While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this

book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or

omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the
information contained herein.

GAPPED TEXT MADE EASY

First edition. January 11, 2016.

Copyright 2015 D.Mndez.

Written by D.Mndez.

www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com

2
 CONTENTS
4. READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PAPER - PART 7 GAPPED TEXT
WHAT IS IT ABOUT?
6. SINGLE AND DOUBLE INTERLOCKING PARAGRAPHS
7. LINKING AND CONNECTING WORDS (LIST)
13. ASKING YOURSELF QUESTIONS TO FIND CLUES
16. QUESTIONS
18. CONTRAST WORDS
21. CONNECTORS OF REASON
23. TIME PHRASES / CHRONOLOGY
25. PROPER NOUNS
27. PRONOUNS
29. COMMON NOUNS REPEATED
31. VERBS REPEATED
32. ADDITION WORDS
34. DESCRIPTION / DEFINITION OF SOMETHING PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED
37. EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED
38. DEFINING A NOUN
40. WORDS THAT EXPRESS RESUMPTION
41. VERBS THAT LINK BACK TO THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPH
42. PARAPHRASING AND SYNONYMS
45. TOPIC-SPECIFIC WORDS
47. CAUSE AND EFFECT
49. NEGATIVE WORDS REFERRING BACK TO SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING
50. ORDINAL AND CARDINAL NUMBERS
51. CONNECTING WORDS WHICH EXPRESS A CONDITION
52. CONNECTING WORDS WHICH EXPRESS SIMILARITY
53. ADVERBS
54. VOCABULARY OR EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO THE THEME
INTRODUCED IN THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPH.
56. QUOTATION MARKS
58. VERB TENSES
60. REPETITION
61. BEING SPECIFIC TO SHOW DIFFERENTIATION

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Reading and Use of English Paper - Part 7 Gapped text
In this part, you will be tested on your ability to follow text development and to
understand how texts are structured.
Part 7 consists of a long text which has had six paragraphs (FCE/ CAE) or seven
paragraphs (CPE) of equal length removed and placed in jumbled order after the text,
together with a seventh (FCE/CAE) or eight (CPE) paragraph which does not fit in any
of the gaps. The text is usually from non-fiction sources (including journalism).
This part tests comprehension of text structure, cohesion, coherence, and global
meaning.
Candidates are required to decide from where in the text each paragraph has been
removed. Each paragraph may be used only once, and there is one paragraph that
candidates do not need to use.
Candidates need to read the gapped text first in order to gain an overall idea of the
structure and the meaning of the text, and to notice carefully the information and ideas
before and after each gap as well as throughout the whole of the gapped text. They
should then decide which paragraphs fit the gaps, remembering that each letter may
only be used once and that there is one paragraph which they will not need to use.

Teaching tips for Reading and Use of English Part 7

1 Students should read the text as a whole, and not focus on each gap separately.
They need to understand that getting an idea of the structure and understanding that
development of the theme of the text are both important prerequisites to doing the task.
Students frequently make the wrong choices by selecting an option which fits the text
before the gap, and neglecting to check that the text after the gap follows on smoothly.

2 Sometimes students will need to choose carefully between two paragraphs as possible
answers and will need practice in making decisions about which is the most logical
paragraph to fill the particular gap. Students will need plenty of practice in recognising
a wide range of linguistic devices which mark the logical and cohesive development
of a text, e.g. words and phrases indicating time, cause and effect, contrasting
arguments, paraphrasing of vocabulary, use of pronouns, repetition and the use of verb
tenses.

3 Students need to be aware of the dangers of approaching the gapped-text task as an

exercise requiring them merely to identify extracts from the text and sections in the text
containing the same words, including names and dates. The task is designed to test
understanding of the development of ideas, opinion and events rather than the
recognition of individual words.

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W hen it comes to doing the gapped text , there are some techniques that you can use to help
you find the right answer in the least amount of time possible. This is what this book is all
about. You will find here different techniques explained in detail, to give you some
insight into what it is you have to focus on to make the most of your time and find the answers
quickly.

This part of the reading test is not difficult, if you know what to look for. If you dont, you can easily
spend more than 20 minutes looking for the answers. And as we all know, time is of the essence in
the Cambridge exams because the clock is ticking.

Read the whole text. Read all the paragraphs.

Then pay special attention to the sentences before and after the gap - a lot of the most important
information will be there. You don't have to start with the first gap - always start with the one you
think is going to be easiest and leave the hardest ones till later.
The first answer you choose will be a 1 in 7 chance, but the last one is 1 in 2.

But be careful! Sometimes there won't be a clue in the sentence immediately before or after the
gap. You really do need to read the whole text to get its meaning - sometimes the 'clue' is the entire
paragraph.

GAPPED TEXT STEP BY STEP:

A) Quickly read the text to find out what it is about.
B) Read the beginning and end of every paragraph and underline all contrast, reason, purpose and
addition links, etc., such as but, therefore, as a result, moreover, instead, whats more, etc. These
links are clues that will help you find the previous or following paragraph that connects with the one
you are working on.
C) Ask yourself questions.
For example: He came from Thailand and brought it with him.
Questions: Who is he? What did he bring from Thailand?
D) Highlight all proper nouns that you come across within the paragraph.
E) Look for parts in the paragraphs where they give examples of something and where they define
(give a name to) something.
F) If you find any questions, look for the answers to these questions.
G) Highlight all pronouns.
H) Make sure that the other answers are incorrect.

IMPORTANT
After you have chosen your answer, check all the other options again against the text to make sure
they are not correct.

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 SINGLE & DOUBLE
INTERLOCKING PARAGRAPHS
W e can use the analogy of a jigsaw puzzle.
Every paragraph is one piece of the puzzle and as such has to interlock with either one or two
other pieces.
Some pieces clearly connect with the preceding and suceeding paragraph , while others only connect
with one paragraph. For our purposes , we will call the former double interlocking pieces, and the
latter single interlocking pieces. These ones are the most difficult to reinsert into the correct gaps.

If we continue with the analogy, the linking and connecting words at the beginning and at the end of
the paragraