to their members with 6-8 USD cent/kWh. While calculating the
return period for PV plant investments they have to use their own price instead of the electricity feed in tariff, which
is 13.3 USD cent. In this case, the return period of this kind of investment increases to 12-15 years rather than 7-10
years. Since they have produced their own energy or supplied electricity from the grid with lower prices due to
bulk purchasing power, such a new expensive investment is not so attractive at the beginning.

OIZs can build up PV solar capacity with more than 1 MW without license legislation duties (i.e. un-licensed) and
should consume all electricity for their member companies. If in case the generated energy exceeds the need of
the OIZ and if OIZ decides to feed the grid, in this condition OIZ should apply for license process to be energy
seller. This procedure is also challenging and expensive.

3. PV BUSNESS MODEL IMPLEMANTATION AND CALCULATIONS

In this study, we analyzed and used the data of established PV systems. We analyzed three different application
segments data by debt/equity ratio, system life, performance ratio, forecasted electricity price escalation, annual
ination values to form the cash ow models of the established systems. Furthermore, systems geographical
location and nally, thanks to protability analyses it is easy to learn about the payback period. The data is derived
from the EPC rms that establish the systems.

3.1 NET-METERING MODEL FOR RESIDENTIAL SINGLE HOUSE

The main driver for families to build a rooftop PV system is to make savings from electricity bill costs while creating
additional income through selling the generated electricity during daylight. In net-metering business model,
schematically shown in Fig. 1, residential PV based electric generation system is feeding the grid during the
day and at night families get the electricity from the grid [6]. The difference between consumed and produced
electricity is calculated and residential electricity generation is purchased based on feed-in tariff price per kWh.

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 Figure 1. Schematic of the Net-Metering business model

We calculated cash ow for this business model for a real application in Istanbul/Turkey, where specic yield is
changing between 1300-1400 kWh/qm/a. PV system size is 6 kWp with 27.102,00 TRY total system cost. The
gures are indicated in Table 1.

Table 1: Protabilityy analysis

y gures
g for the residential system
y located in Istanbul.

The ination and interest rates are considerably high comparing European countries like Germany or UK. The
Turkish Lira is not strong against Euro and US Dollar. The electricity price escalation is estimated as 12% per year
for 20 years. Moreover, the FiT is also 13.3 USD cent xed for 10 years. For this reason, banks prefer to give loan in
Euro or in US Dollar. Under these conditions, the system payback period is found to be 15,3 years.

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3.2. SELF-CONSUMPTION MODEL FOR COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDING
Self consumption business model [7] used for calculations is schematically shown in Fig. 2. In Turkey the grid
operator and electricity provider are the same entity as Distribution Companies. In reality, the investor, operator
and power consumer are expected to be completely different parties but it is not legally allowed yet for unlicensed
projects under 1MW. Here the agreement is done with Distribution Company and purchase price is the FiT. The
owner of the PV system consumes 30% of the generated electricity and sells 70% of the solar-based electricity
to the Distribution Company. Debt loan is used with 15-20% equity share. EPC companies are building up the
system and provide O&M services. For commercial segment, Regional Development Agencies are also an option
to receive a grant.

An ofce building located in Ankara/Turkey is used to examine the cashow for this business model. The total
system cost is 2.056.435 TRY for 759 kWp, as shown in Table 2. Due to the purchase guarantee is only 10 years
the cash ow model is considered accordingly. Electricity price (0,27 TRY) for commercial entities is slightly higher
than industrial companies (0,23 TRY).

The results show that the project IRR is 17,58% and the payback period is 6,08 years. This model is becoming
protable after 7 years.

Table 2: Protabilityy analysis

y gures
g for commercial ofce located in Ankara

3.3. SELF-CONSUMPTION MODEL FOR INDUSTRIAL PARK

Both universities and organized zones are exempted from the licensing procedures and they can act like Distribution
Companies. All PV systems build in universities or industrial parks are for self-consumption only. For this reason,
education segment business model, can be considered as same with industrial segment. EPC companies are building
the PV plants and providing O&M services regarding the contract made for 3-5 years. Loan can be obtained from
banks, grants can be received by Regional Development Agencies and/or equity share can be also used.

Gebze Guzeller Organized Industrial Zone in Kocaeli/Turkey is considered here for cash-ow calculations. As
indicated in Table 3, the ground-mounted solar plant with 500 kWp capacity built for self-consumption. The
predicted annual generation is 640.000 kWh and the annual performance is expected to be 1271 kWh/kWp.

The management of the industrial zone received 400.000,00 TL grant from Marmara Regional Development
Agency and 1.385.000,00 TL with 7 years loan tenor from European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
through Turkish Sustainable Energy Financing Facility (TurSEFF) Program via one of partner banks.

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Table 3: Protabilityy analysis
y gures
g for industrial p
park located in Ankara

4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The above-mentioned business models and application segments have shown that each system has its own cost
and income structure. As the system size increases, the average cost per kWp decreases due to economies of
scale. In the unlicensed electricity production regulation, there is no application segment mentioned and there
is only one support scheme, namely feed-in tariff (0.133 USD cents/kWh). This fact creates barriers especially for
small rooftop systems. Furthermore, the regulation foresees the same application procedures for each application
segment. This is the main factor that increases the average cost of the smaller systems. The heavy weight of
bureaucratical steps and permissions may not affect the investors heavily, but it can be said that small size system
investors are highly deterred by this fact.

All in all, system application procedures should be dened per application segments. The future of Feed-in-Tariff
should be well dened to secure the future of PV system investments. Within the light of these improvements, PV
investments could become more achievable and protable for investors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PV Financing project has received funding from European Unions by far the largest research and innovation
program Horizon 2020. The authors are thankful to the colleagues in GUNDER and members of the association
for providing great support and consulting during research period of this work.

REFERENCES
1. http://www.eie.gov.tr/MyCalculator/Default.aspx
2. IEA PVPS Trends 2015 In Photovoltaic Applications
3. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/03/20160323-5.htm
4. http://www.tedas.gov.tr/#!tedas_anasayfa
5. http://www.teias.gov.tr/Default.aspx
6. PV Investor Guide-New business models for photovoltaics in international markets, BSW-Solar - The German
Solar Industry Association, August 2014
7. Renewable Self-Consumption-Cheap and Clean Power at your Doorstep, Policy Paper by Solar Power Europe
June 2015

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 0201 - AN INVESTIGATING OF UNSETTLE OPERATION ON A SOLAR HEATED BIOGAS
SYSTEM UNDER MESOPHILIC/THERMOFILIC CONDITIONS
Ahmet Eryaar, Pnar Byk*, Gnnur Koar
Ege University Solar Energy Institute, zmir
Corresponding email: pinarrbuyukk@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Pnar Byk

ABSTRACT
Production of biogas includes three different temperature ranges as psychrophile, mesophilic, and thermophilic.
In this study, biogas system heated by solar energy which had worked under mesophilic conditions was operated
to work under seasonally thermolic conditions to understand the effects of it to the annual biogas production
yield. In addition to its production efciency, its economical feasibility was also searched and compared with other
conventional biogas systems.In the light of information gathered from experimental results, especially, usage of
this type of systems were investigated in rural areas in Turkey. Firstly, a model about 5 m3 biogas reactor heated
by solar energy was prepared. In this model which had 1 year of climatic data of zmir, it was analyzed in which
proportion the plane solar collectors meet the seasonal reactor heating requirements.In this analysis, both of
mesophilic and thermolic conditions were handled separately. Furthermore, state of the system under different
seasonal temperatures were investigated and its techno-economic advantages and disadvantages to other
systems with single temperature values were presented. It was concluded that it is possible to heat the small-scale
biogas systems with solar energy support and the usage of system with seasonally exible conditions has both
technical and economical superiorities.

Keywords: biogas, solar energy, mesophilic and thermophilic systems, anaerobic digestion

1. INTRODUCTION
Biomass is dened as organic materials that can be renewed shorter than a period of 100 years such as plant
waste, animal waste, food industry waste, urban waste and forest by products. And biomass energy is known
as the energy obtained from these sources. Biomass energy plays signicant role among the renewable energy
sources. Therefore, modern biomass energy states to have a signicant share of 45% of the total renewable energy
resources when it assessed in terms of distribution within the renewable energy sources [1]. Biogas systems which
are formed by using biomass as renewable energy have capital importance due to the usage of waste organic
materials as inputs which cause environmental and health problems. Biogas systems generate valuable products
from waste. These wastes either convert to methane-rich biogas with high caloric value, or organic fertilizer with
high nitrogen content [2]. Main chemical conversion during the biogas formation is the degradation of polymeric
materials into monomers or smaller units via anaerobic fermentation. The production of combustible gases under
the natural conditions was explained by Volta in 1776 and biogas reactor has started to work in England, in 1895.
Figure 1 shows that biogas usually is composed of %40-70 CH4, %30-45 CO2; %0-3 N2; %0-1 H2; % 0-1 H2S and
small quantities of CO and O2. Amount of gas in mixture changes due to ambient temperature, pH, type of organic
material and water content [3].

Figure 1. Content value of biogas mixture

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Biogas is a ammable gas that resembles natural gas because of its characteristic properties. It can be used in all
devices which can work with natural gas or LPG. Biogas production with anaerobic fermentation method depends
on several parameters such as pH, temperature, retention time, C/N rates, volatile fatty acid, effect of inhibitors
and toxic materials. Temperature is one of the most important parameter for biogas systems. Microorganisms
are divided into different temperature zones for the provision and growth of metabolic activities. These zones
occur in three stages, including the psychrophilic zone (5-25C), mesophilic zone (25-40C) and thermophilic
zone (50-60C) [4]. Efciency of biogas systems need an external heat source and reactor heating system to keep
the temperature at desired levels in areas where the climate is variable. When the reactor temperature increases,
the unit biogas production also concordantly increases. Generally, mesophilic temperature range is preferred in
system design. Although thermophilic systems are more efcient, their usages are not very common because of
high energy requirement. In the winter when the weather conditions are not suitable, biogas production slows
down or stops. Biogas reactors need hybrid heating systems to provide continuous and efcient gas production.
When biogas is used to heat the reactor, a considerable portion of the gas produced is consumed due to the
climatic conditions and the selected system. For this reason, if the heating of the reactor can be achieved by
solar energy, another renewable energy source which has a very signicant potential, the energy used in biogas
production will decrease and the system efciency will increase [5].

Reactor systems are heated by solar energy in two ways. These applications are passive and active applications.
In passive applications, solar energy is absorbed onto the system by black paint or greenhouse while in active
application, planar solar collectors are used to benet from solar energy [6].

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study which has completed in Solar Energy Institute, Firstly, a model about 5 m3 biogas reactor heated
by solar energy was prepared. In this model which had 1 years of climatic data of zmir ilinin (latitude 38.24N,
longitude 27.50E), it was analyzed in which proportion the plane solar collectors meet the seasonal reactor
heating requirements.In this analysis, both of mesophilic and thermolic conditions were handled separately.
Furthermore, state of the system under different seasonal temperatures were investigated and its techno-
economic advantages and disadvantages to other systems with single temperature values were presented. Before
the 5m3 reactor system was modeled, a small-scale system was tested in the biogas system shown in Figure 2. In
these experiments, two reactors were used as system equipments to be operated under batch-type mesophilic
and thermophilic conditions. The insulation thickness of each reactor was selected to be 13 cm according to
the province of Izmir and glass wool was used as the reactor insulation material [4]. As a gasometer, a water-
displacement type gasometer is used. Solar energy is used for reactor heating. For this solar energy heating
system, 6 units of 1.84 m2 planar solar panels and 500 l water tank were used. The dimensions of mesophilic and
thermophilic reactors were calculated to be 2.2 m diameter-2.2 m height, 1.6 diameter, 2 m height respectively.

The experiments carried out in Ege University solar energy institute were performed in three scenarios as
mesophilic system, thermophilic system and mesophilic / thermophilic system.

Figure 2. Solar heated biogas system

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In the rst scenario, under mesophilic conditions, at 37 C, under the thermophilic conditions in the second scenario
at 55 C, and ,in the third scenario both the mesophilic and the thermophilic conditions were used. Mesophilic
feeding was taken as 30 days and thermophilic feeding as 15 days. In addition, as biogas feed material, waste
obtained from 5 cattle animals was used in three scenes. This waste, 30 kg per day, contains 15% total solids,
80% volatile solids and is diluted with water to 10% solids. In addition to cattle waste, botanical wastes obtained
in summer season are added to the system. The hourly data between July 1, 2015 and June 30, 2016 are used
in the calculations. The measurement unit was taken from the Ege University Metrological Station of the Solar
Energy Institute. These are temperature, radiation and wind intensity. The heat loss calculations of the biogas
reactors used in the system are calculated on the basis of 37 for mesophilic conditions and 55C for thermophilic
conditions and these losses are seen in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Heat loss of biogas reactor

Qw = heat loss (W) from the reactor surfaces,

Qf = the amount of heat (W) required to bring the feed material to the reactor temperature,
Qb = Biogeochemical heat loss from leaving the reactor (W),
Qe = Heat loss due to evaporation (W),
R = the amount of heat (W) required during the reaction. [4]
Qt = Qw+ Q+ Qb+ Qe+ Qr

3. RESULTS
For biogas production of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria optimum temperatures of 34 and 55 C are
required, respectively [7]. In the winter months, biogas production generally decreases with respect to thermophilic
conditions when compared to summer months and mesophilic conditions. In this model, a study was carried
out on the net biogas quantities per year according to temperature differences in calculations made for three
scenarios, mesophilic, mesophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic. In all systems, 10% water + cattle mixture was
used as feed material. The reactor dimensions meeting these three different scenarios are given in the table for
the mesophilic reactor and the thermophilic reactor. The reactor size was calculated according to the working
temperature in the mesophilic region of 37 C and the thermophilic region at 55 C.

Table 1. Reactor sizes of mesophilic and thermophilic conditions

Diameter (m) Height (m)
Mesophilic conditions 2.2 2.2
Thermophilic conditions 1.6 2

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In the calculations, the lower thermal value of the biogas obtained was taken as 5500 kcal / kg [8]. The rate at which
the biogas obtained from calculations meets the need for additional heating of the reactor is calculated annually
for three scenarios, provided that it is solar energy support. The results obtained are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2. Results on three different scenarios (mesophilic, thermophilic and mesophilic/thermophilic)

Mesophilic Thermophilic Thermophilic/mesophilic
Energy content of biogas(kcal) 11593560,00 11593560,00 17421360,00
Spent for auxiliary heating(%) 0.02 0.09 0.04374
Remaining biogas (m3) 2057,48 1928,04 3028,99
Annual biogas production 2107,92 2107,92 3167,52

As seen in Table 2, in a system operating under three different scenario conditions, 2107,92 m3 of biogas per
year are produced in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, while biogas production doubles as a result of
working together. In these three different scenarios the system is operated on an hourly basis. The heat losses of
the systems are given in Figure 3

Figure 3. Heat loss of three different scenarios

0.02%, 0.09% and 0.043% of the biogas are consumed, respectively, to cover the heat losses in the Figure 3 with
the produced biogas. The times and quantities used as additional heaters for the systems operating in mesophilic,
thermophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic conditions on an hourly basis for one year in zmir are given in Figure 4.

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 Figure 4. Auxilary heating of three different conditions

4. DISCUSSION
In the rst scenario, the system was operated on mesophilic conditions for one year and biogas of 5.76 m3/day
was obtained from the system in the baseline scenario in which 3 different scenarios were constructed on biogas
operation in different climatic conditions. In the second scenario, the system was operated under thermophilic
conditions at 55 C and biogas production of 5.76 m3 / day was realized. Although the same number of collectors
and boilers were used at different temperature ranges in these two scenarios, the same amount of biogas
production was due to differences in reactor dimensions. When these calculations are made it is accepted that
the amount of biogas produced per volatile solid is taken as 0.3 m3 [4]. In the third scenario, the mesophilic
reactor is operated under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions, and the mesophilic reactor is operated under
mesophilic conditions from November to April while being operated in thermophilic conditions from May to
November. At the same time, in the summer, vegetable waste was added to the system as feedstock to increase
the biogas production to twice that of 11.52 m3/day biogas production. Thus, in the three scenarios throughout
the year, 2107.92 m3, 2107.92 m3 and 3.167,52 m3 biogas production was carrid out and 0.02 %, 0.09% and
0.043% of biogas is used for the auxiliary heater respectively. The results obtained are technically feasible and

- 522 -
protable for the use of solar energy for heating biogas reactors in our country. Especially, results of thermophilic
conditions are show that biogas production increases depend on temperature increase. In summer, evaluating
the capacity of the solar energy system in different applications will increase the total efciency and protability of
the system. Because , the season in which the reactor needs the least amount of heat is the summer months and
in these months the gain from the sun is maximum.

5. CONCLUSION
Based on the actual 1-year weather data of zmir, annual net biogas production values were analyzed in 3
different scenarios as thermophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic / mesophilic. It is according to the results, due
to high absorption of solar radiation in summer, biogas production under thermophilic conditions is higher
than mesophilic conditions. The usage of solar energy to defray the thermal losses of biogas reactors leads to
an increase in system efciency. Studies on this topic demonstrate the utility of solar energy in biogas systems.
According to the results obtained from all these studies, annual biogas production is increased by using solar
energy supported thermophilic biogas systems.

REFERENCES
1. G. Koar, N. zbalta, 1999. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklar Potansiyelimiz, E.. Gne Enerjisi Enstits
Dergisi, No.3, s. 81-91.
2. Eryaar, A., 2007. Krsal Kesime Ynelik Bir Biyogaz Sisteminin Tasarm Kurulumu, Testi Ve Performansna Etki
Eden Parametrelerin Aratrlmas, Doktora tezi, Ege niversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstits, Tez Yneticisi: Prof. Dr.
Gnnur KOAR.
3. G. Koar, A. ERYAAR, B.LLEEZ, A. A. ATAYOL, 2007.Gne Enerjisi Destekli Biyogaz Sistemleri, Tesisat
Mhendislii Dergisi Say: 98, s. 19-26,
4. G. KOAR, A. Eryaar, . Ersz, .Arc, A.Durmu, 2010. Biyogaz TEKNOLOJLER, Ege niversitesi basm evi,
ZMR, ISBN 978-605-61108-0-1,281s.
5. G. KOAR., A. A. Atayol, B. lleez, A. Eryaar, 2003. Gne Enerjisi Destekli Biyogaz Reaktrlerinin
Oluturulmasnda Karlalan Sorunlar ve zm nerileri, Bornova- zmir, Tesisat Mhendislii / Temmuz-
Austos, 52-59.
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Analytical Study, Energy Convers. Mgmt Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 127-131.
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 0202 - THE INVESTIGATION OF POSSIBLE UTILIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESOURCES IN GREENHOUSE
Gnnur Koar, Ahmet Eryaar, Sevim zgl, Elif Gdekmerdan, Mert Dzenli*
Ege University Solar Energy Institute, zmir
Corresponding E-mail: duzenlimert@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Mert Dzenli

ABSTRACT
Energy requirement in greenhouse is a vital importance for operating expense. In this study, investigated
possibility of meeting energy requirements of greenhouses in different climatic zones in Turkey with renewable
energy sources. For this purpose, total eight cities were determined from four climatic zones and 15 greenhouses
were selected in total. zmir and Hatay from rst degree day zone, anlurfa and Denizli from second degree
day zone, Konya and Eskiehir from third degree day zone, Erzincan and Kayseri fourth degree day zone were
selected. Available greenhouses from these cities were investigated depending on their monthly energy
consumptions which were obtained by communicating with them. Available renewable energy sources around
the greenhouse area were found. Consequently, biomass resources could be suitable to supply the energy
requirements of the greenhouses in Kayseri1, Hatay2, anlurfa2, zmir2, Erzincan2. Solar energy could be supported
the energy requirements of the greenhouses in Hatay1, Erzincan1, Eskiehir1, Eskiehir2, Konya1, Denizli1, Denizli2,
zmir1, Kayseri2, anlurfa1 and anlurfa2. Also, there is a hibrid system which include biomass and solar resources
in anlurfa2. The role of renewable energy for meeting the energy requirements of greenhouse were determined
as the result of this feasibility study. The increasing of product quantity and quality in greenhouses will effect the
country economy.

Keywords: Renewable energy, Greenhouse, Different climatic zones

1. INTRODUCTION
With increasing world population, there is a serious need to increase crop yields to feed this ever-growing
population. Climate change and resultant global warming pose signicant threats on agricultural productions
[1]. Greenhouse plant production is one of the most rich forms of agriculture, not only energy consumption but
also operating costs . Purpose of greenhouses are grow plants of good quality and protect plants against natural
environmental effects, such as wind or rain, and to enable out of season cultivation [2]. 392 million ton fruits and
482 million ton vegetables production are estimated in the world, respectively in which 30%40% is spoiled of
total production due to lack of postharvest handling up to consumption in developed country [3]. During the
past ten years, many studies have center upon the possibility of change energy sources, such as fossil fuels, with
renewable energy to heat greenhouses and used renewable energy, such as ground or air source heat pumps,
photovoltaic/thermal systems, and biomass energy and, to control the temperature in greenhouses to decrease
fossil fuel consumption [2].Explicitly, the fundamental aim in every agricultural production is to increase products
and decrease costs so the energy budget analyses are iportant to enhance production efciency. The numerical
portion between input and output of a system in energy based terms is dened as energy budget. Despite,
signicance of improving the farmers economic situation leads to survey ways to increase production and reduce
the costs detailed. Amount of papers about economic and energy analysis are in the open eld agriculture[4]. For
an efcient cultivation, greenhouses have some characteristic features. The requirements several vary depending
on notably plant type and climatic conditions. Traditional greenhouse usually has poor thermal insulation and
storage performance and the plastic lms need to be opened for ventilation in the daytime so as to avoid the
excessively high internal temperature as a result of excessively strong solar radiation; in winter, due to the
excessively low outside temperature at night, operators need to burn coal to maintain the temperature inside
greenhouse[5].

1.1. USE OF WIND ENERGY IN THE GREENHOUSE

Wind energy is clean, abundant and renewable energy. Agricultural activities are available for many regions in
Turkey. Wind turbines use in small farms where sufcent wind speed is available and necessity for energy in the

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agricultural sector is met by big scale wind turbine when energy requirements are in high level. Wind turbines
are much more economical source of energy than other fossil fuel power plants because turbines do not need
any operating cost [6]. The wind signicantly increases the heat consumption of greenhouse. For this reason, the
wind energy is utilized to meet the heat requirement of greenhouse. The annual minimum wind speed should be
on average 5 m/s benet from wind energy in any region economically. The topographic properties of the region
and some other parameters are also taken importance. Utility of wind energy for greenhouses is of commercial
importance when this energy is only used as a source of electricity rather than the heat requirement of greenhouses
[7]. Agricultural application areas of wind energy are present: electrical applications, greenhouse climatization,
irrigation and drainage applications, heat pump applications, cooling applications.

1.2. USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE GREENHOUSE

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range
from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down
even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma. Almost everywhere, the shallow
ground or upper 3 meter of the Earth's surface maintains a nearly constant temperature between 50 oF and 60 oF.
Geothermal heat pumps can tap into this resource to heat and cool buildings. A geothermal heat pump system
consists of a heat pump, an air delivery system, and a heat exchanger a system of pipes buried in the shallow
ground near the building. In the winter, the heat pump removes heat from the heat exchanger and pumps it
into the indoor air delivery system. In the summer, the process is reversed, and the heat pump moves heat from
the indoor air into the heat exchanger. The heat removed from the indoor air during the summer can also be
used to provide a free source of hot water. Wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs for the generation
of electricity. Some geothermal power plants use the steam from a reservoir to power a turbine/generator,
while others use the hot water to boil a working uid that vaporizes and then turns a turbine. Hot water near the
surface of earth can be used directly for heat. Direct-use applications include heating buildings, growing plants
in greenhouses, drying crops, heating water at sh farms, and several industrial processes such as pasteurizing
milk [8][9]. In terms of technology level and economic feasibility, geothermal energy is the most important natural
energy sources for using of greenhouse heating. Geothermal energy sources are used in low-temperature heating
applications. The low temperature range is 20-60 C. These temperature values are very low for heating systems
commonly used in the greenhouse. Geothermal energy and greenhouse heating systems are considered as a
collection of elements using to transport the geothermal uid to areas where consumers are moved. Geothermal
energy heating systems can be examined depending on the location of heat transfer, materials used and heat
exchangers. Geothermal energy heating systems can be grouped according to their technical specications as
follows: soil-mounted heating systems, heating systems placed on soil surface or on training tables, air heating
systems, air heating systems with fans, combined heating systems that meet the actual or excessive heat load [10].
Since the climate characteristics of the coastal part of the Mediterranean and Aegean regions are suitable for
greenhouses. For this reason greenhouse farmland grows rapidly on these coasts. In regions with low temperature
averages, greenhouses did not develop due to high heating costs. However, geothermal resources have made
the greenhouses protable where the temperature averages are low. Applications show that geothermal energy
heated greenhouses are much more economical than liquid and gas-heated greenhouses [11]. According to a
report prepared by the Southern Aegean Development Agency, 2811 decares of land are done in geothermal
greenhouses in Turkey[12].

1.3. USE OF BIOMASS ENERGY IN THE GREENHOUSE

Today, biomass energy can be divided into two classes which are classical and modern. Simple burning of wood
and animal wastes is dened as classical biomass energy. Various fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, biogas, energy
plants, energy forests are considered as a modern biomass energy source [13]. Direct burning of the biomass
which is mostly a non-economic method is performed in Turkey. Non-organic fertilization methods are mostly
used for increasing agricultural productivity. These kind of using are harming the environment and causing
unconscious pollution of natural resources [14]. The main source of biogas production for agricultural enterprises
are animal wastes. Two methods are using for the production of biogas from agricultural wastes which are batch
feed method and continuous feed method. After the organic waste is loaded into reactor, the gas is produced.
Then, the system is discharged and reloaded with the batch feeding method. As a result of the aerobic fermentation
process, the gas produced has very similar properties to natural gas. The main product is methane in biogas.
Cleaned biogas can be used with little modication in many natural gas applications. Biogas is mainly use for
electricity generation, heating, cooling and drying applications. One of the most commonly used of biogas for

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power generation is internal combustion engines. In small scale installations (<200 kW), the electrical conversion
efciency can be up to 25%. In large installations the efciency is 30-35% [15]. Biogas use as a versatile energy
source for direct heating and lighting also. It can be used by converting electrical and thermal energy. Some of the
recovered heat can use for thermal purposes. In this case the cogeneration process uses 30% electricity energy
content of the fuel and 60% thermal energy content of the fuel [9]. In addition, by-products resulting from biogas
production can be used for a variety of purposes. One of the by-products is fermented fertilizer which is obtained
in biogas production. When fermented fertilizer is used in agricultural applications, the yield is increased by 25%.
The smell of animal fertilizers are removed by means of biogas production so the case which is threated human
health can be dissapeared [16].

1.4. USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN THE GREENHOUSE

In recent years, use of solar energy from renewable energy sources has been increasing steadily instead of fossil
fuels for greenhouse heating. In Turkey which has a signicant potential for solar energy, the average annual total
sunshine duration is 2623 hours and the average total radiation intensity is 1303 kWh / m [17]. The methods
applied to the heating of greenhouse by solar energy can examine in two groups as active and passive. These
methods collect intensity energy from the sun which the elements will heat, store and distribute in the required
environment at the required times. Firstly, it should be chosen in such a way that most of the sun beam coming
from factors such as the placement of the sera, the roof slope, the light permeability of the used cover material,
and the thickness of the greenhouse skeleton material entering into the greenhouse [18]. Greenhouse indoor heat
gained from solar radiation during the day is stored in the heat storage material through a uid and recovered
at the time of the heat required. The geometric structure of the greenhouse is used to gain energy from solar
radiation at the highest level or reective surfaces are used for energy gain from solar radiation in the greenhouse
environment during cold periods. As heat storage material in passive heating systems are used water, soil, gravel
or crushed stone and phase change material [19]. Passive systems used for heating the greenhouse are the
most important ones to work in natural ways. There is no set up and energy requirement for operation. Passive
systems are easy to do and cheap systems. The only signicant drawback to active systems is the lack of controlled
operating possibilities [20]. The solar energy active heating systems in the greenhouse utilize heat collection and
storage units that are designed independently of greenhouse. In conjunction with the heat energy obtained
from the solar radiation over the greenhouse cover, the heat energy collected by the heat collection unit in the
active heating system can be stored in a suitable manner to meet a considerable part of the heat requirement.
However the overcapacity of the heat collection units in these systems, the high initial investment and subsequent
operating costs are signicantly limits the economic feasibility of these systems [21]. With solar energy active
heating systems, 40-90% of the greenhouse heat requirement can be met for 17 C night and 25 C daytime
indoor temperature. Product yield increases relative to the greenhouse where conventional heating systems are
applied [22].

2. METHODS AND MATERIALS

In this study, total eight cities were determined from four climatic zones where two cities were chosen for
each. After greenhouse are determined from web pages or provincial directorate of agriculture, contacted by
phone and mail with greenhouse owners. Data were collected by asking various questions including the size
of greenhouse, product, average monthly and annual energy consumption, are there renewable energy source
around greenhouse and is there a renewable energy source applied? Detailed information on the current status
of greenhouses were learned.

Hatay1 and Hatay2 are in the rst degree day zone. Organic bananas are grown in Hatay1 which is 25.000 m.
Bananas are grown for 5 months of the year. The greenhouse heated with electricity. Also, bananas are kept in a
cold storage for 3 4 days to turn their color from green to yellow. Average monthly electricity consumption for
heating is 1.364 kWh and for cold storage is 1.591 kWh. Total average annual electricity energy consumption is
6.819kWh. There is no any renewable energy source applied. Hatay2 is 4.500 m. Vegetables which are pepper
and cluster tomato are grown throughout year. The greenhouse is heated with electricity. Average monthly and
annual electricity energy consumption are 454 kWh and 9.091 kWh. There is no any renewable energy source
applied but there is a biomass potential which is 75 cattles, close to the rm. In addition, the rm established a
biogas system with a grant of 50 %, 7 years ago. Then gas production was stopped.

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Erzincan1 and Erzincan2 are in the fourth degree day zone. Erzincan1 is 300 m. Seasonal ower (clove, violet, Aztec
marigold, cat fret, aster) are grown. The greenhouse is heated with electricity from January to March. Average
monthly and annual electricity consumption are 17.386 kWh and 52.159 kWh. There is no any renewable energy
source applied. The municipality grows its seasonal owers. When municipality spends 700.000 TL for seedling
and 80.000TL for seed, total expenditure is 780.000TL. These expenses are very expensive. To make prots they
are growing their own seasonal owers. Erzincan2 is 18.500 m. Seedling and seasonal vegetables are grown.
There is no agriculture in cold winter months. From February to May there is seedling production and from May
to November there is vegetable production. Average monthly and annual electricity consumption are 3.409 kWh
and 22.727 kWh. Heating of greenhouse is done by diesel, electricity and coal. The greenhouse does not work for
12 months due to the market problems. There is no any renewable energy source applied but there is a biomass
potential which is 100 cattle, close to the rm.

Eskiehir1 and Eskiehir2 are in the third degree day zone. Eskiehir1 is 3.000 m. Vegetable seedling is grown
throughout the year. The greenhouse is heated with electricity generally. Also, it is heated with coal from January to
May, because of the extreme cold weather. In summer the fans work intensively, so energy consumption increases.
Average monthly and annual electricity consumption are 5.682 kWh and 54.545 kWh. There is no any renewable
energy source applied. Eskiehir2 is 21.000 m. Cluster tomato is grown throughout the year. The heating of the
greenhouse is carried out by geothermal, which is a renewable energy source. The geothermal source is 38 C
and feeding of this resource to plant is 40 L/s. Energy obtained from geotermal per day is 164.160.000 kcal. Due
to overcold, farmland is heated overly September to March. If geothermal heating is not sufcient, coal is used.
Average monthly and annual electricity consumption are 9.090 kWh and 68.181 kWh. Moreover, average monthly
and annual coal consumption are 50 and 600.000 ton. Apart from these, tomato leaves are a worthy biomass
source.

Konya1 is in Konya which is in the third degree day zone. It is 50.000 m and it is used for cluster tomato cultivation.
Greenhouse is heating by condensed water(60C) which is obtained from the factory. Then, it is fed back to the
factory for reuse. Average monthly and annual electricity consumption are 11.000 kWh and 132.000 kWh. There
is no any renewable energy source applied.

Denizli1 and Denizli2 are in the second degree day zone. Denizli1 is 50.000 m and it is used for cluster tomato
cultivation. Agriculture continues for 11 months of the year. Maintenance is done in a month. Average monthly
and annual electricity consumption are 29.545 kWh and 354.545 kWh. There is no any renewable energy source
applied but there is geotermal potential. Denizli2 is 118.000 m and it is used for cluster tomato cultivation. There
is production throughout the year. Average monthly and annual electricity consumption are 56.818 kWh and
681.818 kWh. Greenhouse is fully automated. Geothermal energy is used 24 hours October to May. Solar energy
is traditionally utilized when heating engines do not work during the summer months. Geothermal wells belong
to the municipality. The water obtained from the well is 63 C. It becomes 61C when it enters to the plant. Water
used in the greenhouse is 50 C. The distance between the wells and the facility is 2,5 km. The ow rate of water is
80-90 L/s. There are 4 heat exchangers. Each heat exchanger is 4 million kcal/h. Total is 16 million kcal/h.

zmir1 and zmir2 are in the rst degree day zone. zmir1 is 100.000 m and there is cluster tomato cultivation. Agriculture
continues for 11 months of the year. Geotermal application is available. The water which is 110 C is used for heating.
Electricity consumption is for fan, conditioning and irrigation. Average monthly and annual electricity consumption
are 113.636 kWh and 1.363.636 kWh. Additionally, there is cattle farm close to the greenhouse. zmir2 is 40.800 m.
There is cluster tomato cultivation. Agriculture continues all year. Average monthly and annual electricity consumption
are 4.545 kWh and 54.545 kWh. Moreover, annual coal consumption is 2.300 ton. Greenhouse is fully automated. The
rm has 50 cattles. In addition, St Kardeler is a rm with 2.000-3.000 cattles and it is 2,5km away from greenhouse.
Feasibility of wind energy was done in previous years but It was not economical.

Kayseri1 and Kayseri2 are in the fourth degree day zone. Kayseri1 is 10.000 m and there is cluster tomato cultivation.
Agriculture continues all year. Because of the extreme cold, natural gas is used throughout December to April. The
rm has another rm which has 9 thousand cattles and it is 35 km away. Average monthly and annual electricity
consumption are 5.000 kWh and 60.000 kWh. Furthermore average monthly and annual natural gas consumption
are 5.000 Sm and 25.000 Sm. Greenhouse is fully automated. Kayseri2 is 10.000 m and there is cluster tomato
farming. This company produces biogas from garbage. The greenhouse is heated by the waste heat which is
generated in this process. Average monthly and annual electricity consumption are 43.200 kWh and 518.400
kWh. Greenhouse is fully automated.

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anlurfa1 and anlurfa2 are in the second degree day zone. anlurfa1 is 80.000 m and there is cluster tomato
farming. Agriculture continues all year. Greenhouse is fully automated. Using of geothermal energy is available
and heating of the greenhouse is provided by this energy. The water obtained from the geothermal well is 50 C
and the ow rate of the water is 65-70L/s. The energy of geothermal is 1.150.000 kcal/h. Average monthly and
annual electricity consumption are 68.182 kWh and 795.455 kWh. anlurfa2 is 50.000 m and there is cluster
tomato farming. Agriculture continues all year. Greenhouse is fully automated. anlurfa2 is heated in the same
way. Average monthly and annual electricity consumption are 56.818 kWh and 681.818 kWh. In addition to this,
there is a biomass energy potential. Approximately 2 km away, there is a farm with 400 cattles. The name of
greenhouse are shown in Table 1 and the energy consumption of the greenhouses are shown in Table 2.

Table 1: Name of greenhouse

City Name of Greenhouse
Hatay1 Asus Organic Banana Greenhouse
Hatay2 Ata Durgun Vegatable Greenhouse
Erzincan1 Erzincan Municipality Seasonal Flower Greenhouse
Erzincan2 Beikta Seedling Greenhouse
Eskiehir1 Artes Greenhouse
Eskiehir2 Oruolu Greenhouse
Konya1 Konya Sugar Plant Greenhouse
Denizli1 Asorganik Greenhouse
Denizli2 Pekdemir Greenhouse
zmir1 Vegevital Greenhouse
zmir2 Agrion Greenhouse
Kayseri1 Kayseri Sugar Plant Greenhouse
Kayseri2 Her Energy Greenhouse
anlurfa1 Nergis Greenhouse
anlurfa2 Sambur Greenhouse

Table 2: Monthly and annual energy consumption of the greenhouses

City Monthly energy consumption Annual energy consumption
Hatay1 1.364 kWh 6.819 kWh
Hatay2 454 kWh 9.091 kWh
Erzincan1 17.386 kWh 52.159 kWh
Erzincan2 3.409 kWh 22.727 kWh
Eskiehir1 5.682 kWh 54.545 kWh
Eskiehir2 9.090 kWh, 50 ton coal 68.181 kWh, 438 ton coal
Konya1 11.000 kWh 132.000 kWh
Denizli1 29.545 kWh 354.545 kWh
Denizli2 56.818 kWh 681.818 kWh
zmir1 113.636 kW 1.363.636 kW
zmir2 4.545 kWh 54.545 kWh
Kayseri1 5.000 kWh, 5000 Sm natural gas 60.000 kWh, 25000Sm
Kayseri2 43.200 kWh 518.400 kWh
anlurfa1 68.182 kWh 795.455 kWh
anlurfa2 56.818 kWh 681.818 kWh

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3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The use of renewable energy sources is not available in some greenhouses and some of greenhouses already
using renewable energy sources. On the other hand, no greenhouse can met its all energy requirement with
renewable sources. Some of them have biomass and geothermal potential. In addition, all of them have solar
energy potential due to the position of Turkey. The biomass potential is cattle waste and it will evaluated for biogas
production. Besides the greenhouse heating, electricity can produce from biogas. Biogas production has been
tried in Hatay2 but the production is now stopped. Solar energy potential will evaluated for electricity generation.
With reference to the studies done at the Solar Energy Institute of Ege University some calculations were done.
Electricity obtained with biogas and the cost of all expenses for biogas plant was calculated for Kayseri1,Hatay2,
anlurfa2, zmir2, Erzincan2. The result of calculations shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Monthly and annual net electricity generation

City Initial investment cost Monthly generated net Annual generated net
() electricity (kWh) electricity (kWh)
Kayseri1 3.500.000 810.459,2 9.725.510,8
Hatay2 31.695 3.958,1 47.497,5
anlurfa2 320.000 28.008,7 336.104,6
zmir2 1.700.000 243.248,1 2.918.977,8
Erzincan2 48.490 5.863,9 70.366,7

Kayseri1, Hatay2, zmir2, Erzincan2 can meet their one hundred percent of energy requirement from biogas. Only
anlurfa2 can supply 49 percent of its energy needs from biogas.

The electricity generation from solar energy are calculated with reference to the studies done at the Solar Energy
Institute of Ege University. The result of calculations shown in Table 4

Table 4: The electricity generation from solar energy and cost of PV system
Annual electricity
City Cost ($) Electric network
generation (kWp)
Hatay1 4,5 9.000,00 off grid
Erzincan1 36,00 64.800,00 off grid
Eskiehir1 40,00 72.000,00 off grid
Eskiehir2 40,00 72.000,00 off grid
Konya1 85,00 127.500,00 on grid
Denizli1 235,00 293.750,00 on grid
Denizli2 450,00 540.000,00 on grid
zmir1 864,00 993.600,00 on grid
Kayseri2 358,00 429.600,00 on grid
anlurfa1 514,00 591.100,00 on grid
anlurfa2 225,00 281.250,00 on grid

Thus together with PV systems, energy requirement of Hatay1, Erzincan1, Eskiehir1, Eskiehir2, Konya1, Denizli2,
zmir1, anlurfa1, Kayseri2 Energy will be provided one hundred percent. Likewise, 51 percent of energy requirement
of anlurfa2 will be provided. So the hybrid system can apply to anlurfa2 with biogas and PV systems. While the
heating of the Denizli1 is provided by geothermal, the electricity demand will be provided by PV system.

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4. CONCLUSION
Generally, heating costs in the greenhouse are very high in Turkey that has almost 6080% of total production
costs. The cost of heating a greenhouse is high because of using natural gas, coal or electricity so many growers
want to switching to renewable energy. In this respect, it can be easily asserted that novel energy-efcient, low-
cost and eco-friendly solutions are denitely required for farmers to minimize their cost on cultivation and thus to
maximize their prots. As the result of this feasibility study the role of renewable energy for meeting the energy
requirements of greenhouse were determined. The producer will make a serious prot after the initial investment
costs of new technology will repayment. The production capacity can be increased once the energy costs can
supply. The state should also support existing greenhouses in order to implement renewable energy technologies.
These technologies are expensive for small and medium sized greenhouses. If the farmer increases production,
the country will already make prot. With state support policy, production and employment can increase.

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 0205 - EVALUATION OF GLOBAL PV MONITORING MARKET AND SOFTWARE
PLATFORMS
Mehmet Akif Nacar1,2*, Blent Yeilata1
1
Harran University GAP YENEV R&D Center, Sanliurfa, Trkiye
2
Harran University HUBITEK R&D Center, Sanliurfa, Trkiye
Corresponding email: manacar@harran.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Mehmet Akif Nacar

ABSTRACT
Global solar PV monitoring market has been sharply expanding and is forecasted to go from 184 GW in 2015 to 524
GW in 2020, according to the latest market research study. Developing advanced software platforms, algorithms
and analytics create new solar business opportunities. Solar PV monitoring software with limited features, e.g.
allowing stakeholders to track the output of a solar PV system, assess its performance, detect system issues, and
create reports on these topics, is not enough anymore to compete in the market. Therefore, some monitoring
providers and solutions nowadays offer additional software features that cover other functional areas such asset
management, maintenance management, invoicing, and even more. This study deals with three aspects of PV
plant monitoring market and businesses: 1. Reviewing global PV plant monitoring market with a special focus on
leading software products and vendors, 2. Examining leading solar business platforms along with their software
and user interface algorithms and unique product strengths, 3. Discussing latest PV monitoring market trends
along with novel monitoring strategies. Main content of this work is expected to be visionary and benecial for
national software vendors and entrepreneurs in Turkeys growing PV plant market.

Keywords: Solar, Photovoltaic, Monitoring Market, Software

1. INTRODUCTION
Solar PV monitoring and data analysis solutions are increasingly expected to enable efciency and productivity gains
in operations & maintenance and asset management activities. Early detection of faults and underperformance
conditions, remote diagnosis and troubleshooting, and streamlining of processes are paramount as solar
portfolios grow in size and O&M market prices continue to come down. This resulted in a virtual explosion of solar
PV monitoring software platforms over the past few years. Many new companies are also entering the market to
get a piece from this pie. Although the investment allocated to monitoring along with data logging may average
two percent of a total plants capital expenditure, the pie is still large enough [1-3].

Solar PV monitoring software platforms allow stakeholders to track the output of a solar PV system, assess its
performance, detect system issues, and create reports on these topics. These softwares are indeed required to
perform three major tasks described below [4-8]:

Deeper Insights: a single unied automation architecturefrom sensor to the boardroom.

Better, Faster Decisions: Drive the best user experience across the workforce from Operator to the CEO.
Real Time Actions: Develop advanced software, algorithms and analytics that allow various actors in a
generation setting to make business optimal

decision with the same lens of impact to overall business key performance indicators.

Under these major tasks, scope of software functions is excessively wide as represented in Fig. 1. Some monitoring
providers and solutions even offer additional software features allowing asset management, maintenance
management, invoicing, and even more [3].

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 Figure 1. PV monitoring software functions

This type of comprehensive software functions have created new type of business, called solar business platforms
[3]. Solar business platforms describe how installation companies can best leverage each of these platforms to
compliment their unique business model and market dynamics. Sales features include but are not limited to
lead management, CRM functionality, process optimization, proposal generation and customization, and nancial
analysis or nancing. Design features might include basic module layout, source-circuit sizing, bill-of-materials
generation, pricing engine and system production analysis. Administrative features could include platform-
specic features such as customizable user interfaces, elds, preferences or permissions, and may also encompass
general company management features such as multi-ofce support or capabilities for sharing templates, best
practices and so forth. Project management features could include milestone templates, project reporting and
analytics, document management, and the ability to assign and track specic tasks [8].

In this study, we deal with three aspects of PV plant monitoring market and businesses. The rst one is to review
global PV plant monitoring market with a special focus on leading software products and vendors. The next one
is to examine some leading solar business platforms along with their unique product strengths. Finaly we present
the latest PV monitoring market trends along with novel monitoring strategies.

2. PV MONITORING MARKET

2.1. MARKET DRIVERS, BOUNDARIES AND SEGMENTS

PV Monitoring market is simply driven either by independent software vendors (ISVs), power electronic vendors
(PEVs) or by downstream solar rms (DSFs). Companies under ISVs category provide PV monitoring as an
independent product or service and develop their software internally. On the other hand companies under PEVs
category, sell PV inverters, microinverters, or module-level power optimizers and offer PV monitoring solutions as
a complement to these hardware products. Such solutions support the rms own hardware technology, and focus
on monitoring of the device they provide. Finally DSFs (e.g., developers, installers, EPCs, and O&M providers)
only offer monitoring services as part of the solar plants or energy products they sell. Some companies under this
category also offer services to third-party plants.

The PV monitoring software vendors must consider sector boundaries and available nancial schemes as country
base. The applicable business models differ from one country to another, depending on national regulations. In
most country, business/market models actively used are net-metering and self-consumption. Feed-in-tarif and
wholesale models are others. Market model categories are briey explained in Table 1.

Degree of complexity and accordingly cost of a PV monitoring platform is strongly driven by type of market
segment. For example, residental PV systems typically have simpler needs and less allocated budget, while larger
industrial PV systems require more advanced features and may benet from more budget due to the overall larger
price of the asset and value of the energy production. Vice versa, the largest PV systems are usually owned and/or
managed in smaller quantities, whereas large quantities of smaller PV systems may be aggregated into portfolios
owned and/or operated by a single entity. Table 2 briey describes market segment categories.

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Table 1. Market Model Categories and Denitions
Category Definition
Net Energy Solar systems generate electricity that offsets the cost of retail electricity, and energy
Metering (NEM) exports are valued at the same price as retail electricity import rates. The facility owner has
Markets limited monitoring requirements for visibility in terms of energy production and savings.
For commercial facilities, integration with a building/energy management system may
be required. Third-party owners such as power purchase agreement or lease providers,
have more rigorous requirements for monitoring. Their goals are to manage and reduce
risks, as well as to enable efcient system operation and maintenance. Since third-party
owners revenue depends on energy production, their monitoring requirements are rst
and foremost focused on revenue-grade metering. Meter-centric monitoring systems are
popular in these markets.

Self-Consumption Solar energy exports to the grid are either prohibited, capped, or valued at a lower price
Markets than retail electricity rates. Consequently, it is in the economic interest of the facility owner
to use as much solar energy as possible locally, rather than exporting it a lower price or
being forced to curtail production. In such markets, the monitoring system plays a key
role in enhancing the return on investment for the solar asset. Optimization may involve
maximizing solar production while meeting a capped level of export, controlling building
loads
and appliances to increase energy consumption when energy production exceeds local
demand, and managing battery storage systems. Countries where the feed-in tariff for
solar energy is lower than retail electricity rates behave like self-consumption markets. The
integration with other energy systems is a requirement, either directly or via a building
management system or an energy management system (CMS) in these markets.

Feed-In Tariff (FIT) Facility owners usually do not have stringent monitoring requirements. Typically, they
Markets receive a statement and check from the utility and/or the incentive program administrator.
Instead, these facility owners chief concern is maintaining awareness of PV system issues.
Investors, however, rely on monitoring for asset management and risk mitigation. Larger
investors usually have more advanced needs than do their smaller counterparts. As for
controls, they are fully dependent on the local regulatory environment. Inverter-centric
monitoring systems are popular in these markets.

Wholesale Trading In this scenario, requirements for monitoring and controls are usually high-complexity
Markets (or at least medium-complexity). Energy production forecasting is also required in some
markets, with various degrees of granularity and frequency, and varying nancial penalties
for failure to produce power in compliance with the forecast. Rules can even vary within a
single region
depending on the network operator and utility territory. Cyber security requirements are
also becoming more and more stringent for plants connected to the bulk electric system,
due to risk of hacking events targeting electric grid infrastructure.

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Table 2. Market Segment Categories and Denitions
Category Definition
Residential This segment covers systems with a capacity lower than 20 kW and PV monitoring
requirements tend to be simple and solutions very cost-effective. Inverter-centric
monitoring systems are popular in feed-in tariff (FIT) markets, while meter-centric
monitoring systems are popular in net-metering markets. Additional complexity comes in
the case of self-consumption
markets and smart home scenarios that may involve integration with other energy devices
such as hot water heating, heating and ventilation, air conditioning, electric vehicles,
energy storage systems and home appliances.

Commercial It covers systems with a capacity ranging between 20 kW and 1 MW,

monitoring requirements are more complex in terms of issue detection and performance
analysis, and in self-consumption markets the integration with other energy systems
is a requirement, either directly or via a building management system or an energy
management system (CMS).

Industrial This segment covers systems with a capacity ranging between 1 MW and 5 MW,
requirements are more complex and inch closer to those observed in the utility-scale
segment. Production losses can have a signicant nancial impact and justify investment
in additional monitoring technology to quickly detect and diagnose PV system issues. In
self-consumption markets the integration usually happens via a building management
system (BMS) or an energy
management system (CMS). The grid operator may require remote controls for grid
support and in some markets energy forecasting as well.

Utility-Scale It covers systems above 5 MW, systems are more complex and focus on
advanced detection of issues, analytics, and reporting functions, often combined with
remote control features and energy forecasting as required by grid operators. It is
common to see multiple monitoring software solutions managing the same system, a
situation referred to as dual monitoring. For each PV system, the owner, the builder, the
plant operator, and the grid
operator have separate needs and may be using a different monitoring software.

2.2. MARKET FIGURES AND PROJECTIONS

The rapid growth of the solar industry over the last decade has spawned that ISVs become leading companies in
web-based PV monitoring market. This fastest growth was pictured by GTM Research [3] as illustrated in the chart
in Figure 3(a). It is clear from the chart that three largest company in the market, with the exception of SMA which
is a power electronics company, are classied under ISVs. Market share of ISVs in total size of monitored PV plants
is 64%, capturing 69% of the added capacity in 2015. On the other hand, PEVs and DSFs take 41% and 38% of
new installs, respectively. ISVs are also leader in residental sector with 38% of the total eet but only capture 21%
of new installs.

According to GTM Research Company, growth of PV monitoring market will gradually increase as shown in Fig.
3(b). The chart reveals that the global served addressable market is forecasted to go from 184 GW in 2015 to 524
GW in 2020. In terms of segment split, the utility-scale segment is forecasted to account for most of the growth
meanwhile the residential segment should grow more than triple.

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 (a) (b)
Figure 3. PV monitoring market figures [3]; (a) Current market share, (b) Market projection for 2020.

3. NEW TRENDS AND STRATEGIES IN PV MONITORING MARKET

3.1. SOLAR BUSINESS PLATFORMS

Solar business platforms have different sets of features. We consider here three of several well-known platforms that
provide business plan at all levels, including 4-tier [8]. Their most attractive features are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3. Most attractive features of some well-known solar business platforms

Platform name Defining features of the platform
- allowing solar installation contractors to identify and contact households prequalified for
ModSolar a solar retrofit.
- offering a website widget that allows homeowners to pull up an aerial image of their own
roof and helps them complete their own array layout.
- allowing users to quickly identify and populate promising array areas. Users can then
remove individual modules or groups of modules as needed to avoid obstructions.
- estimating the financial benefits, the prospect must provide contact information, which
the widget pushes to the solar contractors account as a new lead
- integratable with production-modeling tool from PVWatts
- structured for end-to-end business solution
Solar eCRM - automating PV system design and proposal activities
- streamlining business processes and creating continuity in the customer experience
- providing a dashboard interface with customizable graphs that allow users to track the
sales pipeline at a glance
- integratable with production-modeling tool from OnGrid Solar or PVsyst, or with NRELs
free Solar Advisor Model (SAM)
-allowing installation contractors to develop proposals for solar thermal and energy
SolarNexus efficiency upgrades in addition to solar electric systems
-simultaneously estimating costs, model performance and provide a quote for multiple
solutions
- providing a simple tabular reporting system, and can export data for further slicing and
dicing in a spreadsheet
- allowing integrated key for SolarDesignTool capabilities with lightweight Google Maps
based array layout tool

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3.2. MONITORING STRATEGIES
The current state of the art in PV system monitoring generally either use comparisons between systems and or
use of performance metrics. Both methods are not able to include information about the nature of any discovered
problem or its location [9,10]. Therefore new monitoring strategies are underway so that monitoring can quickly
identify, classify and locate faults, ideally before they result in any system losses. Some of well-accepted novel
strategies along with their dening features are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4. Dening features of well-accepted novel strategies

Novel Strategies Defining features of the strategy
-Uses communal irradiance and weather stations as the input to performance metrics for
Monitoring at systems in the same vicinity (e.g. city or town).
community scale -Transforms horizontal irradiance into tilt angles for use in calculating performance metrics
and compares systems with different orientations
-Overcomes limit of performance metrics (need of irradiation data at POA)
-Works best with clear skies

Monitoring at -Measures output from each module individually

module-level -Uses machine-learning algorythms
for diagnostic -Requires measurements of module temperature voltage
purpose -Understands (diagnoses) which problem affects the plant; recognises signatures from
specific types of faults
-Predicts imminent faults before they occur
-Diagnostic can be used to make short-term O&M decisions

Monitoring at -Uses scientific simulation engine

module-level for -Requires: ash data of each module and full topology of the system (which module is in
for prognostic which string)
purpose -Needs to be able to process big data
-Accurate analysis even for daily values
-Allows accurate short-term yield prognosis

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this study we deal with three aspects of PV monitoring market and businesses: reviewing global PV plant
monitoring market from software side, examining leading solar business platforms their unique product
strengthsand nally discussing latest PV monitoring market trends along with new monitoring strategies.

As a result of these evaluations, we expect that this work would be an impetus for national software vendors and
entrepreneurs in Turkeys growing PV plant market. There is still time to get position at all sub-sectors of PV for
national companies instead of just focusing on PV cell manufacturing. There will be critical need for data collection
and management throughout many local PV plant points for asset and grid management. National institutions
and companies should thus develop required hardware infrastructures along with asset management software to
compete in the market. They should additionaly focus on advanced analytics, big data management and cyber
security since future PV monitoring software competions will be in these complex issues.

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REFERENCES
1. Thurston, C.W., Monitoring and data logging services multiply, PV Magazine, June 2014
2. https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Global-PV-Monitoring-Market-to-Reach-242-Gigawatts-
in-2016
3. Brehaut C., Global PV Monitoring 2016-2020: Markets, Trends, and Leading Players, GTM Research and
SoliChamba Consulting, April 2016
4. http://www.solarnovus.com/pv-monitoring-tools-markets-and-emerging-trends_N7229.html
5. Aater S., Get the Most Out of Solar: Cloud-Based Data Monitoring and Control Solutions, Renewable Energy
World, July 2014.
6. Salt A.A., European PV O&M: Trends and Market Outlook, PV Insider, 2016. Chang H.C. et al, Cloud Monitoring
for Solar Plants with Support Vector Machine Based Fault Detection System, Mathematical Problems in
Engineering (Hindawi Publishing), Article ID 564517, 10 pages, Volume 2014
7. Paul E., Bray D., Evolution of Solar Operating Practices: Advanced O&M Benets from Module-Level Monitoring,
AltaTerra Research Network, 2012.
8. Cargil P., Residential Solar Business Software Platforms, SolarPro Magazine, Mar/Apr '15 : Issue 8.2, 2015.
9. Best Practices in Solar Performance Monitoring, Version 1.0: Initial draft, SunSpec Alliance 2014
10. Stein J., Green M., Novel Strategies for PV System Monitoring, www.pv-tech.org, p. 1-5, February 2015

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 0206 - WEB-BASED REAL-TIME CONTROL AND MONITORING OF SOLAR PV POWER
PLANTS
Mehmet Akif Nacar
Harran University Dept. of Computer Engineering, Sanliurfa, Trkiye
Harran University HUBITEK R&D Center, Sanliurfa, Trkiye
Corresponding email: manacar@harran.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
Real time monitoring systems have gained importance by providing energy communities with web-based access
to PV power plant data resources. There are a variety of software applications available to solve numerous
problems ranging from meteorological discoveries in to energy usage analysis. One of the best applications
in this sense is solar PV plants where monitoring, analyzing and management of real time data is critical for
incident detection, performance analytics and data mining. In this study, we sketched up solar PV monitoring
web applications within the web environments. To this extend, we recommend how portals can be built by using
advanced web technologies. In such an environment huge amount of atmospheric and sensor data is stored on
relational database servers at the back end. In the front end, all kind of advanced mobile devices are utilized and
web technologies drive rich content management. We therefore discuss reference architectures and propose a
web based-architecture to collect, store and manage data from all remote solar PV plant installations.

Keywords: Solar monitoring, PV power plants, Web portal, PV data analysis

1. INTRODUCTION
Monitoring, analysing and management of data in a solar plant is critical for incident detection, performance
analytics and data mining. Huge stream of data is transferred from inverters, combiner boxes, weather station,
battery banks and transformers. All monitoring service providers use a web-based interface to display, to analyse
and to report data collected at the project site. To get the data from the project site to the Internet cloud, a
gateway of some sort is required. Such a complete system is described in [1].

Solar PV monitoring and data analysis solutions are nowadays expected to be more versatile, enabling efciency
and productivity gains in operations and maintenance (O&M) along with asset management activities. Early
detection of faults and underperformance conditions, remote diagnosis and troubleshooting, and streamlining
of processes are paramount as solar portfolios grow in size and O&M market prices continue to come down [2].

Developing advanced software platform, algorithms and analytics are needed to provide real time actions that
allow various actors in a generation setting to make business optimal decision. Cloud Computing Platform (CCP)
is for example found to be unique solution in this sense since it offers plant owners, managers and investors to
supervise their solar systems operations in real time. Main advantages of cloud computing are reduced costs,
increased storage, on-demand performance, and better exibility [3].

CCP does high-level analysis via the cloud. Its analytics can be used to monitor performance metrics to identify site
factors such as shading, soiling or signs of aging components, and proactively identify maintenance, servicing and
refurbishing needs. It helps optimize performance, minimize operating expenses and enhance solar energy generation.
CCP solutions offer to interpret data and provide recommendations that enable users to take action and signicantly
improve the performance of their assets. There are on the other hand important challenges to overcome; such as that
better and faster decisions are hard to accomplish due to huge stream of data ow from multiple plants [4].

In this study, we sketched up solar PV monitoring web applications within the web environments.To this extend, we recommend
how portals can be built by using advanced web technologies. In such an environment huge amount of atmospheric and
sensor data is stored on relational database servers at the back end. In the front end, all kind of advanced mobile devices is
utilized and web technologies drive rich content management. We therefore propose a web based-architectures for both
residential and commercial PV plants to collect, store and manage data from all remote solar PV plant installations.

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2 .WEB PORTAL DEVELOPMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL PV SYSTEM MONITORING

2.1. GENERAL FRAMEWORK

Web-based portals have been identied earlier as a key enabling technology for e-research and efforts under this
context are extensively reviewed in Refs [5, 6]. Since then considerable effort has been put into developing quality
portal systems for science and other technological applications. The key concept of a Web portal system is the
ability for users to login to sites through browsers. Portals may provide publicly accessible pages for anonymous
viewing, but by logging in and establishing identity, the portal can provide a number of additional features, such
as access to restricted resources.

The core notion of science portals is that a research community of interest can provide ubiquitous access to
many types of resources and can communicate and share knowledge through a common point of presence on the
web. In practice portals provide community management functions such as identity management for individual
participants, single sign-on for access to multiple communication, and compute and storage services needed by
research communities. Individual users may be able to customize their view of the resources. Because of these
distinct and benecial features, these portals have found intensive use in web-based real-time monitoring systems.

Although portals may be built with any number of Web technologies, the large number of portal activities means
that the community benets from adopting uniform, interoperable software. Here, we can make the distinction
between portal containers, which provide common features such as login support and content customization, and
their content components, known as portlets. Standards have emerged for how portlets should communicate with
their containing portal. It is now supported by a broad range of both commercial and open source portal projects
such as Liferay, gUSE, and Jetspeed2.

2.2. PROPOSED WEB PORTAL ARCHITECTURE

A simple architecture for monitoring and data management of residential PV power systems is proposed here.
Schematic illustration of the architecture is given in Figure 1. This architecture is indeed an extension of our earlier
work of WebRTS [7], which was developed for calculation of building cooling loads. ASP.NET was rst used to
display the sample data and various parameters via embedded Matlab scripts in server pages.

The architecture solution proposed in this study provides a number of services to the end user; such as those
summarized below:

A web based monitoring service for that the user is capable of getting information about system operating
parameters,
A web based control service for that the user is capable of controlling certain aspects of the operation of the
remote system,
A web based notication service for the subscribed users when a warning is necessary.

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 Figure 1. The proposed architecture for residential PV power monitoring

JavaServer Faces) JSF (has proven to be a good solution for meeting portal requirements .JSF is a specication
for user interfaces from server-side applications .The main advantage is that JSF is based on the Model-View-
Controller) MVC (model ,[8] so it offers a clean separation between presentation and logic .In addition to improving
the exibility with respect to back end data resources and reusability of portlets in general ,JSF code can be
reused in other types of applications.

3 .CLOUD MONITORING FOR COMMERCIAL PV PLANTS

3.1 GENERAL FRAMEWORK

Monitoring and data analysis solutions in commercial PV plants are increasingly expected to enable efciency and
productivity gains in operations and maintenance (O&M) along with asset management activities. Developing
advanced software platform, algorithms and analytics are needed to provide real time actions that allow various
actors in a generation setting to make business optimal decision. Cloud computing based solution is found to be
unique solution in this sense since it offers plant owners, managers and investors to supervise their solar systems
operations in real time.

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 Figure 2. The reference cloud computing model

The Cloud computing model is based on the delivery of computing as a service, whereby storage, software and
information are provided to computers and other devices as a commodity over the Internet. The advantages
of Cloud computing reduced costs, increased storage, on-demand performance, and better exibility have
motivated many companies in recent years to move their IT operations to the cloud. Schematic representation of
the reference cloud computing model is illustrated in Figure 2, whereas denition of services are summarized in
Table 1 [9].

Table 1. Cloud Platform Service Models

Category Definition
Infrastructure-as-a- - providing scalable infrastructure e.g. servers, network devices, and storage disks to
Service (IaaS) consumers as services on demand
- accessing to the cloud is provided through various user interfaces, such as web service
application programming interface (API), command-line interfaces (CLI) and graphical
user interfaces (GUI) which provide different level of abstraction
- allowing the users to control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications,
without requiring to manage or control the cloud infrastructure

Platform-as-a- - providing a platform where users or customers can create and run their applications or
Service (PaaS) programs
- allowing the users to build and deliver Web-applications without downloading and
installing required software
- responsible for the runtime execution of users given task
- the most suitable layer the developers

Software-as-a- - responsible for delivering various kinds of applications plus the interfaces for the end
Service (SaaS) users
- accessible through Webbrowsers.
- providing the modeling of software deployment where users can run their applications
without installing software on his/her own computer, with a limitation that only existing set
of services is available to the customers

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3.2. PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE
We propose here using Harran Universitys High Performance Computing Centre (HRU-HPC) for storage and
for analytics of intensive data owing from hundreds of PV plants. The HPC is composed of supercomputing
cluster and data-intensive computing system platform, as schematically shown in Figure 3 (a). The HRU-HPC has
in general 31 nodes and 572 cores. Ram memory and storage capacity are respectively 3.52 TB and 150 TB.

The platform incorporates a software architecture implemented on commodity computing clusters to provide high-
performance, data-parallel processing for applications utilizing big data. It also includes system congurations to
support both parallel batch data processing and high-performance online query applications using indexed data
les. The operating architecture of the HRU-HPC is illustrated in Figure 3 (b).

The HRU-HPC described above stores the data from various multiple PV plants worldwide, as illustrated in Figure
4. This feature is provided with ASP.NET server-side C# and client-side HTML and JavaScript, and controls XML and
SQL database between them. The communication among client-side, server-side, and database forms a structure-
based monitoring system.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Harran University HPCI Details; a) Computer Clusters, (b) Operating Scheme

Clients connect to the PV Portal via the web allowing access to the following advanced features:

Plant information either graphical or as a detailed table (csv-le)

Monitoring for all management levels
Supervision and operation of the plant
Detailed monitoring and evaluation
Yield/PR forecasting
Alarm management with individual alarm criteria
Automated reports freely congurable to specic customer needs

Clients will be able to perform analyses in full detail and to easily congure report criteria for safe and sustainable
operation of the PV systems without having to be constantly connected to the onsite system.

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 Figure 4. The proposed cloud computing model for advanced remote control

4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
In this study, we sketched up solar PV monitoring web applications within the web environments. To this extend,
we recommend how portals can be built by using advanced web technologies. In such an environment huge
amount of atmospheric and sensor data is stored on relational database servers at the back end. In the front
end, all kind of advanced mobile devices is utilized and web technologies drive rich content management. We
therefore discuss reference architectures and propose a web based-architecture to collect, store and manage
data from all remote solar PV plant installations.

Some of the highlights that can be drawn from this work are as follows:

Web based portal services converging to Cloud computing platforms

Web portal platform allows access to all kinds of level either for data or software
Cloud computing allows multi-tenant approach for using software applications
PV Plant operators are not necessary to invest information technology infrastructure
Cloud services may be used as contract base or pay per use.

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REFERENCES
1. Yu F.R. et al, Overview of Communication Systems for Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Resources, IEEE
Network, Volume: 25, Issue: 5, September-October 2011.
2. Thurston, C.W., Monitoring and data logging services multiply, PV Magazine, June 2014.
3. Chang H.C. et al, Cloud Monitoring for Solar Plants with Support Vector Machine Based Fault Detection
System, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/564517, Volume 2014.
4. Moreno-Garcia I.M. et al., Real-Time Monitoring System for a Utility-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plant, Sensors
16, 770; doi:10.3390/s16060770, 2016.
5. Alameda J, Christie M, Fox G, Futrelle J, Gannon D, Hategan M, Kandaswamy G, von Laszewski G, Nacar
MA, Pierce M, et al. The Open Grid Computing Environments collaboration: portlets and services for science
gateways. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 2007; 19: 921-942.
6. Nacar MA, Aktas MS, Pierce M, Lu Z, Erlebacher G, Kigelman D, Bollig EF, De Silva C, Sowell B, Yuen DA.
VLab: Collaborative grid services and portals to support computational material science, Concurrency and
Computation: Practice and Experience 2007; 19: 1717-1728.
7. Nacar MA, Aktacir MA, Yeilata B. Evaluation of software commonly used in cooling load calculations for
energy efcient buildings. Termodinamik 2010; 218: 86-92.
8. E. F. Bollig, P. A. Jensen, M. D. Lyness, Mehmet Nacar, P. R. C. da Silveira, D. Kigelman, G.Erlebacher, M. Pierce,
D. A. Yuen, and C. R. S. da Silva. VLAB: Web Services, Portlets, and Workows for Enabling Cyber-infrastructure
in Computational Mineral Physics, Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol. 163, pp. 333-346, 2007.
9. Naveen, P., Ing, W. K., Danquah, M. K., Sidhu, A. S., & Abu-Siada, A. (2016, March). Cloud computing for energy
management in smart grid-an application survey. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
(Vol. 121, No. 1, p. 012010). IOP Publishing.

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 0207 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS FOR A SOLAR ASSISTED HVAC UNIT
Emre zmen1*, Cevat Tanrver2
1
Mechanical Engineer, B.Sc., Robotics, M.Sc., EON Group
2
Mechanical Engineer, M.Sc., Tanrver Enginering
Corresponding email: e.ozmen@eongrup.com.tr
*Corresponding author: Emre zmen

ABSTRACT
Solar assisted HVAC system is a renewable energy method of adding pressure and heat to the refrigeration cycle
which results in a reduced compressor workload, which means saving electrical energy. Solar thermal system
harvests the solar energy in a modulating way and replaces a percentage of mechanical energy required to power
a compressor. This keeps the compressor in low stage or low capacity, while delivering full and part-load cooling
requirements, creating signicant energy savings. In order to prove the benet of using the solar thermal panel
(SunTrac Solar Manufacturing smart panel) in a Variable Refrigerant Volume (Fujitsu VRF) application, a proof of
concept test was conducted at the Tanrver Engineering ofce building in October of 2016. The test was set up
with the assistance of the Mechanical Engineer (M.Sc.) Mr. Cevat Tanrver, president of Tanrver Mhendislik
who is also interested in promoting mechanical system designs with renewable energy applications in Turkey
and Mechanical Engineer (M.Sc.) Mr. Emre zmen, president of EON Grup, consultant of controls and monitoring
system for this application. Under the short term testing conditions, the measured compressor (electrical) energy
consumption was reduced by 33% (peak value) as a result of the solar panel energy contribution.

Keywords: solar assisted HVAC system, renewable energy, suntrac solar (STSM), solar thermal panel, solar assisted
compressor

1. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to sustainable energy as they generally contribute to
world energy security, reducing dependence on fossil fuel resources and providing opportunities for mitigating
greenhouse gases.[1]International Energy Agency (2007). Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts
sheet, OECD

Concentrating solar power (CSP) is one of the latest renewable energy technologies. It is a kind of green energy
which can be extracted economically and consumed without any signicant negative impact to the environment.

As sun is the ultimate renewable energy source, using solar energy directly (converting the suns energy to heat)
in cooling and heating applications, will bring energy saving and efciency.

We can increase HVAC system efciency and reduce operating expenses by replacing a percentage of mechanical
energy required to power a compressor (saving electricity), with modulated solar thermal energy.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to prove the benet of using solar thermal panel (SunTrac Solar Manufacturing smart panel) in a Variable
Refrigerant Volume (VRF) application, a proof of concept test was conducted at the Tanrver Engineering
ofce building in October of 2016. The test was set up with the assistance of the Mechanical Engineer
(M.Sc.) Mr. Cevat Tanrver, president of Tanrver Mhendislik who is also interested in promoting mechanical
system designs with renewable energy applications in Turkey and Mechanical Engineer (M.Sc.) Mr. Emre zmen,
president of EON Grup, consultant of controls and monitoring system for this application.

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The objectives of the application are listed below:

1. Successfully implement a test of a thermal panel in a VRF type application

2. Measure and compare the electrical energy consumption of an existing VRF system with and without solar
panel implementation in real time.
3. Find out if thermal panel interfere with the local control system of VRF and what kind of control system shall
be applied to system (VRF equipped with solar thermal panel).

The test set up:

One (1) SunTrac Solar Model STS-TC32R solar thermal panel (See Figure 1) with nominal 26 kW capacity
implemented to an existing Fujitsu 40 kW capacity VRF system.

The VRF system is consisting of one (1) Fujitsu model AJY126LBTF 40 kW capacity outdoor unit and six (6) indoor
units. Outdoor unit has three (3) compressors, one of which is inverter driven, variable capacity compressor, the
other two are constant speed compressors. So, there are one (1) variable speed and two (2) constant speed scroll
compressors in one (1) outdoor unit on condenser side (See Figure 2).

On the evaporator side of the refrigeration circuit, there are six (6) indoor units with total capacity of 49,7 kW. All
of them serve the indoor areas of ofce building. One indoor unit serves to server room, three indoor units serve
to general ofce area, one indoor unit serves to meeting room and one indoor unit serves to managing directors
room. The capacity table for indoor units as follows:

Capacity Fujitsu Model No. Area

6,9 kW ASYA24LATF Managing Director's room
3,6 kW ASYE12LACF Server room
6,9 kW ASYA24LATF Meeting room
6,9 kW ASYA24LATF Ofce
12,7 kW ARXA45LATF Ofce
12,7 kW ARXA45LATF Ofce

Figure 1

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 Figure 2

Before running the test, a SunTrac STS-TC32R panel was implemented to be in series with the hot gas refrigerant
line just after the compressor high pressure outlet and before inlet to the condenser. (See Figure 3 and 4). And a
bypass line for adding the solar panel to the refrigerant circuit or exclude it from the circuit was also constructed
on the refrigerant circuit.

Figure 3

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 Figure 4

The SunTrac Thermal Panel was mounted in accordance with STSM installation manual above a metal construction.
It faces south at an angle of approximately 16 degrees from horizontal [for cooling only position the slope is
calculated as (latitude of Istanbul-25 degree), (41-25=16 degree)] above the Fujitsu outdoor units. (See Figures
5&6)

Figure 5

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 Figure 6

The installation was conducted by an experienced technical team of the local Air Conditioning dealer (Geliim
Istma ve Soutma Sistemleri- www.gelisimklima.com.tr) who witnessed the testing and veried that the Fujitsu
VRF System was operating normally after the retrot.

In order to add or exclude the solar panel, two solenoid valves were installed in the refrigeration circuit to act as
an on-off three way valve. They were interlocked reverse to each other in the switching panel. The panel bypass
operation could be user driven (via hand switch in the switching cabinet) or automatically (via thermal panel micro
switches which are activated automatically during sunrise and sunset). The thermal panel bypass operation was
applied several times during the test and the refrigerant was forced through the panel or bypassed the panel.

In order to measure and evaluate the electrical power consumption, the monitoring system was implemented
using BOREAS IOT with web interface & current sensor. The current sensor measured one phase amperage.
The monitoring system measured and logged the data and mapped to a web page graphics to show real time
measurements as trends. (See Figure 7 & 8)

Figure 7

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 Figure 8

3. RESULTS
The test was done on the 4th of October 2016 in Bykekmece-Istanbul. It was a partly cloudy, warm autumn day.
(See gure 9). In the afternoon, it was more cloudy and there was strong wind. The temperature of the relevant
indoor area was set as 22 C through indoor unit thermostats.

Figure 9

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The VRF system was operating in bypass mode (the solar thermal panel was bypassed) in the morning. The indoor
unit of the server room was operating continuously at all time and three indoor units of general ofce areas were
also started to operate in the morning. At 10:45 am, the solar thermal panel was added to the circuit (normal
mode) by activating the bypass switch in the switching cabinet manually. It was observed that current readings
were stable after 10-15 minutes from the activation of bypass circuit. When the solar panel was added to the
circuit, it took some time for panel to pass the solar energy (heat) into the refrigerant passing through. And when
the collector was excluded (bypassed), it took some time for compressor to react to the indoor heat load.

Figure 10

The objectives that were achieved as follows:

1 The Solar Thermal Panel adds heat to refrigeration circuit of the VRF system
When the refrigerant was passed through the SunTrac panel, the temperature rise was measured as between
8 14 C. The measurements were made with the help of a handheld Infrared temperature thermometer (Testo
830-T1)

2 The addition of solar thermal energy to the refrigerant system in a modulating way, replaces a percentage
of mechanical energy required to power the compressor. This keeps compressor in lower capacity than
usual and creates particular savings.
The trend above indicates the compressors total amperage draw in real time (See Figure 10). Normally the
indoor unit serving to server room was operating continuously on 7/24 basis. The other three (3) indoor units
were operated one by one and there were four (4) indoor units operating when time was 09:30 am. During
system operation, without thermal solar panel, the recorded data showed that (between 09:30 am and 10:45
am), the min. current value was 11,7 A, the max. current value was 19,33 A, the average current value was 13,37
A. When the thermal panel was added to the circuit, the amperage draw was decreased signicantly. The VRF
system operated with solar thermal panel between 10:45 am and 12:00. During this period, the min. current value
was 7,6 A, the max. current value was 13,55 A, the average current value was 8,85 A. The trend showed that the
thermal solar panel caused the compressors to draw less amperage. The decrease in amperage from 13,37 A to
8,85 showed a power reduction of 33,8%

In the afternoon, the indoor heat load was lost due to warm weather condition. So the test was terminated.
Although there were six (6) indoor units in the building, only four (4) of them were operated during the test.

3 There was no need of modification of VRF local control system and any additional controls.
It is found that the thermal solar panel did not interfere with the local control system of VRF. The local control
system of Fujitsu VRF system performed as designed. VRF control system could be able to understand the energy
addition from solar panel and to modulate the variable speed compressor from high load to low load as well as
on-off control of other two (2) compressors accordingly. The solar thermal panel has also local control system. It
can track the sun, then harvest and transfer the solar energy in a modulating manner. So the outlet temperature of
the gas leaving the panel can be limited.

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4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The solar assisted air conditioning system is a renewable energy method of adding pressure and heat to the
refrigeration cycle which results in a decreased compressor workload, saving energy. This solar thermal system
displaces a part of mechanical energy used by variable speed compressors, which keeps the compressor in low
capacity, while delivering cooling requirements. This creates signicant energy savings.

The benets of using solar panel in HVAC system can be summarized as follows:
Decreases HVAC system electrical consumption
Increases HVAC system efciency
Increases HVAC system life span, reducing risk of HVAC system failures

This test was done under very short term test conditions and it was not cooling season. We can only prove that
solar assisted VRF system works successfully within this test. Same testing is planned to continue over a couple of
months in the near future during summer time where there is plenty of indoor heat load. Then we can understand
the maximum gures of the savings and efciency.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks to Tanrver Mhendislik for granting the test place, supplying Fujitsu VRF and leading test setup,
Prokontrol Otomasyon Sistemleri Ltd. for supplying the Suntrac Solar Thermal Panel (STSM) and switching cabinet,
Geliim Istma ve Soutma Sistemleri for all installation works of refrigerant circuit and test setup, Boreas for
supplying the monitoring system.

REFERENCES
1. International Energy Agency (2007). Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet, OECD
2. STSM (Suntrac Solar Manufacturing) Commercial Installation Guide 2016
3. FUJITSU Product Catalogue 2009

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 0209 - ENERGY YIELD POTENTIAL MAPS OF BIPV SYSTEMS FOR TURKEY
Mehmet Azmi Aktacir*,Blent Yeilata, Sami Abamor, Nurettin Beli
Harran University GAP YENEV R&D Center, Sanliurfa, Trkiye
Corresponding email: aktacir@harran.edu.tr
*Corresponding Author: Mehmet Azmi Aktacir

ABSTRACT:
Renewable energy systems in buildings can be utilized to meet the all or a partial energy needs of the building. In
this context, photovoltaic (PV) panels/modules integrated to the faade or roof of a building convert sunlight into
electricity for instantaneous use or later use by storing. The energy yield of such Building Integrated Photovoltaic
System (BIPV) depend on many factors such as, the sun angle, meteorological conditions, building orientation, PV
material and module efciency. Although there are many international studies under this context from different
perspectives; analysis for Turkey is rather limited. In this study, we analyze utilization potential of BIPV system
throughout Turkey. For this purpose, the electrical energy productions from roof and faades of a reference
building with selected dimensions have been calculated for all provinces in Turkey. Potential utilization maps are
generated and discussed in detail. Results interestingly demonstrate that even north side of Turkey, namely the
Black-sea region, can efciently benet from BIPV application to facades of buildings.

Keywords: Solar energy Turkey, Energy yield potantial maps, BIPV systems, PV panel Turkey

1. INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy can be generated by placing photovoltaic (PV) panels on the facades and roofs of the buildings
to meet the all or a partialenergy need of the buildings. Thus, it became possible to obtain the "near zero / net
zero energy buildings" that produce the all or partial of the energy consumed in buildings [1, 2].

Photovoltaic panels generated the electricity energy directly from the solar energy, can be used as a building
compound by being placed on the facades and roofs of the buildings. This is called "building integrated
photovoltaic systems" (BIPV).

PV panels installed on the facades of buildings should be exposed directly to the sun for maximum energy
production. The energy yield of such BIPV depend on many factors such as, the sun angle, local meteorological
conditions, building orientation, PV material and module efciency [3, 4]. Local climate features have a signicant
impact on solar radiation values [3]. In BIPV applications, optimum solution should be provided considering the
parameters that affected on the energy production. Although there are many international studies under this
context from different perspectives; analysis for Turkey is rather limited.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the annual potential of the electrical energy production of BIPV systemper
the unit surface area. The study was done for meteorological conditions of all the provinces in Turkey. As aresult
of this study, itwas provided that energyyields potential maps of Turkey for BIPVapplications. These maps have
useful information for investors and designers. Therefore, they are the simple tools for pre-evaluation of BIPV.
Using these maps, Annual electrical energy production from BIPV application for a desired city of Turkey can be
easily found.

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

In this study; Energy performance analyzes of BIPV systems for all provinces in Turkey have been carried out. A
computer program has been prepared. The radiation model proposed by ASHRAE has been used to nd the solar
radiation values [5].

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This study consists of three parts. In the rst part of the study, the effect on the electric energy production from
building facade in BIPV applications is determined. For this purpose, the north, south, west and east sides of the
building have been examined. In the second part of the study, the inuence of the slope angle of the PV panel
mounted at buildings roof on the electric energy production values was investigated. The energy productions of
the PV system were calculated for 6 different roof slopes at 0-75 in the south direction and at 15 intervals. In the
third part of the study, energy yields potential maps of Turkey for BIPV applicationswereobtained according to the
different cases dened in the otherparts.

The PV panel technology used in the calculations is monocrystalline and the efciency of PV panel was taken as
20%. The surface temperature of PV panels was not taken into consideration in electricity production.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the rst part of this study, in case of BIPV application to the north, south, west and east facades of the buildings,
annual electrical energy production values were calculated as a kWh/m2 and then, potential utilization maps for all
provinces in Turkey are generated. Figure 1 shows the electrical energy performance maps for different facades
in BIPV application.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 1. Energy yield potential maps of BIPV systems for Turkey,
a) in application to South facades of buildings,b)in application to North facades of buildings,
c) in application to East facades of buildings,d)in application to West facades of buildings.

As can be seen in Figure 1, the highest performance values were obtained in application to South facades of
building. As expected, the lowest performance values were obtained in application to North facades of building.

As can be seen from Figure 1a, in the south faade application, the electric energy production values wereobtained
between 258.63 and 269.35 kWh/m2 andthe higher performance have been obtained in cities in the north of
Turkey.As can be seen from Figure 1b, in the north faade application, the electric energy production values were
obtained between 58.12 and 61.74 kWh/m2.As it can be seen, high performances of this applicationwere in the
south side of Turkey.

The map obtained in application to east facades of buildingwas shown in Figure 1c, and the electric energy
production values were obtained between 179.39 and 190.79 kWh/m2. As can be seen from gure, the eastern

- 554 -
faade has the higher performance in the south of Turkey.
The map for BIPV application installed on the west facades of buildings was shown in Figure 1d, the production
values of electric energy obtained according to the provinces were ranged from 184.35 to 192.21 kWh/m2.As can
be seen, the higherperformancesfor this application wasseen in the south of Turkey.

At the second part of this study that considering 6 types of roofs oriented to the south of the buildings, annual
energy production in kWh/m2 were calculated. Thus, Potential utilization maps are generated for all provinces in
Turkey.Theelectrical energy production maps for 6 different roofs oriented to the south in BIPV application were
shown in Figure 2.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
Figure 2. Energy yield potential maps of BIPV systems for Turkey;
a) in application to 75roof, b) in application to 60roof, c) in application to 45roof,
d) in application to 30roof, e) in application to 15roof, f) in application to Horizontal roof.

In Figure 2a, electrical energy production values were presented for the 75sloping roof application. The
distributions of electric energy production values were varied from 309.93 to 314.06 kWh/ m2; the higher
performance was seen in the north of Turkey.

The electrical energy production for the 60 roof application were presented in Figure 2b. The electrical energy
production values of provinces were calculated between 336.62 and 338.96kWh/m2.

In Figure 2c, the electrical energy production were givenfor the 45 roof application. these values for all provinces
in Turkey were changed between 370.22 and 379.84 kWh/m2.

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The electrical energy production values for 30sloping roof application are shown in Figure 2d. These values were
ranged from 367.26 to 383.31 kWh/m2 according to provinces.

In Figure 2e, generated electrical energy values were given in the application of 15 sloping roof according to the
cities. The distributions of electrical energy production were between 343.29 and 364.79 kWh/m2 according to
the cities.

In Figure 2f, electrical energy production values were presented according to horizontal roof application. The
electricity distributionswere between 299.81 and 325.56 kWh/m2 according to the cities.

As can be seen from Figure 2, higher performances among the roof types examined were seen in 30and 45
sloping roof applications. As given in Figures 2 c and d, the highest performances in 30and 45 sloping roof
applications were obtained in the southern side of Turkey. In the same way, the lowest performances among the
examined roof applications were obtained with horizontal and 75 roof applications. At these roofs, the highest
performances were seen in the north of Turkey.

4. CONCLUSION
In this study, annual electrical energy production was calculated per unit surface area for photovoltaic applications
integrated into the building under the meteorological conditions of all the cities of Turkey. Thus, using the
calculated values, electric energy potential maps of different BIPV applications for Turkey have been obtained.

At the photovoltaic applications of building vertical facades (north, south-east and west), when annual performance
is considered,as expected, the maximum production was seen in South facade application and the minimum
production was seen in north facade application. In Eastern and Western facade applications, electric energy
production performance is approximately equal to each other. Results interestingly demonstrate that even north
side of Turkey, namely the Black-sea region, can efciently benet from BIPV application to South facades of
buildings.

Taking into account annual performance in roof applications, maximum electrical energy production is seen in
30 and 45 inclined roof applications. In these practices, the best performance according to the citieswas seen
cities which are in the southern part of Turkey. The worst performance in terms of electricity generation is seen in
at roof and 75 roof applications. In these applications, the best performances according to the cities were seen
where in the cases of falling to the north of Turkey.

As a result,the electrical energy production in kWh per m2for BIPV applications was determined according to
provinces in Turkey. Using these values,Pre-evaluation for BIPV applications will be easy at the all provinces in
Turkey.

REFERENCES
1. Clara Good, Inger Andresen, Anne Grete Hestnes, Solar energy for net zero energy buildings A comparison
between solar thermal, PV and photovoltaicthermal (PV/T) systems, Solar Energy 122 (2015) 986996.
2. FabrizioAscione, Nicola Bianco, Olaf Bttcher, Robert Kaltenbrunner, Giuseppe Peter Vanoli, Net zero-energy
buildings in Germany: Design, model calibration and lessons learned from a case-study in Berlin, Energy and
Buildings, Volume 133, 1 December 2016, Pages 688710.
3. C. Ferrara, H.R. Wilson, W. Sprenger, Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) Modelling, Measurement
and Assessment, 2017, Pages 235250,Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany,
Woodhead Publishing.
4. Mehmet Azmi Aktacir, Blent Yeilata, Binaya entegre fotovoltaik sistemlerde cephe yn ve at eim as
etkilerinin incelenmesi, 12. Ulusal Tesisat Mhendislii Kongresi 8-11 Nisan 2015, zmir.
5. 2013 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Chapter 15.

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 0210 - POSSIBLE UTILIZATION OF CANAL-TOP SOLAR POWER PLANTS IN THE GAP
REGION
M. Azmi Aktacir, Nurettin Beli*, Ahmet E. Altparmak, Blent Yeilata
Harran University GAP YENEV R&D Center, Sanliurfa, Trkiye
Corresponding author: nbesli@harran.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Nurettin Beli

ABSTRACT
Utilizing irrigation canal tops for PV power generation is benecial in agricultural intensive regions. Some large-
scale canal-top PV power plants in India recently started to generate electricity. Main benets of such application
are; use of unutilized canal top area for installation, saving water from evaporation, infrastructure development
in nearby vicinity of canal and more efcient PV power yield due to reducing panel-back-surface temperature. In
this study, we analyze utilization potential of canal-top solar power plants in the GAP Region. For this purpose,
we consider the Mardin-Ceylanpnar irrigation canal, which was recently completed and will carry water from the
Atatrk Reservoir into eastern Turkey to irrigate one of the largest agricultural land in the World. The length of
the canal is 221 kilometer, along which over 2 million decares of agricultural land will be irrigated. In our analysis,
we calculated PV power generation potential of the canal-top plant per kilometer and extended it to the total
length. Preliminary results remarkably indicate that over 1 TWh electricity production per year can be achieved by
employing these unused canal-top areas.

Keywords: GAP region, canal-top, PV, plant

1. INTRODUCTION
Utilizing irrigation canal tops for PV power generation is viable in agricultural intensive regions. Main benets of
such application are; use of unutilized canal top area for installation, saving water from evaporation, infrastructure
development in nearby vicinity of canal and more efcient PV power yield due to reducing panel-back-surface
temperature [1,2]. Even though these multiple benets are generally accepted, only two of them as against
conventional ground-mounted systems were widely reported the amount of land it would save and also the
amount of water it would save, which would have otherwise been lost due to evaporation [3].

Gujarat/India [4] was the rst in the world to implement a 1 MW canal-top solar power project [5], as illustrated in
Figure 1(a). The project avoids high land costs and also saves a signicant amount of water through the prevention
of evaporation. Gujarat has about 458 km of open main canal, while the total canal length, including sub-branches,
is about 19,000 km at present. Assuming a utilization of only 10% of the existing canal network, it is estimated that
2,2 GW of solar power generating capacity can be installed by covering the canals with solar panels. This also
implies that 45 square-km of land can be potentially conserved along with about 20 billion liters of water saved
per year [6]. The only problem with the project was its high cost. At the time, it came up it cost $2.9 million for 1
MW, about 50% more expensive than a conventional ground mounted solar plant [7].

However, at later stage, larger capacity of 10 MW canal-top solar power plant was built by a national engineering
company and cost per MW remarkably came down to level of $2.9 million. Canal-perpendicular orientation of PV
panels were preferred for this project, as illustrated in Figure 1(b). The electricity generated is used to power ve
pumping generators situated along canals to draw water and supply them for irrigation. The cost of electricity
in the region is relatively cheaper, about 11 cents per kWh [8]. Ever since the success of a 1 MW canal-top solar
PV project in Gujarat, several state governments have announced plans to set up such projects. Indias northern
state of Punjab for example plans to set up 1 GW of solar PV projects to cover 5,000 km of canals across the state.
Through this program, the government hopes to generate 15% of the states total electricity demand [9].

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 (a) (b)

Figure 1. Pioneer canal top PV plants in Gujarat/India; (a) 1 MW as the first step (b) 10 MW as next step.

The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) of India recently has issued guidelines to set up 100 MW solar
power capacity over and along the canals in the country. The program is expected to employ solar photovoltaic
power projects of capacity 1 to 10 MW installed over canals and on the banks of the canals in India [8]. The total
cost of the program will be around $160 million, out of which about $38 million will be provided as nancial
assistance by the central government. All of the projects will be required to be commissioned within a span of
three years. 50 MW of capacity will be set up to cover the canals while 50 MW of capacity will be set up along the
banks of the canals [10].

India is not the only country having interest of installing canal top PV power plants. Comprehensive research work
in USA for feasibility of such plant for California Water Canals was also performed [11]. The analysis included
a suitability index used to determine the best locations for the project, a life cycle analysis, and calculations of
levelized cost of energy and net present value that support the implementation of this project. They further
investigated the potential technology and nancing sources for this project, as well as its risks, uncertainties,
and insurance. The research indicated that implementation of systems of varying scales would have signicant
environmental and economic benets.

Despite of its many obvious benets, installing canal-top PV power plant has signicant challenges to overcome.
First of all, the construction of canal-top power plants is technically and structurally very different from rooftop or
ground-based solar PV projects. The mounting structures for the solar PV modules cannot be heavy, as it could
adversely impact the structural integrity of the canal itself. The structures should be easy to work with, as they
are to be set up over a slope. Moisture and electronics make poor bedfellows, typically, so the network may be
more difcult to maintain than normal. Building the panels is more difcult than arranging them on at land.
Transmission needs a lot of cables as miles of solar canals [12].

In this study, we analyze utilization potential of canal-top solar power plants in the GAP Region of Turkey [13]. Our
analysis is only the beginning in the development of a comprehensive feasibility since there are many factors to
be considered and optimized accordingly. We thus present here a simple methodology and draft roadmap for
utilization of this innovative application in Turkey, starting from the GAP region.

2. SELECTION OF THE APPLICATION SITE

The methodology of canal top PV projects is quite different from that of ground mounted one. Unlike ground-
mounted projects, which are located on the sites with maximum solar radiation to harness maximum solar energy
utilizing barren lands, canal top projects consider preventing water from evaporation as much as utilizing canal
tops. The site should be located at such area where it should not disturb reserved forests, natural vegetation,
wildlife, nearby villages, ecosystems etc.

In this study, we consider GAP Region, which hosts one of the largest irrigation area in the world, as schematically
shown in Figure 2.

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 Figure 2. Schematic representation of the GAP Region indicating selected route of Mardin-Ceylanpinar canal
[14].

As an estimation purpose, Mardin-Ceylanpinar irrigation canal is selected. This canal was recently completed and
will carry water from the Atatrk Reservoir into eastern Turkey to irrigate one of the largest agricultural land in the
World. The length of the canal is 221 kilometer, along which over 2 million decares of agricultural land will be
irrigated. The dashed line extending from Ataturk Dam through Mardin in Figure 2 represents route of the canal.
The long canal route posses some difculties for installing PV arrays. The main canal is either too wide or to narrow
at some locations and it is hard to optimize PV array installation. On the route, there are also sharp changes in
geometry of the line, changes in wide or in depth. Some of these challenges are illustrated in Figure 3.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 3. Geometrical challenges for canal top PV applications (a) Variation in line-geometry, (b) Variation in
water-depth, (c) Variation in side-field, (d) Variation in width.

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 Figure 4. Satellite map of the selected 1 km prototype application.

3. DISCUSSION OF PRELIMINARY FEASIZBILITY ANALYSIS

Energy yield performance of a pilot canal topping PV plant at a location described in Figure 4 is calculated by using
Solar Med Atlas [15]. Obtained results are illustrated in Figure 5. In calculations; south faced mono-crystalline PV
panels in north-south line is used. Tilt with the line is 15-degree, total system loss is 6% including inverter-based
losses. Rated power of the plant is 3 MWp since total available canal-topping area for PV Panels is 45 000 m2.
Yielded annual energy under these conditions is nearly 5 GWh. Extrapolation of this output to whole Mardin-
Ceylanpnar canal length, total generated energy will yield to nearly 1000 GWh, in other words to 1 TWh with no
landing acquirement cost.

Figure 5. Satellite map of the selected 1 km prototype application.

There are however some other challenges to achieve this output. Total project installation cost of a canal topping
PV plant is more expensive than its ground-mounted counter. Variation of the project cost as a function of canal-
width is shown in Figure 6. Numbers showing installation costs in Fig. 6(a) are for indicative purpose and it is only
meaningful for comparison. For example, project cost increases twice in comparison to a ground-mounted one,
when canal-width goes up to 45 m. On the other hand, ratio of project cost per decreases with increasing canal-
width as shown in Figure 6(b).

Main issue behind of this signicant cost increase is the constructional requirements. The construction of canal-
top power plants is indeed technically and structurally very different from ground based solar PV projects. Figure
7 is just a summary illustration of these construction challenges, of which solutions require some steps to be
followed before installation.

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In rst step, straight and parallel stretches must be located across the canal for proper installation of PV arrays.
Feet area over bridges present in some trenches of canal needs to be detected before location of installation
spots. In second step, shadow-casting objects like trees, vegetation along the stretch needs to be cut. Stone,
pebbles, shrubs, needs to be clear for proper construction. Legal permission issues must be taken care of as well
for these actions.

In third step, for construction, ground level of canal side to be checked before foundation casting for module
mounting. This is one of the main issue occur in installation time. And mechanical strength of base, soil type
should be surveyed.

Just after solving issues in these steps accordingly, installation of PV panels can be considered. For installation,
mostly xed tilt option is used due to sustaining relatively easier operation and maintenance [7].

(a) (b)
Figure 6. Cost variation versus canal width; (a) Total project installation cost, (b) Project cost per meter of canal
width [7].

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 7. Structural challenges for canal top PV applications (a) requirement of a robust metal/steel
construction (b) requirement of a strong concrete foundation, (c) requirement of walking spaces for cleaning/
maintenance, (d) canal-perpendicular orientation of PV panels, which is sometimes required to receive
maximum solar radiation.

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4. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE WORK
In this study, we analyze utilization potential of canal-top solar power plants in the GAP Region. For this purpose,
we consider the Mardin-Ceylanpnar irrigation canal, which was recently completed and will carry water from the
Atatrk Reservoir into eastern Turkey to irrigate one of the largest agricultural land in the World. The length of
the canal is 221 kilometer, along which over 2 million decares of agricultural land will be irrigated. In our analysis,
we calculated PV power generation potential of the canal-top plant per kilometer and extended it to the total
length. Preliminary results remarkably indicate that over 1 TWh electricity production per year can be achieved by
employing these unused canal-top areas.

Other main benets of canal-top solar power plants are; saving of water from evaporation in hot climate condition,
performance improvement of power generation through solar due to cooling effect below the module and nally
infrastructure development in nearby vicinity of canal that creates employment opportunity for local residents. We
will study on quantifying these important benets as future work.

REFERENCES
1. Gopalan P., Narmada Canal: Producing Solar Energy While Saving Water, Case study by Sun Edison: http://
www.sunedison.com, 2012.
2. Arora D., Field Study Report, www.ddugjy.gov.in/mis/portal/eld_study.html, retrieved on Nov. 15, 2016.
3. Upadhyay A., Indias Largest Canal-Top Solar PV Plant To Come Online in Gujarat, Oct. 28, 2014.
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Solar_Power_Project
6. Shahan Z., Indias Solar Canals, Clean Technica, March 24, 2013.
7. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/feasibility-assessment-approach-cost-benet-analysis-ashish-verma
8. Pandit V., Now Gujarat to cover Narmada canals with solar panels, The Hindu BusinessLine, April 23, 2012.
9. Mittal S., India Plans 100 MW Solar Power Capacity To Cover Canals, Clean Technica, Dec. 20, 2014.
10. Kumarankandath A., After Gujarat, more states to harness solar power from canaltop, DownToEarth, Apr. 28,
2015.
11. Briglio T. et al, Feasibility Analysis of Installing Solar Panels over California Waterways, UCLA Institute of the
Environment and Sustainability, June 2014.
12. Chadha M., Lockheed Martin To Provide Nanotech-Based Structures For Canal-Top Solar Power Projects In
India, Clean Technica, Nov. 16, 2014.
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Project
14. https://vertigo.revues.org/docannexe/image/3869/img-4.png
15. http://www.solar-med-atlas.org/solarmed-atlas/

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 0211 - PHOTOSYNTHESIS; MIRACLE OF ORGANIC LIFE AND ITS TECHNOLOGIES
Sddk li
*Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding email: s_icli@yahoo.com

Photochemical reaction carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water in at our atmosphere, production of amino acids,
following protein molecular structures, nally creation of micro-living species, and the birth of plants, animals!
These microscopic molecular structures (in rivers, lakes, seas) had given birth to moss on land, further all sorts of
plants, animals and human beings, that is called as the Miracle of Universe.
K
Q&2Q+2&+2Q2KHDW(

Consumption of fossil fuels over millenia, now had given birth to atmospheric enhancement of heat, variation of
seasons and exhaustion of limited energy sources. As a result, conversion of solar energy into electricity is now a
most attractive technology. Basic advantages are no carbon dioxide emission, quite-peaceful and adaptabilty to
nature. As known, miracle of photosynthesis, provides the energy needs of all living species on our Earth.

On the other hand, in last quarter of century, Organic Photo-Electronic Technologies of OLED, OFET, OPV, entered
rapidly to our daily life. A distinct example is OLED-Organic LED lamps. Mobile phones, Lap-Top Computers,
colored TVs e.t.c. were based on OLED technology. Of course, these developments on Organic Technologies,
are steps to adaption of human kind into nature, leaving the emoployment of steel, iron and birghtons our future
centuries.1 The OLEDs and lowing the OPV-Organic Photo Voltaics and OFET-Organic Field Effect Transistors,
entrering into all of our elektronic systems, capable us compatability of our technological systems-tools into
nature, and our Earth will not be threatend by poisonous waste problems, our running waters will be drinkable-
washable.

1. Natural & Articial Photosynthesis: Solar Power as an Energy Source, R. Razeghifard, ISBN: 978-1- 118-16006-0,
Wiley, Nov. 2013.

*Retired on 2 June. 2014.

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 0212 - COMPARISON OF BIFACIAL AND SINGLE-SIDED SOLAR HETEROJUNCTION
MODULES
A. idem Besen, Ertan Arkan, Alborz Ebrahimi*
GTC Foreign Trade Limited, Organize Sanayi, 11. Cadde. No.2, Adyaman, Trkiye
Corresponding email: ebrahimi@itu.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Alborz Ebrahimi

ABSTRACT
Bifacial solar modules use direct and diffused sunlight to produce energy from the front and rear surfaces of the
module. As a bifacial module under simulator has about 90% power at back as it has in the front, effectively, it
produces more output energy than mono-facial solar panels. The back face of the panel generates electricity from
ambient light reected off from surrounding surfaces. Depending upon system design and at site reection, the
albedo, this will result in higher power generation. Typically, the silicon material used for bifacial solar cells must
be of superior quality such that photogenerated electric charges near the rear surface can contribute to power
production as they travel towards the emitter on the front surface without suffering from excess recombination.
The design also necessitates the use of transparent, high light transmitting glass and encapsulating materials on
both sides of modules. This paper is a comparison study between bifacial and single-sided solar heterojunction
modules installed in the city of Adiyaman, Turkey, under high solar radiation levels, in a dry climate, reaching high
temperatures during the day. The modules used are same, bifacial modules. The single sided module is also a
bifacial one which the double side effectively cancelled by covering its back with a black sheet. After assembly,
operating analysis and performance comparative study were carried out for each month, it was concluded that
bifacial module generated much more power (more kwh) per square meter than the single-sided one. The paper
aims to identify steps to be taken for higher performance of these modules such as improvement on design
features, cell quality, placement of modules in the installation and any other alternative engineering that may
increase the yield as to suggestions where the installations are made.

Keywords: Bifacial solar panels, Photovoltaic modules, Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer (HIT).

1. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic has played an important role in renewable energy sources of the next generation. The ultimate goal
in designing a photovoltaic solar module is to realize high efciency, low production cost and high stability. In
recent years, the search for low cost, highly efcient solar cells has resulted in Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin
layer (HCT) technology The Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer (HCT) technology, has signicantly reduced
recombination loss, resulting in greater conversion efciency. In addition HCT has exhibited a low-temperature
coefcient and can produce more electricity than conventional crystalline silicon solar panels at the same
temperature as the temperature rise [1]. The symmetric bifacial Heterojunction Cell Technology (HCT) solar cell
makes use of thin amorphous silicon lms to produce a p-i-(Si substrate)-i-n junction. The thin lms are deposited
both on the front and back side of the substrate for bifacial action [2].

Bifacial solar cells are designed to allow light to enter from both sides. The technology for front surface design is
similar to that used in industry-standard screen printed solar cells. Rather than cover the entire back surface with
a reective aluminum contact, the n type wafers bifacial properties are used and sunlight is allowed through the
rear. As a result, the diffused light through the back which depends on the reectivity of site, the albedo, will result
in producing electricity from rear side.

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 Figure 1. Mono-facial solar cell (left), Bifacial solar cell (right)

The silicon material used for bifacial solar cells must be of high quality in such a way that even in low density light,
production as per the diffused light level, the electric charges near the rear surface should be effective in building
sufcient current as they travel towards the emitter on the front surface. This means recombination losses must be
minimized. The expression for the recombination of electrons in a p-type semiconductor is given by below eqs.:

Where np is the electron concentration and np0 is electron concentration at thermal equilibrium. And similarly for
holes in an n-type semiconductor:

Where the parameter Y can be interpreted as the average time after which an excess minority carrier recombines,
pn is the hole concentration and pn0 is hole concentration at thermal equilibrium of an n-type semiconductor.

It is widely admitted that the dominating loss mechanism in heterojunction solar cells is the so-called Shockley
ReadHall (SRH) recombination. Recombination is then mediated by interface states, which capture both electrons
and holes from conduction and valence band, respectively. The SRH carrier lifetime results by summing terms
related to the capture rate of electrons and holes in the recombination centers. Cn (capture rate of electrons in the
recombination center) can be written as:

Where e stands for the positive elementary charge, n corresponds to the free electron concentration, and EFn
accounts for the electron quasi Fermi level. Cp (capture rate of holes in the recombination center) being p the hole
concentration and EFp the hole quasi-Fermi level is also given by below equation:

The recombination rate then can be written as equation 5:

In heterojunction semiconductors Cp and Cn decrease as the recombination process goes faster, resulting lower
recombination rate [3].

An n type wafer is almost same power at front and back as can be directly measured under a asher. Hence, the
limit to back side production is the light itself. On the poles, the bifacial modules can be placed vertical for best

- 565 -
performance, making a hunch back energy output curve. The Sunpreme module we have used measures 90% at
back of its front power.

At module level, the design of the module must use a transparent back encapsulating material as well as transparent
back cover (i.e. glass). The transmissivity and anti-reection of both the back cover and the back encapsulant for
all the wavelengths of light will affect the rear side electric production directly.

Typically, the applications of bifacial solar modules are in areas where signicant light can be reected off the
ground or surrounding materials. There are also many reports in the literature for utilizing bifacial solar modules
in Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) applications. [4-6]. The combination of increasing peak efciencies of
wafers and signicant reductions in the cost of solar glass in recent years has popularized the use of bifacial solar
modules.

In this study, one bifacial photovoltaic heterojunction module is compared with itself blocking its back side so that
we can measure the contribution of the rear side electrical production comprehensively. The test site installation
is in Adiyaman, Turkey, under high solar radiation levels, in a dry climate, reaching high temperatures during the
day. After installation, the performance comparison results were recorded each 15 minutes.

Below, we briey dene the test set-up. Then, rear side energy results of each month are given for the module and
nally in the discussion section, an analysis has been made and suggestions provided for the higher performance
of these modules including alternative engineering and installation types that may increase the back yield.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The site is 37.783289, 38.214850 longitude and latitude respectively, Adiyaman Turkey. The data were collected
for the kilowatt-hours per day from both of modules for a time period of 8 months. The energy production
comparison was performed for each month. The test is still continuing.

The 2 modules were placed in a 3 x 12 module rack standing on pinkish pebble ground. Below is the illustration
and picture of test site. Originally, the bi-facial module was right above the back black cover module but then it
was moved to top of the rack to allow for more light from back on 22.06.2016.

Figure 2. The diagram of site setup and connections for modules under study.

- 566 -
As can be seen from the photos, there were more modules placed in same system. A total of 14 modules were
connected to an inverter via individual optimizers so that the electrical output of each could be measured and
recorded without interference from the group. A weather station was also set up in same location at same tilt and
direction as the modules for precise weather data. The weather data monthly averages are given in table 1 for the
duration of the test.

Table 1. The monthly averaged weather station data

Diffusion
Total Irradiance Ambient
Month (2016) Log duration Irradiance
average (w/m2) temperature (C)
average (w/2)
January 2016.1.26-2016.1.31 172.23 290.82 5.16
February 2016.2.1-2016.2.29 224.39 257.8 10.66
March 2016.3.1-2016.3.3 341.5 360.09 15.78
April 2016.4.1-2016.4.30 374.74 515.93 21.21
May 2016.5.1-2016.5.31 406.08 449.31 22.86
June 2016.6.1-2016.6.30 466.57 495.89 29.71
July 2016.7.1-2016.7.18 459.85 502.46 33.69
August 2016.8.1-2016.8.31 - 477.33 35.44
September 2016.9.1-2016.9.30 - 452.08 27.52
October 2016.10.1-2016.10.30 - 377.14 23.65

The test system was composed of two bifacial glass/glass modules, 300 Wp each, containing bifacial n-type HCT
cells. One bifacial photovoltaic module was let to produce electricity from both sides while the other one was
covered at back with a black sheet, effectively cancelling the rear production so that the exact albedo effect could
be measured. The properties of the bifacial module are shown in table 2.

Table 2. The certicate properties of the bifacial module used in our study
STC rated output power Pmpp (W) 300 (label)
Open circuit voltage Voc (V) 49.7
Short circuit current Isc (A) 8.5
Module type Frameless double glass
Cell type N-type mono HCT bifacial
Power on GTC sun simulator (W) 272.61 (measured with black cover at back)
Thermal coefcient (%/C) -0.28

The nominal power of the bifacial module is measured under standard conditions (STC) by illuminating the front
side only. But it is a fact that most single side modules today have white back covers, thus adding extra power to
the module by way of reection from white back cover. Consequently, when we are talking about kwh/kwp, for the
case of bifacial modules, it is tricky what to consider. We have chosen to take into account the kwp from exclusively
front-side power. Figure 3 shows the schematic installation of modules.

- 567 -
 Figure 3. The schematics installation of two bifacial modules under study (with and without backsheet)

The light that hits the back of the module comes from (1) the diffuse light (2) the light reected from the ground
or neighboring objects. The light excited the electrons at the back side of the wafer, hence contributing directly
to the Imp of the module.

When compared to mono crystalline modules, the HCT module we have tested does start earlier in the morning
and going below this limit later in the afternoon leading to additional "productive time" on the AC side (kWh at
inverter output) but this is totally due to the higher Vmpp of the heterojunction cell with no relation to bifaciality.
Between the 2 modules in our reference test, there is no differentiation of start or end times.

3. RESULTS
The daily AC energy comparison for each month has been illustrated in gures 5 to 8. A curve of comparison
is provided for all days in gure 4. The specic energy yield (wh) of the bifacial module is 1.313 times the yield
of single face on average. Months of April and September have not been included due to optimizer recording
problems.

Figure 4. The production ratio. (bifacial output/single-sided output)

- 568 -
Figure 5. Daily energy comparison for January and February

Figure 6. Daily energy comparison for March and May

Figure 7. Daily energy comparison for June and July

Figre 8. Daily energy comparison for August and October

- 569 -
The bifacial gain, indicating the relative additional energy yield obtained by a bifacial module compared to single-
sided reference, shows variations from day to day and also as an average from month to month as in gure 9.

Figure 9. The AC energy gain for different months under study

It should be reminded here that the bifacial module was moved from 2nd row of the rack to 4th row on June the 22nd
2016. While the move did not affect the POA irradiance from front, it did affect the amount of light entering the
module from the back. This can be clearly seen when the days before and after the move are compared as below:

Figure 10. The total AC energy comparison for days before and after the bifacial module movement

- 570 -
4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
From the details provided above, it can be found out that, on module level and under certain meteorological
conditions, a bifacial PV module can produce more than 40% energy compared to single-sided module. As
an average the boost seems to go high up to 17% on a monthly basis. These results are obtained in working
conditions of high temperature and high solar radiation levels, in a dry climate, Adiyaman. The results obviously
may be different in other sites with different site reectivity (albedo). Prerequisites for a high bifacial gain are a
high diffuse fraction of the solar irradiance and high ground reection. Albedo is a Latin word means whiteness.
The albedo of a surface is the fraction of the incident sunlight that the surface reects and can be calculated from
equation 1.

The expected value for albedo varies from 0.2 to 0.5 for temperate, humid and dry tropical localities respectively.
Table 2 illustrates the albedo values for different kind of surfaces [7].

Albedo also depends on the wavelength of the radiation. Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar
photovoltaic devices. Table 2 shows the albedo values for different kind of surfaces.

Table 2. Albedo values for different kind of surfaces

Surface Albedo
Corrugated roof 0.1-0.15
Colored paint 0.15-0.35
Trees 0.15-0.18
Asphalt 0.05-0.2
Concrete 0.25-0.7
Grass 0.25-0.3
Ice 0.3-0.5
Red/brown roof tiles 0.1-0.35
Brick/stone 0.2-0.4
Oceans 0.05-0.1
Old snow 0.65-0.81
White pain 0.5-0.9
Fresh snow 0.81-0.88

What our data shows is that at same site depending on the day, there may be variations in diffuse light or reected
light or both. We have had no control detection systems to measure reectivity off the ground in initial set-up.

The incongruence with the diffuse light variation brings forth the signicance of reected light, thus the nature of
the ground and the objects in the vicinity. The more reective the surroundings are, the more electricity will be
produced.

As much as the ground, the installation is also very important as is evident from the data pre and post transposition
of the bifacial module from 2nd to 4th level of the rack. The difference in between the 2 positions was 1 meter and
caused an effect of 3.27% energy gain. As such movement ca not affect the percent of reection from ground,
the direct factor is the inclusion of more diffuse light from all around as the height from ground is raised, the light
cone enlarges.

Another factor that may be important is the angle of the module versus the ground. Our current installation was
made so as to maximize front incidence, hence 30 degrees facing south 179 degrees azimuth. Next round of
testing should include angles atter than 30 degrees to see if at any point the gain from the back could offset the
loss from the front and how the angle affects back light.

Another aspect that comes to our mind is the consequences of a possible polar reversal of the cell on front and
back production. The current modules tested are p-type in front. Such testing could be an extension of this paper.

- 571 -
REFERENCES
1. Keiichiro M, Masato S, Taiki H, et al. 2014. Achievement of more than 25% conversion efciency with crystalline
silicon heterojunction solar cell. IEEE journal of photovoltaics. Vol. 4. No. 6. pp 1433-1435.
2. Sunpreme Inc., Enpowering the sun from all directions, Presentation 2016.
3. Adrian Kitai, 2011, Principles of solar cells, LEDs and Diodes, The role of P-N junction Wiley, 2011.
4. Zhao L, Zhou C.L, Li H.L, Diao H.W, Wang W.J. 2008. Design optimization of bifacial HIT solar cells on p-type
silicon substrates by simulation. Solar energy materials & Solar cells Vol. 92 pp 673-681.
5. Francesco F, Michele S, Diego A, et al. 2016. Building integrated photovoltaic products: A state-of-the-art
review and future research opportunities. Solar energy materials & Solar cells Vol. 100 pp 69-96.
6. Bo Y, Dengyuan S, Zhonggang S, et al. 2016. A study on electrical performance of N-type bifacial PV modules.
Solar energy Vol. 137 pp 129-133.
7. Brian N, Philip C. E, Tapas K. M, et al. 2011 Enhancing the performance of building integrated photovoltaics
Solar energy Vol. 85 pp 1629-1664
8. Brennan M.P, Abramase A.L, Andrews R.W, Pearce J.M. 2014. Effects of spectral albedo on solar photovoltaic
devices Solar energy materials and Solar cells Vol. 124 pp 111-116.
9. Ooshaksaraei P, Sopian K, Zulkii R, et al. 2013. Characterization of a Bifacial Photovoltaic Panel Integrated
with External Diffuse and Semimirror Type Reectors International journal of photoenergy Vol. 2013 pp 1-7.

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 0213 - PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES UNDER LOW
SUNLIGHT
A. idem Besen, Ertan Arkan*, Alborz Ebrahimi
GTC Foreign Trade Limited, Organize Sanayi, 11. Cadde. No.2, Adyaman, Trkiye
Corresponding email: earikan@gtctrade.com
*Corresponding author: Ertan Arkan

ABSTRACT
The DC energy produced by photovoltaic (PV) modules can change depending on the cell type, module
components and module technology. The cell efciency, sensitivity of the cell to light, recombination losses and
how much the light reects within the cell will affect the amount of produced energy. In addition, the energy
produced will change depending on what wavelength light and how much can be transmitted through the
front glass and encapsulant and how much light is reected from back encapsulant and back cover. The front
glass transmissivity, patterned surface and existence of ARC (anti-reective coating) are all very important. In this
research project, 14 modules were tested: 4 modules Glass/Glass (Perc Mono Cell), 4 modules Glass/Ceramic (Perc
Mono Cell), 2 modules Glass/Glass bifacial (HIT Cell), 1 module Standard (Framed, Mono-n type Cell), 2 modules
Standard (Framed, Poly Cell), 1 module Standard (Framed, Perc Mono Cell). This paper compares the normalized
Wh/Wp ratios of the different modules under low irradiance (morning and afternoon light) and analyzes and
investigates the obtained results as per the cell type used, module components and module technology.

Keywords: Bifacial solar panels, Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer (HIT), Mono, Poly, Glass/Glass photovoltaic
module, Glass/Ceramic photovoltaic module

1. INTRODUCTION

The produced energy by PV module depends on cell type, module components and module technology.
There are currently many types of solar cells: Multijunction, Polycrystalline, Mono Crystalline, heterojunction, thin
lm, and emerging types (Dye, Perovskite, Organic and Inorganic etc.). The highest efciencies reached at lab
conditions are given in Table 1. Within the Crystalline category, the developments in the polysilicon purication,
the crytallization and wafer slicing processes and technologies, have reduced crystal impurity and inefciencies
thereby reducing recombination and optical losses. Furthermore, improvements in AG pastes, better engineering
of metallization and backside treatments have all resulted in both higher efciencies and lower prices. Outside
of the crystalline category, much more rened coating techniques along with purer and also some new materials
has resulted in higher efciencies.

Table 1. Efciency for different Cell types [1]

Cell type Efciency (%)
Multijunction 46
Mono 25
Poly 21.3
HIT 25.6
CIGS 22.3
CdTe 22.1
a-Si:H 13.6
Perovskite 22.1

Aside from the cells, the different components used in the modules such as front cover and encapsulants
with higher light transmissivity and anti-reection at more extended wavelengths, all components with higher
thermal dissipation and emissivity, back cover and encapsulants with higher light reectivity, better conducting
metallization all have contributed to higher module efciencies. All the developments aforementioned can lead to

- 573 -
different absorptions of light both in intensity and wavelength, hence different production portfolios of electricity
of solar modules under low light conditions. In this study, we have included 13 different types of photovoltaic
modules and compared their performances under low light. As each came with a different DC power, all output
has been normalized by dividing by their respective power Wh/Wp.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The PV modules having different label power can produce energy at different rates in the same time range. So
it is proper to compare their energy produced per Wpeak. In this study 13 different type modules were tested:
4 modules Glass/Glass (Perc Mono Cell), 4 modules Glass/Ceramic (Perc Mono Cell), 2 modules Glass/Glass
bifacial (HCT Cell), 1 module Standard (Framed, Mono-n type Cell), 2 modules Standard (Framed, Poly Cell), 1
module Standard (Framed, Perc Mono Cell). Their properties are given in Table 2. All the modules were installed
at same orientation facing South at tilt angle of 30, and all were connected to single optimizers. Due to the limited
availability of optimizers, some modules were not measured for certain periods.

Figure 1. The diagram of site setup and connections for modules under study.

Table 2. The properties of the modules used in our study

Module ID Label Power Cell Type Backcover Back Encapsulant Framed
(W) Encapsulant ID
GG-HCT 300 HIT-Bifacial Glass Transparent - -
GC-Perc Mono-3S 228.8 Perc Mono Ceramic Transparent 3 -
Mono-N type 310 N type Backsheet Transparent - Yes
GG-Perc Mono-1S 280.2 Perc Mono Glass White 1 -
Standard-Perc Mono 290 Perc Mono Backsheet Transparent Yes
GG-Perc Mono-PO 250 Perc Mono Glass Transparent PO -
GC-Perc Mono-4H 271.3 Perc Mono Ceramic Transparent 4 -
GG-Perc Mono-1H 282 Perc Mono Glass White 1 -
GC-Perc Mono-3H 259.5 Perc Mono Ceramic Transparent 3 -
Standard-Poly-S 240 Poly Backsheet Transparent Yes
Standard-Poly-H 250 Poly Backsheet Transparent Yes
GC-Perc Mono-PO 271.6 Perc Mono Ceramic Transparent PO -
GG-HCT w BS 300 HIT-Bifacial Glass Transparent - -
(covered
black sheet)
GG-Perc Mono-2S 274.1 Perc Mono Glass Transparent 2

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3. RESULTS
Because the tested PV modules have different properties and location on the rack, the start time of energy
production for each module was different. The monthly average start time for each module is given in Table 3.

Table 3. The monthly average start time (hh:mm:ss) for energy production of tested modules
Module ID January February March May June July August October November
GG-HCT 06:43:25 06:39:50 06:21:35 06:03:21 05:45:30 05:00:00 05:00:00 06:46:21 06:17:04
GC-Perc Mono-3S - - - 06:04:11 05:48:03 05:00:00 05:00:00 06:40:48 06:16:36
Mono-N type 06:42:38 06:39:19 06:20:33 06:02:35 05:45:57 05:00:00 05:00:00 06:44:18 06:12:48
GG-Perc Mono-1S 06:44:13 06:39:50 06:22:16 06:04:04 05:46:51 05:00:00 05:00:00 06:45:06 06:14:56
Standard-Perc Mono 06:38:41 06:34:39 06:19:03 06:03:56 05:46:09 05:00:00 05:00:00 06:45:21 06:12:32
GG-Perc Mono-PO 06:48:57 06:43:58 06:31:41 - - - 05:00:00 - -
GC-Perc Mono-4H 06:45:00 06:40:21 06:21:35 - - - 05:00:00 06:45:48 06:16:44
GG-Perc Mono-1H 06:46:35 06:44:29 06:24:05 - - 05:00:00 05:00:00 06:42:45 06:12:56
GC-Perc Mono-3H - - - - - - 05:00:00 06:45:57 06:15:24
Standard-Poly-S - - - 06:02:53 05:46:06 05:00:00 05:00:00 07:00:51 06:25:32
Standard-Poly-H - - - 06:07:11 05:49:15 05:00:00 05:00:00 - -
GC-Perc Mono-PO 06:51:19 06:42:56 06:22:27 - - - 05:00:00 - -
GG-HCT w BS 06:41:51 06:39:50 06:21:00 06:51:42 05:45:51 05:00:00 05:00:00 07:01:42 06:25:16
GG-Perc Mono-2S 06:49:44 06:41:23 06:30:16 06:04:00 05:46:33 05:00:00 05:00:00 - -

The monthly average end time in Table 4, the monthly total operation time in Table 5 below. Also the monthly
normalized Wh/Wp are calculated for morning and afternoon time (Figures 2-10). There is also a comparative
graph of daily start times as well as daily end times. Variations in start and end times abound. While the module
Standard-Perc Mono started the energy production rstly from January to March and again in November, the
module Mono-N type started early in May, the module GG-HIT in June, the module GG-Perc Mono 3S in October,
as per Table 3. For July and August, there is no difference in between the modules as to start time. This is due to
strong sun and insensitivity of the optimizer for variations less than 5 minutes as recording is every 5 minutes.

Table 4. The monthly average end time (hh:mm:ss) for energy production of tested modules
Module ID January February March May June July August October November
GG-HCT 15:32:22 16:54:19 17:32:08 19:05:28 18:44:55 17:30:00 17:30:00 17:31:21 16:07:28
GC-Perc Mono-3S - - - 19:03:18 19:11:03 17:30:00 17:30:00 17:28:54 16:06:24
Mono-N type 15:33:57 16:55:52 17:33:30 19:02:32 19:13:36 17:30:00 17:30:00 17:33:06 16:10:20
GG-Perc Mono-1S 15:33:55 16:56:23 17:32:33 19:05:14 19:12:24 17:30:00 17:30:00 17:00:21 15:26:56
Standard-Perc Mono 15:37:06 16:59:29 17:33:00 19:04:56 19:12:57 17:30:00 17:30:00 17:34:18 16:10:16
GG-Perc Mono-PO 15:33:57 16:55:52 17:32:38 - - - 17:30:00 - -
GC-Perc Mono-4H 15:34:44 16:57:25 17:32:30 - - - 17:30:00 17:31:21 16:09:52
GG-Perc Mono-1H 15:33:57 16:55:52 17:32:38 - - 17:30:00 17:30:00 17:32:06 16:10:56
GC-Perc Mono-3H - - - - - - 17:30:00 17:32:06 16:10:55
Standard-Poly-S - - - 19:04:04 19:12:42 17:30:00 17:30:00 17:30:51 16:05:12
Standard-Poly-H - - - 19:03:25 19:09:27 17:30:00 17:30:00 - -
GC-Perc Mono-PO 15:32:22 16:53:48 17:31:03 - - - 17:30:00 - -
GG-HCT w BS 15:32:22 16:53:48 17:31:35 19:04:35 19:11:48 17:30:00 17:30:00 17:29:48 16:05:00
GG-Perc Mono-2S 15:31:35 16:55:21 17:31:52 19:03:42 19:12:48 17:30:00 17:30:00 - -

- 575 -
Table 5. The monthly average morning operation time (h) of tested modules
Module ID January February March May June July August October November
GG-HCT 3.2763 3.3362 3.6402 3.9441 4.2417 5 5 3.2275 3.7156
GC-Perc Mono-3S - - - 3.9304 4.1992 5 5 3.1342 3.7233
Mono-N type 3.2895 3.3448 3.6576 3.9569 4.2342 5 5 3.2617 3.7867
GG-Perc Mono-1S 3.2632 3.3362 3.6288 3.9324 4.2192 5 5 3.2483 3.7511
Standard-Perc Mono 3.3553 3.4224 3.6826 3.9343 4.2308 5 5 3.2442 3.7911
GG-Perc Mono-PO 3.1842 3.2845 3.4720 - - - 5 - -
GC-Perc Mono-4H 3.2500 3.3276 3.6402 - - - 5 3.2367 3.7211
GG-Perc Mono-1H 3.2237 3.2586 3.5985 - - 5 5 3.2875 3.7844
GC-Perc Mono-3H - - - - - - 5 3.2342 3.7433
Standard-Poly-S - - - 3.9520 4.2317 5 5 2.9858 3.5744
Standard-Poly-H - - - 3.8804 4.1792 5 5 - -
GC-Perc Mono-PO 3.1447 3.2672 3.6258 - - - 5 - -
GG-HCT w BS 3.3026 3.3362 3.6500 3.1382 4.2358 5 5 2.9717 3.5789
GG-Perc Mono-2S 3.1711 3.3103 3.4955 3.9333 4.2242 5 5 - -

Table 6. The monthly average normalized Wh/Wp in morning

Module ID January February March May June July August October November
GG-HCT 13.68 28.24 28.15 24.21 27.22 21.90 20.71 19.19 25.55
GC-Perc Mono-3S - - - 22.71 25.18 18.14 17.9 18.26 25.19
Mono-N type 13.57 28.45 27.95 23.6 25.95 18.95 18.47 18.44 25.2
GG-Perc Mono-1S 13.92 28.21 27.76 23.21 25.16 17.98 17.9 18.13 25.04
Standard-PercMono 13.85 28.16 27.91 22.75 25.11 18.34 17.91 18.07 25.41
GG-Perc Mono-PO 11.64 26.81 26.62 - - - 18.18 - -
GC-Perc Mono-4H 13.25 27.32 26.91 - - - 17.28 18.67 25.08
GG-Perc Mono-1H 13.51 28.05 27.61 - - 17.73 17.54 18.51 25.06
GC-Perc Mono-3H - - - - - - 17.66 18.63 25.19
Standard-Poly-S - - - 22.54 24.65 17.81 17.26 17.73 23.85
Standard-Poly-H - - - 22.09 24.63 17.58 17.27 - -
GC-Perc Mono-PO 12.86 26.94 26.62 - - - 17.26 - -
GG-HCT w BS 12.12 24.92 24.60 21.07 23.48 17.36 16.76 16.86 22.7
GG-Perc Mono-2S 13.19 27.78 27.35 23.38 25.74 16.79 13.45 - -

Table 7. The monthly average normalized Wh/Wp in afternoon

Module ID January February March May June July August October November
GG-HCT 3.84 10.84 13.63 25.67 27.15 25.75 23.79 16.69 3.06
GC-Perc Mono-3S - - - 24.73 26.41 24.28 23.18 15.77 2.78
Mono-N type 3.75 10.59 13.57 25.35 27.19 24.67 23.03 16.35 2.83
GG-Perc Mono-1S 3.79 10.43 13.61 25.23 26.12 23.52 22.67 15.9 2.77
Standard-PercMono 3.8 10.62 13.43 25.18 26.69 24.74 22.74 16.4 2.93
GG-Perc Mono-PO 3.13 9.66 12.65 - - - 22.83 - -
GC-Perc Mono-4H 3.53 10.17 13.14 - - - 22.8 16.23 2.98
GG-Perc Mono-1H 3.46 10.07 13.21 - - 23.71 22.65 16.10 3.05
GC-Perc Mono-3H - - - - - - 22.51 15.76 2.53
Standard-Poly-S - - - 24.49 25.74 23.52 22.27 15.54 2.79
Standard-Poly-H - - - 24.2 25.89 23.37 22.14 - -
GC-Perc Mono-PO 3.39 9.9 12.78 - - - 22.03 - -
GG-HCT w BS 3.26 9.08 11.81 23.05 24.49 22.37 21.45 14.97 2.55
GG-Perc Mono-2S 3.5 10.0 13.23 25.51 27.36 21.94 15.03 - -

- 576 -
It should be noted that all modules with Perc Mono cells have the SAME cells but do behave quite differently from
each other. The reason may be the difference between standard single glass plus backsheet versus glass-glass
and glass-ceramic construction as well as the very different encapsulants used in each one of them.

When we compare the time of operation versus the energy produced, it is clear that more time does not mean
more output. In January for instance perc mono GG1S has lower operation time but higher output than the n-type,
HCT and standard perc mono. It has also outperformed the other white GG 1H. As all the perc monos with White
back including the standard perc mono module have outperformed all transparent perc mono in January, February
and March its safe to say White back encapsulant or cover helps with very low light. It should be mentioned that
this changes under higher light as transparent GG4H gets better performance going into August, September and
October.

The signicance of White back encapsulant or cover is also evident as in each month, lowest performance of the
whole bunch goes to the black back covered HCT module.

Figure 2. Normalized average Wh/Wp for January

February is the month when mono n cell beats the bi-facial HCT cell

Figure 3. Normalized average Wh/Wp for February

March morning light brings forth the power of bi-faciality. Even though the bifacial HCT worked less time than the
mono n type and perc monos, it did provide higher output. Again White backed perc monos performed better
than transparent backed perc monos.

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 Figure 4. Normalized average Wh/Wp for March

In May, the polycrystalline panels wake up earlier but still produce less than perc monos.

Figure 5. Normalized average Wh/Wp for May

As light gets stronger into summer, all modules wake up at same time hence work at same hours 4.2 in the
morning. Here the bi-faciality goes galore as we also placed the bi-facial modle at higher rack to allow for a
bigger cone of diffuse and reected light from back. Again the worst performer is the black covered HCT module

Figure 6. Normalized average Wh/Wp for June

As summer comes with stronger light, both the polycrystalline and the poliolen encapsulant modules start
catching up with the rest.

- 578 -
 Figure 7. Normalized average Wh/Wp for July

Figure 8. Normalized average Wh/Wp for August

October put forth the perc mono in the morning but bi-facial HCT is still the clear winner both morning and
afternoon with transparent back perc mono 4H beating the White back perc monos. October has been the only
month when transparent GG2S performed even worse than black back covered HCT. This shows even across
transparent how important the type of encapsulant is. Clearly #4 encapsulant is superior to #2 at low light both
morning and afternoon.

Figure 9. Normalized average Wh/Wp for October

- 579 -
November with lower light, polycrystalline and poliolen encapsulant modules go to lower output.

Figure 10. Normalized average Wh/Wp for November

4. DISCUSSION
First, the difference between black back sheet and bi-faciality ranges from 10% to 28%. Second, polycrytalline cells
produce lower electricity under low light than the mono n type and perc mono cells. Third, White encapsulant or
White back cover clearly helps in all cases for better performance under low light. Fourth, poliolen encapsulant
is a poorer performer under low light compared to other encapsulant types. Fifth, even within eva, different types/
compositions of eva contribute to different low light performance. Sixth, from a cell point of view HCT is a clear
winner. This is due to the extended range of wavelength the a-Si adds to the n wafer after HCT the Perc mono is
better which is expected as its back treatment does work well to augment the light within the cell.

5. CONCLUSION
Unlike, the general public opinion in Turkey that module makers are barely assembly plants putting together what
has already been produced, our small experiment shows very clearly that the choice of the components that go
into a module as well as the technical recipes used during its manufacturing i.e. the differences in performance
between GG1H and GG1S modules contribute very signicantly to quantity of electricity produced by the modules.

Same cells can behave and produce electricity quite differently given the different module technologies and
design.

While it is not the topic of this paper, but same argument can also be extended for the durability of these modules
as well if we continue monitoring same test site for many years to come.

Relevance of module technology in terms of materials chosen and the design and engineering of the module
is au par with the cell technology used. The target is to choose and use out-performing cell technology with the
better performing module technology. For instance, even if we had included HCT modules which are single-sided
with back White covers, we may still have seen bi-facial HCT performing better. This should be an addition fort his
test as a step forward.

Our results are not yet complete; we need to test further and also analyze further our results to date, going into
more detail as to angle of incidence of light at different times in the morning and afternoon and also we need to
correlate all data with temperature to neutralize its effects from the performance.

We need to compare the wavelengths contributing most in morning and afternoon with the wavelength receptance
of the encapsulants we use in order to fully explain the variations in performance.

REFERENCES
1. NREL chart.

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 0214 - MONITORING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES IN PV POWER PLANTS
Alper Terciyanl*, Kemal Kurt, Erman Terciyanl
Endoks Energy Systems
Corresponding email: alper.terciyanli@endoks.com.tr
*Corresponding author: Alper Terciyanl

ABSTRACT

As in many other countries, number of PV power plant installations have been signicantly increasing in Turkey for
the last couple of years. Overall performances of these systems similar to other electrical systems- are affected
by three main factors: design, application and operation procedures. Since the design phase is the initial step, it
is mostly very well evaluated by investors and/or contracting companies, and also controlled in detail by nancial
entities. These let all parties to avoid or solve critical design problems just in the beginning phase of the projects.
On the other hand, problems rising during the application stages are closely related to abilities and experiences
of the EPC companies awarded for these projects. As a fact of the business, most of these companies, especially
reputed ones, have gained enough good or bad experiences, and yet been capable of avoiding the installation,
erection and commissioning problems as much as possible. Unlike rst two factors, which are just once cases,
operation is a lifelong issue, and directly reducing the overall system performance, generation and income
of the plant, if it is not well organized and managed. Planned, pro-active and reactive maintenance works are
inherently parts of operations, and as important as the other phases of the projects. Even though some of the
operations, like panel cleaning, can be considered as planned/scheduled works, most of the maintenance works
are being managed in a reactive approach, i.e. x the problem when it arises. This approach makes the on-line,
continuous and comprehensive monitoring of the power plant not necessary, but also compulsory. Although
PV plant monitoring has been mostly considered as compulsory by the market players, most of the attention
has been paid to monitoring only the inverters by the use of web portals of the inverters manufacturers, and
this has been considered as monitoring the whole plant, not the inverter itself. In contrary to common reactive
maintenance approach, excluding the information coming from the LV and MV equipment other than inverters
also yield to missing instant monitoring and failure notication in real-time. Hence, rst of all, general design
architectures of the monitoring systems used for PV power plants will be discussed in this paper. Besides,
minimum technical requirements of such monitoring systems should have will be discussed taking into account
the performance monitoring, generation forecast and pro-active maintenance. Finally, some common monitoring
system architectures will be evaluated based on cost-benet analysis.

Keywords: PV, solar power plant, inverter monitoring, performance monitoring, generation forecast, pro-active
maintenance

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POSTER PRESENTATIONS

- 582 -
 0016 - UTILIZATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANT CARBON DIOXIDE IN A
SAMPLE TWO STAGE TRANSCRITICAL HEAT PUMP
Mut Yce
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Kocaeli, Trkiye
Corresponding email: mut.yuce@kocaeli.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
Refrigerants used in cooling systems for many years as the ozone depleting CFC and HCFC gases, these gases
on the understanding that you are prohibited by the Montreal Protocol. Effects of refrigerants about damaging
to ozone layer understand by seeing in recent years instead of this, the search for alternative refrigerants start
and as a result of increased interest in alternative refrigerants. In comparison with other chemical and alternative
refrigerants CO2 applications has become widely used today with less cause potential to environmental problems
and thanks to proper thermophysical properties for operating conditions. In this study, it was tried to determine the
usage area of CO2 in transcritical heat pumps as an alternative refrigerant. A model selected from CO2 applications
using transcritical CO2 in heat pumps and CO2 screen out for this model and contribution to same systems.

Keywords: alternative refrigerants, CO2, heat pumps, transcritic.

1. INTRODUCTION
There has been studies to nd environmentally refrigeration solutio0ns instead of accelerating global warming,
harmful to ozone layer, environmentally hazardous hidrocloroorocarbons (HCFC) and cloroorocarbons (CFC)
using in the refrigerant systems. Hidroorocarbons (HFC), obtained via synthesis from as chlorine-free ethane,
methane natural gases and substituted hydrogen in return for chlorine therefore hidroorocarbons (HFC) come
to be known as relatively more conservationist.

A great deal of researcher working with ideal gases in cooling systems to nd a new alternative reliable refrigerant.
HFC (hidroorocarbon), coolings have got zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) or for short time these gases
alternatives mixture advisable. Besides this, usage of HFC with no ODP instead of CFC and HCFCs become
popular even though, natural HFCs high GWPs (Global Warming Potential) determined in the Kyoto Protocol
and shared decision made for decrease HFC production and usage. Naturel uids like isobutene and propane
unusable in big systems on the grounds that combustible and explosive. Furthermore, R717 (NH3) gas can be
interaction with copper alloys and its potential toxic risk is disadvantage for big systems and residential areas. So,
environmental and available alternative naturel refrigerant usage like carbon dioxide (CO2) can be much better
solution.

An alternative refrigerant usage area choose by the way of searching its evaporation temperature, latent heat of
vaporization, accessibility, being economic and poisonous characteristic.

Accordingly Table 1 Ozone depletion potential of CO2 is equal to zero and its global warming potential direct
effect is at lowest level (GWP=1). Common refrigerants and their Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and Global
Warming Potential (GWP) are indicated in Table 1.

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Table 1. Environmental Properties of Commonly Known Refrigerants (IIR, 2003).
Refrigerant Refrigerant Type ODP GWP
R11 CFC 1 4600
R12 CFC 0,82 10600
R22 HCFC 0,034 1700
R 134a HFC 0 1300
R 410A HFC 0 1980
R 404A HFC 0 3780
R 407C HFC 0 1650
R 507A HFC 0 3850
R 744 (CO2) Natural Fluid 0 1
R 717 (NH3) Natural Fluid 0 <1
ODP: Accepted 1 For R11 GWP: Accepted 1 For CO2

CO2, widely used in development stages of refrigerant industry. However, CO2 give place to halocarbon refrigerants
due to critical point around or above heat transfer emergent decrease in the coefcient of performance (COP) and
due to high working pressures (ASHRAE, 2006).

Due to halocarbon refrigerants negative effect on the environment, CO2 come into use again for its being an
alternative and naturel refrigerant. Thanks to developed system controllers, machine and exchanger technology
CO2 (R744) preferred for its efciency via transcritical cycle in northern countries and via subcritical cascade cycle
in southern countries so CO2 cycles be an alternative instead of other cycles. R744 (CO2), has low critical-point
temperature at 31,06 C and high critical-point pressure at 73,8 bar so it needed additional technic devices by
comparison with other conventional refrigerants.

With the rising concern about the use of natural refrigerants in vapor-compression heat pump systems, many
research institutions and companies have been conducting investigations on various types of CO2 heat pump
systems, which strongly increases their worldwide applications [1].

White et al. [2] in a study they constructed a prototype transcritical CO2 heat pump for heating water to temperatures
greater than 65 C. In this study, system heating capacity was 115 kW and a hot water temperature of 77.5 C, via
heating coefcient of performance (COPh) of 3.4. They make a model for system analyze so due to model they
demonstrated that the hot water temperature could be increased from 65 to 120 C with a slightly decrease in
maximum heating capacity by about 33% and heating COP by about 21%.

Richter et al.[3] compared a commercially available R410A heat pump and prototype R744 (carbon dioxide) heat
pump system in heating mode. In this study, they choose utilizing aluminum microchannel heat exchangers and a
prototype semi-hermetic compressor for R744 system. System performance was compared for two congurations.
The results of study show that the heating COP of R744 is slightly lower than R410A but totally better than R410A
in terms of utilization and application for environment so its higher capacity at lower outdoor temperatures
decreases the necessity for less efcient collateral heating capacity.

Sarkar et al. [4] screened that detailed performance analyses of heat pump systems and so conduct for several
types of process heat applications via different heat sources. In this study they nd that the CO2 heat pumps give
marginally lower COP (5% to 25%) compared to other conventional refrigerants in industrial heat pumps, and they
supply considerably lower pressure ratios and higher volumetric capacity. In this study, it is seen that CO2 systems
have strong potential in process heating and cooling like as refrigeration, air conditioning and process cooling.

Due to increasing heating demand for domestic hot water, developing high efciency heat pumps and thanks
to commercial and residential low-temperature oor heating systems air to air or water to water CO2 heat pump
systems were wondering for combined low-temperature space heating and hot water heating.

- 584 -
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
R744 (CO2) utilizing as a refrigerant from by technologically developed devices like as compressor, throttle valve
etc. especially refrigeration cycles and heat pump systems. Environmental problems block produce and usage of
many refrigerant species (HCFC, CFC) with various regulations and even some refrigerants usage banned. It is
expected that this regulations should have a scope that targeted trend to alternative refrigeration and particularly
generalizing CO2.

2.1. TRANSCRITICAL CO2 HEAT PUMPS CYCLE

R744 (CO2) has low critical point temperature at 31,06 C and high critical point pressure at 73,8 bar. It is not
possible that heat throw of uid while condensation in condenser as classical steam compression cycles. Heat
transfer to environment happen in supercritical area via decrease temperature of CO2 in gas faze without
condensation. Saying Transcritical Cycles happening this way. Therefore, gas cooler replacing condenser in this
systems. In transcritical cycle, compressed CO2 in the compressor throw heat to environment in the gas cooler
(Danfoss, 2009).

Thera are compressor, evaporator, gas cooler, expansion devices and controllers in the transcritical heat pumps.
So, this components create outline of transcritical CO2 heat pumps.

2.2. ANALYSIS FOR TWO STAGE TRANSCRITICAL CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

Figure 1. Sample two stage transcritical heat pump system.

- 585 -
The Mass Action Law is below for being many input and output continuous ow-through open system.

In this equation, is input mass to the system per unit time, and is output mass to the system per unit time.

In this equation, is per unit time input and output total energy via heat to the system, is per unit time input
and output total energy via work to the system and is per unit time transmitted energy via mass to the control
volume.

Table 2. Mass and energy balance equations for system components

System Mass Energy
Components Balance Equations Balance Equations

1. Compressor (inter 1-2)

Intercooler (inter 2-3)

2. Compressor (inter 3-4)

Gas Cooler (inter 4-5)

Throttle valve (inter 5-6)

Evaporator (inter 6-1)

Table 3. Exergy balance equations for system components

System Components Exergy Balance Equations

1. Compressor (inter 1-2)

Intercooler (inter 2-3)

2. Compressor (inter 3-4)

Gas Cooler (inter 4-5)

Throttle valve (inter 5-6)

Evaporator (inter 6-1)

- 586 -
Acceptances of ow exergy is dened as below equation. In this equation, e is ow exergy, h is enthalpy, h0 is
systems initial state enthalpy, s is entropy, s0 is systems initial state entropy and T0 is admitted 25 C for system
as reference temperature.

Second law efciency is equal to divided real thermal efciency to being possible the highest thermal efciency
in same conditions (Cengel and Boles, 2008).
For heat pumps second law efciency is:

and compressors work values are:

In this equations, is dened in Fartaj et al.[5] being a study in 2004 present further information about this subject.

3. RESULTS
Refrigerants with CO2 cycles to use effectively, system pressure must optimized. For this reason, coefcient of
performance of heating value must be show an alteration with CO2s exit temperature in gas cooler, in other words
throwing heat from cycle ambient temperature must highly show a change.

Table 4. Thermodynamical properties of system while evaporation temperature (TE) inter 5 -15 oC
Pint, pressure Tgs,out Twater_in TE
[kpa] [oC] [oC] [oC]
0,4269 5977 3,874 35,15 32,28 5
0,4294 6054 4,013 35,00 32,26 6
0,4318 6131 4.163 34,85 32,24 7
0,434 6209 4,323 34,7 32,22 8
0,4362 6287 4,495 34,55 32,2 9
0,4382 6366 4,681 34,4 32,18 10
0,4402 6445 4,883 34,26 32,16 11
0,4421 6524 5,104 34,12 32,15 12
0,4439 6605 5,349 33,97 32,14 13
0,4458 6685 5,622 33,82 32,13 14
0,4479 6766 5,934 33,67 32,13 15

- 587 -
Figure 2. Two stage with intercooler transcritical CO2 heat pump Ln P-h alteration diagram

Figure 3. Two stage with intercooler transcritical CO2 heat pump T-s alteration diagram

- 588 -
In a state that determined as evaporation temperature (TE) 5 oC and gas cooler exit temperature 35 oC, two stage
with intercooler CO2 heat pump Ln P-h alteration diagram is demonstrated in Figure 2 and heat- entropy (T-s)
diagram is demonstrated in Figure 3. Also, per system components numbered for monitor their thermodynamical
alteration.

Figure 4. Alteration of Coefficient of performance () to various interstage pressure (Pint,press) and while gas cooler
temperature Tgs=30oC accordingly evaporation temperature (TE)

While gas cooler temperature steady at Tgs=30oC in various interstage pressure (Pint,press) and evaporation
temperature (TE) inter 5 oC and 15 oC alteration of Coefcient of Performance () investigated and seen that highest
is in the range of 65 75 bar pressure. It is seen that after 75 bar (Pint,press) pressure, decrease the .

Figure 5. Alteration of Coefficient of Performance) and second law efficiency ( ) according to interstage
pressure (Pint,press)

- 589 -
It is seen that when look into gure 5, there is a reciprocal relation between coefcient of performance (COP)
and second law efciency ( ). The reason for this, coefcient of performance (COP) get more and more and so
sytems usage energy amount increased too. Thereby, system second law efciency ( ) decreased gradually. It is
seen that when interstage pressure increases coefcient of performance (COP) increases.

4. DISCUSSION
In the usage of alternative refrigerants during carry out technical studies there can be some technical problems.
It is possible that through the solution of these problems and developing new alternative system components.
Today, CO2 application widely usage in different systems and these systems biggest problem is that deciency of
coefcient of performance) must be increased [9]. With this problems solution, new regulations and demands for
environmental necessities these systems will gain popularity in many industries.

People want to be more environmentalist when the ozone layer depleting more and more according to today.
But this day, there is not enough regulations to stop ozone layer depleting. For this reason, we must make many
regulations and we must raise the awareness of public for alternative systems.

5. CONCLUSION
Under favour of increasing interest in alternative refrigerants, CO2 heat pump applications will become more
popular. In comparison with other chemical and alternative refrigerants CO2 applications has become widely
used today with less cause potential to environmental problems and thanks to proper thermophysical properties
for operating conditions. Enhance these advantages of CO2 applications make new innovations to the refrigerant
industry. So new methods and systems will be in usage and it make us more environmentalist

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Suleyman Demirel University Department of Scientic Research Projects for supporting my study
nancially via 4289 numbered project.

REFERENCES
1. [1] Austin BT, Sumathy K., 2011. Transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump systems: a review. Renew Sustainable
Energy Rev. Vol. 15 pp. 401329.
2. [2] White S D., Yarrall M G., Cleland D J. Hedley R A., 2002. Modelling The Performance Of A Transcritical CO2
Heat Pump For High Temperature Heating, International Journal of Refrigeration . Vol. 25, pp 479486.
3. [3] Richter M.R., Song S.M., Yin J.M., Kim M.H., Bullard C.W., Hrnjak P.S. 2001. Experimental results of transcritical
CO2 heat pump for residential application, Energy Vol. 28, pp 10051019.
4. [4] Sarkar J., Bhattacharyya S., Ramgopal M.,2004. Transcritical Carbon Dioxide Based Heat Pumps: Process
Heat Applications. International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 691.
5. [5] Fartaj, A., Ting D.S.K., Yang W.W., 2004. Second Law Analysis Of The Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle.
Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 45, pp 22692281.
6. [6] zgr, A.E., 2013. An Investigation for Optimal Interstage Pressure of Two Stage Transcritical CO2 Cooling
Cycle, Gazi University Institute of Science and Technology, Part C, Design and Technology, 1, 2, 71-79.
7. [7] zgr, A.E., Bayrak, H.C., 2010. CO2 Soutucu Akkanl Is Pompalarnda Soutucu Akkan k
Scaklnn Ekserji Verimine Etkisi, Is Bilimi ve Teknii Dergisi, 30, 73-78.
8. [8] Sarkar, J., Bhattacharyya, S., Gopal, M.R., 2006. Simulation Of A Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Cycle For
Simultaneous Cooling And Heating Applications. International Journal of Refrigeration, 29, 73543.
9. [9] zgr, A.E., Bayrak, H.C., 2008. Second Law Analysis Of Two-Stage Compression Transcritical CO2 Heat
Pump Cycle. International Journal of Energy Research, 32, 13, 12021209
10. [10] Danfoss, 2008. A Green Compressor &ndash; Clean Thinking, Date accessed: 02.11.2016. http://www.
r744.com/assets/link/co2_compressor_08-2008_pb550a302.pdf
11. [11] Danfoss Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Division 2009, Food Retail CO2 Refrigeration Systems, Danfoss
A/S (RA Marketing/MWA), DKRCE. PA. R1. A1. 02 / 520H3371.
12. [12] Yuce M., 2016. Thermodynamic Analysis of A Heat Pump System With Two - Stage CO2 Transcritical Cycle.
Master's Thesis, Suleyman Demirel University Graduate School of Natural And Applied Sciences.

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 0018 - COMPARISON OF Li-FePO4 BASED ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM AND DIESEL
ELECTRIC GENERATOR IN TERMS OF LOAD SUPPLY COST ANALYSIS
Taner arkt
ASPILSAN Enerji San. ve Tic. A.., Kayseri, Trkiye
Corresponding email: tanercarkit.is@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The difference between energy production and the amount of energy needed in the world is increasing steadily.
On the other hand, traditional energy production methods trigger environmental pollution and the sources of
these fossil fuel-based methods are diminishing day by day. The limited availability of fossil resources increases
energy production costs and external dependency. As a result, renewable energy sources and energy storage
systems(ESS) are becoming more important. In order to better understand the effects of increasing production
costs on the economy in this study, based energy storage systems and the cost analysis of the diesel electric
generators are analyzed.

Keywords: Energy storage, renewable energy, diesel generator

1.INTRODUCTION
The increasing population and the need for energy from industrialization can not be met from the limited fossil
resources of the world, The gap between the need for energy production and consumption is growing rapidly. It
is a fact that fossil fuels will be consumed after a while[1]. On the other hand, todays traditional energy production
methods are one of the major causes of environmental pollution. As a result of industrial activities, approximately
20 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 100 million tons of sulfur compounds, 2 million tons of lead and other toxic
chemical compounds are released into the atmosphere every year. 70% of electricity energy in Turkey is obtained
from fossil fuels(31% natural gas, 29% lignite, 10% petroleum derivatives, coal, etc.) which cause environmental
pollution and lead to global warming[2]. Renewable energy sources are sustainable and have the potential to
be used globally. Therefore, production electricity from renewable energy sources and storing this energy are
seen as the most effective solution for closing energy decit. Energy storage systems are becoming increasingly
important because of the fact that renewable energy sources are far from consumption centers, production is
not stable, climate conditions are affected, and wind forecasting is not as accurate as it is in wind systems and
photovoltaic systems[3]. Today, all modern energy systems require energy storage for many reasons, including
supply reliability, system stability, more efcient use of energy resources, and minimization of transmission /
distribution problems and costs[4]. Some of the features that a good energy storage system should have are as
follows:
High storage capacity,
High charge / discharge efciency,
Spontaneous discharge and reduced capacity losses,
Long-lasting,
Costs are low,
It has high energy(kWh/kg or kWh/lt) density.

The development of energy storage technologies(EST) is of great importance in both system and hardware-
level solutions to power quality problems such as voltage drop and interruptions[5]. The importance of energy
storage systems(ESS) is increasing day by day. Some examples of places where EDS is used, which has become
indispensable for our life, are as follows:
a. Electronics: It can be used as an internal power supply for all kinds of electric-electronic electronic equipment,
stationary and mobile devices.
b. In Electrical Systems: For xed electricity generation and distribution systems such as the national grid and
independent systems, energy can be used for storage.
c. Aviation and Space: It can be used for power supply of vehicles in land, air, sea and on the street.
d. In my daily life: It can be used as a stable energy source in the storage of the uctuating energy produced by
renewable energy sources and later[6].

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e. Military Area: Military units can be used to increase security and prevent sabotage(Kalekols, military units ...
etc).
f. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): It can be used as a UPS to prevent stadiums, gas stations, power stations,
hospitals, markets, all kinds of image and sound systems, banks, data processing systems.

In addition to being able to supply stable and constant mains voltages, power generation companies are often
faced with sudden voltage drops and rising in the network due to natural conditions(lightning ... etc) and the
switching on and off of some high power machines and motors in the vicinity of sensitive devices. The diversity
of the problems encountered and the measures to be taken against them are also changing and diversifying[7].

2. ADVANTAGES OF LITHIUM-BASED ESS COMPARED TO SIMILARS

The energy contained in an ESS is expressed as Watt(W), equal to the average discharge voltage value of the
battery structures used at the base of the storage systems multiplied by the rated capacity value. Unit time, for
example, the amount of energy obtained within one hour is given in Watt-hour(Wh). The energy values of the ESS
systems differ from each other, and the energy values of the battery / battery block structures used at the basis of
these systems are energetic as a result of their division into kilograms(kg) by weight or liter (lt)[8].

Figure 1. Energy densities of different types of ESS bases

Figure 1 shows the basic energy densities of the battery / battery assemblies in different structures that form the
basis of the ESS. Lithium-based systems have higher energy density than other systems and have high nominal
stress as shown in Table-1[9].

Table 1: Nominal voltages of ESS cell structures

Storage System at ESS Nominal Voltage (V)
Secondary Lithium 3.0-3.6
Secondary Ni-Cd 1.2
Secondary Ni-MH 1.2
Secondary No Maintenance Required Pb-Acid 2.0
Secondary Lithium-yon 3.6
Secondary Lithium-Polymer 3.6
* Secondary: Rechargeable

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The advantages of lithium-based ESS over other storage methods can be listed as follows;
Too long storage lives,
They can provide constant voltage for a long time,
They enable the use in low and high temperatures,
They have high energy density,
Highly elastic properties,
They have high charging efciency,
It has the advantages of over-cycle life[10]. The superiority of over other lithium-based systems in lithium-
based systems, being reliable, being environmentally friendly ... etc are shown in Table-2.

3. FUEL COST FOR 1 KVA IN DIESEL GENERATOR

The new generation generator motors have more electronic equipment and structures than the old
type motors, and accordingly the efciency is increased. The fuel consumption of the engines is
theoretically; Generally 1/4 of the numerical value of the power used[11]. For example, it can be said
that the fuel consumption of 30 kVA generator is 30/4 = 7.5 lt / h. The fuel consumed by the engines varies
according to the mark but is generally close to each other. As the power of the motor grows, this 1/4
ratio approaches 1/5 ratio[12]. Table 3 shows the power and fuel consumption of some engines[13].
Likewise, the installed 80 kVA diesel generator consumes about 20 lt of fuel per hour [11-13]. At present, the price
of diesel fuel in our country is around $ 1.23[14]. In this case the fuel (l) for 1 kVA and the cost of consumption are
shown in Eq.(1) and Eq.(2).

Fuel consumption cost for 80 kVA;

(20 lt/h) . (1.23 $) = 24.6 lt$/h (1)

Fuel consumption cost of 1 kVA diesel generator;

(24.6 lt$/h) / (80 kVA)= 0.30 lt$/hkVA (2)

4. ELECTRICITY COST FOR 1 KVA IN THE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS)

The 80 kVA is calculated as the energy required to charge the EDS if the charge factor is assumed to be 1.2, so that
the ESS with 80 kVA power has a full conversion efciency of 80% and above and can operate at full load (100%).
(80 kVA) [15].
(1.2) 96 kVA

Table 2: Advantages of over other lithium-based systems

Technology Li-PO4 Li-CoO2 LiMn2O4 Li(NiCo)O2 Li2-S
Security The safest Not constant Acceptable Not constant Safe
Most
Ambient Harmful to the
environmentally Very dangerous Acceptable Very dangerous
Sensitivity cause of sulfur
friendly
Cycle life Best Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

Power / Weight
Acceptable Good Acceptable Good Best
intensity

Most
Long Term Cost High Acceptable High -
economical

Performance
Temperature Very good Good Good Good
drops over
Range (-20C+70C) (-20C+55C) (-20C+55C) (-20C+65C)
+ 55C

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Table-3: The amount of fuel consumption by the generator motors
Generator Power Generator Power Average fuel consumption
kW kVA (lt)
20 25 6.1
60 75 18.2
75 94 23.1
150 188 41.3
300 375 81.4
500 625 135.1
1000 1250 269.1
2000 2500 537.1

Electricity price of 1 kWh in our country is around $ 0.66 [16-17]. If the Cos value for ESS is taken as 0.95, the total
cost of electricity consumption for 96 kVA is shown in Eq.(3)[13].

N9$&RVN9$    

The cost of electricity required to charge 1 kVA is as follows Eq.(4);

(6 $) / (80kVA) 0.07 $/kVA (4)

A comparison chart of the unit cost of electricity(1 kVA) for 80 kVA diesel generator and 80 kVA ESS is shown in
Figure-2. As can be seen, diesel fuel with a capacity of 80 kVA requires diesel fuel at $ 24.6 to run at full load and
diesel fuel at $ 0.3 to meet the unit electricity(1 kVA) from this generator. On the other hand, an ESS with a capacity
of 80 kVA requires an electric energy of $ 6.01 to operate at full load, and an electric energy of $ 0.07 to meet the
unit electricity(1 kVA) obtained by this ESS.

Figure 2. Unit electricity (1 kVA) production cost of 80 kVA ESS with 80 kVA diesel generator

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5. CHARGING 80 KVA EDS WITH 40 KVA, 80 KVA, 175 KVA DIESEL GENERATORS
ESS( based) with 380 VAC(3 phase, 1 neutral, ground to transformer) input voltage can be charged for the shortest
2h with fast charge and it is not necessary to draw more current of 32A per phase at the output.

(2h) . (20 lt/h) = 40 lth (5)

The fuel cost required to fully charge the 80 kVA ESS with the 80 kVA diesel generator is shown in Eq.(6).

(1.23 $) . (2 h) . (20 lt) 49.2 $ (6)

Fuel consumption will also increase if a generator with higher output power is used. For example; Hourly fuel
consumption and fuel consumption cost calculations are shown in Eq.(7) when charging ESS of 80 kVA using a
175 kVA generator is shown.

(175 lt) . (1/4) = 43.75 lt

(43.75 lt) . (2 h) = 87.5 lth
(43.75 lt) . (2 h) . (1.23) $ = 107.62 $lth (7)
Conversely, if a generator with smaller output power is used, the fuel consumption will be less as shown in Figure
3. For example; If you want to charge 80 kVA ESS using a 40 kVA generator, the required fuel and fuel cost is
calculated in Eq.(8).

40 lt/4=10 lt
(10 lt/h) . (2 h) . (1.23 $) 24.6 $lt (8)

Figure 3. Charge cost graph of 80 kVA ESS with different power generators

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6. ON-SITE COST (FOR 1 KVA LOAD)
The generator must be run for 75 hours so that a 1 kVA load can be run for 75 hours.
The fuel consumption cost of the 40 kVA generator for 75 hours is calculated below.

(40 lt/4) . (75 h) . (1.23 $) = 922.5 $lth

The 75-hour fuel consumption cost of the 80 kVA generator is calculated below.

(80 lt/4) . (75 h) .(1.23 $) = 1845 $lth

The fuel consumption cost of 175 kVA generator for 75 hours is shown below.

(43.75 lt) . (75 h) . (1.23 $) = 4035.9 $lth

7. CONCLUSION
It is nally understood that the ESS has a signicantly lower load-cost than the diesel generator with the same
gentle ESS and that the cost per unit power of the EDS is negligible. In addition, when the generator is idling
and / or idling, it consumes approximately 80% of the full-load fuel at any given time. Operational maintenance
costs (oil change, battery change, fuel lter, air lter, oil lter, electronic and mechanical parts replacement ...) are
required every 100 hours of operation of the diesel generator and also at certain intervals. On the other hand, it
is clear that the ESS system will be much more economical than many years without maintenance or replacement
parts.

REFERENCES
1. H.Kumbur, Z.zer, H.D.zsoy, E.D.Avc, Trkiyede Geleneksel ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarnn Potansiyeli
ve evresel Etkilerinin Karlatrlmas , M, 2005
2. A.Froggatt, The liberalisation of Europes electricity markets Is the Environment Paying the Price for Cheap
Power, Greenpeace, pp. 13, May 2000.
3. H.B.etinkaya, Enerji Ynetimi ve Enerji Verimlilii Asndan Akll ebekeler ve SCADA uygulamalar, 3
'National Energy Efciency Forum and Fair, 2012
4. http://www.normenerji.com.tr/menu_detay.asp?id=7965
5. .Gencer, Dalgack Dnm Tabanl Dinamik Gerilim Dzenleyici Tasarm, Doctoral Thesis, KO,2006
6. http//www.emo.org.tr/ekler/2863E1979493264_ek.pdf]
7. M. Al, S. Kara, Elektronik Devre Tasarmnda Op-Amp ve Lineer Tmdevre , pp:10/31-34, Temmuz 2000
8. S.Arna, Tanabilir Pil ve Bataryalar, March 2007
9. L.etin, Yakt Hcreleri ve Piller ,deu, November 2011
10. The World of Batteries (Functions, Systems Disposal) GRS Batterien, Germany, pp:9, 2007
11. BR Electrical Industry Inc., http://www.isbirelektrik.com.tr/
12. Genpower Generator, httpwww.air-kam.comlesgnt-13-220.pdf
13. http://www.gucbirjenerator.com/sayfalar.asp?LanguageID=1&cid=4&id=159
14. http://tr.globalpetrolprices.com/Turkey/gasoline_prices/
15. ASPLSAN Energy Industry And Trade Co ., http://www.aspilsan.com/fbilgi.asp
16. TEDA, Current Funded Electricity Unit Prices, 2015
17. EPDK, http://enerjienstitusu.com/elektrik-yatlari/

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 0035 - FORECASTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY INCENTIVES AND INVESTMENTS
BASED ON BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Ruhan Cemre Uar*, Melih Soner elikta
Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, zmir, Trkiye
Corresponding email: ucarcemre@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Ruhan Cemre Uar

ABSTRACT
It is well-known that a holistic projection of resources is essential for the energy sector. Examination of energy
consumption tendencies, executive applications on supply and demands, efcient usage of energy, minimum
level of contamination of environment, research on adopting new and efcient technologies for the spesic area,
protecting the rights and interests of the people live in the investment area have to taken into consideration when
the new and suitable renewable energy opportunities are searched. These criteria have broad perspective in the
line of conducting roadmaps for the authorities and policy makers. Policy makers and industrial communities
use technology forecast methods to predict future industrial growth, but the existing forecast methods have
limitations when analyzing the full-lifecycle industrial emergence, including the transitions between science,
technology, application, and the mass market. This paper aims to propose a framework embrace bibliometrics
as a tool to strategize and plan the future renewable incentive models for the specic case of Turkey in order to
investigate the literature, designed for eliciting the renewable energy technologies and incentive shapes in the
country projected for the year 2020.

Keywords: Renewable energy incentives, Renewable energy subsidies, Energy policy, Energy technologies,
Development trends, Regulation.

1. INTRODUCTION
The renewable energy sector has achieved important advances in technology and power generation project
development over the past few years. Strong government support played a big role in shielding the sector from
the crisis and propelling its growth. The new global total power generation at the end of 2015 was 432.9 gigawatts
GW [1]. Renewable generation capacity increased by 152 GW or 8.3% during 2015, the highest annual growth
rate on record, according to new data released by the International Renewable Energy Agency [2]. Renewables
constitute nearly 26% of the global installed capacity [3] whereas in power generation the share of renewables is
around 28%. Global megatrends such as technological shifts, policy moves to encourage clean energy and the
changing world economic power balance are becoming increasingly reected in power sector. This momentum
will gather pace as the effects of energy transformation in the form of the growth of renewables, distributed
generation, local energy systems and customer energy management take root.

Understanding the world incentive trends helps to predict the possible growth of emergent technologies is essential
for well-informed regulatory management. The vast amount of available data in publications hinders the acquisition
and analysis of this knowledge. Therefore, there is a need for intelligent search techniques capable of determining
further scientometric indicators in order to identify various properties of publication clusters. To accommodate this, a
renewable energy taxonomy will be conducted for comprehensive trend discovery in publications.

In the scope of the study, the future incentive models and investment elds of the renewable energy tried to be
put out, as beneted from the bibliometrics. To do so, a total of 87 publications were processed article by article
and as a result 85 papers were found to focus on renewable energy incentives between the years 1996 and 2016.
For each paper, the distributions of publications over years, authors, institutions, journals, the number of citations,
keywords, and international collaborations were identied.

Subsequently, these records were analyzed using citespace, Microsoft Excel for gathering further scientometric
indicators in order to identify various properties of publication clusters and were categorized under 10 sub-elds.
Additionally, 10 parameters were dened to delineate the sub-elds identied in renewable energies by screening and
classifying a cluster of 87 publications. Subsequently, sub-elds were also analyzed according to these 10 parameters.

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According to the result of renewable energy technology forecasting studies conducted in 2011 [4] publications
under the name of renewable energy politics and its development is at the minimum level regarding to studies
conducted between the years 1980 to 2003 in worldwide with the growth of therenewable energy policy
publications and as of year-end 2015, 110 governments at the national or state level had enacted feed-in policies,
making this the most widely adopted regulatory mechanism to promote renewable power.

Tendering and auctions have gained signicant momentum in recent years and are preferred to feed-in policies in
a growing number of countries. Some of the countries are investigated in this study, had adopted net metering/
net billing policies, including four new policies adopted at the national level and ve added at the provincial level.

Fiscal policies, including grants, loans and tax incentives, continued to be important tools for promoting the
deployment of new projects and the advanced development of renewable energy technologies. Many countries
use a combination of these policies to advance renewables in the power sector [5].

Turkey has more than one policy which is currently on transmission from t to auctions. During the scanning,
it is been observed that Turkey has conducted 23 number of articles in regarding to renewable energy policy.
Moreover, Turkey ranked among the top 10 markets for renewable energy exports [6]. Yet, country risk and security
issues constitute a big importance for foreign investors.

According to worldwide results, investments in renewable energy have been weighted increasingly towards wind
and solar power. Solar termal heating and cooling, solar home systems, geothermal heat pump industry, ash
turbines, inovative wind turbines are the foresighted trends till 2020 in renewables.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Some forecasting methods considered as qualitative (expert interviews, literature reviews, expert workshops,
etc.) and quantitative (standardized surveys, patent analysis, etc) are regarded as complementary rather than
competing methods for gaining insights for the future. Integrating research methods has proven to be useful in
other studies as well [7].

Bibliometrics is a statistical examination of academic documents diverse components with the help of statistical
and quantitative analysis. Author, subject, year, page number, article number by year, and citation number are
examples of its properties. Bibliometric analysis can be considered as holistic as well as determinative. In this
respect, citation number holds signicant role determining subsequent researchers, in what way they are affected
by predecessors. There are current studies on this topic; one of them for instance executes the interactive data
visualization that turns a complicated idea into a relatively simple narrative studied by a network scientist at
Budapests Central European University [1].

At this stage of forecasting technology, it is much more easy to nd out and examine governments policies
through variety of means. On that account, bibliometric analysis stands out with its useful features showing the
most important mode of analysis on a certain topic. Two of which can be stated as Authors along with study titles
belong to a certain discipline. With this mapping system, researchers can detect how many of work of literature
are being published on that particular topic in a given area. There, we are taking our stance on this duty focusing
on this method, analyzing some of its sections that are being displayed in the system, such as citation analysis,
bibliometric graph matching, common citation analysis with bibliometric mapping and roadmap.

The roadmap focuses on the development of energy technologies in a manner that takes into account aspects
of the Turkish energy environment such as economic spin-off and commercial potential. The roadmap makes it
possible to identify the primary energy technologies which should be developed from a long-term standpoint. In
addition, the roadmap also makes it possible to determine the most benecial direction and strategy of Turkish
energy technology development.

In this study, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to nd out the development trends of the scientic studies
in the eld of renewable energy in Turkey. In the scope of study, between the years 1996-2015 published and
entered with Turkey address to Social Sciences Citation Index, on the subject of the future of renewable energy
technologies and these considered publications have examined in terms of their bibliometric qualications.

- 598 -
The source of these data is ISI Web of Science which encompasses over 50,000 scholarly books, 12,000 journals
and 160,000 conference proceedings and over a billion cited references. Given all of publications under the
address of Turkey with two following key words Renewable Energy Incentives, Renewable Energy Subsidies
scanned as a rst step which 87 results have been found.

3. RESULTS
Moreover, all of the documents were scanned according to their relevance to the main subject. Authors name,
journals name, publication years, publications language, types of document, number of publications cited data
are obtained from concerned publications. Acquired results are divided to les as authors name, journals name
and document type. These les were subgrouped as according to their share in the percentage were shown on
the Figure 1.0.

Figure 1. Research fields.

Under Energy titled publications constitute 59,8 % of the total renewable energy incentive publications, whereas
articles under Engineering title correspond to 24% of the total yield. Environmental sciences, Economics
and Social Sciences are the most preferable eld regarding incentive studies respectively, however incentive
concept had not been frequently studied on Agricultural subjected documents.

Total citation number has peaked at the year of 2015 has also shown on Figure 2. We can see the dissemination
of each year project to the regulation change of incentives or initiations of them and subsequently reected to
the articles covers this topic. In this case, 2012 addresses the year the starting point for this publication is to report
the changes introduced by Turkeys new Renewable Energy (RE) Support Mechanism,which have gone into effect
on 01 December 2011 [8]. It can also be seen that renewable energy regulation mechanism has excessively vast
impact on the upward trend of investments in RE.

- 599 -
 Figure 2. Citation in each year.

With categorized groups, tendencies are determined according to indicators as follows, statistical data consisted
and literature based research, mathematical modelling and theory based research, determining potential,
developing politics, developing new method and process, comparative research, research and developing
performance, environment effect analysis and WTO (World Trade Organization) effect based and economical
based research. In Table 1 it is been seen that, researches conducted on the subject of Developing politics states
largest percentage with 11,49. On the other hand, Developing new methods and statistical data consisted and
literature based research on the subject of renewable energy incentives are at the lowest rate with 2,29%, 1,14%
respectively.

Table 1. Parameters

In addition, in Figure 3 publications by years can be seen. Although, this study pursues studies between the years
of 1996 and 2016, it can unequivocally be stated that subsequent years from 2004 and on renewable energy
policy and related articles are increased.

- 600 -
 Figure 3. Documents by year

When the organization afliations of dissemination processed, it is observed that North China Electric Power
University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Savannah River National Laboratory hold the highest rate
accordance to their research on the subject of renewable energy incentives. China, United States and Norway
are the countries who collaborated most frequently in this subject, and conducted highest number of research
together.

Over the years between 1996 and 2016, 2,9 percentage of author published works under the name of renewable
energy incentives and renewable energy subsidies.

Moreover, when the publications were delineated, it can be also presumed that highest level of documents hold
by the country of United States. Following countries as China, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Colombia and
Turkey has shown on the Table 2.

During the scanning the documents, it is been observed that Turkey has conducted several number of articles in
regarding to renewable energy policy. It is also found out that most of the documents conducted as comparison
cases revolving around China.

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Table 2. 1996 2016 Renewable energy incentives documents by country

Additionally, this article aims to determine certain areas for Turkey, which of those would be benecial as
economically, socially, and environmentally on the subject of renewable energy incentives in years to come. On
this study, all the indicators had involved as comparative cases, science and technology and scanned information.

Table 3. Subelds

4. DISCUSSION
After scanning all the data it can be concluded that for attracting investments, Turkey needs to continue reforming
its energy market. In the last few years, power sector reform has improved dramatically and comprised moving to
cost-reective wholesale tariffs; privatizing distribution companies; beginning a program for privatizing generation
assets; and setting a date for full market opening. In spite of being aware of the huge potential, legislation and
feed-in-tariff incentives are falling behind and infrastructure is not thriving fast enough.

- 602 -
Since the incentives not been initialled twice or three times the average electricity price it can be gradually brought
to this level while the infrastructure is being built and paid for.

On the other hand, since Turkey is in transmission to auction from FIT, this model can be suggested as an example;
The procurement process should be designed well.
High standards are set for the bidding process, and apart from necessary clarications, the government sticks
to the announced schedule and core bid requirements.
Flexibility in the design of subsequent bidding rounds means that lessons can be incorporated to improve the
competitiveness of bids and prices.
The renewable energy sector is potentially highly competitive, given the diversity of energy sources, the
modular nature of most of the technologies, and the number of project developers.

Subsequent bidding rounds have incorporated more stringent threshold as well as target criteria for local content
objectives, which will result in employment creation as Eberhand stated in his work [9].
From the stand out most of the incentive papers and documents are lack of real roadmap approach and
modelization. Only majority of general annual reports conduct broad perspective in terms of what it should be
applied.

According to PwC report; regulatory uncertainties and bureaucratic inefciencies in licensing and granting permits
shall be eliminate in case of Turkey [10].

Secondly, an investment plan shall be made for the expansion of the power transmission network in a way that
will enable the optimal mix of renewable energy power plants to be connected to the grid which it is been
started recently. More generally, policies that support the energy sector as a whole would also be benecial for
investors in renewable energy. As such, further liberalization of the energy markets would be key to attracting
more investment to the energy sector.

5. CONCLUSION
Turkey has a fast growing energy demand among the IEA member countries. This publication is about Turkeys
new Renewable Energy Support Mechanism and the state of play in its renewable energy sector. However, it also
look at the policy environment and commercial developments around the world, as it is observed , the renewable
energy sector in Turkey cannot be evaluated in isolation. The countrys main policy goal is ensuring sufcient
energy supply to a developing economy [11]. As one of the governments primary policy goals, energy security
has attracted more focus than market reform and environmental protection. Still, Turkey has progressed greatly in
all areas of energy policy since the 2005 in-depth overview and there are obvious signs of a better future balance
among the three primary energy policy goals. Wide investments in energy infrastructure, especially in electricity
and natural gas are needed over in the next years to evade from hurdles in supply and sustain rapid economic
advancement.

It can be foreseen that, by the time local production in solar industry is formed, vat exemption will be taken
into account on solar plant import in the scope of incentives. To protect the local manufacturer, conceivable
prices must be bring to the import and therefore ensure the quality of the local production. A FIT is a guaranteed
payment by the kilowatt-hour, for energy produced which are risk-free policies for governments to enact, so long
as the price is neither so low that they are ineffective, nor so high that the initial investment in building the clean
fuel-free energy infrastructure costs ratepayers too much.

The feed-in-tariffs have led to more investment in renewable energy generation and an increased share of
renewables in the electricity mix [12]. Turkey is ideally positioned to benet from a strong rate that would drive
rapid development, as it has a powerhouse economy at home growing at over 5% annually, and a geographic
advantage. Turkey is well positioned to supply the European grid and has a pending smart grid connection to
Europe [13].

Renewable energy usage is extremely important to reduce the dependence on energy imports, strengthen the
energy supply security, protect the environment, and create new job opportunities for many people in Turkey. The
role of the government in formulating and implementing favorable policies for renewable energy development

- 603 -
is vital. But the private sector, which has the capacity to mobilize funds, needs to be involved in renewable
energy development. The incentives have big importance to accelerate development of renewables in Turkey.
Considering the advantages of renewable energy usage; public awareness and improvement of conditions
should also be increased. Energy efciency improvement is the main objective of many national energy policies.
Monitoring of the energy consumption and development in energy efciency are essential in order to control
and apply desired policies. In this regard, the future of renewable energies should be well calculated, designed
and evaluated to protect environment, to save energy and to strengthen economy in Turkey. Setting up the right
policy and regulatory framework for renewable energy has been a great experiment for policymakers all around
the world, and there is still much to learn from local and international experience. More steps need to be taken in
a coordinated manner to improve the investment environment for renewable energy in Turkey.

As a result, the energy demand is estimated to increase around 4 - 6 percent per annum until 2023. The Turkish
government has made it a priority to increase the share of renewable sources in the countrys total installed power
to 30 percent by 2023 [14]. With the Feed-in Tariff and auction mechanisms, the Unlicensed Generation and the
Local Content Support (a purchase guarantee for local solar products), and the help of action plan Turkey aims to
attract investors to Turkey in order to increase its renewable energy resources.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Financial support from the Heinrich Bll Stiftung scholarship programme is gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCES
1. Warner E, chief digital ofcer. 2015. Global Wind Energy Report 2015 1-73, Global Status of Wind Power in
2015. Council Annual Market Update 2015, Global Wind Energy Council Brussels, Belgium.
2. Whiteman A, R. T. 2016. Renewable Energy Statistics 2016. IRENA, pp.1-5.
3. International Energy Agency 2015. Renewable Energy Medium Term Market Report 2020, Executive Summary,
Market analysis and Forecast to 2020, October 2015, France: IEA Publications, pp.1-8.
4. elikta MS, Koar G 2011. Teknoloji ngrs: Yenilenebilir Enerji Teknolojileri rnek Uygulamal, zmir: Ege
niversitesi Basmevi.
5. Kirtay E. 2010. Current status and future prospects of renewable energy use in Turkey. Energy Exploration &
Exploitation 28 411-432.
6. Dickson, C. 2015. 2016 top Markets Report renewable energy. Washington D.C. International Trade
Administration.
7. Xin Li a YZ. 2014. Integrating bibliometrics and roadmapping methods: A case of. Elsevier.
8. . M. Gzen, 2014. Renewable energy support mechanism in turkey: nancial analysis and recommendations to
policymakers. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy Vol. 4, No. 2, , pp.274-287
9. Eberhard, A. 2013. Feed- in Tariffs or Auctions? Procuring renewable energy supply in South Africa. View Point
Public Policy for the Private Sector, pp. 1-7.
10. Pwc PricewaterhouseCoopers 2015. Power & Renewables Deals 2016 outlook and 2015 review, New York,
USA. pp. 1-16.
11. Pricewaterhouse Coopers, P. 2012. New renewable energy purchase mechanism in Turkey. New York, USA.
12. Kln FC 2011. Recent renewable energy, development, studies, incentives in Turkey. Energy Education
Science and technology Part A: Energy Science and Research For 28(1), 37-54.
13. S. Kraemer, 2011. Turkey joins 78 others to pass feed-in tariffs to encourage renewable energy. Green Tech
and Gadgets, pp. 1.
14. D. Kaplan,2015. Renewable energy Turkey, opportunity?, Ankara: Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

APPENDIX
1. R. Sinatra, D. Wang, P. Deville et al C. Song, A. Lszl, 2016. Quantifying the evolution of individual scientic
impact. Barabsi, http://www.barabasilab.com/scienceofsuccess/.

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 0063 - SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS FOR FRESHWATER PRODUCTION
Muammer Akgn
BACADER (Chimney Producers & Installers Association)
Corresponding email: muammerakgun@bacader.org

ABSTRACT
Water is essential for all life on earth, including human life. Access to uncontaminated water is a critical human
need one of that is not available to a large number of people around the world. According to United Nations
about a billion people do not access to safe, clean, drinking water. It is estimated that the lack of acccess to
safe drinking water contributes to the deaths of between 1 and 1,5 million children every year, a mortality rate
that is on a par or greater than that caused by many epidemic and catastrophes. Water problems are severe in
many countries around the world. They are likely to become even more so as the world population increases.
One-fth of the world population currently resides in areas of water scarcity. It is estimated that two thirds of
world population will live such areas by the year 2025. Adressing the problem of human societys access to safe,
clean, drinking water is urgent. Disinfection and remediation of contaminated water and desalilation of waters
to saline for human consumption are clear ways to adresss this global and urgent need. However, disinfection,
remediation, and desalination require large expenditures of energy. These energy expenditures may be brand the
capacities of the some socities or their use cause long term harm and degredation to those societies and to our
global ecosystem. In this paper, seek stop provide knowledge regarding water production through solar energy
sources.

Keywords: Water problem, desalination, solar energy, water production

1. INTRODUCTION
With the worlds energy demands increasing, much research has been directed at addressing the challenges in
using renewable energy to meet the power needs for commercial and domestic use. The economic and industrial
potentials of renewable energies, such as geothermal, solar, wave and wind. Drinking water is a more and more
scarce resource. The increment of population, environmental impacts and climate change are reducing the water
availability per person. Unfortunately, about 97% of the earths water is seawater, and only 3% is freshwater (glaciers
and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as aquifers, rivers and lakes 0.6%).

Demographic and economic growth is resulting in a continuous increase of freshwater demand for irrigation,
industrial and drinking purposes. On the other hand freshwater resources are naturally limited and further on
undergo a continuous deterioration by anthropogenic contamination. These developments, in combination with
impacts due to climate change, poverty, inequality and unequal power relationships, as well as awed water
management policies, resulting in the fact that the number of regions and countries living under water stress, i.e.
a water availability of less than 1700 m3 person1 year1, have increased especially during the last few decades and
will further increase signicantly in the future [1].

Renewable energies such as solar energy are the best way to supply the energy needs, because of their availability
near the desalination plants and avoiding environmental impacts and availability problems associated with fossil
fuels. Furthermore, increase in energy consumption makes the cost of renewable solar energy highly competitive
against fossil fuels.

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 Figure 1. Distribution of Earths Water

2. APPLICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR WATER DESALINATON

Desalination by way of solar energy is a suitable alternative to small-scale conventional methods to provide
freshwater, especially for remote and rural areas where small quantities of water for human consumption are
needed[2]. The blend of renewable energy with desalination systems holds immense promising for improving
potable water supplies in arid regions [3]. Attention has been directed towards improving the efciencies of the
solar energy conversions, desalination technologies and their optimal coupling to make them economically viable
for small and medium-scale applications. Solar energy can be used directly as thermal or it can be converted to
electrical energy to drive RO units. Electrical energy can be produced from solar energy directly by photovoltaic
(PV) conversion or via a solar thermal power plant. A variety of possible arrangements can be envisaged between
renewable power supplies and desalination technologies [5].

Solar stills, which have been in use for several decades, come in a variety of options (Fig.2) [5]. The simple solar
still (Fig. 2A) is a small production system yielding on average 25 L day1. It can be used wherever freshwater
demand is low and land is inexpensive.

Many modications to improve the performance of the solar stills have been made. These include linking the
desalination process with the solar energy collectors (Fig. 2E), incorporating a number of effects to recover the
latent heat of condensation (Figs. 2D and 2F), improving the congurations and ow patterns to increase the
heat transfer rates (Figs. 2B, 2C, 2E, and 2F), and using low-cost materials in construction to reduce the cost.
Nevertheless these systems are not economically viable for large-scale applications. One of the more successful
solar desalination devices is the multiple-effect still (Fig. 2F) [2]. Latent heat of condensation is recovered, in
two or more stages (generally referred to as multi-effects), so as to increase production of distillate water and
improve system efciency. A better understanding of the thermodynamics behind the multiple use of the latent
heat of condensation within a multi-effect humidication-dehumidication solar still is essential in improving
overall thermal efciency [2]. While a system may be technically very efcient it may not be economic (i.e., the
cost of water production may be too high) [6]. Therefore, both efciency and economics need to be considered
when choosing a desalination system. We can further argue that desalination units powered by renewable energy
systems are uniquely suited to provide water and electricity in remote areas where infrastructures are currently
lacking.

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 Figure 2A. Single-effect basin still.

Figure 2B. Single-sloped still with passive condenser

Figure 2C. Cooling of glass cover by Figure 2D. Double-basin solar stills: (a) schematic
(a) feedback ow, and of single and double-basin stills and (b) stationary
(b) counter ow. double-basin still with flowing water over upper basin.

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 Figure 2E. Directly heated still coupled with flat Figure 2F. Typical multi-effect multi-wick solar still.
plate collector: (a) forced circulation and (b) natural
circulation.
Figure 2. Solar desalination systems [5,6].

Solar collectors are usually classied according to the temperature level reached by the thermal uid in the collectors
[7]. Low temperature collectors provide low-grade heat, only a fewdegrees above ambient air temperature and
use unglazed at plate collectors. This low-grade heat is not useful to serve as a heat source for conventional
desalination distillation processes [7,8]. Medium-temperature collectors provide heated liquid at more than 43
o
C and include glazed at plate collectors as well as vacuum tube collectors using air or liquid as the heat transfer
medium. They can be used to provide heat for thermal desalination processes by indirect heating with a heat
exchanger. High-temperature collectors include parabolic troughs or dishes or central receiver systems. They
typically concentrate the incoming solar radiation onto a focal point, from which a receiver collects the energy
using a heat transfer uid. The high-temperature energy can be used as a thermal energy source in thermal
desalination processes or can be used to generate electricity using a steam turbine. As the position of the sun
varies over the course of the day and the year, sun tracking is required to ensure that the collector is always kept
in the focus of the reector for improving the efciency.

Solar ponds can be used to provide energy for many different types of applications. Solar ponds (Fig. 3) combine
solar energy collection with long-term storage. The smaller ponds have been used mainly for space and water
heating, while the larger ponds are proposed for industrial process heat, electric power generation, and
desalination. A salt concentration gradient in the pond helps in storing the energy. Whereas the top temperature is
close to ambient, a temperature of 90 C can be reached at the bottom of the pond where the salt concentration is
highest (Fig. 3., right). The temperature difference between the top and bottom layer of the pond is large enough
to run a desalination unit, or to drive the vapor generator of an organic Rankine cycle engine [9]. The Rankine
cycle converts heat into work. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water. This cycle
generates about 80% of all electric power used throughout the world including virtually all solar thermal, biomass,
coal and nuclear power [9].

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 Figure 3. Left: Solar pond for heating purpose demonstration in Australia.
Right: Solar ponds (schematic): The salt content of the pond increases from top to bottom.Water in the storage zone is
extremely salty. As solar radiation is absorbed the water in the gradient zone cannot rise because the surface zone water
above it contains less salt and therefore is less dense. Similarly, cooler water cannot sink, because the water below it has a
higher salt content and higher density. Hot water in the storage zone is piped to, for example, a boiler where it is heated
further to produce steam, which drives a turbine [9].

An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) uses an organic uid such as n-pentane or toluene in place of water and steam.
This allows use of lower temperature heat sources, such as solar ponds, which typically operate at around 7090
o
C. The efciency of the cycle is much lower as a result of the lower temperature range, but this can be worthwhile
because of the lower cost involved in gathering heat at this lower temperature.

The annual collection efciency for useful heat for desalination is in the order of 10 to 15% with sizes suitable for
villages and small towns. The large storage capacity of solar ponds can be useful for continuous operation of
desalination plants. It has been reported that, compared to other solar desalination technologies, solar ponds,
even though they are limited to small-scale applications, provide the most convenient and least expensive option
for heat storage for daily and seasonal cycles [7]. This is very important, both from operational and economic
aspects, if steady and constant water production is required. Actually, inland desalination is the only context where
solar ponds are competitive, since their efciency of solar collection is much lower than other solar collectors, so
it is only a matter of nding other means for heat storage and brine disposal (as most commercial plants using
thermal energy by the seaside do).

The heat storage allows solar ponds to power desalination during cloudy days and night time. Another advantage
of desalination by solar ponds is that they can utilize what is often considered a waste product, namely reject
brine, as a basis to build the solar pond. This is an important advantage for inland desalination. If high temperature
collectors or solar ponds are used for electricity generation, a desalination unit, such as a multi-stage ash system
(MSF), can be attached to utilize the waste heat from the electricity production process.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems directly convert the sunlight into electricity by solar cells [7]. Solar cells are made from
semiconductor materials such as silicon. Other semiconductors may also be used. A number of solar cells are usually
interconnected and encapsulated together to form a PV module. Any number of PV modules can be combined to form
an array, which will supply the power required by the load. In addition to the PV module, power conditioning equipment
(e.g. charge controller, inverters) and energy storage equipment (e.g. batteries) may be required to supply energy to a
desalination plant. Charge controllers are used for the protection of the battery from overcharging. Inverters are used
to convert the direct current from the photovoltaic modules system to alternating current to the loads. PV is a mature
technology with life expectancy of 20 to 30 years. The main types of PV systems are the following: Stand-alone systems
(not connected to the utility grid) provide either DC power or AC power by using an inverter. Grid-connected systems
consist of PV arrays that are connected to the electricity grid via an inverter.

In small and medium-sized systems the grid is used as a back-up source of energy; any excess power from the
PV system is fed into the grid. In the case of large centralized plants, the entire output is fed directly into the grid.
Hybrid arrangements, on the other hand, are autonomous systems consisting of PV arrays in combination with
other energy sources, for example in combination with a diesel generator or another renewable energy source

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(e.g. wind).There are mainly two PV driven membrane processes, reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED).
From a technical point of view, PV as well as RO and ED are mature and commercially available technologies at
present time. The feasibility of PV-powered RO or ED systems, as valid options for desalination at remote sites,
has also been proven[10]. The main problem of these Technologies is the high cost and, for the time being, the
availability of PV cells. Burgess and Lovegrove compared the application of solar thermal power desalination
coupled to membrane versus distillation technology. They reported that a number of experimental and prototype
solar desalination systems have been constructed, where the desalination technology has been designed
specically for use in conjunction with solar thermal collectors, either static or tracking. To date such systems are
either of very low capacity, and intended for applications such as small communities in remote regions, or else
remain unproven on a larger scale. Several systems which are of some interest were discussed[11]. Schwarzer
described a simple system which has at plate collectors (using oil as a heat transfer uid) coupled to desalination
towers in which water evaporates in successive stages at different heights (similar to the multieffect still shown
in Fig. 2F)[12]. The condensation of vapor in one stage occurs at the underside of the next stage, transferring
heat and increasing the gain output ratio. A very similar system (not mentioned by Schwarzer), called a stacked
plate still, is described by Fernndez and Chargoy[13]. It is important to remember that a clear distinction should
be made between systems where the RO is tailored to be coupled (mechanically) with solar thermal energy and
those where electricity is produced by solar thermal energy and standard RO plugged to that electricity.

TheVari-Power Company, based in California, has developed an RO based desalination system which is specically
tailored to solar thermal input [10]. A patented direct drive engine (DDE) converts heat to the hydraulic power
required by RO. Desalinated water production using the DDE is projected to be more than 3 times greater (for an
identical dish collector) than that which would be obtained by RO driven by a dish-Stirling electricity generation
system or PV power. Burgess and Lovegrove noted that the project remains at the pilot stage with the DDE not
commercially available: it has perhaps become less attractive due to the advances in conventional RO. The choice
of the RO desalination plant capacity depends on the daily and seasonal variations in solar radiation levels, on
the buying and selling prices for electricity, and on the weight given to fossil fuel displacement[11]. A conceptual
layout for a solar dish-based system with power generation and RO desalination is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Combined dish-based solar thermal power generation and RO desalination [11].

TheVari-Power Company, based in California, has developed an RO based desalination system which is specically
tailored to solar thermal input [10]. A patented direct drive engine (DDE) converts heat to the hydraulic power
required by RO. Desalinated water production using the DDE is projected to be more than 3 times greater (for an
identical dish collector) than that which would be obtained by RO driven by a dish-Stirling electricity generation
system or PV power. Burgess and Lovegrove noted that the project remains at the pilot stage with the DDE not
commercially available: it has perhaps become less attractive due to the advances in conventional RO. The choice
of the RO desalination plant capacity depends on the daily and seasonal variations in solar radiation levels, on
the buying and selling prices for electricity, and on the weight given to fossil fuel displacement[11]. A conceptual
layout for a solar dish-based system with power generation and RO desalination is shown in Figure 4.

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A number of solar desalination pilot plants have been installed and most have been operating successfully with
very little maintenance [14].Virtually all of them were custom designed for specic locations. Operational data and
experience from these demonstration plants can be utilized to achieve higher reliability and cost minimization.
Indirect collection systems for these plants comprise solar collectors that produce thermal, or electrical, or shaft
energy. These types of energy produced by the collector systems can be used to run conventional desalination
processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED), multi-stage ash distillation (MSF), multi-effect
distillation (MED), thermal vapor compression (TVC), mechanical vapor compression (MVC), humidication-
dehumidication systems (H-HD) and other promising processes which are under development such as membrane
distillation (MD) and adsorption desalination (AD). However, factors that need to be considered when making a
choice of which combination system to pick to go with a specic type of solar energy include product water
quality, feedwater quality, size of the unit, power requirements, economics, and operation and maintenance. More
than 80% of the relatively small solar desalination capacity, for example, is produced by RO and MED from mostly
demonstration plants [14].

Table 1. Energy consumption (using waste heat in thermal processes) in large desalination processes [15].

The energy consumption for different desalination technologies is presented in Table 1. Distillation technologies
need thermal and electrical energy while membrane processes in large commercial plants need only electrical
energy. However, both are energy intensive accounting for up to 50% of the operating cost of each process [15].
The total water cost and the energy consumption of these systems depends strongly on the specic parameters of
each technology. Details of desalination costing and energy requirement for eachtype of water desalting system
were reported by Reddy and Ghaffour. Furthermore, efforts to reduce energy consumption have been directed not
only at reducing the cost of the produced freshwater but also at minimizing the dependence on costly fossil fuel
so as to reduce, for example, CO2 emissions. The amount of desalinated water produced by different desalination
processes per square meter of solar collector area required is given in Table 2. The characteristics of solar thermal/
electric power systems have been described by Malik et al[16].

Table 2. Productivity of different desalination processes per square meter of solar collector area[17].

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3. CONCLUSION
The installation of these systems in developing countries implies a set of specic challenges and unexpected
problems that do not appear in the units installed for R&D purposes. A planning based on a meditated process
of specic and coordinated stages must be carried out in order to avoid as far as possible these difculties.
The implementation must consider not only the technical part, but also the economic, social, and environmental
aspects. Therefore this kind of projects is only possible by the incorporation of a wide set of different actors (local
and non-local) and experts with specic knowledge and experience in the different technical areas. Moreover, the
coordination and good relation among all the involved participants is a key factor for the success of the project.

From the technical point of view, the use of high quality materials, inclusion of energy recovery devices (in
seawater cases) and batteries, a tailor-made design and control system, subjected to the local conditions, is
strongly recommended in order to develop a system able to operate with minimum maintenance requirements.
The experience shows that each target place is different and needs a specic analysis to identify the most suitable
option of PV-RO water supply systems.

From the economic point of view, the specic costs of water production by PV-RO are still far away from the water
cost of conventional seawater desalination plants. Nevertheless, the future is hopeful. Renewable energies in
general and photovoltaic energy, in particular, have been experiencing a great development for the last years,
with very positive consequences on the quality and prices of equipment. On the other hand, the oil prices will
raise sooner or later, with strong implications in all the economy, but especially in energy intensive industrial
processes, as desalination.

From the social point of view, the cultural and political aspects should be taken into account. The involvement of
all the local actors (authorities, associations, beneciaries, technicians, suppliers) is absolutely necessary since
everyone has a specic role. The local training of people for maintenance and operation tasks is particularly
critical. At the end, the system must be autonomous, not only from the power supply point of view, but also from
the management.

The only option for a long-term self-management or sustainability of the project is the commitment of all the
involved local actors. Of course, this implies a progressive independence process, in which training of maintenance
operators and creation of a local working group is vital.

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REFERENCES
1. Rogers, P.: Facing the freshwater crisis. Scientic American, August 2008.
2. Al-Hallaj, S., Farid, M.M.&Tamimi, A.R.: Solar desalination with a humidication-dehumidication cycle:
performance of the unit. Desalination 120 (1998), pp. 273280.
3. Mahmoudi, H., Spahis, N., Goosen, M.F.A., Ghaffour, N., Drouiche N. &Ouagued, A.: Application of geothermal
energy for heating and freshwater production in a brackish water greenhouse desalination unit: A case study
from Algeria, J. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14:1 (2010), pp. 512517.
4. Rodriquez, L.: Seawater desalination driven by renewable energies: a review. Desalination 143:2 (2002), pp.
103113.
5. Goosen, M.F.A., Sablani, S., Shayya, W.H., Paton, C. & Al-Hinai, H.: Thermodynamic and economic considerations
in solar desalination. Desalination 129 (2000), pp. 6389.
6. Fath, M.E.S.: Solar desalination: a promising alternative for water provision with free energy, simpletechnology
and a clean environment. Desalination 116 (1998) pp. 4556.
7. Kalogirou, S.: Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 31 (2005),pp.
242281.
8. Fahrenbruch, A. & Bube, R.H.: Fundamentals of solar cells. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1983.
9. Wright, J.D.: Selection of a working uid for an organic Rankine cycle coupled to a salt-gradient solar pond by
direct-contact heat exchange. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 104:4 (1982), pp. 286 293.
10. Childs, W.D., Dabiri, A.E., Al-Hinai, H.A. & Abdullah, H.A.: VARI-RO solar powered desalting study. Desalination
125 (1999), pp. 155166.
11. Burges, G. & Lovegrove, K.: Solar thermal powered desalination: membrane versus distillation technologies.
Solar 2005.
12. Schwarzer. K., Vieira, M.E., Faber, C. & Mller, C.: Solar thermal desalination system with heat recovery.
Desalination 137:13 (2001), pp. 2329.
13. Fernndez, J.L. & Chargoy, N.: Multistage, indirectly heated solar still. Solar Energy 44:4 (1990), pp. 215223.
14. Reddy, V.K. & Ghaffour, N.: Overview of the cost of desalinated water and costing methodologies. Desalination
205 (2007), pp. 340353.
15. Mahmoudi, H., Ouagued, A. & Ghaffour, N.: Capacity building strategies and policy for desalination using
renewable energies in Algeria. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13 (2009b), pp. 921926.
16. Malik, M.A.S., Tiwari, N., Kumar, A. & Sodha, M.S.: Active and passive solar distillation: a review. In: Solar
distillation, Pergamon Press, UK, 1982.
17. Childs, W.D. & Dabiri, A.E.: MEDRC R&D report - VARI-RO solar-powered desalting study. (www.medrc.org)
research project 97-AS-005b, 2000.

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 0088 - RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND TECNOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE
COUNTRY TURKEY AND THE WORLD, THE APPLICATIONS
Ycel Oaz
Provincial Directorate Of Youth And Sports Services
Corresponding email: yuceloaz@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Technology, renewable energy sources, the discovery is seen a rapid development to the present day, but not
enough. Also known as the Green Energy and Green Energy Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Bio Mass Energy, renewable
energy such as geothermal energy and hydroelectric energy, as well as in the world is of great Importance for
Turkey. Hope that future studies will shed light on the world and Turkey the transmitter.Green nature for the
development of energy technology R & D activities should be emphasized. The development of green energy
technology, energy, and reduces dependence in terms of technology will be a great Contribution to the countrys
economy. Renewable energy systems to be established, especially in rural areas, agricultural development, nature
conservation, idle agricultural lands is Important for the assessment and prevention of migration to the cities.

Keywords: Applications of Turkey and the world,Renewable Energy Sources. Renewable Energy Technology,
Renewable Energy Country s Development Area. Renewable Energy Systems will be established in rural regions

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 0096 - MERSIN-SILIFKE DISTRICT OF SOLAR POWER PLANTS PLACES COULD
ASSEMBLY, THE EVALUATION OF INSTALLATION AND OPERATING COSTS
Mehmet Zile
Mersin University, Mersin
Corresponding email: mehmetzile@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
Today, fossil fuels is nite and they create environmental problems and energy resources due to considerable
increases in the cost of production techniques etc. It has led to reconsideration. air pollution generated during the
production of energy from fossil fuels, global warming, environmental problems such as soil and water pollution
is increasing with each passing day, to overcome these problems, it is necessary to take advantage of renewable
energy production and to reduce the increase in transmission costs. In particular, the ukurova region and province
of Mersin, such as where a lot of sunny days to take advantage of solar energy is becoming extremely important.
In addition, businesses, industrialists, are the most important input cost of public institutions and municipalities.
Therefore, as the province of Mersin to provide clean healthy living environment to solve these problems in a
peaceful environment where a lot of sunny days, you should denitely take advantage of solar energy. In this
study, in order to be a role model Silifke District intense sunlight determine the locations, setting of the scale and
size of plants generating electricity from solar energy has been investigated. In order to be a model example of
the studies, virtuous County were identied places intense sunlight, which the scale and size were investigated
setting of plants generating electricity from solar energy and setup and operating costs are calculated, the plants
installation costs to be established is determined to be able to amortize over a period of time how much.

Keywords: Solar Energy, Generating Electricity, Silifke District, Energy Resources

1. INTRODUCTION
Solar Power Plants of a large number of solar battery formed by bringing together solar energy (photovoltaic)
electric energy plants. solar power plants that produce renewable energy to provide the energy of the settlements
is a type of energy can be installed additional power and can be operated with the aim to support the mains.
The energy provided by the sun; photovoltaic solar panels, solar panel, solar cell, solar cells, PV modules, solar
modules, solar cells, electrical energy is converted to electricity by units called with such names. The rst is
energy obtained from solar DC direct current electrical energy. The obtained DC direct current electrical energy,
switchgear used in AC available in homes and factories converted to alternating current power.

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2. SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS
Photovoltaic cell structure is given in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Structure of photovoltaic cells

Solar cells are semiconductor elements that convert sunlight into electrical energy coming to the surface. Square,
rectangular, circular area of solar cells formed about 100 cm, the thickness of 0.2 - 0.4 mm is about. Solar battery
voltage at the end when light falls on them occurs. a plurality of solar cells in order to increase the power output
is mounted on a connecting surface parallel or in series, the structure of the solar cell module or a photovoltaic
module is called. Depending on the power demand system modules are created from a few watts up to mega-
connected in series or parallel to each other watts. PV power generation with solar panels Figure 2 are given.

Figure 2. Electricity PV solar panel production

The most suitable ones for making solar cell among the many substances that exhibit semiconductor properties,
silicon, gallium arsenide, are materials such as cadmium telluride. PN-type material interface, i.e. in the joint region
P of the side of negative, positive charge is collected in the N side. This region transition region or region free
of charge is called. electric eld that is formed structural electric eld is called. To work as a semiconductor
joint solar cell photovoltaic conversion must be provided in the joint region. This transformation happens in two
stages, the rst electron reduced light of the joint-hall created pairs. Secondly, they are separated with the aid of
electric elds. Semiconductors, consists of two energy bands separated by a forbidden energy gap. This energy
range is equal to or greater than a photon energy is absorbed by the semiconductor, electrons in a valence band
energy giving, allowing the electrons to the conduction band makes a pair of electron-hol occur. This pn joint is
formed at the interface of the solar cell are separated by pairs of electron-hol wherein the electric eld. Thus, solar
cell, electrons in the area, halls also works as a motor propelling pumps to p. hol-electron pairs separated from

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each other at the ends of the solar cell generating a power output brings energy occurs. This process, with impact
surface back to a photon battery likewise constant, it is obtained by direct current electrical energy. The resulting
direct voltage alternating voltage switchgear used in residential and factories in the converter is converted into
electrical energy. Solar cells can be created making use of many different elements. These crystalline silicon,
gallium arsenide, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, such as those elm [1].

Concentrators of solar power plants, solar energy collected by collectors as the heat carrier, water, air, helium and
energy production beneting from substances such as sodium, such as tolyl of steam or gas turbines are power
plants obtained using organic liquid. Collector structure shown in Figure 3 from the electric power generation and
solar intensiers Stations Figure 4 is given.

Figure 3. Structure of collector

(1) the power tower and solar radiation receiver,

(2) hot salt tank
(3) steam generator and the steam turbine
(4) electric generators,
(5) cold salt tank

Figure 4. Intensifiers electric power generation solar power plant

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Solar radiation by the reective mirror composed of Heliostatic, unless mounted on the tower is indicated by the
rst number reects and concentrates the heat generator. and working uid through the uid in the receiver in the
tube absorbs solar energy. High temperature, this uid is converted to pressurized steam in the steam generator
indicated by Number 3. This steam, multiplying rapidly turbine of converted into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is
converted into electrical energy in electric generators indicated with the Number 4 [2].

3. POTENTIAL OF SOLAR DISTRICT SILIFKE

Silifke district, we have an important place in the solar energy potential of direction. Because of this feature, the
best way to evaluate in terms of solar energy production, and it is understood that signicant work needs to be
done about it. According to the measurements, Silifke town has a total solar measured year 1964 (kWh/m2), the
average monthly solar energy amount of 163 (kWh/m2) and 2990 of sunshine duration per year (h/year) were
obtained. Silifke district, per square meter daily sunshine duration that can be measured by months Fig.5 shows
the daily amount of solar radiation per square meter measured by months Figure 6 is given.

Figure 5. In Silifke, according to the daily sunshine duration per square meter month.

Figure 6. In Silifke, according to the amount of solar radiation per square meter month Daily

- 618 -
4. IN SILIFKE DISTRICT LOCATION DETERMINATION OF SOLAR POWER PLANTS COULD ASSEMBLY THE
EVALUATION OF INSTALLATION AND OPERATING COSTS
Silifke Tasucu near the coast, where the solar power plant planned to be built are shown in schematic form in
Figure 7.

Figure 7. Silifke Tasucu near the coast, where the planned solar power plant

The review of and the measurement, Silifke Tasucu near the coast and Silifke sun proportion of the land have lost
their forest property on three km north of the town to be a high place, to be at in the area surrounding the sun
in the absence of any hills that might prevent and electricity produced in the State to be sold because it is plant
near area network to the sun it is understood that the establishment of power plant is more appropriate. Silifke
district, three kilometers north of forests have lost their land and property of the planned solar power plant Figure
8 is given [3].

Figure 8. Silifke three km north of the town that has lost its forest land property and planned solar power plant

Panels in a solar power plant can be mobile or immobile property. Feet from the species sun moves the horizontal
and vertical facing the sun has been found that selected when the power generation by 25% additional yield
obtained. Parabolic trough reector solar energy systems, solar radiation is reected in the receiver tubes placed
in the focal line of parabolic shape with twisted panels. A owable material that can carry high temperature in these
pipes are used to produce steam in a steam generator moved higher energy. Steam generator steam produced
in the steam turbines to urge movement of the kinetic energy is converted into electrical generator connected
to the steam turbines of electrical energy by turning quickly [4]. Parabolic trough reector-type solar power plant
Figure 9 is given.

- 619 -
 Figure 9. Parabolic trough reflector-type solar power plant

A sufcient amount of space is needed for each module for the installation of the solar modules. Because certain
amount of energy that can be obtained out of each module must be increased in the coated areas for increasing
the production capacity. Solar Power Plants investment costing can be in two stages, in the rst stage, costing
solar modules, solar cells costing the second stage. costing the solar modules to each other as equal with the
average costing of solar cells and the share of the investment is approximately 50%. Two plants of 50 MW each
cost analysis outlines that in mind, a capacity Silifke Tasucu near the beach and the district has lost its forest land
feature that can be installed in three km north are given below;

Assumptions required by measurements and calculations;

Planned Power Plant of 50 MW capacity;
Unit investment cost (per / kWh) = 1,000 TL.
The number of annual sunny days = 300
Electricity Sales Tariff: 0.127800 TL./kWh
Central daily working time = 8 hours
Energy Conversion Efciency = 60% as it is taken.

Investment cost = capacity x unit cost (per / kWh)

= 50000 kWh x 1000 (TL / kWh)
= 50,000,000 TL.
Average daily power generation = capacity x yield x daily working time = 50 MW x %60 x 8 hour = 240 MWh.
Plant a total daily operating expenses, including depreciation costs;
= One per day. energy production (MWh) x unit operating costs (TL / MWh) = 240 MWh. x 50 (TL. / MWh)
Plant a total daily operating expenses, including depreciation costs = 12,000 TL.
Solar Ener. Sant. one per day. power generation cost = energy production schedule x sales
= 240000 kWh. x 0.127800 per / kWh = 30672 TL.
Solar Ener. Sant. one per day. power generation earnings;
= cost of energy production - operating expenses
= 30 672 TL -12 000 TL.
Solar Ener. Sant. one per day. energy production per earnings = 18672 TL.
Solar Ener. Sant. Annual energy production earnings;
= One per day. energy production gain (TL / day) x annual working time (days/year)= 18672 (per/day) x 300 (days/
year)
Solar Ener. Sant. Annual energy production earnings = 5.601.600 (TL/year)

Including solar panels and power plant will be used to control the converter units in depreciation and amortization
expense, each solar power plant is understood to cover the total cost of installation after being operated for nine
years.

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5. CONCLUSION
Nowadays, dwindling production costs of solar cells, the production of electricity has become an important option
as a renewable energy. Installation costs compared to other systems. Although it seems a little high, after a while
the system is paying off its kennd. Solar systems most important feature is no need to hear fuel for electricity
generation. reduction in installation costs and an improvement brought to the effective alternative case of solar
cell.

In order to be a model example of the studies, virtuous County were identied places intense sunlight, which the
scale and size were investigated setting of plants generating electricity from solar energy and setup and operating
costs are calculated, the plants installation costs to be established is determined to be able to amortize over a
period of time how much, in the cost analysis outlined as seen in solar power plants with an annual electricity
production of about 5.601.600 TL. gain investment costs can be met within a short time.

REFERENCES
1. Zile, M. 2013. Sun and Wind Energy Central from Renewable Energy Resources Adapting ntelligent Network
And Comparing to the Installation Management Costs in Tarsus City, Smart Grid and Turkey Electricity Networks
of the Future Symposium, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Ankara.
2. Zile, M. 2011. Solar Power Plants That Could Be Installed in Place of Erdemli District Evaluation of Installation
and Operating Cost, 5. Gne Energy Systems Symposium, Mersin.
3. Zile, M. 2008. Generating Electricity From The Sun, Projecting And Improving Different Practics, Mersin
University Symposium, Mersin.
4. Zile, M. 2005. Solar And Wind Energy Source A New System, yeksem 2005, III. Symposium on Renewable
Energy Sources, ISBN 975-395-915-X, pp 169-172, Mersin.

- 621 -
0103 - TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES SMART BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(BMS) IN THE OFF-GRID PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
Mohamadreza Shirinabady1*, Hamed Ahmadi Nezam Abad2
1
Technical and Vocational Training Organization East Azerbaijan
2
University of Seraj, Tabriz
Corresponding email: m.shirinabady@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Mohamadreza Shirinabady

ABSTRACT
Designing off-grid photovoltaic systems is such that it should act independently of the electricity network and it
must have potential for supplying consumers of AC & DC. Since the photovoltaic system does not have the ability
to provide the continuous power and the amount of power generation is completely depends on the conditions
of region radiation and temperature, therefore for proper and reliable load power providing, photovoltaic unit
have to be equipped with energy storage system. Power reserve capacity depends on the consumption rate
of load in the hours that production does not exist. In this paper, to increase the photovoltaic system reliability,
reduce power losses and possibility to manage the energy and increasing the longevity of the system and save the
costs, the concept of intelligent battery management system (BMS) (Battery Management System) Considered. A
device that can control the amount of power available in the storage system and various consumer energy with
the prioritizing the amount of power infusion or performance management.

Keywords: Solar energy, Battery management system, Energy storage

1. INTRODUCTION
The phenomenon is caused by light radiation without using the drive mechanism, generated electricity is called
the photovoltaic phenomenon and to the any system that uses this phenomenon, known as photovoltaic systems.
These systems are divided into two general categories: 1. On-Grid, 2. Off-Grid. Off-Grid systems directly from
the solar panel connected to the DC loads and with the inverter it is connected to the AC load and power
requirements of these devices are provided. Since Off-Grid photovoltaic systems does not have capability for
sustainable production and the amount of production are Related on atmospheric conditions therefore for proper
and reliable and permanent load supply These systems must be equipped with energy storage system. The energy
storage system capacity depends on the amount of usage of load in the hours that the production had stop. Even
if for increasing safety margins energy storage system must have capability of supplying the entire system load
without using the photovoltaic energy systems for a few days. In the case of doing this rst an estimate of energy
consumption comes on a day to operate. Then the panel size is calculated from the average daily solar radiation.
According to the climate of the region and the number of cloudy days in a row and the importance of the load,
the battery capacity is estimated. Then from the panel details, charge controller type and based on the continuous
and offensive ow of the load, Inverter capacity is determined [1].

Off-Grid photovoltaic system design steps with the purpose of supplying DC energy consumed.
Estimate the amount of the average daily consumption of energy

Terms of consumption changes to improve energy consumption efciency

Determine the capacity and ordering arrays

Charge controller design

Design of the battery capacitance

Figure 1. Off-Grid photovoltaic systems dc consumers supplying.

- 622 -
Benets of this system include:
No need for transmission grid and repair and maintenance of that.
No need for fuel and fueling problems xing, especially in areas impassable.
No need for constant maintenance and repair and appropriate longevity

Storage system includes three main parts, the battery compartment, battery charge controllers and separate
subsidiary panels to loads of critical circuits. The critical loads from a subsidiary panel wiring that is Separate from
the rest of electrical circuits that in case of a power failure during the night or day battery have the task of supplying
energy. Nowadays sealed lead acid batteries, nickel-cadmium hydroxide, nickel and lithium are available, which
are lead acid batteries consume more [2].

Batteries that used in the solar systems are similar to car batteries, the difference is that, these batteries are
designed in such a way which during the night it can receive up to 70% of the stored energy. This type of batteries
commonly called Deep Cycle batteries. (This percentage for a car battery is almost 20% or 25%) Then again on the
following day they are fully charged and ready for use at night time [3] [4].

Another advantage of using the solar battery systems is for electric motors launching circuits. The batteries are not
one hundred percent rate appliances with high advantage and some energy as heat in chemical reactions during
charging and discharging of the day is wasting.

Batteries are connected together in two different forms. To increase the battery voltage, batteries are connect
together in series and for increasing their current they are connected parallel. Needed for these kinds the batteries
must be in the same type in the connections.

Figure 2. Block diagram of connections off-grid photovoltaic systems for DC loads.

Battery used in the solar system due to continuous use on a daily basis they must be long life span. For example,
in the following diagram during the life of an AGM battery discharge level to 40percent in the about 1,500 cycle
is expressed. In the Solar systems batteries charge by solar panels during the day and during the night are
discharged by consumers. So each day and night considered a cycle of charge and discharge batteries. As a
result, the battery lifetime will be 1,500 days, which is about 4 years. In designing a solar system battery discharge
level should be considered by the designer that battery lifetime not to be very short. As observed in the diagrams
[5] if the battery is discharged up to 80 percent it will be only able to supply 500 cycles and that means only year
and half lifetime of the battery [4] [6].

2. ECONOMIC STUDY ON THE COST OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

Assuming the price of the battery with PB, the price of panel with Pp, the price of charge controller with Pc, the
minimum investment rate with I and F show ination. In this case the seeming rate of interest (r) is calculated with
the following formula (1):

If the life of the system imaginary be 20 years old and battery life 5 years be considered, according to the following
equation to calculate the price of batteries On n years is (2) :

The primary value of batteries with three times replacement achieved over the lifetime of the relationship (table.1).

- 623 -
Table 1. Price of batteries in the 20 yyear lifetime.

For ination of 5% and a minimum investment rate of 10%, 15.5% seeming rate of interest and the coefcient of
PB, will be equal to 2.245857.

Installation and wiring costs 5% of investment costs in the rst year is considered. The present value of the
investment is obtained from the following formula (4):

40 years life of the power grid usually is considered so value of the initial investment cost for photovoltaic systems
with a lifetime of 40 years is calculated as follows (5):

As we see in this formula, ination has a direct relationship with the initial investment cost and opposite of that
the rate of interest has indirect relationship with it [6]. Therefore As we see in the formula (5) if ination increase
and the rate of interest decrease the value of the initial investment cost would be highest for this organization.
Beside of that the most important part is that if the initial investment cost increase and rate of interest decrease
the battery price as the equation that showed in (4)and(3), will be decreased [7]. These actions are optimizing by
a unit called BMS.

3. BMS (BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)

On situations such as cloudy days when the production of energy is low and the batteries have not been charged
as expected or because of the non-compliance with amount of authorized use of energy, batteries might be
exceed the discharged limit, which shuts off the consumers and reducing longevity of the batteries, To prevent
such a incidents battery management system is suggested.

- 624 -
The intelligent battery management system circuit is a device that can control the battery level or the power of the
battery from various locations. By using battery management system we can manage power of different devices by
prioritizing the amount of PTO or performance. The use of these systems can be manage banks backup batteries
or the same UPS noted.

BMS with managing current, voltage and temperature helps to control power in circuits. This system provided
users by the possibility of coping and controlling high currents and unexpected variables through monitoring.
This system, if the battery voltage goes below the nominal of a specied amount or goes over the nominal of a
specied amount or battery temperature became more than a certain value (battery nominal temperature) it turns
off the entire system [8].

Figure 2. Block diagram of connections off-grid photovoltaic systems for DC loads with BMS control.

4. MATERIALS & METHODS

The circuit for the power controlling using code vision and C programming language and Basic, Design and
built-in microcontroller Atmega-32 that works with 15V voltage reference. By the launch of the relay circuit the
amount of battery percentage will display on the LCD specied in orbit. In this circuit a capacitor is used for the
noise reduction. The output of this circuit are having particular prioritization that the rst priority for protection
and safety uses, the second priority for lighting applications, the third priority for audio and video systems and
fourth priority is for using in heating and cooling systems [9]. We use this circuit as a battery storage and OPAMP
used to indicate battery charge.

For the development the performance of the circuit instead of using the microcontroller AVR, can be used ARM
microcontrollers because ARM have more ports than AVR. The reason for using AVR is that these microcontrollers
are designed with a lot of commands and codes which cause the generated code size is low and higher processing
speed. AVR-Atmega32 speed can rise up to 16 million instructions per second. In the case of simulation and
modeling of this circuit on the PCB Board, Appropriate applications has been used (g.3) (g.4) [5].

- 625 -
 Figure 3. Proteus circuit diagram and connections.

In the circuit depicted, diodes which is parallel with the relays are for protecting and the transistors has been used
as a driver. From the screen we used to display the stored available energy and displaying the active outputs. In
this circuit the variable resistor is for calibrating the circuit displays the percentage of available energy. Operation
of the circuit output in the Toggle and turning on and off are in milliseconds. A buzzer is used for an alert the user
when the energy is reducing or the system have potential errors (g3).

- 626 -
 Figure 4. Proteus circuit PCB layout.

Figure 5. Circuit real picture.

5. IMPROVING BATTERY LIFE WITH BMS

The simplest and most obvious way of getting the maximum life out of a battery is to ensure that it always works
well within its designed operating limits. There are however some further actions which can be taken to increase
the battery life. A battery cycle is one complete discharge and recharge cycle. It is usually considered to be
discharging from 100% to 20%, and then back to 100%. However, there are often ratings for other depth of
discharge (DOD) cycles, the most common ones are 10%, 20%, and 50%. You have to be careful when looking
at ratings that list how many cycles a battery is rated for, unless it also states how far down it is being discharged.

- 627 -
Battery life is directly related to how deep the battery is cycled each time. If a battery is discharged to 50% every
day, it will last about twice as long as if it is cycled to 80% DOD. If cycled only 10% DOD, it will last about 5 times as
long as one cycled to 50%. Obviously, there are some practical limitations on this you dont usually want to have
a 5 ton pile of batteries sitting there just to reduce the DOD. The most practical number to use is 50% DOD on
a regular basis. This does not mean you cannot go to 80% once in a while. Its just that when designing a system
when you have some idea of the loads, you should gure on an average DOD of around 50% for the best storage
vs cost factor. Also, there is an upper limit battery that is continually cycled 5% or less will usually not last as long as
one cycled down 10%. This happens because at very shallow cycles, the Lead Dioxide tends to build up in clumps
on the positive plates rather than an even lm.

The graph below (g.6) shows the results of a manufacturer's cycle tests of batteries used in electric vehicles sold
in the USA. The obvious conclusion would be that, if the batteries were fully discharged and recharged on most
days, they would be good for at least 500 cycles which would be equivalent to between one and two years of
driving and even longer if the batteries were only partially discharged each day.

Figure 6. The results of a manufacturer's cycle tests of batteries used in electric vehicles sold in the USA.

At a given temperature and discharge rate, the amount of active chemicals transformed with each charge -
discharge cycle will be proportional to the depth of discharge. The relation between the cycle life and the depth
of discharge appears to be logarithmic as shown in the graph below (g.7). In other words, the number of cycles
yielded by a battery goes up exponentially the shallower the DOD. This holds for most cell chemistries. (The curve
just looks like a logarithmic curve however. It is actually a reciprocal curve drawn on logarithmic paper) [10].

Figure 7. Depth of Discharge vs Cycle Life

- 628 -
6. CONCLUSION
The above graph was constructed for a Lead acid battery, but with different scaling factors, it is typical for all cell
chemistries including Lithium-ion. This is because battery life depends on the total energy throughput that the
active chemicals can tolerate. Ignoring other ageing effects, the total energy throughput is xed so that one cycle
of 100% DOD is roughly equivalent to 2 cycles at 50% DOD and 10 cycles at 10% DOD and 100 cycles at 1% DOD.
See also Cycle Life which shows how cell performance diminishes due to deterioration of the active chemicals as
the battery ages. Therefore if we can control the lifetime of battery discharge and number of charge and discharge
cycles the life of the battery as we see in the gure (7), our batteries life time would be increase, and BMS control
such these works.

REFERENCES
1. Clay S. Hearn & Michael C. Lewis & Siddharth B. Pratap, University of Texas at Austin, IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy, utilization of optimal control law to size Grid-level ywheel energy storage, 30 january
2013.
2. Solar-tr-2014, Lead Acid Battery Energy Storage Systems and state of charge estimation under observable
circumstances; 2014.
3. W. DeSoto, S.A.Klein and W.A.Beckman, Improvement and Validation of a model for photovoltaic Array
Performance, Elsevier Solar Energy, 2006, Vol.80.No.1, 78-88.
4. M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. R. Filho, Comprehensive approach to modeling and simulation of photovoltaic
arrays, IEEE Trans. PowerElectron, Vol. 24, No. 5, 2009, 11981208.
5. M. R. Banaei & M. R. Shirinabady & Mehdi Mirzaey, et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,
ISSN, MPPT control of photovoltaic using SEPIC Converter to reduce the input current ripples, January 2014
6. D.Rekious, E.Matagne, Optimization of photovoltaic Power Systems, (Springer.2012).
7. P.Dinesh , B.Kowshick , P,Pankaj Raghav, Ramesh K.Govindarajan , G.Saravana llango , Texas Instruments
India Educators Conference (TIIEC), Solar Power Based Intelligent Battery Charging System Compatible with
Existing Home Inverters, April 4,2013 to April 6,2013.
8. Marcelo Gradella Villalva & Jonas Rafael Gazoli & Ernesto Ruppert Filho, IEEE Transactions on power electronics,
Comprehensive Approach to modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays, may 2009.
9. D. Archer, R. Hill, Clean electricity from photovoltaics, Series on Photoconversion of Solar Energy, (Imperial
College Press, 2001).
10. Siguang Li & Chengning Zhang, Computer and automation engineering, international conference (2009),
Study on battery management system and lithium-ion battery, March.8, 2009 to March.10, 2009.

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 0107 - THE ROLE OF URBAN PLANING IN SOLAR ENERGY
Bekir Yelmen1*, agatay zcan2
1
Adana Metropolitan Municipality, Adana Water and Sewerage Authority Adana
2
Remondis, Water and Sewerage Authority Adana
Corresponding email: byelmen@yahoo.com.tr
*Corresponding author: Bekir Yelmen

ABSTRACT
Since the last quarter of the 20th century technological advances and energy production and consumption processes
in Paralel with the increasing urbanization of the world's energy demand, however, it raises ecological problems.
Since the nineties, reducing the pressure on the ecological balance of the city planning approach for more efcient
and livable cities has been launched. The most important determinant of the country's socio-economic structure and
physical development, energy supply and consumption. In this case the relation ship is associated within creased
urbanization, urban planning and energy consumption is the main source reveals the well should be constructed.
This study covers and sample applications that may pose importance of Solar Energy in Urban Planning. In this
context, local government, the community embraced the energy efciency in buildings and urban transport are the
most important position on the adoption of effective measures. Locations in energy efciency measures and costs
can be reduced, local employment can be increased, reduced local and global pollution, energy dependence can
be reduced and improved social living conditions. Mainly by analyzing the environmental impact of this potential
assessed under the vehicle and building technology, it is important to be transferred to the urban planning process.

Keywords: Renewable energy, City planning, Solar energy

1. INTRODUCTION
The importance of energy is increasing day by day. The amount of energy consumed indicates level of development
of countries. Population increase, large-scale energy production and conversion systems established in parallel
with industrial development bring about cross-border effects as well as affecting the ecological balance to a great
extent. For this reason, environmental problems, as much as having a national sense, encompass international
characteristics. Demand for renewable energy sources is gradually going up for the amount of fossil fuels is
decreasing. Undesirable effects of renewable energy sources on the environment are fewer compared to those of
other energy sources. Fossil fuel reserves, which are making up for a large percentage of energy need, are being
depleted from one day to another, and effects of using fossil fuel reserves of the earth such as oil, coal and natural
gas in the 20th century; such as ozone layer depletion, acid rains, global warming have left the world facing an
environmental pollution, which is perhaps difcult to come back from [1]. In addition, while fossil based energy
types involve 86% of total energy consumption in the world, energy generated from renewable and nuclear
sources have shares of 7.8% and 6.5%, respectively, only in primary energy consumption [2] Along with signicant
unfavourable outcomes such as dependance on foreign sources, high import expenditures and environmental
problems, energy use that is based on fossil fuels increases the importance of renewable energy sources, due
to rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves of the world. Renewable energy sources constitute a great importance
also for being sustainable due to their permanent nature and for being available in every country throughout the
world. Moreover, its environmental impact is quite less compared to non-renewable energy sources. Renewable
energy sources are acknowledged to become the most important energy source in the 21st century, in case
current technical and economical problems are solved. (Table 1) [3].

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Table 1. Estimation of renewable energy sources in 2020
Minimum in 2020 Maximum in 2020
Energy Source MTEP % MTEP Total %
Modern Biomass 243 45 561 42
Solar 109 20 355 26
Wind 85 15 215 16
Geothermal 40 7 91 7
Small-Scale Hydraulic 48 9 69 5
Sea Energies 14 4 55 4
TOTAL 539 100 1345 100

Terms such as green buildings, green energy and sustainable environment and resource use appear as the
outcomes of aforementioned processes both in practice and in legal regulations. Combined with the fact of
climate change created by energy crises being experienced and greenhouse has emissions, the subject of energy
efciency, specically, started rstly in the USA and Europe, and then on a global scale, to be an important criterion
for decision-making processes in commodity or service purchases. Demand for energy increases as technology
advances. It is estimated that the greenhouse effect caused by carbondioxide has released into the atmosphere
from factory chimneys, cities and motor vehicles will result in a temperature rise of 1.5-4C, and then this will
lead to a rise in the sea level as a result of the melting of glaciers.[4] Shell Oil Company has pointed out that the
contribution of renewable energy sources to world energy will be two thirds of the contribution of fossil fuels
today by the year 2025. The importance of renewable energy types could be understood better by taking a look
at gas emissions. According to reports of the European Union, carbondioxide emission in Europe will decrease by
402 million tons annually, if renewable energy use could be doubled in a decade [5]. In United Nations Climate
Change Conferences, the conclusion that the consumption share of clean and renewable energy sources must
be at least 25% among all energy types has been drawn. It was indicated that this goal be reached in at least
30 years, and otherwiseinhabitable regions would emerge throughout the world, and altered climate conditions
would become permanent. [6,7]. It has been monitored that CO2 emissions in the world associated with energy
have increased during a period of 20 years [8]. In addition, 70% of the total energy consumed in Turkey is being
imported, and this percentage is gradually increasing. Energy importation of Turkey is expected to rise up to
78% by 2020 [9]. This condition affects our country negatively in various aspects. The correct selection of the
energy type and adopting its active use with this conscience, will provide many benets in economical, social and
environmental aspects for our country.

SOLAR ENERGY
The radiation energy created at the end of fusion process, which we can describe as the conversion of the hydrogen
gas at the core of the Sun to helium, is solar energy [10]. 330,000 times greater than the Earth, Sun is a natural
fusion reactor. Sun is a clean and inexhaustible energy source for our world [11]. 15% of the energy consumption
in the world is being planned to be derived from the Sun in 2050 [12]. Another hindrance, along with the cost of
solar energy being expensive, is that there is not sufcient land for solar panels, which are to be installed in order
to generate energy. For instance, a land of 26,000 square-kilometers is required for the solar panels, which are
needed to be installed to fulll the electricity need of the whole USA. This problem can be overcome by utilizing
roofs of buildings or concrete areas [13]. Countries within the European Union are in the forefront in the eld
of solar energy. By solar energy, external energy purchase increase rate can be restrained, and environmental
pollution originating from fossil fuals can be prevented [14]. Because, systems installed for generating solar
energy receive the energy from the Sun directly, without the gases released due to oxidation [15]. Turkey, thanks
to its geographical location, is fortunate over many countries in terms of solar energy potential. According to the
study conducted by the General Directorate of Electric Power Resources Survey and Development Administration,
average daily total insolation period is 7.2 hours and average annual total insolation period is 2640 hours. Average
total radiation intensity has been determined to be 1311 kWh/m2-year. In our country, solar energy is utilized
generally to get hot water. Unfortunately, the solar energy potential of our country cannot be utilized sufciently.

- 631 -
Table 2. First Investment and Unit Energy Production Costs of Energy Plants[16,17]
First Investment Cost Unit Energy Production Cost
($/kW) (cent/kWh)
Plant Type
The Year The Year Change The Year The Year Change
2012 2014 (%) 2012 2014 (%)
Nuclear 5385-8199 5385-8053 -1,08 7,7-11,4 9,2-13,2 17,3
Solar 3000-3500 3500-4500 23,08 14,9-20,4 18,0-26,5 26,1
Geothermal 4600-7250 4600-7250 0 8,9-14,2 8,9-14,2 0
Biomass 3000-4000 3000-4000 0 8,7-11,6 8,7-11,6 0
Coal Fueled 3000-8400 3000-8400 0 6,2-14,1 6,6-15,1 6,9
Wind (Land) 1500-2000 1400-1800 -8,58 4,8-9,5 3,7-16,2 39,2
Natural Gas Fueled 1006-1318 1006-1318 0 6,1-8,9 6,1-8,7 -1,3

Table 3. Comparison of environmental impacts of energy types[18]

Climate Acid Rain Water Soil Pollution Noise Radiation
Change Pollution
Oil + + + + + -
Coal + + + + + +
Natural Gas + + + - + -
Nuclear - - + + - +
Hydraulic + - - - - -
Solar - - - - - -
Geothermal - - + + - -
Wind - - - - + -

Taking a look at Table 2 and Table 3, renewable energy sources seem quite advantageous. Their investment costs
and unit energy costsare relatively higher than those of other energy sources. These costs are estimated to go
down in following years by the advance of technology and transition into mass production. It is not possible to
compare the power of plants established with renewable energy sources with the power of those running on fossil
fuels. For this reason, there is no need to compare plants running on renewable energy sources with those running
on fossil fuels; renewable energy sources have always been the complement of other energy sources.

USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN BUILDINGS

Structuring activities involve 37% of energy that is used globally each year. Structuring activities are held responsible
for more than one third of the greenhouse gas originated throughout the world [19]. Energy consumption is
considerably high in buildings in Turkey, and the share of housing/service industry in energy consumption has
reached at an average rate of 34.5% [9]. The fact that this energy is fossil-fuel-based in general aggravates the
problem, and burdens the construction industry with great responsibilities. These reasons sets forth the obligation
to consume energy in an efcient fashion for the construction industry as for each industry that consumes energy.
In Turkey, Energy Efciency Law was passed in 2007 during the process for accession to the EU (European
Union), in relation to energy activity [20]. Other than current laws and regulations, in 2009, Regulation for Energy
Performance in Buildings, which is a wide-range regulation towards increasing energy efciency of buildings,
was prepared [21]. As is in the whole world, a signicant percentage of the total energy is used for heating,
air conditioning, ventilation and lighting purposes, in order to provide consumer comfort in buildings. These
percentages are shown approximately for our country in Figure 1. The share of energy used in buildings all around
the world in total energy can go up to as much as 40%. This case is the indicator of how important energy save
and management is in buildings.

- 632 -
 Figure 1. Share of energy used in buildings in Turkey within the total energy consumption

Sun is an unlimited source of light and heat. In designs for using solar energy in buildings; the ow of heat
energy through conduction, convection and radiation is utilized as the main principle. These natural processes
are managed via a building design providing help for heating and cooling the building. Sun rays falling on the
surface of the building are reected, passed or absorbed by the construction material. In addition, heat generated
by the Sun causes foreseeable air movements within designed spaces. This essential effect of sun heat guides
the selection of material providing heating or cooling effect within the structure and the design of construction
members. During construction material selection in these designs; thickness of the material, density (5g/cm3),
heat conduction coefcient (A) (W/m2K), specic heat (c) (Wh/m3K), its surfaces light absorption and reection
coefcient, atness or roughness of the surface, emptiness and fullness must be taken into consideration. It is
possible to benet from solar energy actively and passively in architecture with precautions taken in the design
[22].

2. SUSTAINABLE SOLAR-BASED CITY PLANNING

There are two methods in solar-based and sustainable city planning; namely, city planning process and solar-
based city planning.

DURING CITY PLANNING PROCESS;

Intervention program is described (Economical development and social needs)
Space analysis is conducted (employment, topography, social structure, urban system)
Plan design is prepared (land dimensions, building volumes, road and transportation line designs)
Implementation is evaluated (environmental performance)
DURING SOLAR-BASED CITY PLANNING PROCESS;
Energy model is described (Goal of reducing CO2 emission, suitable renewable energy sources)
Solar potential estimation is carried out (Energy analysis)
Solar design is carried out (Sun simulation)
Implementation is evaluated (Energy balance of the selected region)

After following these steps, the phase of determining the New City Model commences [23].

PLANNING OF SUSTAINABLE CITIES

In our era when technology has rapidly become widespread and developed, active and efcient use of energy and
preservation of the environment has grown into two components that are complementing each other. The subject
of the utilization and reclamation of renewable energy sources within urban planning strategies has proceeded to
the implementation phase. The view we are facing today, when reections of the latest developments of technology
and science on an industry-specic basis are combined with ecological values, is the phenomenon of eco-city. In
the world and in our country, good implementation instances are observed, which are called settlements where

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energy is used actively and efciently, renewable energies are generated and utilized, environment is preserved,
carbon emissions are reduced to zero in the struggle against climate change, global warming, drought and
desertication; and in which all kinds of details are planned by thinking on them within the framework of a master
plan. The common feature of all these settlements is their provision of new life styles completely detached from
carbon-based fuels [24].

SOLAR POWER PRACTICES IN THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY

DONGTAN ISLAND (CHINA)

Constructed by encompassing in itself urban design, planning, sustainable energy management, cultural planning,
waste management, operation and implementation of renewable energies, economy and commerce planning,
social development, sustainable structure design, architecture, infrastructure, landscape designs and ecology.

MASDAR (UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)

In Masdar Campus; solar energy, photovoltaic batteries, wind and hydrogen energy are used as renewable clean
energy, wastewater is ltered to be used for irrigation, vehicles are used, which are a small, programmable, personal
light rail system that operates only when a need of going to another location arises, and a pedestrian-sensitive
transportation and settlement infrastructure is provided. In the plan of Masdar, beneting from geothermal
energy as well as from a solar energy production factory with a capacity of 40 to 60 megawatts and wind farms is
proposed.

ZIRA ISLAND (AZERBAIJAN)

In the master plan of the island, where only wind and solar energy will be beneted from, the plan is not based
only on generating energy by using the wind and the sun in the region; waste, energy and resource management
is being tried to executed in a holistic approach, with planning in its focus, by foreseeing the collection of drinking
water by a saline water ltration system, establishment of a wastewater purication plant and reuse of solid wastes
as fertilizer.

PALJASSAARE PENINSULA (ESTONIA)

Within the peninsula,energy provision through wind farms and integrated heat and electric system, generation
of the remainder of required energy from wastewater processing plant near the gulf, structure designs which
reduce heat loss 70% compared to conventional houses of the same dimensions, articial hills used for providing
a shalter against high winds blowing from the Baltic Sea, grate system that reduces the wind corridor formation
possibility, and elevations for buildings that do not block each other in order to maximize the solar energy of the
area experiencing a long, dark period during the winter have been determined.

GOTHENBURG (SWEDEN)
It has been redesigned as the SuperSustainable City. The master plan implemented in the city include everything
from green roof gardens to roads that provide water and energy economy, from high solar panels to wind turbines.
In the plan inspired by the architectural legacy of Gothenburg, the use of traditional yellow bricks and granite
pavements is projected, and gazebos overlooking the south are designed as roofs that allow having fun, using
solar energy by panels, and that are suitable for food production. Another feature of these roofs is that they
reduce heating and cooling needs of buildings, and including at the same time in most of these roofs small wind
turbines that reduce energy need is also considered within the scope of the plan. Planning of transit roads in a
fashion to collect stormwater and solar energy is proposed.

TREASURE ISLAND (UNITED STATES)

It is aimed to furnish 70% of the area with solar energy panels by the year 2020, and generat 30 million kilowatt/
hour electricity annually from the sun in relation with solar and wind energy production.

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SHERFORD (ENGLAND)
This is the eco-project of Prince Charles. It is planned to be completed in 2020 and to host 12,000 people.
Structure types of the traditional English towns taken as basis, water and sewage wastewater is reused. Most of the
structures make use of solar power systems and wind energy, and vegetation cover coats the roofs of buildings.

LUND (SWEDEN)
In this study, annual total sun radiation that falls in the structure envelope of a block by simulation softwares. All
panels to be used were considered to be PV. In all geometries, oors were planned in 10 m width and 3 m height.
Blocks were simulated initially in North-South (NS) alignment, and later in East-West (EW) alignment.

QUEENSLAND (AUSTRALIA)
In Queensland state located northeast of Australia, effect of the distribution of shadowed area in between
buildings on sunlight gathering, for the optimization of building shapes and neighbourhood morphology. Total
spherical sun radiation amount that falls on the outer envelope of the building in building and facade design has
been examined [23].

DRAGON STADIUM (TAIWAN)

Constructed in Taiwan, this stadium is the rst stadium in the world that runs 100% on solar energy. The
stadium, opened in 2009, has a capacity of 40,000 people and is covered with 8,884 solar panels. These panels
overcompensate the electricity need of 3,300 light sources and 2 massive scoreboards of the stadium, and
generates 1,14 kWh of electricity per year. The excess energy production is being sold by the government of
Taiwan [25].

GAZI TECHNOPARK GES (SOLAR ENERGY PLANT)

Gazi University Technopark is the rst technopark which has a 300 kW of installed power, and supplies its energy
need from renewable energy sources. Fixed and sun-tracking mobile panel application over the roof, ground level
and parking garage Solar parking lot, sun-trackingpanel system (Tracker) and Turkeys rst Electric Car Charging
Station that runs on solar energy [26].

MULA MUNICIPALITY
With the rst Photovoltaic System connected to the network, which has been approved and commissioned
by TEDA, it was aimed to supply 78% of the electricity need of the slaughterhouse facility bound to Mula
Municipality. The name of the project was Our Unending Source Sun, and this project of 105 kW power granted
a subsidy from GEKA (Southern Aegean Region Development Agency) [27].

GRSU MUNICIPALITY
Solar House project of Grsu Municipality has received the rst unlicensed invoice of Turkey by selling the electric
power it produced to the related distribution company (UEDA). The plant of 96 kW power granted a subsidy
from BEBKA (Bursa Eskiehir Bilecik Development Agency) [28].

ERIKOLU GES(SOLAR ENERGY PLANT)

Located at Denizli, Serinhisar, this plant has a power of 500 Kw, and excess electric power produced by the system
was sold to AYDEM and an income was generated [29].

ADANA CEMENT GES(SOLAR ENERGY PLANT)

Located within Adana Cement Factory, this plant is the rst largest Solar Energy Plant project that has been
approved in Turkey. It produces approximately 775.000 kWs of electric power annually, and it brings about a CO2
emission reduction of 409.200 kg annually, the same amount of emission reduction provided by 409 40-year-old
mature trees during their entire lifetime [30].

- 635 -
OTHER IMPLEMENTATION AREAS
Mobese City Surveillance Systems
Solar Bus Station
Street Lighting by Solar Energy
Solar ATM
Solar Facade Siding
Adana Sustainable Green Building Project
Technocity Science Center, Adana Smart Bank Project
Trafc Management Studies in Adana[31].

3. CONCLUSION
Nature has adequate resources and facilities for people to live a balanced life without harming the environment,
to become civilized, and to even increase their comfortable life standards by industrialization. Should we give
time for the natural balance to be established, the nature can rejuvenate itself. The increase in the amount of
energy results in a multiplication of environmental problems in number. Emerging environmental issues threaten
human health, and create short or long term effects such as the disruption of ecological balance. More than half
of greenhouse gas emissions are produced in cities. For this reason, improvement of energy efciency in cities is
the most important step to be taken for removing carbon out of the economy. Therefore, it is imperative to pay
less attention to volume, shape and layout in the design of new buildings, and rather to pay attention to the use
of renewable sources that are integrated withbuildings, and not to overlook the relationship between concepts of
building and city [23]., The number of examples in which passive and active solar heating systems are employedin
new residential buildings, and which embody the bioclimatic building feature is increasing day by day. Brand
new materials, smart facade and roof systems, natural articial lighting systems, the use of renewable energy
sources such as photovoltaic panels, building and energy control systems are examples of these technological
developments. However, plannings are carried out without urban design plans, and without paying attention
to matters of utter importance; such as building spacings and locations, climate, lighting condition, alignment
and air circulation. And this puts cities in a dire strait on the matter of sustainability in the dimension of energy.
Renewable and active use of energy within the frame of sustainability will be possible by the implementation
of correct regulations and standards that are in force, and yield correct results in energy-active building design
and construction. There are examples of these implementations throughout the world. The most effective way in
ensuring sustainability in energy is to design buildings at the preliminary level with energy-active systems. Design
should allow exibility and variability criteria, and spaces should be used in a functional fashion [32]. Energy need
of the growing population and developing industry cannot be supplied with Turkeys energy sources. For this
reason, the gap between energy production and consumption is growing wider very fast. The utilization of green
energy sources must be encouraged by taking the rapid depletion of energy sources into consideration, and
incentives must be provided to the private sector in this eld. With this goal, the importance of using the resources
of the country in a more active manner has increased. Research and Development studies must be accelerated in
university and company levels for eradicating the lack of technical knowledge and material related especially with
renewable energy sources; in other words, in order to lessen the dependancy to foreign countries. Institutions
engaging in such activities must be provided with more support. Protecting the environment and the climate must
be paid attention to, while employing energy production methods.

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REFERENCES
1. Yelmen,B., Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarnn Enerji Kalitesine Etkisi ULIBTK11 18. Ulusal Is Bilimi ve Teknii
Kongresi 07-10 Eyll 2011, Zonguldak
2. Altn, V. Enerji Dosyamz, Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, Say: 470, Yeni Ufuklara Eki, 2007.
3. Trkiye Enerji retimi; Kaynak: http ://www.ener.gov.tr/enerjiuretimi. htm,2006
4. Semenderolu A., Tarih Boyunca evre ve nsan, Ekoloji Say 3, 1992.
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6. 1-10 Aralk 1997de Kyotoda yaplm olan Birlemi Milletler klim deiiklii ereve Anlamas Taraar 3.
Konferansnn sonu protokol.
7. Grsoy, U., Dikensiz Gl Temiz Enerji, skenderun evre Koruma Dernei Yayn 1999.
8. Anonim, Energy Information Administration (EIA) Turkey: Environmental Issues. http://www.eia.doe.gov/
emeu/cabs/turkenv.html Eriim, 10.11.2010
9. Anonim, Vizyon 2023 Teknoloji ngrs Projesi Enerji ve Dogal Kaynaklar Paneli n Rapor, Tbitak, Ankara,
2003.
10. www.eie.gov.tr/turkce/gunes/gunesenerjisi.html.( 01-09-2004)
11. Karabulut, Y., 2000, Trkiye Enerji Kaynaklar, A. Basmevi, Ankara
12. Doan, M., 2001, Sanayileme ve evre Sorunlar, Yeni ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklar Sempozyumu,
TMMOB, 12-13 Ekim 2001, Kayseri, s.245-251
13. Part, M.,2005, Alternatif Enerji, National Geographic, Austos-2005, ss.88
14. www.tubitak.gov.tr/btpd/btspd/platform/enerji/altgrup/cevre/bolum4.pdf
15. Part, M., 2005, Alternatif Enerji, National Geographic, Austos- 2005,ss.87
16. Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis, lizard version 6.0, 2012.
17. Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis, lizard version 8.0, 2014.
18. Durmaz,M.C., Yenilenebilir Enerji Ve Kaynaklar Atatrk niversitesi, Kimya Mhendislii Blm, Erzurum, s.7
19. Anonim, International Energy Ageny, Online Kaynak, http://www.iea.org/ Eriim, 11.11.2010
20. Anonim, 5627 Sayl Enerji Verimliligi Kanunu, 2007.
21. Anonim, 27075 Sayl, Binalarda Enerji Performans Ynetmelii, Ankara, 2008.
22. http://www.kobinans.com.tr/tr/sektor/011902/16775/4 Eriim, 09.11.2010
23. Atmaca, H., ehir Planlamada Bir Tasarm Parametresi Olarak Gne Enerjisi 6.Gne Enerjisi Sistemleri
Sempozyumu ve Sergisi 06-07Aralk 2013, Kltr Merkezi-Mersin
24. Yldrm,H., Kaynak,Z., and Kumcu,N., Enerjinin Etkin ve Verimli Kullanlmas Kullanlmas ve evrenin
Korunmas Kapsamnda Srdrlebilir Kentler Planlamas ; Uluslararas Uygulama rnekleri Tmmob Trkiye
V. Enerji Sempozyumu Bildirileri Enerji Verimlilii,- 19-18-17 Aralk 2009, Kzlay -Ankara
25. http://www.solaripedia.com/13/346/taiwan_stadium_100_percent_solar-powered.html/03.11.2016
26. www.gaziteknopark.com.tr/
27. www.alternatifenerji.com
28. www. gursu.bel.tr
29. www.hurryet.com.tr-
30. www.adanacimento.com.tr
31. Yelmen,B., 4th D-8 Task Force Meeting on Technology Cooperation September 1-2, 2016 Bilkent/Ankara
32. Mehel, N., 2010, Dnyada ve Trkiyede Rzgar Enerjisi Potansiyeli, Kullanm ve Almanya-Trkiye Karlatrmas,
Yksek LisansTezi,Eskiehir Osmangazi niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits,Eskiehir.

- 637 -
 0113 - GROWTH OF VERTICALLY ALIGNED ZnO NANOWIRES ARRAYS ON GRAPHENE
LAYER AS PHOTOANODE AND PRODUCE OF GRAPHENE/IRON PYRITE (FeS2) THIN
FILMS COUNTER ELECTRODE FOR DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL
Bayram Kl*, Mansur Asgin
Energy Systems Engineering Department, Yalova University, Yalova, Trkiye
Corresponding email: kbayramkilic@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Bayram Kl

ABSTRACT
Graphene-VA-ZnO nanostructures can be used as photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). By using
the Graphene-VA-ZnO as photoanodes in DSSC, it is demonstrate that the graphene based photoanode
is promising alternative to standard FTO/ ZnO DSSC due to larger specic surface and high electrochemical
activity. We also show that the graphene/ iron pyrites (FeS2) nanostructures as an efcient counter electrode
(CE) material alternative to the conventional Pt materials. We can produce very cheap and very easy way of FeS2
nanostructures on graphene by hydrothermal method. Graphene-VA-ZnO based a DSSC with graphene-FeS2
CE achieved a high solar conversion efcient of =7.29 % under a simulated solar illumination of 100 mW cm-2
(AM 1.5), higher than that of Pt CE based PV devices = 6.62 %. Compared to conventional DSSC, the excellent
performance of the graphene-FeS2 CE makes it a distinctive choice among the various CE materials investigated.

Keywords: Graphene, VA-ZnO, DSSC, Pyrite (FeS2), Nano-semiconductors

- 638 -
0117 - ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT INTERFACE STATE DENSITY AND SERIES
RESISTANCE OF Al/CZTSeS/n-Si SCHOTTKY DIODE
. Faruk Yksel1*, Nihat Tuluolu2, Osman Pakma3, Faruk zel4
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Seluk University, Konya, Trkiye
2
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Trkiye
3
Department of Physics, Science and Art Faculty, Batman University, Batman, Trkiye
4
Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karamanolu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Trkiye
Corresponding email: fyuksel@selcuk.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: . Faruk Yksel

ABSTRACT
Cu2ZnSnSe4-xSx (CZTSeS) thin lms are deposited onto n-type silicon substrates by the spin coating technique.
The forward and reverse bias CV and G-V characteristics of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si structures have been studied at the
frequency range 10 kHz1MHz at room temperature. The and values of the diode decrease and the barrier height
values increases while the frequency increases. The values of , and are found as 0.556 eV, 5560 and 1.93 x 1012
eV-1cm-2 in 10 kHz and 0.754 eV, 3503 and 8.51 x 1010 eV-1cm-2 in 1 MHz.

Keywords: CZTSeS, Freguency, Interface state density, Series resistance, Capacitance

1. INTRODUCTION
The reliability and performance of the metal-organic layer-semiconductor (MOS) diodes are dependent on the
formation of organic layer, interface state density and series resistance of devices [1]. Furthermore, the change in
frequency on capacitance and conductance-voltage characteristics has important effects on the determination of
MOS diode parameters [1-6]. Different measurement methods for calculating the interface state density of these
diodes have been reported. The well known of them is HillColeman method [7]. This method suggested by Hill
and Coleman [7] is a strong tool to calculate interface state density which is useful in estimating the interface
charge and has been used by some authors [1,8]. The interface states usually cause a bias shift and frequency
dispersion of the capacitancevoltage (CV) and conductance-voltage (G-V) plots [1].

In this paper, in order to determine a better understanding of the effects of series resistance and surface states on
Al/CZTSeS/n-Si, the CV and GV characteristics for a wide frequency range (10 kHz1MHz) have been measured
at room temperature and the investigation of the and from capacitance and conductance characteristics in Al/
CZTSeS/n-Si structures has been reported. To determine accurate values of and , we have applied the method
by Nicollian and Goetzberger [1] and HillColeman [7], respectively. Experimental results depict that both and are
important parameters that inuence the electrical characteristics of Schottky barrier diodes with thin interfacial
layer.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The n-type Si (100) substrate used in this study has a 380 m thickness and 20 -cm resistivity. Before making
contacts, the Si wafer was chemically cleaned using the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) cleaning procedure,
immediately after surface cleaning, indium (In) metal with a purity of 99.99% was thermally evaporated on the
whole back surface of the wafer with a thickness of 150 nm in a pressure of approximately 5x10-6 Torr. Then, a heat
treatment was made at 400oC for 2 minutes in vacuum to obtain a low resistivity ohmic contact. Next, a CZTSeS
organic lm was formed by a spin coating method at a spinning rate of 1200 rpm. Then, Schottky contacts were
deposited on this organic lm with a diameter of 2 mm using a metal shadow mask by evaporating 99.99%
purity aluminium (Al) metal. Finally, The CZTSeS layer thickness is determined as 546.8 nm from measurement
of the interfacial layer capacitance in the accumulation region. Figs. 1 (a) and (b) show XRD patterns of CZTSeS
nanocrystals and the schematic diagram of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diode for electrical characteriation,
respectively. The capacitancevoltage (CV) and conductancevoltage (GV) measurements were performed
using a impedance analyzer (5Hz13MHz) at room temperature.

- 639 -
 Figure 1. (a) XRD patterns of CZTSeS nanocrystals and (b) the schematic diagram of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky
diode.

3. RESULTS
To determine the changing of series resistance and interface state density values with frequency, we have measured
the capacitance-conductance-voltage characteristics of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si structures in the frequency range from 10
kHz to 1 MHz. Figs. 2 (a) and (b) represent the measured capacitancevoltage (C-V) and conductancevoltage (G-
V) characteristics under both forward and reverse-bias voltages in the frequency range of 10 kHz1MHz at room
temperature for Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diode.

The real series resistance of MOS Schottky diodes can be found from the measured capacitance (Cm) and
conductance (Gm) in strong accumulation region at high frequencies (f 500 kHz) [1,8]. The series resistance of
MOS structure is given by [1,8]

where Cacc and Gacc are dened, respectively, as the measured capacitance and conductance in strong accumulation
region.

Figure 2. (a) The measured capacitance-voltage and (b) conductance-voltage characteristics of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si
diode in the different frequencies.

- 640 -
Fig. 3 displays the series resistances (Rs)-voltage characteristics determined from the CV and G-V plots for Al/
CZTSeS/n-Si diodes. The Rs values of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diode are determined at strong accumulation
region at zero bias are shown in Fig. 4. As seen in Fig. 4, the Rs values decreases with increasing frequency.

By comparing the real and imaginary parts of the impedance, the series resistance in accumulation region and the
capacitance (Cc) and equivalent parallel conductance (Gc) corrected for the series resistance effect are given as

(Gm2 +
2Cm2 )Cm (Gm2 +
2Cm2 )a

Cc = ,Gc = , a = Gm
(Gm2 +
2Cm2 )Rs (2)
a 2 +
2Cm2 a 2 +
2Cm2
Figs. 5 and 6 display the dependence of the corrected capacitance (Cc) and equivalent parallel conductance (Gc)
characteristics versus voltage for Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diodes, respectively.

As seen in Fig. 6, the all Gc - V characteristics give an peak in depletion region of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diodes
at all frequencies. Such behavior of the Gc - V characteristics is attributed to a special distribution of surface
states between the Al and Si interfaces. The presence of conductance peak shows the presence of interface
states[15,20]. The interface states density (Dit) values for the Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diodes were obtained from
these peak values. A rapid and trustworthy way to obtain the values of Dit is the Hill-Coleman method [7] and
conrmed by some researchers [8]. According to this method, the Dit values for Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diodes
were calculated using the following formula [7,8]:

Figure 3. The measured series resistance-voltage Figure 4. The calculated values of series resistance of
characteristics of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si diode in the different Al/CZTSeS/n-Si diode in the different frequencies.
frequencies.

- 641 -
 Fig. 5 The calculated values of corrected capacitance Fig. 6 The calculated values of corrected conductance
(Cc) of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si diode in the different (Gc) of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si diode in the different
frequencies. frequencies.

where  (= 2
f ) is the angular frequency, q is the elementary electrical charge, S is the diode area, Gc,max
conforms to maximum corrected GV curve, Cc is the capacitance of the diodes according to Gc,max and Cil is the
interfacial layer capacitance. Fig. 7 display the Dit values for Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diodes versus frequency.
According to Fig. 7, the obtained Dit values decreases with increasing frequency.

Fig. 8 shows the reverse-bias 1/ Cc
V plot determined from Cc
V data of Fig. 5 for Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky
2

diode at different frequencies. The plot of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diode has a good linearity. The values of
barrier height  b (C
V ) of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si diode are determined as 0.556 eV and 0.754 eV for 10 kHz and 1
MHz, respectively.

Fig. 7 The calculated values of interface state Fig. 8 The reverse-bias 1/ Cc2
V plot of Al/CZTSeS/
density (Dit) of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si diode in the different n-Si diode in the different frequencies.
frequencies.

- 642 -
4. DISCUSSION
The capacitance value of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diode has a higher value at lower frequency and decreases with
increasing frequency between 10 kHz and 1 MHz. In this case, the Ns effects can be eliminated when the C-V and
G-V characteristics are measured at high frequency, since the charges at the interface states cannot follow an ac
signal [1,8]. On the other hand, the interface states are in equilibrium with the semiconductor. The peaks in the Gc
plots correspond to the depletion area of Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diodes in Fig. 6 and their existence verify the
presence of interface states [1,7,8]. The frequency dependence of the Rs is attributed to the particular distribution
density of interface states [9]

5. CONCLUSION
We have produced the Al/CZTSeS/n-Si Schottky diode by forming a thin CZTSeS layer on Si by spin coating
method. The forward and reverse bias CV and GV characteristics of device were studied in the frequency range
of 10kHz1MHz. Device parameters such as series resistance and density of interface states have been calculated
from frequency dependent CV and GV measurements. The density values decreased by increasing the frequency.
The obtained results indicate that CZTSeS organic layer can be useful as a sensitive probe in establishing process
for minimizing interface states.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is supported by the BAP ofce of Giresun University with the project number FEN-BAP-A-140316-61.

REFERENCES
1. Nicollian E H and Brews J R. 1982. MOS Physics and Technology, Wiley, New York.
2. Akkl K, Ocak Y S, lhan S and Klolu T. 2008. Effect of the binuclear Cu(II) complex interface layer on
the calculation of electronic properties of Au/Cu(II) complex/n-Si organicinorganic hybrid heterojunction,
Synthetic Metals. Vol. 158, pp 969-972.
3. Okur S, Yakuphanolu F, Ozsoz M and Kadayflar P K. 2009. Electrical and interface properties of Au/DNA/n-
Si organic-on-inorganic structures. Microelectronic Enginering. Vol 86, pp 2305-2311.
4. Yksel F, Tuluolu N, Glveren B, afak H and Ku M. 2013. Electrical properties of Au/perylene-
monoimide/p-Si Schottky diode. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. Vol. 577, pp 3036.
5. Yksel O F, Tuluolu N, afak H, Nalacgil Z, Ku M and Karadeniz S. 2013. Analysis of temperature dependent
electrical properties of Au/perylene-diimide/n-Si Schottky diodes Thin Solid Films Vol. 534, pp 614620.
6. Tuluolu N, alkan F and Yksel O F. 2015. Analysis of inhomogeneous barrier and capacitance parameters
for Al/rubrene/n-GaAs (100) Schottky diodes. Synthetic Metals. Vol. 199, 270275.
7. Hill W A and Coleman C C. 1980. A single-frequency approximation for interface-state density determination
Solid-State Electronics. Vol. 23, 987-993.
8. Tuluolu N. 2007. 60Co -ray irradiation effects on the interface traps density of tin oxide lms of different
thicknesses on n-type Si (1 1 1) substrates. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B. Vol. 254, 118-124.
9. Parlaktrk F, Altndal , Tatarolu A, Parlak M and Agasier A. 2008. On the prole of frequency dependent
series resistance and surface states in Au/Bi4Ti3O12/SiO2/n-Si(MFIS) structures. Microelectronic Engineering.
Vol. 85, 81-88.

- 643 -
 0127 - IMPROVEMENT OF MICROPHASE SEPARATION BY ANTI-SOLVENT WASHING
Sumeyra Buyukcelebi1*, Mahmut Kus1,2
1
Selcuk University, Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Konya, Trkiye
2
Selcuk University, Departmant of Chemical Engineering, Konya, Trkiye
Corresponding email: sumeyrabcelebi@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Sumeyra Buyukcelebi

ABSTRACT
Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunctions (BHJ) have been studied over the last two decades for use as the active
layer in organic solar photovoltaics (OPV) devices. These active layer have recently an importance the polymer
conformation and its phase separation on the photovoltaic parameters of polymer based solar cells. The phase
separation behaviour of P3HT:PCBM depends on various parameters such as thermal annealing, solvent annealing.
However, anti-solvent washing method has not been used for optimization of this solar cells.

In this study, organic bulk heterojunction solar cells were fabricated by using P3HT:PCBM blends It is well known
that P3HT (poly (3-hexylthiophene)) is used as donor and PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) as
acceptor. We washed P3HT:PCBM lm during spinning for better morphology. Different anti-solvents were used
for comparison. Promising and interesting results were observed and reported. Figure 1 shows I-V curves of static
and dynamic treartment of active layer beside anti solvent washing.

Figure 1. The currentvoltage characteristics of polymer solar cells with different anti solvents

Keywords: Solar cell, solvent washing

We want to thank to Selcuk Universty Scientic Research Council for nancial support to this master thesis work.

REFERENCES
1. S.N. Sarciftci, H. Hope, (2007) Polymer Solar Cell
2. J.H. Park, J.S. Kim, J.H. Lee, W.H. Lee and K. Cho, The Journal of Physical Chemistry (2009) 113: 1757984
3. Zhao,Y., Duan, L.-P., Liu, J.-T., Xu, Q. & Ni, Z.-H., Materials Research Innovations (2013), S1:17-153

- 644 -
 0148 - TO OPTIMIZE THE DYNAMIC INSULATION PERFORMANCE IN ORDER TO
REDUCE THE COOLING LOAD OF THE BUILDING IN HOT CLIMATE
Fawzan Aljudaiy*, Siddig Omer
Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Corresponding email: arch.fawzan@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Fawzan Aljudaiy

ABSTRACT
The dynamic insulation (DI) is an indirect ventilation system which provides the indoor environment with the
required natural air at lower air temperature in summer and higher air temperature in winter. The dynamic
insulation is a technique to reduce the heating load during winter in cold climate, and reduce cooling load for hot
climates. Afterwards, a number of research attempted to investigate the potential of applying the concept of DI
in order to reduce the cooling load in residential buildings in hot and humid regions. Generally, there is a lack of
research studies investigating the performance of the DI in the educational buildings in hot and dry climate. The
aim of this research was to optimize the DI in order to reduce the cooling load of the educational buildings in hot
and dry climate, particularly, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Simulation by the mean of the CFD in Ansys was conducted
to optimize the parameters inuencing the operation of the DI in hot climates. A set of governing equations were
developed and used to calculate the thermal resistance to heat ow resulting from application of DI in a building.
Afterward, the total cooling load was assessed employing Autodesk Green Building Studio through use of three-
dimensional model in Revit building simulation. The results show that DI can reduce the incoming air temperature
by 5oC to 12oC and the potential reduction in the cooling load was in the range 25% to 74% depending on the
DI parameters and weather conditions. This indicates that, DI can be applied efciently in educational buildings in
hot and dry climates for reducing building cooling load and enhance the indoor air quality and thermal comfort of
the building. The results have also shown that, DI could be operated in a passive mode during the cooling season
in Riyadh.

Keywords: Dynamic insulation, Energy efciency, Passive systems, Thermal comfort.

- 645 -
 0150 - SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY POTENTIALS AND USE IN SOUTHEASTERN
ANATOLIA
Mahmut Aydinol1*, Fatma Azize Zulal Aydinol2
1
Institute of Scientic Studies, Dicle University, Dyarbakr, Trkiye
2
Department of Building Phyiscs, Faculty of Architecture, MSc. Program, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Trkiye
Corresponding email: aydinolm@dicle.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Mahmut Aydinol

ABSTRACT
After a short description of potential of solar and wind energy in Turkey, focused on solar and wind energy
potentials at SEAR(Southeastern Anatolia Region). The average annual total sun shine duration is 2640 hours, the
mean total radiation intensity is 1311 kWh/m2year for entire surface of Turkey. This potential is almost equivalent to
the total potential of several European countries. Falling solar energy per square meter is about 1461 kWh/m2year
for SEAR which is higher than the average value of Turkey. Sunshine duration time is about 3000 hours/year for
SEAR. But still there are a few electricity production units which are mostly use photovoltaics are implemented.
Turkey has about 83-88 GWh estimated wind energy power which is highest economic potential as renewable
energy sources. For the SEAR region, the solar and wind energy applications are explained. It is recommended
that a site-specic wind and solar atlas datas must be prepared and made accessible to everyone. The wind and
solar energy power generation technologies must be taught formally at engineering faculties. Cooperatations with
EU, Asia-Pacic countries must be considered. Expanding the activities and investments with special regulations
and government supports on implementation of solar and wind energy projects emphasized.

Keywords: Renewable energy potentials, applications, Southeastern Anatolia,

1. INTRODUCTION
Today use of fossil fuels are insufcient to meet the growing energy needs of Turkey. To meet this need, nuclear
power plants are suggested for Turkey. These plants are expensive and dangerous in many ways, such as fossil fuels
will be damage the environment one day. Turkey is a country rich in renewable energy sources. At certain extend,
using more renewable energy sources, it is possible to meet partially to the daily energy demand[1, 2]. Turkey's
solar energy potential is equivalent to the sum of the potential of allmost all European countries. According to
the study by EIEI (Electrical Power Resources Survey Administration), the average annual total sunshine duration
is 2640 hours, the mean total radiation intensity was found to be 1311 kWh/m2year. That is to say that 7.106
Kcalories of solar energy falls on entire surface of Turkey. Some related datas are given at Table.1 and 2[1]. The
solar energy map of Turkey which was taken from http://re.jrc.cec.eu.int/pvgis/pv/ is shown in Figure.1[2].

- 646 -
Table 1: For long term monthly total solar energy and sun shine duration of Turkey[1].
Months Monthly Total (Kcal/cm2-month) Solar Energy (kWh/m2-month) Sunshine Duration (hours/month)
January 4,45 51,75 103,0
February 5,44 63,27 115,0
March 8,31 96,65 165,0
April 10,51 122,23 197,0
May 13,23 153,86 273,0
June 14,51 168,75 325,0
July 15,08 175,38 365,0
August 13,62 158,40 343,0
September 10,60 123,28 280,0
October 7,73 89,90 214,0
November 5,23 60,82 157,0
December 4,03 46,87 103,0
Total 112,74 1311 2640
Average 308,0 cal/cm2day 3,6 kWh/m2day 7,2 hours/day

Table 2: Regional long term average values of total solar radiation and sunshine duration[1].
Region Total Solar Radiation(kWh/m2year) Sunshine Duration (hours/year)
Southeastern Anatolia 1460 2993
Mediterranean 1390 2956
East Anatolia 1365 2664
Central Anatolia 1314 2628
Aegean 1304 2738
Marmara 1168 2409
Black Sea 1120 1971

Figure 1. The solar energy map of Turkey[2].

- 647 -
Wind energy has the highest economic potential as renewable energy sources of Turkey and she has the best wind
energy potentials within 19 European countries. It is estimated that Turkey has about 83-88 GWh wind energy
latent power. Wind-powered electricity generation projects at economical scale were implemented in coastal
regions of Marmara, Agean and of Mediterranien Seas of Turkey. Total production capacity is reached about 3,5
GW at June 2014. The wind energy potential of Turkey would also positively affected by Global warming and
climate changes. Naturally, increase of temperature difference between day and night times will cause additional
increase in wind potential of inland region of Anatolia[2,3,4]. Due to the global climate changes, the increase in
the solar energy potential of SEAR must be studied[3].

2. SOLAR ENERGY RELATED STUDIES IN TURKEY

The rst solar energy studies were started at universities; Technical University of Istanbul, METU(Middle East
Thecnical University), University of Istanbul and of Ankara in 1960. This was the period of water heating systems.
Solar Energy Coordination Committee established in 1973 and worked until 1975. Then, Mineral Research and
Exploration Institute of the commissioned for the study of solar energy in 1975. Marmaris Solar and Wind Energy
Research Center was established in 1975 and worked until 1980. But, this centers task are given to EIEI at 1981.
Solar Pool studies started at 1976 in Cukurova University. A solar house built at Hacettepe University which started
work on solar radiation absorption and heat storage. Plane solar collectors are combined with silindiro paraboloid
mirrors for production of disteled water system at Dicle University(D.U.) at 1986. Standardization of production of
plane collectors are accepted at 1994. As a result of survey which are made on plane solar collectors, 1,5.106 m2
solar collector was in use at 1994 in Turkey. By the year 2000 with some of the establishment of centers such as
the Solar Energy Research Institute and at some universities on some renewable energy projects are carried out:
Mula University develepod lighting system of Campus by PV panels(2002-2008). A solar house(green house)
is designed and put into operation between 2003 to 2008 in Diyarbakir. Some PV applications at Harran, Dicle,
Atatrk, Batman, Mersin, Universities at Izmir and Suleyman Demirel, Cukurova are studied. Middle East Technical
University work on efciency improvement of solar cells. According to Turkey's ve-year development plan which
prepared at 2010, in the next ve years put forward target for solar energy consumption(with hot water utilities)
must be reached to 61 GWh at 2015.

3. SOLAR ENERGY IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION (SEAR) AND IN DIYARBAKIR

Falling solar energy per square meter is about 1461 kWh/m2year for SEAR which is much higher than the average
value of Turkey. Solar datas for Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir and Mardin provinces are slightly higher than the other
provinces as seen in Figure.1. Solar radiation data for the provinces of the region and Diyarbakir, for long term
period has been prepared by the General Directorate of Meteorology (MIGM)[5,6,7].

In Diyarbakir, natural sunlight has been used at indoor and outdoor for several needs. For example, sunlight had
been in use for ullimunation and heating of Turkish baths and mosques, madrasas and of public activity halls.
As used many years, the sun's rays are still in use for natural drying of timber, wheat, tomato paste, vegetables,
fruit, sausage, washed-carpet, -dress. For cooling purposes in volcanic stones which erapted from Karacadag are
used at Diyarbakir. When these stones are soaked by water it holds the water inside then gradually takes the heat
from enveiroment, the water evaporates and house gets cool. By this way, most of the Diyarbakir houses are kept
cool during the summer period for many years. Since 1980 passive and active solar energy systems are in use for
solar energy utilization in Diyarbakir. Hot water demands at homes and at businesses are easely overcome by this
solar energy utilization systems. Many traditional or everready (frost-selective glass and antifreeze, vacuum) solar
collector have been installed on top of roof of any kind of buildings(public or private houses) for to meet the
daily hot water requirements. The plane collector and silindiro paraboloid concentrators are installed and tested
together in a water distillation system and productivity accounts were published between 1986-1989 at University
of Dicle-Diyarbakir. This system is seen in Figure.2[8]. But later photovoltaic(PV) panels and wind-powered
electricity generation projects were implemented in many parts of Turkey and in the world. Some examples of
these applications are given in Figure.3[8,9].

- 648 -
 ,6,(-$1-g5h

SP-$<1$/$5

'h=/(0723/$<,&,/$5

*h1((1(5-6/('67/(68(/'(6

Figure 2. The plane collector and silindiro paraboloid concentrators together with heat exchanger in a water
distillation system[8]

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3. A. Household electricity generation by PV panels. B. Water pumping applications in farms. C.

Industrial scale production of electricity with PV panels[9].

PV panels and plate thermal collectors which they were placed to the southern side roof of the house for
electiricity and hot waters. This house Project have been supported by Diyarbakir Municipality, together with 20
scientists and 20 sponsoring companies[10]. The house is also in use for training purposes of renewable energy.
Southern facing roof of this house is shown in Figure.4. The electrical energy generated from PV panels stored
in the batteries. Again, the waterfall has an implementation that uses the energy obtained from PV panels. Solar
cooker and furnace applications and are also exhibited. Sun powered waste water treatment system also runs at
this house.

Figure 4. Southern facing roof of the Diyarbakir solar house is shown[10].

- 649 -
Use of PV panels for garden lighting, irrigation pumping, trafc lightning and preparation works for solar chimney
system(model study) are shown in Figure.5[13, 15].

Figure 5. From left to right 1.Lightning, 2. Irrigation, 3.Traffic lightning, 4. Solar chimney system[13,15].

After the encouragement of 4628 law, several companies start competing on marketing of thermal solar collectors,
PV panels, home heating systems and solar power generation businesses in SEAR. A signicant contributions
and leading role has been taken by Diyarbakir Metropolitan Municipality on expansion of electricity production
using PV solar panels [10]. Indoor/outdoor applications of PV panels in the region can be summarised as follows:
By expanding the use of PV panels, produced and stored electricity used for radio and telephone systems, air
observation stations, lighting inside or outside the building, away from residential areas in homes; TV, refrigerator,
such as the operation of electrical equipment, for water pumping for agricultural irrigation and for domestic use, at
forest lookout towers , rst aid, alarms and security systems, seismic stations, tunnels, road markings and lighting,
security and billboards lighting. Still price of PV panels puts a limitation on its use. A private rm is developing a
grid connected solar project at Sanliurfa with a capacity of 10-12 MWp[11].

At present, the efciencies of PV panels are in the range of 5-25%. The cost of electricity generated by PV panels
compare to the cost of electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants is very high. The other disadvanteges
is that when there is no sun radiation, you can not get electricity from PV panels. As the hottest region of Turkey,
SEAR could might be act as an energy bridge for neigbouring regions. Private sector or Government need to
evaluate the best strategic locations of SEAR for to produce electricity from solar energy. The 4628 law Electricity
generation from renewable sources and to support .. production from solar energy law does not contain a
big drawback. By expanding the scope of this law, many investors might be encourages and promotes for
the production of electrical energy from solar energy. To support the expansion of this issue is a constitutional
obligation to provide equal opportunities for citizens to invest. Broadening the scope of this law is also suitable
by the contents of the Kyoto protocol. Diyarbakir has a great potential for solar energy. By placing PV panels on
40% of the roof of houses in Diyarbakir, electrical energy needs of all the SEAR could be met. In addition this, by
using produced winds from solar chimneys and towers it is also possible to produce additional electricity. Taking
these into account, it would be possible to sell electricity to the national grid and the energy transfer and sale
to the surrounding countries. Strong dependency on foreign natural gas network, and foreign currency could be
reduced by this way. Since 1969 the world believe in the necessity of diversifying energy sources and methods
of utilization of solar energy: passive systems are used for heating and hot water needs can be made available
for every family. With the availlable collector technology with an annual rate of conversion efciency of 30% -
60% collectors are in use. According to these assumptions, by the sun radiation falling on Turkey, it is possible to
produce 36 million TET equivalent energy(for low temperature heat) in a year. With total collector area of 10m2
and with different PV panels, different amounts of energy produced for 9 provinces of SEAR are given in terms
of kWh/m2 year in Table.3[1, 6]. Solar energy data and meteorological measurements are maintained by MIGM
in Turkey[5].

- 650 -
Table.3 With collector area of 10m2 with different PV panels , produced different amounts of energy for 9
provinces of SEAR are given in t e rms of kWh/m2 year[1,6].
Province Monocrystal. Policrystal. ThinCu lm Cd-Te amorph Silis.
Batman 2700 2300 1400 1200 1050
Diyarbakr 2500 2200 1300 1100 1000
Mardin 2600 2300 1400 1200 1500
Siirt 2700 2400 1400 1200 1050
rnak 2700 2400 1400 1200 1050
Adyaman 2700 2400 1400 1200 1050
Gaziantep 2600 2300 1400 1200 1000
Kilis 2600 2300 1300 1200 1000
anlurfa 2600 2300 1400 1200 1000
Means of GDAB 2500 2200 1300 1100 1000
Means of Turkey 2500 2200 1300 1100 1000

In terms of annual solar energy p o tential of SEAR is the best region of Turkey. For Diyarbakir, values of solar
radiation falling on horizontal plane(h.plane), before entering the atmosphere (before atm.) are given for each
month as the monthly average solar radiation for the last ve years. The average sunshine duration of many years
(Gs) is giving in hour. Wind speed (v) is in m/s terms, measured the soil temperature values at one meter below
the soil surface(soil T.) are also given in C in Table.4. December values almost the same as January and they did
not shown in Table.4 Details of datas could be obtained from[1,8].

Table.4. Solar datas and wind energy datas of Diyarbakir[1,8].

Months Jan. Febr. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Novm. annual
h. Plane 6676 9344 13947 16955 20869 23897 23448 21052 17392 12104 8096 15023
B. atm. 16563 21713 28265 34922 39523 41328 40327 36622 30618 23613 17752 28865
G.s(h). 3.46 4.56 5.39 7.14 9.45 12.28 12.43 12.53 10.23 7.46 5.32 8.00
o
SoilTemp C. 11.1 9.6 10.6 13.7 17.9 21.8 25.5 27.6 26.8 23.6 19.0 18.4
v(m/s) 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.2 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.6 2.4

4. WIND ENERGY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA AND DIYARBAKIR

The annual average wind speed in the region and around Diyarbakir is about 5 m/s and there is no particular
seasonal prevailing specic wind direction. wind energy potential for electricity generation SEAR of the economic
scale are considered inadequate. For this reason, if we want to use wind power for electricity generation rst we
have to produce a regular and controllable wind then we can able to produce electricity by using suitable wind
turbines. If anyone planning to setup an economical wind farm anywhere, one of the necessary conditions is that
wind speed must be 7 m/sec or greater at 50 m height. Capacity factor should be %35 or more for each turbine.
New wind farms must be close to National wind power plants or substations to be installed close to the national
grid are also preferred. It is almost necessary to evaluate the site datas by software programmes before making
nal decision. This programme i s available from www.gl-garradhassan.com[10]. Turkey Wind Energy Potential
map prepared by EIEI and is given below in Figure.6[12, 13]. For SEAR average wind speeds fall between 4,5 to
6,5 m/sn at 50 m above the land. It seems to be not much economical for electricity production with large scale
wind turbines. But wind speed measurement survey must be carried out at 80 m altidude too.

- 651 -
 Figure 6. Turkey Wind Energy Potential map byEIEI [12, 13].

Temperature difference between the ends of the along pipe(so called solar chimney) could easily controllable.
Due to the air ow from hot to cold end of solar chimney system, with a controllable speed, wind can be
obtained. Chimney works like a wind tunnel and help to turn several funs, namely provides mechanical energy.
By converting mechanical energy into the electrical energy by wind turbines it is able to meet the some parts of
electricity demand[13]. This method could be implemented on unused land and rural areas for required electricity
production from solar energy. Global warming and climate change, land and seas of our country by increasing
the temperature difference is expected to positively affect the potential for wind energy. The related research on
Global warming affect has already started. In addition, during the planning of policies and amending the related
laws of electricity generation from solar and wind energy, this type of changes should be considered. Naturally,
the further increase of day-night temperature differences in SEAR is also affects the wind power potential [1,4,5].

5.RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In terms of annual solar energy potential, SEAR is the best region of Turkey. In this region, irrigation pumps in
farms, critical institutions in rural areas gets required electricity needs from PV panels (signal transmission, seismic
records and observer locations). Trafc lights and garden, interior or exterior windows and building lighting
electrical energy obtained from photovoltaic systems for use in urban centers and rural areas initiated. This is
further supported by the laws of any special incentive. Thermal spa waters of the region, with the application
of solar energy and solar chimney systems could be much economically used. For instance, as such site can be
established which might be simultanously serves as holiday camp and as an electric power production facility.
The hot water vapors produced by solar energy could contribute to removal of oil by pumping into the oil wells
at Raman region. The wind energy potential of SEAR is below the average of Turkey and noted that production
capacity is not economical. However, by using existing technologies in addition to the potential of the solar
energy, for example using solar chimney(and combination of PV panels); with yielded winds which has constant
speed, it would be possible to produce at some scale of electricity at SEAR[14,15,16]. Even if climate changes
occur this sort of applications still will be remain an applicable way to producw electricity in this region. If we all
use electricity which produced from renewable energy sources then we can live in much cleaner surrounding.

For the future following recommendations would be considered: For green energy opportunities, launching a
study to implement a coordinated and multi-faceted projects. With a rapid transfer of information about renewable
energy and of its advantageous must be presented to public. Government should have provide all the support
for wind or solar power generation projects in the region. Strengthening of the existing electricity transmission
infrastructure, transmission and distribution lines and adopt them to green energy electricity. Electricity usage

- 652 -
must be controlled locally. Preparation of a site-specic wind and solar atlas data for this region must be prepared,
analyzed and made accessible to everyone. The wind and solar energy power generation technologies must be
taught formally with other, engineering and related science subjects at all levels. For Staff training at all levels
cooperatation with other countries such as EU, Asia-Pacic countries must be considered.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I gratefully acknowledge that water distillation system and Solar Chimney Projects(a model study) nancially
supported with Project numbers: 1987 -FF-17 and 2009-FF-12 respectively by DBAP of University of Dicle,
Diyarbakir, Turkey[8,15].

REFERENCES
1. Electrical Power Resources Survey Administration , web site: http:// www.eie.gov.tr
2. http://www.re.jrc.cec.eu.int/pygs/pv/
3. Kick C. How is 100% Renewable Energy Possible for Turkey by 2020, GENI, ChristopherKick@gmx.de, edited
by Meisen P. President of GENI, www.geni.org, peter@geni.org (619) 595-0139, 2011
4. Orcen, I, and Ugurlu O. Probable effects of global warming on Turkey's energy sources, global energy policies
and realities of Turkey, TMMOB, Turkey VI. Energy Symposium Proceedings,Ankara, 565-573, Ankara, 2003.
5. Gursoy, U. The social cost and clean energy and renewable energy sources, The Turkish Medical Association
Publications, Ankara, 2004.
6. Eris, A. "Energy policy and domestic, new and renewable energy sources". TMMO Turkey VI. Energy Symposium,
146 Ankara, 2003.
7. MIGM web site: http://www.migm.gov.tr; Meteoreoloji leri Genel Mdrl(MIGM), Ankara, Turkey.
8. Aydinol, M. Distilled water production by taking advantage of solar energy, Solar Energy Symposium and
Exhibition, TMMOB, Proceedings, 115-125, June 2003, Mersin, Turkey.
9. Cengel, YA. Domestic and renewable, nuclear energy and Turkey's energy future, by submission (2009), the
University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA.
10. The Website of Diyarbakir Solar House: www.diyarbakirgunesevi.com
11. http://www.EntropyEnergy.com
12. http://www.gl-garradhassan.com
13. Wind Energy Potential Atlas (REPA), Turkey Wind Power Plants, Electrical Power Resources Survey Administration
web site: http:// www.eie.gov.tr
14. http://www.epdk.org.tr/lisans/elektrik/yek/rzgarprojeleriningelisimi.do
15. Arslan, T. and Aydinol, M. Electricity production by solar chimney in Laboratory Conditions(Model Study),
Project No: 2009-FF-12, DBAP; This work accepted as MSc Thesis of Arslan, T. Institute of Scientic Studies,
2011, Dicle University, Turkey.
16. Karahocagil, S. Renewable Energy Resources&Increasing Energy Efciency Project Report for GAP RE&EE
Action Plan(The S.E. Anatolia Project); Steps: 6-8, pp.59-79, Head Ofce of Southeast Anatolia Regional
Development of GAP Report for 2008-2012.

- 653 -
 0159 - DETERMINATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND EMISSIONS SAVINGS OF A
PUBLIC BUILDING BY THERMAL INSULATION
Ahmet Serhan Hergl*, Mut Yce
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Kocaeli, Trkiye
Corresponding email: serhan.hergul@kocaeli.edu.tr
*Corresponding author: Ahmet Serhan Hergl

ABSTRACT
There is a correlation between energy consumption and development level of the countries. In this aspect, energy
efciency to reduce energy consumption comes into prominence. This study was conducted according to the
energy performance directive regulations for Erzurum considering climatic and environmental features. Heating
energy requirements of the building are done within the TS 825 standard. The maximum annual energy demand
is determined. Total heating demand calculated considering thermal insulation properties by using specic heat
losses of the building, internal heat gain, solar heat gain, gain and loss rates of the building. It is presented that
condensation proles due to characteristics of the selected insulating materials have been demonstrated. The
greatest heat loss legally allowed 74,52 kWh/m2 according to the regulations for the 4th district. Average annual
amount of heating energy per unit area of 88,62 kWh/m2 according to the initial calculations. Within the scope of
standards by taking into account of the annual heating energy requirement and condensation properties 68,22
kWh/m2 energy per unit area is required.

Keywords: Energy efciency, heat losses, energy consumption, insulation.

1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is indispensable for human life in today's world. Energy consumption is increasing day by day and the
energy market is growing all over the world. In this context, new and advanced technologies have been developed
and the researchers for solutions for the increasing energy demand problem is going on and many national and
international organizations are paying attention to the energy problem. Regulatory legislation, scientic research
and process improvement work in this respect are each done to nd a solution to the energy problem and to
provide a sustainable energy supply. The rate of increase in energy consumption in our country is twice the rate
of increase in energy consumption of the developed countries of the European Union and the Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development. In the case of electricity, this value is much higher than OECD
countries. Energy consumption, which is a measure of the level of development, is also a component of the concept
of energy density [1]. According to our country total energy consumption data, fossil-based energy production
systems are the rst place. It is also stated that the energy efciency strategy document for the 2012-2023 period
aims to increase energy efciency and to reduce the energy intensity by at least 20% compared to the 2011 values
in 2023. In this context, it is aimed to determine energy savings, energy losses in industrial and service sectors
to determine the saving potentials and the measures that can be applied towards energy efciency [2]. Foreign
dependence on energy sources requires the most efcient use of external primary energy sources. Increasing
energy efciency, which is now being seen as an energy source, is the rst step on this path. For this purpose,
many heat recovery units and energy saving systems have been developed from production to consumption. In
this view, the energy obtained from the combustion of the fuels used as the primary energy source can be utilized
at maximum level with the right design.

Many studies have been found in the literature in terms of energy efciency in the researches done. Such as
Kurekci [3] using degree day method determination of optimum insulation thickness for the building walls have
investigated for Turkey provincial centers. The researcher investigated ve different insulation materials such as
XPS, EPS, glass wool, rock wool, polyurethane. One of the chosen province centers is Erzurum similar with this
work.

Sohn et al. [4] have been studied that one of the mineral wool insulation material which is widely used in residential
buildings. By using life cycle assessment program optimal insulation level is determined. From the environmental
point of view, mineral wool is stated compatible with the environment. Dilmac and Kesen [5] compared Turkish

- 654 -
heating and insulation standard (TS 825) with the ISO 9164, EN 832 and the German regulation. Bahria et al. [6]
studied that parametric study of solar heating and cooling systems. Two different building structure compared one
of them has the value of lower thermal performance and the other has higher energy performance. Solar energy
contribution of the building achieved at least 60% for all studies. Georges et al. [7] have reported that for the
apartment buildings simplied space heating distribution simulations using IDA-ICE. Until now, lots of methods
have been developed for the residential heating. It is important that to achieve comfort conditions and ensure a
long life of the building insulation should be done very carefully. TS 825 standard developed for this purpose. The
cities in Turkey are divided into zones according to temperature distributions. In this work, calculations have done
with the temperature distribution of Erzurum province for the 4th zone. Using the calculation program numerical
results have been obtained and interpreted.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study construction heat losses and gains calculated using TS 825 Izoder program [8]. With this calculation
program rst of all, structure components are determined. Afterward, appropriate insulation materials are selected.
Then the thermal bridges identied if exists. Determination of thickness of the insulation material depends on the
thermal calculations and also nancial issues. Once the correct material selected mold formation is observed.

According to TS 825 program in new design buildings; explicit heating energy necessity rules, the highest heat
loss calculation, determining the condensation and relevant information about the study can be reported. In the
renewal of existing building, this program provides pieces of advices in this standard. TS 825 standard approve
that the building as a whole as shown in the gure.

Figure 1. According to TS 825 standard building as a whole

2.1. ESSENTIAL DEFINITIONS

According to the program essential principle is the calculation of the net heating requirement. For this reason in
building heat losses and internal and external gains determined. The difference is that the heating necessary.

The law of conservation of mass is given below using for continuous ow systems.

- 655 -
In this equation, is per unit time input and output total energy via heat to the system, is per unit time input
and output total energy via work to the system and is per unit time transmitted energy via mass to the control
volume.

Accordingly, these equations determine t factors heat energy requirement of a construction.

Construction properties; heat losses via conduction, transportation and ventilation
Heating system characteristic feature; especially control systems and heating systems responding time to
changes in heating energy requirement.
Internal climate conditions; necessity of utilizers heating value
External climate conditions; exterior temperature, wind direction and violence
Internal heat gain sources; providing heating sources except heating system, radiant various devices and
people
Sun energy; acquisition from the sun transparent materials like the window.

2.2. ANNUAL HEATING ENERGY REQUIREMENT CALCULATION

Annual heating energy requirement is equal to the sum of the monthly differences between heat losses and heat
gains.

2.2.1. HEAT LOSSES CALCULATION

Specic heat losses (H), occurs via transmission and convection (HT) and ventilation (HV) heat losses as total.

Heat loss calculation via transmission

Heat loss calculation via ventilation

2.2.2. HEAT GAIN CALCULATION

In dwellings, schools, and normal constructions internal heat gains,

- 656 -
 Figure 2. Construction roof insulation
1. Roof skin
2. Waterproong membrane
3. Roof wood
4. Heat insulation XPS
5. Reinforced concrete solid slab
6. Ceiling plaster

Building CAD image

- 657 -
Annual heating energy requirement calculation chart
Heat Loss Heat Gains
Gain
Specic Internal Gain of Heating
Temperature Heat GLR Usage
Heat heat solar Total Energy Req.
Difference Losses Factor
Month Losses gain energy

Jan 24,4 99,939 6,194 24,873 0,25 0,98 195.860.146

Feb 23,7 97.072 7.538 26.217 0,27 0,98 185.014.676

Mar 18,7 76.593 8.449 27.128 0,35 0,94 132.430.902

Apr 11,1 45.464 9.313 27.992 0,62 0,80 59.798.106

May 6,2 25.394 10.061 28.740 1,13 0,59 21.870.244

June 1,7 6.963 10.455 29.134 4,18 0,00 0

4.095,87 18,679
July 0,0 0 10.223 28.902 0,00 0,00 0

Aug 0,0 0 9.848 28.527 0,00 0,00 0

Sep 2,5 10.240 8.822 27.501 2,69 0,00 0

Oct 8,7 35.634 7.541 26.220 0,74 0,74 42.070.931

Nov 15,9 65.124 5.895 24.574 0,38 0,93 109.564.444

Dec 21,8 89.290 5.453 24.132 0,27 0,98 170.139.569

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

By using the above equations and numerical results,

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Due to Q < Q1 (68, 22 < 74, 52) for this reason calculated value is under the average heating requirement energy
amount. So this construction is proper to standards according to given by TS 825 standard calculation method.

With reference to the energy requirement calculation results, the difference between heat loss at initial calculations,
emission saving is achieved by the thermal insulation. With the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
data, the average emission factor for natural gas is 56,1 kg CO2 / GJ [9]. So that annual emission reduction is given
in the following table.

Table 2: Natural gas equivalent emission and energy equivalent

Energy equivalent Fuel Equivalent Emission Saving
3
154,10 GJ 4463,55 Sm 8681,25 kg CO2

According to the obtained results, mold formation is not observed due to the internal surface temperature of
construction above the 17 oC. Any condensation did not observe in building components. The reason is that used
material group of thermal conductivity appropriate to TS 11989 EN 13164. By making condensation verication
on building component is proper to all requirement of standard since providing the designated all criteria. In
gure 4, temperature distribution proles are observed. Determining the thickness of the construction material
thermal conductivity resistances taken into calculation.

Figure 4. The coldest month condensation figures (December&January)

There is no evidence of condensation at any point in the heat bridges such as niche and the examinations made
in each building component. The opinions of the residents have also been taken into account in order to reduce
heat losses from the building. It is seen that even in the province of Erzurum which is considered as the fourth
region in this respect, it provides the necessary comfort conditions. The program which calculates according to TS
825 standard also used the geographical features of the region as a reference during calculations.

4. CONCLUSION
Today, energy has become an inherent part of our life. With this study total heating demand calculated considering
thermal insulation properties by using specic heat losses of the building, internal heat gain, solar heat gain, gain
and loss rates of the building. It is presented that condensation proles due to characteristics of the selected
insulating materials have been demonstrated. The greatest heat loss legally allowed 74,52 kWh/m2 according
to the regulations for the 4th district. By using Izoder TS 825 Heating & Insulation calculation program public
building area was analyzed and within the scope of standards by taking into account of the annual heating energy
requirement and condensation properties 68,22 kWh/m2 energy per unit area is required. Also 8681,25 kg of CO2
emission saving is achieved.

- 659 -
REFERENCES
1. pek N., Yeil H., Enerji Verimlilii Raporu, TMMOB Elektrik Mhendisleri Odas, GY20123, 1-80, 2012.
2. Yldz T., Enerji Verimlilii Strateji Belgesi Raporu 2012-2023, Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanl, 28215, 1-21,
2012.
3. Nuri Alpay Kurekci, (2016). Determination of optimum insulation thickness for building walls by using heating
and cooling degree-day values of all Turkeys provincial centers, Energy and Buildings, 118, 197-213.
4. Joshua L. Sohn, Pradip P. Kalbar, Gary T. Bant, Morten Birkved, (2016). Life-cycle based dynamic assessment
of mineral wool insulation in a Danish residential building application, Journal of Cleaner Production, article
in press, pp. 1-11.
5. Dilmac S., Kesen N., (2003). A Comparison of New Turkish Thermal Insulation Standard (TS 825), ISO 9164, EN
832 and German Regulation. Energy and Buildings. 35. pp. 161174.
6. Soane Bahria, Madjid Amirat, Abderrahmen Hamidat, Mohammed El Ganaoui, Mohamed El Amine Slimani.
(2016). Parametric study of solar heating and cooling systems in different climates of Algeria A comparison
between conventional and high-energy-performance buildings, 113, pp. 521-535.
7. Laurent Georges, Kang Wen, Maria Justo Alonso, Magnar Berge, Judith Thomsen, Ruzhu Wang., (2016).
Simplied Space-heating Distribution Using Radiators in Super-insulated Apartment Buildings, Energy
Procedia, 96, pp. 455-466.
8. IZODER TS 825 Heating&Insulation Calculation Program.
9. lgen S., Nkleer Enerjiye Geite Trkiye Modeli II, EDAM, 9789944013345, 1-156, 2012.

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 0167 - ANALYZING USE OF NANOTECHNOLOGICAL BUILDING MATERIALS FOR
IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Glen Cengiz
Department of Architecture, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding email: glschn@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT
Nanotechnological materials are also used as composite materials for improving the properties of the material
besides they have characteristics of the invention itself. These materials are used for construction or landscaping
as building materials. Nano materials composites improves the properties of existing materials. Photocatalytic
properties of these materials break down pollutants into molecules, clean water and air and provide a sterile
environment thanks to its antibacterial properties. Also they provide energy efciency and thermal comfort.
They increase the strength of the material and decrease the amount of material waste by extending the life of
the materials. The purpose of this study is analyzing use of nanotechnological building materials for improving
environmental quality. The method of study is the literature.

Keywords: nanotechnology, building materials, environment

1. SELF-CLEANING: LOTUS EFFECT

Some of these materials (NM) are not at, but microscopically rough. They are hydrophobic. Water ows from the
surface by leaking. Waxy bumps and rods found on the surface reduce the interaction of water with the surface
and provide hydrophobic and self-repairing
p g properties
p p

Figure 2.1. (Top) Microscopic image of water droplets on superhydrophobic and observably rough surface
(Bottom). A nanostructure with a height of 5-10 micrometers and self-cleaning material covered with waxy
particulates [1],[2],[4],[6].

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2. SELF-CLEANING: PHOTOCATALYSIS
Surfaces composed of this type of NM absorb water. UV lights found in the sunlight can activate the photocatalytic
reaction. Thus, organic dirt on the surface dissolves thanks to catalysis. These materials usually contain titanium
dioxide. The self-cleaning property requires water to be effective. Photocatalysis also have properties such as
air-cleaning, water-cleaning and germ-repelling. At the end of the process, the energy required for ventilation is
10-20% less than the traditional ventilation method

Figure 2.2. The difference between titanium oxide and PVC coated membranes subjected to climate test. 5
months later, the first is still white, while the second is gray [1],[2],[4],[6].

3. EASY-TO-CLEAN (ETC)
Some nanomaterials (NM) have smooth surfaces with reduced attraction. Energy reduction on the surface
decreases the adhesion force of the surface, thus leads to a lower attraction force. This allows the surface to repel
water in the form of droplets

Figure 2.3. Comparison between ceramic surfaces - non-easy-to-clean surface on the left, easy-to-clean surface
on the right. Flexible, easy-to-clean ceramic wall covering, similar to a wall paper. Thanks to its water-repelling
property, it can be exposed to water directly, as in walk-in showers [1],[2],[4],[6].

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4. AIR-CLEANING
This type of (NM) break down pollutants and odors to their components do not provide ventilation and clean the
air completely, but improve the quality of the air. They break unpleasant odors and pollutants components to their
components. Thanks to nanotechnology, molecules are broken and release carbon dioxide and vapor. Thus, these
materials are used to prevent sick building syndrome

Figure 2.4. Photocatalytic floor surface [1],[2],[4],[6].

5. ANTI-FOGGING
When moisture particles condense, they cling on the surface in the form of small droplets. Warming the mirror
with a device such as a hair dryer is enough to remove this view. This way, water droplets evaporate and are
repelled from the mirror. However, energy is required to do so. When applied to the mirror surface, nano-coating
lm containing TiO2 (titanium dioxide) prevents fogging

Figure 2.5. Mirror with nano-coating showing anti-fogging property [1],[2],[4],[6].

6. THERMAL INSULATION: VACUUM INSULATION PANELS (VIPS)

According to Kiper (2015), vacuum insulation panels are based on reduction of gas pressure in the insulation
material and increasing the thermal resistance of the insulation material. Vacuum insulation panels are basically
produced in three layers. These are the multi-layer membrane wall, the core container and the compressed silica
core (lling material). Vacuum insulation panels are manufactured with gas barrier providing sealing and open
porous ller material. The lling material provides mechanical strength and creates thermal resistance by blocking
the circulation of gas. The gas barrier provides protection against air and vapor [5].

Figure 2.6. Stored vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) and their application [1],[2],[4],[6].

- 663 -
7. THERMAL INSULATION: AEROGEL
Aerogel, a (NM), was found in 1931 and is the lightest solid material known. It consists of 99.8% air. The other
element that makes up aerogel is silica. Air is trapped in nano-cells of 20 nm. For this reason, it has excellent
insulation property. In addition, it is transparent and has good sunlight permeability and distribution properties. It
can also be used as sound insulator. It has a high use potential and is an energy efcient building material due to
its good thermal and sound insulation, sunlight permeability, UV reection, and lightness

Figure 2.7. Aerogel [1],[2],[4],[6].

8. HEAT REGULATION: PHASE-CHANGING MATERIALS (PCMS)

According to Leydecker (2008), phase-changing materials are always made from parafn and salt hydrate. Very
small parafn globules of 2-20 nm are enclosed in a sealed plastic sheeting. PCMs reduce temperature differences
between day and night by storing and regulating heat. They are used in facades of buildings. Phase-changing
materials allow for temperature variations at different temperatures from minus degrees up to 100C [8].

Figure 2.8. On the right; An image of an opened micro-capsule embedded in a concrete carrier matrix, taken
using SEM. On the left; A very small image of paraffin-filled capsule in solid state, taken using light microscope. It
exhibits a high thermal capacity during phase change to liquid form [1],[2],[4],[6].

- 664 -
9. UV PROTECTION
This (NM) provides a long-lasting and transparent protection. This is a desired property in architecture. For
example, when the wood used in the structure is exposed to sunlight for a prolonged period of time, colored
surfaces of the wood change color due to destruction of pigments by the sunlight. Sunlight changes the stability
of the material by inuencing the material itself. Therefore, materials with UV light protection are required in order
to prevent the damage caused by UV light and protect the stability and color of the material.

Figure 2.9. Electron microscope image of UV-absorbent zinc oxide particles contained within a clear varnish.
In order for material to remain transparent, the particles must be sufficiently small and not clump together. The
even distribution can be seen clearly [1],[2],[4],[6].

10. SOLAR PROTECTION

With this type of (NM), no blinds are necessary. Glass darkens automatically and can be switched without a constant
electric current (memory effect). There is no need for a constant electric current. A single switch is enough to
change the degree of light from one state to another. Glasses can be darkened or changed back

Figure 2.10. Thin nano-coated electro-chromatic glass. Glass size is limited. The maximum size is 120 cm 200
cm [1],[2],[4],[6].

11. FIRE PROTECTION

This (NM) is a light and transparent material that provides highly efcient re protection. For this purpose, the
German company Degussa produced a material under the name Aerosil from pyrogenic silicic acid. The pyrogenic
silicic nanoparticles, or nano-silica, are only 7 nm large and highly reactive due to their relatively large surface
area. The ll material is sandwiched between panes of glass due to its high re resistance.

- 665 -
12. ANTI-GRAFFITI
The material has a permeable surface with permanent anti-grafti coating. Despite of being impregnated heavily,
the material retains its vapor permeability. The surface lines the capillary pores without closing them. The coating
consists of several layers of molecules. However, the coating cannot be removed and the permanently applied
material closes pores, thus loses its permeability in time

Figure 2.11. (On the left) Brandenburg Gate, Berlin. The building is protected with an nanotechnological anti-
graffiti coating. (On the right) The UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. The building is fitted with flooring
that makes it easier to remove chewing gum [1],[2],[4],[6].

13. ANTI-REFLECTION
The material does not reect sunlight since it has smaller particles than the wavelength of visible light. Its structure
consists of small 30-50nm large silicon-dioxide (SiO2) capsules. A thickness of 150nm is ideal. The ratio of reected
light is reduced from 8% to 1%. The transmittance of a traditional glass is 8%. This is because light passes through
two materials with different densities.

Figure 2.12. Photovoltaic panels with and without nano-coating. Anti-reflective coatings with a thickness of 150
nm are used [1],[2],[4],[6].

14. ANTIBACTERIAL
Photocatalytic surfaces are antibacterial due to their ability to break down organic substances in dirt. With silver
nano-particles, it is possible to manufacture germicidal and antibacterial surfaces. Thus, bacteria are targeted and
destroyed. In this way, the use of disinfectants can be reduced

Figure 2.13. On the left; Lighting switches etc. are susceptible to dirt and germ accumulation and spread.
Antibacterial coating may be used in these areas. On the right; Antibacterial nano-particles are used in coatings
applied to a sanitation system. In this way, the sanitation system gains antibacterial property [1],[2],[4],[6].

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15. ANTI-FINGERPRINT
Fingerprints are highly visible on surfaces such as steel and glass to the refraction of light. The refraction of the
light is xed on the whole surface, thus the visibility of ngerprints is reduced

Figure 2.14. The difference in visibility of fingerprints between stainless steel and stainless steel coated with
nano-coating [1],[2],[4],[6].

16. SCRATCH-PROOF AND ABRASION-RESISTANCE

Nanotechnological coating makes it possible to improve scratch-resistance while maintaining transparency. It
improves scratch and wearing resistance. However, it cannot protect the surface from scratches made with hard
materials

Figure 2.15. The difference in appearance of a car with scratch- and wear-resistant nano-coating and with
traditional coating [1],[2],[4],[6].

17. CONCLUSION
The term Nano comes from Latin word meaning dwarf and is a unit prex meaning one billionth. Hence, materials
last longer, require less energy to produce and have lower life cycle cost. Nanotechnological materials reduce
maintenance costs thanks to the lotus effect and the photocatalysis property and improve the quality of air and
create a more sterile environment thanks to the photocatalysis property. They contribute to the improvement
of air quality in the atmosphere by reducing the amount of pollutants in the air. Also, they improve the viewing
quality thanks to the anti-fogging property. Phase-changing materials allows for indoor thermal comfort by
providing energy retention. UV protection contribute to reduction of life cycle cost of buildings and conservation
of resources by protecting the stability and pigments of the material. The amount of light entering the interiors
can be regulated thanks to solar protection, thus the interior comfort is improved by utilizing daylight and
providing protection against light pollution. Fire protection property provides resistance against re and prevents
the re from spreading, thus keeps escape routes accessible and saves lives. The anti-grafti property prevents
permanent damages to buildings with inappropriate grafti drawings and also prevents pores from closing and
ensures clean air entry to the building, thus reduces the cost of maintenance and improve the air quality of the
interiors. Damages caused by moisture are prevented and life cycle is prolonged. Thus, buildings life cycle cost
is reduced. Anti-reection property provides a quality view and increase daylight transmission, thus the operating
cost of the building is reduced and energy retention is ensured. Maintenance costs are reduced with the anti-
bacterial property. The quality of the view is improved and the material is protected with the anti-ngerprint
property. The scratch-proof and abrasion-resistance property increase the life cycle of the material by providing
resistance against force applied to a certain level.

- 667 -
REFERENCES
1. El-Samny, M. F. (2008). NanoArchitecture, nanotechnology and architecture. 10 Temmuz 2015, Yksek Lisans
Tezi, University of Alexandria niversitesi, Msr , https://www.academia.edu/1733965/NanoArchitecture_
master_degree
2. Fouad, F. F. (2012). Nanoarchitecture and sustainaility, Yksek Lisans Tezi, Alexandria niversitesi, Msr
3. Gr, M. (2010). Nano mimarlk balamnda nano malzemeler, 10 Temmuz 2015, http://dspace.uludag.edu.
tr:8080/jspui/bitstream/11452/2073/1/M9.pdf
4. Hemeida, F. A. E. A. O. (2010). Green nanoarchitecture, Yksek Lisans Tezi, Alexandria niversitesi, Msr
5. Kiper, G. H. (2015). Is yaltml ve yksek performansl vakum yaltm panelleri. Mimarlk Blm Seminer.
Dokuz Eyll niversitesi
6. Leydecker, S. (2008). Nano materials in architecture, interior architecture and design, 10 Temmuz
2015, Germany, http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/676/bfm%253A978-3-7643-8321-3%252F1.
pdf ?auth66=1421243858_8106c348ad79e159e4613a85fbdb68ef&ext=.pdf
7. Peker, Z. S. (2010). Nanoteknoloji ve yap malzemesi alanna etkileri, 10 Temmuz 2015, http://www.newwsa.
com/download/gecici_makale_dosyalari/NWSA-1019-7-4.pdf
8. ahan, N. (2011). Faz deitiren maddelerin nano malzemelerle kullanmnn aratrlmas, Yksek Lisans Tezi,
ukurova niversitesi, Adana

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0172 - DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE ON SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS
FOR BATMAN PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Adem Ylmaz1, Abdulkadir Kocer2, Ismet Faruk Yaka3, Afin Gngr3*
1
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Batman University, Batman, Trkiye
2
Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Trkiye
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Trkiye
Corresponding email: afsingungor@hotmail.com
*Corresponding author: Afin Gngr

ABSTRACT
One of the renewable energy sources is solar energy that is the most widely used and cheapest. Solar energy
can be use everywhere due to fact that the sun is considered to be everywhere. it is possible to design different
systems according to the amount of solar radiation and the amount of received radiation by area. There is a
peculiar position of each region. Therefore, the amount of radiation of area is very important for the system to be
designed. Radiation coming from the sun, which the system to be designed in terms of which direction to take and
affect the performance of the design. The aim of this study is to determine the best position angles to be designed
solar energy system in Batman city in order to obtain more benet from sun. As a result of the study, the optimal
angle is found as for Batman city. The performance of the system will be affected positively while the angle is
keeping between 5% during the year.

Keywords: Solar energy, Tilt angle, Batman

1. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy that is clean and inexhaustible energy is one of the most important energy sources. When damage
of fossil fuels to world is considered, it is clearly obvious that fossil fuels should be switched to renewable energy
sources. Sun emitting heat and light is a high-temperature gas mass. Sun is approximately 1.496x108 km far away
from world and 1.39x108 km in diameter [1].

Maatallah et al. [2] presented an overview on research works on solar radiation basics and photovoltaic generation.
The effects of azimuth and tilt angles on the output power of a photovoltaic module were investigated. Kaldellis
and Zarakis [3] carried out an experimental study in the area of Athens in order to evaluate the performance of
different PV panel tilt angles during the summer period. The angle of 15o (2.5o) was designated as optimum
for almost the entire summer period. Benghanem [4] performed a study on the optimum slope and orientation
of a surface receiving a maximum solar radiation. The annual optimum tilt angle was found to be approximately
equal to the latitude of the location. Siraki and Pillay [5] proposed a simple method on a modied sky model to
calculate the optimum angle of installation for urban applications. It was expressed that the results demonstrated
the dependency of the optimum angle of installation on the latitude, weather conditions and surroundings.

Gunerhan and Hepbasli [6] calculated the optimum tilt angles by searching for the values for which the total
radiation on the collector surface is at a maximum for a particular day or a specic period. Mehleri et al. [7] carried
out a study on the determination of the optimum tilt angle and orientation for solar photovoltaic arrays in order
to maximize the incident of solar irradiance exposed on the array, for a specic period of time. Moghadam et al.
[9] performed optimization of solar at collector inclination. Monthly, seasonal, semi-annual and annual optimum
tilt angles were determined. Ghosh et al. [9] determined the seasonal optimum tilt angles, solar radiations on
variously oriented, single and double axis tracking surfaces at Dhaka. Three mathematical models for the point
source with parameters optimized for a variety of climatic conditions were employed to determine hourly and
seasonal optimum tilt angles.

As seen in the research literature, the tilt angle is an important parameter to capture the sunlight and the optimal
value of this parameter can be used to achieve greater efciency by capturing more sunlight case. The calculation
of the optimal tilt angle required for Batman in the light of the above information is the primary objective of this
study.

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2. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The monthly average values of solar radiation incident on surfaces of various orientations are required for solar
energy applications. The monthly averages of the daily solar radiation incident upon a horizontal surface are
available for many locations. However, radiation data on tilted surfaces are generally not available. A simple
method to estimate the average daily radiation for each calendar month on surfaces facing directly towards the
equator has been developed by Liu and Jordan [10].

The tilt angle() of any collector is dened as the angle between the plane of the collector surface and the horizon.
When is positive, the orientation of the surface is toward the equator, and when negative, it is toward the pole.

The earths axis is tilted approximately 23.45o with respect to the earths orbit around the sun. As the earth moves
around the sun, the axis is xed if viewed from space. The declination of the sun is the angle between a plane
perpendicular to a line between the earth and the sun and the earths axis. An approximate formula for the
declination of the sun is given as follows [11],

where n is the number of the day of year starting from the rst of January (n=1 on January 1st and n=365 on
December 31st , February 29th is ignored).
Sunrise and sunset occur when the sun is at the horizon and hence the cosine of the zenith angle is zero. Setting
the cosine of the zenith angle to zero in the relation, we get the following equation,

The monthly average daily radiation on a horizontal surface (H), the fraction of the mean daily extraterrestrial
radiation (H0), the monthly average daily diffuse radiation (HD),

where Gsc is the solar constant (1367 W/m2), is the latitude of the Antalya.

Solar radiation incident outside the earths atmosphere is called extraterrestrial radiation. On average the
extraterrestrial irradiance is 1367 W/m2. The monthly average daily solar radiation on tilted surface (HT), may be
expressed as follow [10],

where is ground reectance (0.2).

Liu and Jordan[10] have suggested that can be estimated to be the ratio of extraterrestrial radiation on the tilted
surface to that on a horizontal surface for each month. For a surface facing directly towards the equator,

where is the sunset hour angle for the tilted surface given by

where min means the smaller of the two items in the bracket.

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3. METHODOLOGY
The equations which calculate total solar radiation falling on tilted surface for optimum tilt angle monthly,
seasonally and annually are solved with a computer code which is written in Visual Studio VB.Net. The calculations
begin with measured hourly global and diffuse radiation received on a horizontal surface. These quantities are
then transposed onto an inclined plane by a mathematical procedure. The optimum tilt angle was computed by
searching for the values for which the total radiation on the collector surface is a maximum for a particular day or
a specic period. In this regard, the calculations were made for a south facing solar collector for 365 days. The tilt
angle is changed from 0 to 90. The solar reectivity (W) was assumed to be 0.2. The optimum tilt angele obtained
for a specic period allows us to collect the maximum solar energy for Batman, Turkey.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Batman is located in sought-east of Turkey. It lies on a plateau, 540 meters (1,772 feet) above sea level, near the
conuence of the Batman River and the Tigris. Until the 1950s, Batman was a village, called Iluh, with a population
of about 3,000. However, oil elds were discovered around it in the 1940s that resulted in a rapid development of
the area and in the inow of workforce from other parts of Turkey. In 1957, the village was renamed Batman, after
the river namesake, received a city status, and became a district center. There are almost no forests in and around
the city. The Iluh River, a tributary of the Batman River, ows through the city.

Figure 1. Solar Energy Map of Batman City

Latitude and longitude coordinates for Batman (Fig.1) are: 3753'14.57"N, 417'55.96"E. While north and northeast
of Batman high, steep and mountainous, the south is mountainous and rugged. In city, while summer is hot and
dry, winter is cold and rainy. Whereas the average temperature is approximately 40 degree in summer, it is about
-5 degree in winter. Snow is rarely and annual rainfall can vary between 500 and 780 mm. The relative humidity
is about 53%. The average number of sunny days, partly cloudy days and full cloudy is 171.7, 136.6 and 57.4,
respectively. The average annual temperature is measured as 18,2 C. While the highest temperature is ever seen
in Batman city 46,5 C, the lowest temperature is 12,4 C.

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Table 1. Monthly, seasonally, and annually optimum tilt angles
Months Monthly Seasonally Annually
Jan 63
61
Feb 54
Mar 39
Apr 21 22
May 5
Jun 1
33
Jul 1 4
Aug 15
Sep 32
Oct 49 48
Nov 61
Dec 65 61

Table 1 shows optimum tilt angles and Table 2 shows calculated solar radiation on tilted surface for optimum tilt
angles. The optimum angle of tilt of a at-plate collector in January is 63 and the total monthly solar irradiation
falling on the collector surface at this tilt is 485.76 MJ/m2-month. The optimum tilt angle in July is 1 and the total
monthly solar radiation at this angle is 678.36 MJ/m2-month. The optimum tilt angle increases during the winter
months and reaches a maximum of 65 in December which collects 473.44 MJ/m2-month of solar energy.

Table 2. Solar radiations on tilted surface for optimum tilt angles (MJ)
Months Monthly Seasonally Annually
Jan 485.76 485.57 430.47
Feb 468.23 465.28 442.46
Mar 557.84 538.62 555.44
Apr 589.74 589.66 580.06
May 664.95 646.60 614.84
Jun 673.21 671.06 595.54
Jul 678.36 677.65 612.89
Aug 624.10 616.43 601.96
Sep 550.01 536.32 550.00
Oct 525.69 525.31 508.07
Nov 475.32 463.68 428.52
Dec 473.44 472.36 409.93
Total 6766.65 6688.54 6330.17

When the seasonally optimum tilt angle was used, the yearly collected solar energy was 6688.54 MJ/m2 -year. The
solar collector would be mounted at the seasonally tilt angle and the slope adjusted every season. This will allow
an increase in the efciency of the solar collector more than 5% over that of a similar xed solar collector at the
optimum annual tilt angle in Batman, Turkey(Fig.2).

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 Figure 2. Solar radiation on tilted surface for optimum tilt angles

When the monthly optimum tilt angle was used, the yearly collected solar energy was 6766.65 MJ/m2-year. The
solar collector should be mounted at the monthly tilt angle and the slope adjusted every month. This would allow
an increase in the efciency of the solar collector more than 6% over that of a similar xed solar collector at the
optimum annual tilt angle in Batman, Turkey.

5. CONCLUSION
The optimum tilt angle is different for each month of the year. The collected solar energy will be greater if we
choose the optimum tilt angle for each month. Also it has been found that the optimum tilt angle in June and July
becomes 1. The optimum tilt angle then increases during the winter months and reaches a maximum of 65 in
December. The results show that the average optimum tilt angle for the summer months is 4 and for the winter
months 61. Finally, the yearly-average optimum tilt angle found to be 33 and the yearly collected solar energy
was 6330.17 MJ/m2-year for a south facing solar collector which nearly corresponding to the latitude of Batman,
Turkey (37.89).

REFERENCES
1. Kalliolu M. A. (2014) Nide li in Yatay Dzleme Gelen Gnlk Tm, Yayl Ve Direkt Gne Inmn
Hesaplama Modeli Gelitirilmesi, Yksek Lisans Tezi Nide niversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstits Makine
Mhendislii Anabilim Dal, Nide
2. Maatallah T, El Alimi S, Nassrallah SB., Performance modeling and investigation of xed, single and dual-axis
tracking photovoltaic panel in Monastir city, Tunisia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011;15(8):
405366.
3. Kaldellis J, Zarakis D., Experimental investigation of the optimum photovoltaic panels tilt angle during the
summer period, Energy 2012;38(1): 30514.
4. Benghanem M., Optimization of tilt angle for solar panel: case study for Madinah, Saudi Arabia, Applied
Energy 2011;88(4):142733.
5. Siraki AG, Pillay P., Study of optimum tilt angles for solar panels in different latitudes for urban applications,
Solar Energy 2012;86(6):19208.
6. Gunerhan H, Hepbasli A., Determination of the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors for building applications,
Building and Environment 2007,42,77983.
7. Mehleri ED, Zervas PL, Sarimveis H, Palyvos JA, Markatos NC., Determination of the optimal tilt angle and
orientation for solar photovoltaic arrays, Renewable Energy 2010;35(11):246875.
8. Moghadam H, Tabrizi FF, Sharak AZ., Optimization of solar at collector inclination, Desalination 2011;265(1
3):10711.
9. Ghosh HR, Bhowmik NC, Hussain M., Determining seasonal optimum tilt angles, solar radiations on variously
oriented, single and double axis tracking surfaces at Dhaka, Renewable Energy 010;35(6):12927.
10. Liu B, Jordan R., Daily insolation on surfaces tilted towards the equator, Trans ASHRAE 1962;67.
11. Beckman W, Dufe J., Solar engineering of thermal processes, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley and Sons; 1980.

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 0178 - FREQUENCY DEPENDENT INTERFACE STATE PROPERTIES OF A SCHOTTKY
DEVICE BASED ON CORONENE DEPOSITED ON N-TYPE SILICON BY SPIN COATING
TECHNIQUE
. Faruk Yksel1*, Osman Pakma2, Nihat Tuluolu3
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Seluk University, Konya, Trkiye
2
Department of Physics, Science and Art Faculty, Batman University, Batman, Trkiye
3
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Trkiye
Corresponding email: fyuksel@selcuk.edu.tr
*Corresponding author:. Faruk Yksel

ABSTRACT
Coronene thin lm on n-Si (100) has been fabricated by the spin coating method. We have reported a detailed
investigation of frequency dependent properties of the Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky diodes in this study. The
capacitancevoltage (CV) and conductancevoltage (GV) characteristics have been measured in the frequency
range from 10 kHz to 1 MHz at room temperature. The density of interface states (D ) distribution proles as a
function of frequency has been extracted from the corrected CV and GV measurements. Interface trap states of
the Coronene/n-Si Schottky device have decreased by increasing the applied frequency and were found to be
1.64x1012 and 1.12x1012 eV-1cm-2 for 10 kHz and 1 MHz, respectively.

Keywords: Coronene, Freguency, Capacitance, Conductance, Interface state density

1. INTRODUCTION
Metalsemiconductor (MS) contacts play an important role in the potential application of different optoelectronic
and electronic devices [1-3]. The presence of organic layer converts the device to metalorganic layer
semiconductor (MOS) device and may have a powerful effect on the device characteristics as well as a change
of the interface state charge with bias which will give rise to an additional eld in the interfacial layer [3,4]. Due
to the technological importance of MOS Schottky contacts, a full understanding of their capacitancevoltage
(CV) and conductance-voltage (G-V) characteristics are of great interest [5-7]. Their reliability and performance
are dependent on the formation of organic layer, interface state density and series resistance of devices [4].
Furthermore, the change in frequency on capacitance and conductance-voltage characteristics has important
effects on the determination of MOS diode parameters [8-10].

In recent years, the organic based inorganic semiconductor devices has begun to become popular topic of studies for
inorganic semiconductor surface analysis in MOS type Schottky barrier diodes. In this study, coronene was selected
an interfacial layer at Al/n-Si interface because it is an interesting organic semiconductor to be used as the channel of
organic thin lm transistors. HillColeman technique [11] for calculating the interface state density of MOS diodes have
been reported. This technique suggested by Hill and Coleman [11] is a strong tool to calculate interface state density
(Dit) which is useful in estimating the interface charge. The interface states usually cause a bias shift and frequency
dispersion of the capacitancevoltage (CV) and conductance-voltage (G-V) plots [4].

The purpose of this study is to characterize the interface state density and series resistance by capacitance-
conductance-voltage (C-G-V) characteristics of Al/Coronene/n-Si diode in the frequency range 10 kHz-1 MHz.
To evaluate accurate values of RS and Dit, we have applied the method by Nicollian and Goetzberger [4] and
HillColeman [11], respectively. In addition, the diode parameters such as the intercept voltage (V0) , Fermi energy
level (EF) and Schottky barrier height (B) as a function of frequency were obtained by reverse bias C-2V plots.

- 674 -
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Al/Coronene/n-Si (MOS) type Schottky barrier diodes were prepared on n type Si wafer with (100) orientation,
380 m thickness and 20 -cm resistivity. Firstly, Si-wafers are chemically cleaned in the Radio Corporation of
America (RCA) solution, and then rinsed in deionize water. Indium (In) metal with a purity of 99.99% was thermally
evaporated on the whole back surface of the wafer with a thickness of 150 nm in a pressure of approximately
about 1x10-6 Torr. Then, a heat treatment was made at 400oC for 2 minutes in vacuum to obtain a low resistivity
ohmic contact. Next, a Coronene organic lm was formed by a spin coating method at a spinning rate of 1200
rpm. Then, Schottky contacts were deposited on this organic lm with a diameter of 2 mm using a metal shadow
mask by evaporating 99.99% purity aluminium (Al) metal. Finally, The Coronene layer thickness is determined as
64.7 nm from measurement of the interfacial layer capacitance in the accumulation region. Figs. 1 (a) and (b) show
molecular structure of Coronene layer and the schematic diagram of Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky diode for electrical
characteriation, respectively. The capacitancevoltage (CV) and conductancevoltage (GV) measurements were
performed using a impedance analyzer in the frequency range 10 kHz 1 MHz at room temperature.

Figure 1. (a) Molecular structure of Coronene (C24H12) and (b) Schematic diagram of Al/Coronene/n-Si
Schottky diode.

3. RESULTS
Both capacitance and conductance measurements, can be used to evaluate the density with energy states
in the semiconductor forbidden band-gap at metal-semicondutor interface. Therefore, both the CV and GV
measurements of Al/Coronene/n-Si (MOS) type Schottky barrier diode are performed in the frequency range
of 10 kHz1 MHz at room temperature and are given in Fig. 2 (a) and (b), respectively. The applied voltage was
changed from -4 V to 4 V with 0.1 V steps. As can be seen in Fig. 2 (a), three regimes of accumulation, depletion
and inversion are clearly shown for almost each frequency verifying a typical MOS type Schottky barrier diode
behavior.

Figure 2. (a) The measured capacitance-voltage and (b) conductance-voltage characteristics of Al/Coronene/
n-Si diode in the different frequencies.

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The voltage dependent resistance of the MOS type Schottky barrier diode can be also extracted from the following
equation [4,12]:

where Cacc and Gacc are dened, respectively, as the measured capacitance and conductance in strong accumulation
region. According to Nicollian and Brews [4], this method provides the determination of Ri for all bias regions, but
the real value of Rs corresponds to the strong accumulation region. Therefore, the voltage dependent values of Ri
are determined from the measurements of C-V and GV values and its values at various frequencies are given in
Fig. 3 (a).

The Rs values of Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky diode are calculated at strong accumulation region at zero bias are
shown in Fig. 3 (b). As seen in Fig. 3(b), the Rs values decreases with increasing frequency.

In order to eliminate the effect of Rs on the C and G values, especially for high frequency the measured CV and
GV was corrected using the following equations. The values of corrected capacitance (Cc) and conductance (Gc)
are calculated from the relations [12]:

Figs. 4 (a) and (b) display the dependence of the corrected capacitance (Cc) and equivalent parallel conductance
(Gc) characteristics versus voltage for Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky diodes, respectively.

Figure 3. (a) The measured series resistance-voltage characteristics (b) the calculated values of series
resistance of Al/Coronene/n-Si diode.

- 676 -
 Figure 4. The calculated values of (a) corrected capacitance (Cc) and (b) corrected conductance (Gc) of Al/
Coronene/n-Si diode in the different frequencies.

According to Fig. 4 (b), the all Gc-V characteristics give an peak in depletion region of Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky
diodes at all frequencies. Such behavior of the Gc-V characteristics is attributed to a special distribution of surface
states between the Al and Si interfaces. The presence of conductance peak shows the presence of interface states
[4,11,12]. The interface states density (Dit) values for the Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky diodes were obtained from
these peak values. A rapid and trustworthy way to obtain the values of Dit is the Hill-Coleman method [11] and
conrmed by Tugluoglu [12]. According to this method, the Dit values for Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky diodes were
calculated using the following formula [11,12]:

where q is the elementary electrical charge,  (= 2
f ) is the angular frequency, S is the diode area, Gc,max
conforms to maximum corrected GV curve, Cc is the capacitance of the diodes according to Gc,max and Cil is the
interfacial layer capacitance. Fig. 5 display the Dit values for Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky diodes versus frequency.
According to Fig. 5, the obtained Dit values decreases with increasing frequency.

Fig. 6 shows the reverse-bias 1/ Cc2
V plot determined from Cc
V data of Fig. 4 (a) for Al/Coronene/n-
Si Schottky diode at different frequencies. The 1/ Cc
V plot of Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky diode has a good
2

linearity. The values of the intercept voltage (V0) , Fermi energy level (EF) and Schottky barrier height (B) of Al/
Coronene/n-Si diode are determined as 0.376, 0.176 and 0.579 eV for 10 kHz and 1.012, 0.174 and 1.212 eV for
1 MHz, respectively.

- 677 -
 Figure 5. the calculated values of interface state
Fig. 6 The reverse-bias 1/ Cc
V plot of Al/
2
density (Dit) of Al/Coronene/n-Si diode in the different
Coronene/n-Si diode in the different frequencies.
frequencies.

4. DISCUSSION
Experimental results depict that both Dit and RS are important parameters that inuence the electrical characteristics
of Schottky barrier diodes with thin interfacial layer. The capacitance value of Al/Coronene/n-Si Schottky diode
has a higher value at lower frequency and decreases with increasing frequency between 10 kHz and 1 MHz. In
this case, the Nss effects can be eliminated when the C-V and G-V characteristics are measured at high frequency,
since the charges at the interface states cannot follow an ac signal [4,12]. The frequency dependence of the Rs is
attributed to the particular distribution density of interface states [13].

5. CONCLUSION
CV and GV measurements of the Al/Coronene/n-Si (MOS) type Schottky barrier diode are investigated in the
frequency range of 10 kHz1 MHz at room temperature. Experimental results show that both the C and G values
are strong functions of frequency and applied bias voltage especially in the inversion and accumulation regions.
Firstly, the basic parameters of the Schottky barrier diode such as intercept voltage (V0), Fermi energy level (EF)
and Schottky barrier height (B) values were obtained as functions of frequency. Device parameters such as
series resistance and density of interface states have been calculated from frequency dependent CV and GV
measurements. The Dit density values decreased by increasing the frequency. The obtained results indicate that
Coronene organic layer can be useful as a sensitive probe in establishing process for minimizing interface states.
As a result, obtained low values of Dit conrmed that the fabricated Al/Coronene/n-Si (MOS) type Schottky barrier
diode is very suitable for the fabrication MOS type electronic devices in the electronic industry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is supported by the BAP ofce of Giresun University with the project number FEN-BAP-A-200515-65.

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REFERENCES
1. Sze M. 1981. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, p.850.
2. Rhoderick E H, Williams R H. 1988. MetalSemiconductor Contacts. 2nd edn. Clarendon: Oxford.
3. Hanselaer P, Laere W H, Van Meirhaeghe R L and Cardon F. 1984. Current-voltage characteristic of Ti-pSi
metal-oxide-semiconductor diodes. Applied Physics. Vol. 56 2309-2314.
4. Nicollian E H and Brews J R. 1982. MOS Physics and Technology, Wiley, New York.
5. Forrest S R, Kaplan M L, Schmidt P H. 1984. Organic-on-inorganic semiconductor contact barrier diodes. 2.
Dependence on organic lm and metal contact properties. Journal of Applied Physics. Vol. 56, 543551.
6. zdemir A F, Trt A, Kke A. 2003. The interface state energy distribution from capacitancefrequency
characteristics of gold/n-type Gallium arsenide Schottky barrier diodes exposed to air. Thin Solid Films, Vol.
425, pp: 210215.
7. Muzaffer , Nezir Y, kr K, Cabir T and Abdlmecit T. 2006. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage
characteristics of Sn/rhodamine-101/n-Si and Sn/rhodamine-101/p-Si Schottky barrier diodes. Journal of
Applied Physics, Vol. 100, pp: 074505-074505-6.
8. Yksel O F, Tuluolu N, afak H, Nalacgil Z, Ku M and Karadeniz S. 2013. Analysis of temperature dependent
electrical properties of Au/perylene-diimide/n-Si Schottky diodes. Thin Solid Films Vol. 534, pp 614620.
9. Yksel F, Tuluolu N, Glveren B, afak H and Ku M. 2013. Electrical properties of Au/perylene-monoimide/
p-Si Schottky diode. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. Vol. 577, pp: 3036.
10. Tuluolu N, alkan F and Yksel O F. 2015. Analysis of inhomogeneous barrier and capacitance parameters
for Al/rubrene/n-GaAs (100) Schottky diodes. Synthetic Metals. Vol.199, 270275.
11. Hill W A and Coleman C C. 1980. A single-frequency approximation for interface-state density determination
Solid-State Electronics. Vol. 23, 987-993.
12. Tuluolu N. 2007. 60Co -ray irradiation effects on the interface traps density of tin oxide lms of different
thicknesses on n-type Si (1 1 1) substrates. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B. Vol. 254, 118-124.
13. Parlaktrk F, Altndal , Tatarolu A, Parlak M and Agasier A. 2008. On the prole of frequency dependent
series resistance and surface states in Au/Bi4Ti3O12/SiO2/n-Si(MFIS) structures. Microelectronic Engineering.
Vol. 85, 81-88.

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 0179 - DISPERSION PARAMETERS OF Cu2ZnSnS4 NANOCRYSTALS THIN FILM
Zeynep Kisnisci
Department of Physics, Seluk University, Konya, Trkiye
Corresponding email: znalcacigil@selcuk.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
The quaternary Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) semiconductor has a variety of interesting physical properties and with a wide
range of potential applications in solar cells. In this study, the I2-II-IV-VI4 quaternary compound Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS)
nanocrystalline thin lm was produced by hot-injection method. The optical properties of the lm were studied
using UVvisible spectra between 300 and 1000 nm wavelength range. The direct optical band gap of the lm was
found as 1.49 eV. This value is close to the ideal band gap for highest theoretical conversion efciency of solar cell.
Also, the optical dispersion parameters of the lm were determined by WempleDiDomenico single oscillator
model. E0 the single oscillator energy and Ed the dispersion energy were calculated.

Keywords: CZTS, Thin Film, Dispersion Parameters

- 680 -
 0200 - ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR PV POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL IN DJIBOUTI
Ali Gadito Mohamed*, Numan etin, Ahmet Eryar
Solar Energy Institute, Technology Department of Energy Technology, Ege University, Izmir, Trkiye
Corresponding email: dongadito@gmail.com
*Corresponding author: Ali Gadito Mohamed

ABSTRACT
Despite the abundant of solar energy potential in Djibouti, the country spends large amounts of money to import
fossil fuels and electricity. In summer, the country faces a huge energy decit; this scenario creates an electricity
shortage. In the last decades the photovoltaic plants show in several countries an incredible growth. This paper
assesses the photovoltaic energy generation potential of Djibouti. Thus, the study will focus on accurately
estimation of the technical solar energy potential that can be obtained by detecting the available suitable land
area for utility-scale PV system implementation. Like many countries Djibouti doesnt have a reliable network of
surface observation station. Therefore, the solar radiation and the temperature data have been obtained from
PVGIS and NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy. The analysed results indicate that Djibouti has techncal
solar energy potental of 111.24 TWh/year for electricity and 352.289 km2 of suitable area available for utility-
scale PV systems. The estimated results clearly demonstrate that the solar PV electricity generation systems have
the potential to meet countrys present as well as future electricity needs.

Keywords: photovoltaic, Solar Map, Solar energy potential, clean energy.

1. INTRODUCTION
The renewable resources are a part of the energy landscape and its known as economy drivers factor over the
world. Energy subjects are occupying more places of any edge communities. The big goal of the renewable is
to reduce the advocacy of greenhouse gas, the atmospheric pollution and environmental damages. According
to the climate change, many initiatives have been taken by the international community such as reduction of all
the fossil and nuclear energy consumption by half in the coming decades. Nowadays many conferences with
different targets have been done, but unfortunately they havent been achieved. The last world Conference of
Parties (COP) was organised in Paris and its known as COP21. The conference aim was to attract close to 50,000
participants including 25,000 ofcial delegates from government, intergovernmental organisation, UN agencies
etc many commitment was signed by all the participants concern it to pursue all measures to keep the earth
temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius[1]. As its reported [2] besides, fossil fuels are dangerously associated
with carbon dioxide emission that get trapped in the lower layers of the atmosphere and lead to extreme climate
changes, oods, torrential rains and droughts in many parts of the world. However a large number of African
countries [3], like Djibouti doesnt have a reliable of surface observation station for collecting meteorological
datas [2]. In term of inexhaustible resource i.e. renewable energy sources, if only 0,1 % of the solar energy
efciency incident radiation is converted directly to electrical energy with an efciency rate of 10% this can cover
worldwide which is equal to 3000 GW of power. This value is worth to four times the world energy consumption
in the world [4]. According to IRENA[5], the Djibouti population annual electricity supply per capita is about 330
kWh. This prospect classed the country citizen among the lowest electricity consumers comparing to remind
countries[6]. In fact, 55% of the population lives without electricity. This shows that the electricity demand its
above the population needs. In order to overcome electricity chronic shortage especially in summer months the
Djiboutian government signs a commitment with the Ethiopian government to import 150 MW from the hydro-
electrical power. In [7] the authors summarize an assessment of PV technical potential assessment for large-scale
deployment of PV system. In[8], the work carried out a study on electricity generation potential for 25 European
Union member states and 5 candidate countries using the Photovoltaic Geographic Information System (PVGIS).
In this work three aspect were analyzed; average annual electricity generation of a standard 1 kWp grid-connected
PV systems, the theoretical potential of PV electricity generation, and required capacity for each country to supply
1% of the national electricity consumption from PV systems. In [9] estimation of solar generation potential and
plant capacity in several districts of West Bengal was carred out. In 2014, Djibouti launched an ambitious long-
term development plan [5, 10]. The plan was to provide and develop many sectors such as the socio-economic
and will create jobs opportunities. The country lies in Sun Belt of one of the highest solar energy radiation in the
world with solar radiaton being in the range of 5-7 kWh/m2-day. This vast solar energy resource potential can be

- 681 -
harnessed for the electricity generation through solar photovoltaic (PV) systems [11] and [12]. This paper assesses
the solar energy generation potential in Djibouti.

2. STUDY AREA

2.1. SURVEY AND CLIMATE SITUATION

Djibouti lies at southern entrance to Rea Sea and located in the Northeast Africa. The surface area is equivalent to
23,000 Kilometres square; it has 372 kilometre square of Maritime coastline and even share borders with Somali,
Eretria and Ethiopia. The country lies in the sunny belt of 11 North latitude and 42 35' east longitude. It has an
estimated populaton of 888,000 according to the United Nation Development Program[13], nearly 70 % of the
population lives in the capital city. As it shown in Figure 1. Map of Djibouti [2]., the country is divided into six
administrative regions. The country has a semi-arid climate [5], mainly stony semi-desert, with scattered plateau
and highlands. It has a low precipitation regime with annual rainfall of 50-300 millimetres (mm) and more than
40% of the country, suffer from water scarcity and drought. Temperature are high in the range of 20-30C during
the cold season and 30-45C during the hot season from May to September (IRENA, 2015)

Figure 1. Map of Djibouti [2]

2.2. ENERGY SITUATION IN DJIBOUTI

The electricity in Djibouti is mainly supplied by governmental company known as EDD (Electricity). Djibouti is
importing fuels and diesel from external. The Djibouti population annual electricity per capita is about 330 kWh
against an African average of over 575 kWh. In fact about 55% of the population lives without electricity [6]. This
shows that the electricity demand its above the population needs. To overcome this electricity shortage, in 2011
the government signed a commitment with Ethiopian government to import 150 MW from interconnecting Hydro-
electrical power. The interconnection energy rate are depending mainly on the season which usually affect the
countrys electricity production in summer. The government goal was to increase electricity production rates and
reliability in the supply by launching in 2014 an ambitious long-term development plan, known as Vision 2035. The
government was target to place whole of the country on a sustainable development pathway by strengthening
the country human capital, developing its private sector and reforming its systems of governance. The ambitious
plan will provide and develop many sectors such as the socio-economic, create more job opportunities for youth
[5]. The Country is considered as having the highest electricity tariffs compared to the neighboring countries such
as Kenya and Ethiopia, which stands at USD 0.32 per kWh for the domestic.

2.3. SOLAR ENERGY SOURCE IN DJIBOUTI

The country is placed on the most systematic area in the world having abundant renewable resource such as
geothermal, wind and solar energy resource [14]. The solar energy irradiation levels in Djibouti have been
studied since 1980s who proving a high potential covering all the country boundaries [5] and 14]. . Djibouti Shows
tremendous solar potential which around throughout the year a value between 4.5-7.3 kWh/m2. According to the
Research and Study Centre of Djibouti (CERD), the South-West is the region that enjoys the highest irradiation
levels, particularly the Dikhil region. According to Pillot, et al (2013), about 82 % of the country receives annual

- 682 -
mean global radiation of over 2000 kWh/ m2. The CSP plants has not been explored furthermore but theirs many
initiatives to use in the incoming year thermal energy for feeding.

2.4. PV ELECTRICITY GENERATION POTENTIAL

2.4.1. WORLD PV PLANT SITUATION

Since the last decades the PV technology shows us a signicant growth in worldwide and it has been taken in
consideration as an important technology of the future. The year 2014 was marked as the record years in term
of 40 GW of new PV capacity which has been added to the global total plant and increasing the global total
capacity to 177 GW (Fig.2). According to [16] more than 60% of all PV capacity installation is related to the grid-
connected system. Nowadays, the BIPV and BAPV show an interesting growth rate in the western country such as
Germany, France, USA and China. In this century, the African countries have seen a rapid economy growth with an
incredible energy demand which is Djibouti example and others. As we know the North, some part of the South
and East African countries presents particularly long sunny days with a high intensity of irradiation. In recent years
the African countries solar capacity installation has grown exponentially [17]clean, renewable energy by 2030,
according to this report by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA. In term of those issues Figure
2. Solar PV capacity, 2004-2014 [16] in 2014 the installed capacity cumulative of the Utility scale of solar PV
and CSP was nearest 1334 MW, compared to the 2009 this value was multiplied by ten times (780 MW) [17]clean,
renewable energy by 2030, according to this report by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA.

Figure 2. Solar PV capacity, 2004-2014 [16]

2.4.2. STATUS OF THE PV ELECTRICITY GENERATION SYSTEMS IN DJIBOUTI

2.4.2.1. GRID INTERACTIVE PV SYSTEMS

In 2009 the Japanese Group invest in a pilot project that could provide to the Djibouti Research Centre (CERD)
with a 300 kW of PV plant which is connected to the grid and as well as training programs covering topics such
as methods of operation and maintenance, and planning of solar power projects [18]. According to IRENA[6], the
country has a signicant solar energy resource which needs to be nanced more. Djiboutis aim to ensure more
a diverse basket of generating source the country. MERN has recently announced interest for a number of solar
projects expected to come online in the short to medium term, including the construction of a 300-MW solar
power plant at the Grand Bara plain site with a help of Swiss Company Green Enesys, in the countrys south, at a
cost of 360m and other smaller solar projects. The installation of the 300 MW plant will be divided in six 50 MW
phrases. This project drawn a part of the 100 % of electricity from the renewable energy includes the 2020 vision
[10] and [19].

2.4.2.2. STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEMS

Off-Grid PV systems have been in used in Djibouti over 30 years [6] and [5].With a great potential of solar energy,
the Djibouti Government made a directive plan to satisfy the 50% of the unmet electricity population needs. The
country has an attractive option for the off-grid rural electrication solutions. The aim of the project was to expand
energy access to the villages and region which are most in distance from the national grid through the renewable

- 683 -
energy source and focus to increase the rural electrication rate from 1% in 2010 to 30% in 2017. Indeed,[20] at
the early year of 2016 the rural electrication program achievement was around 30% and the approach has been
respected. The governmental agency (ADDS) with a foreign helps installed a mini-grid of 62 kWc solar power in
Ali-Addeh and provide energy to more than 203 household. Recently, the Korean Firm KC Cottrell nanced a mini
off-grid power plant of 100 kW with a cost of $2.5m in Adaylou which is located at 63 km from Tadjourah [19]. In
the rst half of 2016, 200 kWc mini-solar grid has been set-up in As-Eyla, in the Dikhil district. Even though the
small annual precipitation, the country meets a water scarcity. In some village wherere far from the main water
interconnection to exploit the groundwater uses solar pumps instead of the diesel generator. Till today, more than
50 solar pumps have been installed by the government and the foreign donator.

3. METHODOLOGIES
The study aims at assessing the theoretical, geographical and technical potential for PV electricity generation on
a regional according to the suitable areas for the present situation and the long-term future.

3.1. SOLAR ENERGY MAP

They are many ways to get the Global Horizontal Irradiation whether to use available measurement data collected
from meteorological station which is called direct methods or indirect methods who is used for the country where
the meteorology data is not available. Like most of undeveloped country, Djibouti does not have reliable data. For
this study the satellite-derived dataset from European Energy Commission (PVGIS) and NASA[21] were used [22]
Then ArcGIS3.10.1 software and Microsoft Excel were used for spatial analysis and statistical analysis respectively.

The second work was to estimate the solar energy potential of the country. The spatial distribution of the PV
potential has been investigated using a grid cell approach on ESRI. For the achievement we use a geographical
grid of the terrestrial area with a scale of which is equivalent to 12 min/square and the grid was also obtained
by varying the latitude and longitude. By using grid plotted tools on the ArcGIS this has rendered a total of
56 geographical location by square, It means the Global Horizontal Irradiation incoming on that square point
represented whole the square area, to get the potential on that area we were compelled to get for each coordinate
their GHI from PVGIS website. Therefore, data were correctly prepared in Excel before using them on ArcGIS for
the spatial analysis.

3.2.SOLAR RADIATION MATHEMATICAL MODEL

The output of PV systems depends strongly on the average daily solar incident upon the array, [23]. The RET
screen has developed a mathematical model to assist in the preliminary assessment of potential renewable
energy projects.
3.2.1. ARRAY MODEL
The PV array model is a common formula for all types of PV systems [23]. The array (1) is characterized by its
efciency p, which is a function of its nominal efciency r measured at a reference temperature Tr = 25 C

Where , the temperature coefcient for the module efciency and Tc is the module temperature. Tc is related to
the mean monthly ambient temperature Ta through Evans formula :

Where Kt is the clearness index. NOCT is the Nominal Operating Cell Temperature, which is characteristic of type
of module under consideration. The array efciency calculated by Equation (1) and (2) has to be reduced by two
factors. The rst one, p represents miscellaneous array losses such as losses due to dirt or snow covering the
module. The c, represents various power conditioning losses such as those due to DC to DC converters or step-
up transformers or inverter and cables.

Ht is the solar radiation upon the array.

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3.2.2. PERFORMANCE RATIO
The Performance Ratio is the ratio between actual yearly production of electricity delivered and the target yield
[24]:

3.2.3. CAPACITY FACTOR

The capacity factor (CF) or capacity utilization factor calculated using eq.(5) is used to present the energy delivered
by an electric power generating system. If the system delivers full rated power continuously, its CF would be unity.
CF is dened as the ratio of the actual annual energy to the energy the PV system would generate if it is operated
at full rated power ( PPV,rated) for 24 hour per day for one year and is given as [24]

4. ESTIMATION OF PV ELECTRICITY GENERATION POTENTIAL

According to the [25] and [26] there are three types of solar energy potential assessment namely: theoretical
potential, geographical potential, the technical potential and the economic potential as shown in Fig.3. The
market or the economic potential is outside the scope of this study and furthermore only the grid connected
solar PV system have been considered. The focus of this work has been illustrated in Fig.3 according to [27] and
it will be discussed in detail in the following pages.

Figure 3. Overview of the approach used in this study to assess solar energy potential for Djibouti. [27]

4.1. THEORETICAL POTENTIAL

The theoretical potential estimated using eq.(6) is dened as the solar energy that is received on land area. This
potential depends on the surface area size and the amount of solar radiation being received at that geographical
location. The radiative ux incident at a specic location depends on the time of day and year due to the earths
rotation and on the geographical position on earth (Longitude and Latitude). Its calculated directly as the annual
horizontal irradiation in the area under study.

- 685 -
Where ETH is the theoretical potential of solar energy, the annual energy availability in ( MWh/year). H is the global
average solar irradiation (MW/km2), A is the total geographical surface area (km2) of the study area and 365 are
the number of days in a year.

4.2. GEOGRAPHICAL POTENTIAL

The geographical potential has been calculated using eq.(7) and it is dened as a fraction of the theoretical
potential which usable and its represent the assessment of the solar energy that is received on the suitable area
for the solar PV electricity production. Thus, the suitable areas are compared to the total area (Suitability factor).

Suitability Factor: The suitable land area [25] and [7] is the area occupied by the solar arrays, access roads,
substation and its assumed to be the 100% area occupied by a PV system. To estimate the suitable area and to
quantify the geographical constraints, the suitability factor (fi) were introduced. This factor is a fraction of the
area (Ai) suitable for installing the PV electricity generation systems and the available area (km2) in cell i (Aa,i) is
expressed as:

According to [27] the different land use areas available have different suitability factor. At the same time the
suitability factor (fi) is calculated differently for the centralized and decentralized grid connected systems. Suitability
factors for different land areas used in this study are according to proposed values by Sorensen [27]

4.3. TECHNICAL POTENTIAL

According to [25] and [26] , the utility-scale photovoltaic is dene as a large-scale PV power plant that can be
deployed within boundaries of the country on an open space. The Technical potential Eth for electricity generation
from PV system dened as the geographical potential Gi of the cell with reduction due to the losses when
converting solar energy into electrical energy and has been estimated using eq. (9).

Where m is the conversion efciency of the PV modules (-) and PR is the performance ratio of the PV system. Note
that we assume that the suitable area is completely covered by PV systems.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSS

5.1. SOLAR DISTRIBUTION

The solar radiation distribution mapping for Djibouti has been produced using spatial analysis in ArcGIS software.
The map provide the best initial impression of solar intensity distribution of the annual average solar radiation on
a horizontal surface across the country as shown in Fig.5. As expected the map shows that there is a signicant
different in solar energy magnitude across the country due to geographical differences. On average, Djibouti
receives about 6.49 kWh/m2-day of solar radiation throughout the year. The maximum values have been noticed
in the Southwestern region which is 7.51kWh/m2-day and in the Northwestern around 7.01 kWh/m2-day. The
Eastern and the coastal region present the lowest radiation rate. For instance, the location which starts up from the
Northwestern to the Southwester on month of January and February recorded irradiation intensity approximate
the 6.04-6.9 kWh/ m2. The province near the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea such as the capital city Djibouti
and the north district like Tadjoura and Obock have the lowest solar energy availability. Fig.5 Shows that many
provinces like Dikhil, As-Eyla, Yoboki, Balho, and Alaili Dada receives high solar irradiation rate throughout the
year. It can further be noticed that moving from the northwestern provinces to southwestern the radiation amount
is increasing. The main reason are those regions are closer to the equator. However, the country receives less solar
irradiation in the summer from June to August. As it is reported in [28]The United Arab Emirates have the same
situation with maximum solar radiation from March to May.

- 686 -
 Figure 5. Annual average of total radiation on a horizontal surface
Figure 6. Provincial Annual Average Solar Radiation in Djibouti6. below shows that Dikhil province receives more
solar energy comparing to the other provinces.

Figure 6. Provincial Annual Average Solar Radiation in Djibouti

below shows that the country has solar annual average of 6.48 kWh/m2-day and a annual total solar energy of
2365.2 kWh/m2. This value is more compared to the amount of solar radiation Germany the leader in cumulative
installed PV systems. As, the country is near to the equator, the country receive average of 12.09hours of the
sunshine hours throughout the year. In addition, during the same period starting from June all the way to August
the country also has a good rate of wind speed which the average of 5.43 m/s.

- 687 -
Table 1: Variability of the Average Meteorology parameters in Djibouti [21] and [22].
Solar Radiation Wind Sunshine Clearness
Month T(C)
(kWh/m2/day) speed(m/s) hours(Hr/day) Index KT
Jan 5.44 26.23 4.80 11.48 0.63
Feb 6.36 27.29 4.59 11.71 0.63
Mart 7.12 29.45 4.20 12.00 0.63
Apr 7.11 31.16 3.44 12.33 0.62
May 7.14 34.99 3.53 12.61 0.63
Jun 6.81 34.93 5.13 12.75 0.60
Jul 6.44 31.43 5.78 12.70 0.57
Aug 6.43 30.96 5.38 12.48 0.56
Sep 6.48 32.66 4.25 12.19 0.59
Oct 6.69 31.47 3.30 11.82 0.64
Nov 6.10 28.86 3.81 11.57 0.67
Dec 5.60 26.74 4.32 11.41 0.65
Average per year 6.48 30.52 4.38 12.09 0.62
*T (C): Ambient Temperature * KT: Clearness Index

5.2. PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY POTENTIAL

Using eq.(2) the countrys theoretical potential has been analyzed giving the value of 149,040 TWh/m2-day and
54,399.6 TWh /m2-year. In the study it has been assumed that the total suitable available area is the suitable
Area for the utility-scale PV systems development. Where the available and suitable area has been obtained from
literatures [29-33] and the desert area has been extracted from the online platform[34]. The Table 2. Assumed
Suitability Factors and Total Suitability Area for CGC Solar PV presents the analysis of the total available
suitable area for PV systems in Djibouti. The suitability factors used in this study for different land use has been
taken from g.4 above. The country has a total suitable land area for utility-scale PV systems equal to 352.289 km2
which accounts for 30.66% of the Djiboutis total surface area. In fact, this land area corresponds to geographical
solar energy potential of 833 TWh/year.

Table 2. Assumed Suitability Factors and Total Suitability Area for CGC Solar PV
Land-Use Land-use area as Suitable area
Area per land- type
Land use type suitability Area for percentage of centralized PV
(km2)
Factor fi (-) total Area (%) (km2)
Urban Area 0.00 313.37 1.362 0
Forest 0.00 40.00 0.174 0
Agriculture 0.01 7.89 0.035 0.0789
Wasteland 0.05 1.00 4.35 0.0002175
Desert 0.05 7044.18 30.62 352.209
Water bodies 0.00 141.29 0.614 0
(lakes)
Others* 0.00 15,452.95 67.19 0
7RWDO 23000 100 % 352.289
*Other: mountain, hill, plain etc

The solar energy technical potential has been analyzed considering a polycrystalline panel with maximum peak
power of 270 Wp, conversion efciency of 16.6%, and nominal operating cell temperature of 470C [35]. The total
output energy from the PV systems usually suffers from many other losses like temperature, soiling, shading,
mismatch, balance of systems, and many other. For this study, the other losses affecting PV system performance
has been assumed to be 10%, this was in order to compute the system performance ratio. The performance
ratio of centralized grid connected PV system has been found to be 80.40% which is good range for producing
more electricity from PV systems. Table 3. Technical Potential for CGC Solar PV summarizes the nding of the

- 688 -
study for Djibouti, it is worth noting that Djibouti has technical solar energy potential of about 111.21 TWh/year.
This amount of solar energy potential is far more than the current energy needs for Djibouti. Thus, solar energy
potential in Djibouti is a good alternative for sustainable energy systems development and increasing the access
to clean, affordable, and reliable energy for the 50% of population without access to modern energy source such
as electricity in the country.

Table 3. Technical Potential for CGC Solar PV

Geographical Performance Ratio Technical potential
PV System Types Module Efficiency
potential (TWh/year) of PV (TWh/year)
CGC PV 833 16,6 % 80,40 % 111.21

6. CONCLUSION
The study has presented the overview of the geographical and technical potential for electricity generation using
utility scale PV systems in Djibouti. The analyzed results show that, the country has a high technical potential of
111.21TWh for electricity that can be generated annually from CGC with on the available land area of 352.289
km2. The country has a higher estimated technical potential due to relatively high solar irradiation and sunshine
hours and being closer to the equator. The study, has also illustrated that the provinces have a good variability
in magnitude of annual average daily solar radiation with the Western province Dikhil having the highest annual
average daily solar radiation of 6.58 kWh/m2/day while the Eastern province has the lowest radiation. Due to
the limited availability of the fossil fuels the renewable energies represents the ideal alternative for sustainable
development of society in the near future. The estimated result shows that the solar energy potential can meet
the country future energy needs.

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AUTHOR INDEX
A K
Acar, Ahmet ..............................................................480
Akdemir, Manolya ......................................................45
Akgn, Muammer ....................................................605
Aktacir, Mehmet Azmi .............................................553
Al-Gebory, Layth ......................................................362
Aljudaiy, Fawzan .......................................................645
Altn, Mjde ..................................................... 324, 408
Ar, F. Figen ................................................................214
Arkan, Ertan .............................................................573
Aslan, Emrah .............................................................442
Atalay, Yusuf ................................................................61
Aydinol, Mahmut ......................................................646
Aydn, Fulya ..............................................................413
B
Beer, Ersoy ..............................................................273
Beli, Nurettin .................................................. 433, 557
Boya, Yunus Emre .......................................................81
Buyukcelebi, Sumeyra .............................................644
Byk, Pnar ..............................................................518
C-
Cabacaba, Na .........................................................169
Cengiz, Glen .........................................................661
Chakchak, Jamel ......................................................352
arkt, Taner ..............................................................591
elik, zgr ................................................................37
elik, Serdar .............................................................161
orapolu, Cem ......................................................29
D
Dal, Eda .....................................................................499
Danmaz, Merdin ....................................................218
Dayolu, Mehmet Ali ..............................................284
Demirkz, Melahat Bilge .........................................186
Devrim, Ylser ............................................................192
Dibia, Benedictta ......................................................393
Dnk, Atilla .............................................................490
Duman, Erkan ...........................................................101
Dzenli, Mert .............................................................524
E Tenekeci, Mehmet Emin ..........................................473
Ebrahimi, Alborz .......................................................564
Eray, Aynur ....................................................... 228, 258
Eray, Sermet ..................................................... 235, 241
Ersz, zben ............................................................206
G
Gkek, Murat ..........................................................309
Gnen, ada ........................................................120
Gopal, Sanjay ............................................................199
Gngr, Afin ................................................... 421, 669
Grek, Aye Gl ........................................................337
H Yce, Mut ....................................................... 474, 583
Hekim, Mehmet ........................................................250
Hergl, Ahmet Serhan ...................................... 87, 654
I-
Ilcal, Emre .................................................................213
li, Sddk ..................................................................563
Kahraman, zgr .....................................................109
Kesici, Mert ................................................................265
Keskin, Huzur ............................................................278
Kisnisci, Zeynep ........................................................680
Kl, Bayram ........................................... 293, 308, 638
Klk, Birol ............................................................ 20, 72
Kra, Burhan ..............................................................53
Krcolu, Onur .........................................................466
M
Meng, M. Pnar .....................................................490
Mohamed, Ali Gadito ...............................................681
Mohamed, Elamin Awad .........................................131
Muhammetgulyyev, Agageldi ................................212
N
Nacar, Mehmet Akif ........................................ 531, 538
Nuhoglu, Serdar .......................................................153
O-
Oaz, Ycel ...............................................................614
Olgun, Asl Harmanl ................................................332
Orhon, Ahmet Vefa ......................................... 449, 458
zcan, Kadriye Merve ...............................................92
zelik, Mehmet Ali .................................................380
zmen, Emre ............................................................545
ztop, Hakan F. ........................................................368
P
Peksz, Ahmet ..........................................................386
S-
Shirinabady, Mohamadreza ....................................622
Sirer, Muhyettin ........................................................317
Somuncu, Yasemin ...................................................490
Snmez, Eda Blbl .................................................178
en, Gkhan .............................................................300
ensoy, Serhat ..........................................................343
T
Tekin, Sezai Alper .....................................................401
Terciyanl, Alper ........................................................581
Toku, Aya ...............................................................427
U
Uar, Ruhan Cemre ..................................................597
Y
Yaln, Levent ............................................................484
Yelmen, Bekir ............................................................630
Yldrm, Sedat ................................................. 506, 512
Ylmaz, Okan .............................................................127
Ylmaz, Seyit Cem .....................................................375
Yksel, . Faruk ............................................... 639, 674
Z
Zafer, Ceylan .............................................................148
Zile, Mehmet .............................................................615
- 691 -
SUPPORTERS
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, ETKB
Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Investment Support and Promotion Agency, ISPAT
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Development, Southeastern Anatolia Project Regional Development Administrator
The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exhanges of Turkey, TOBB
TUBITAK MAM Energy Institute
TUBITAK MAM Materials Institute
Izmir Development Agency, IZKA

International Energy Agency, IEA

International Energy Agency Solar Heating Cooling Program, IEA SHC
International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Program, IEA PVPS
International Energy Agency Energy Conservation Through Energy Storage Program, IEA ECES

Ege University
Cyprus International University
Sabanc University Istanbul Policy Center
Selcuk University Renewable and Clean Energy Research and Application Center

Agora Energiewende
Asian Photovoltaic Industry Association, APVIA
Association of Refrigeration Industry and Businessmen, SOSIAD
Association of Turkish Construction Material Producers, Turkiye IMSAD
Association of Turkish Consulting Engineers and Architects, TurkMMMB
Becquerel Institute
Clean Enegy Foundation, TEMEV
Economy Journalists Association, EGD
Energy Efciency Association, ENVER
Energy Efciency and Management Association, EYODER
Energy Systems Engineers Association, ESMD
Energy Systems Engineering Students Union, ESMOB
European Climate Foundation, ECF
European Photovoltaic Industry Association, SolarPower Europe
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation, ESTIF
German Solar Industry Association, BSW
Global Solar Council, GSC
Greenpeace Mediterranean, Turkiye
HVAC-R Exporters, ISIB
Innovative Business Centre, IBCentre
Istanbul Union of Chambers of Artists and Artisans, ISTETOB
Izmir Chamber of Tradesmen and Craftmen for Electronics, IZELKO
Natural Gas Devices Industry and Business Association, DOSIDER
Mechanical Contractors Association, MTMD
Middle East Solar Industry Association, MESIA
Sustainable Production and Consumption Association, SUT-D
The Turkish Association of Cogenaration and Clean Energy Technologies, TURKOTED
The Turkish Association of Energy Economics, EED
The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exhanges of Turkey Air Conditioning Council
TMMOB Chamber of Environment Engineers
Turkish Green Building Council
Turkish Heat Science and Technique Association, TIBTD
United Nations Development Programme in Turkiye, UNDP
WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities

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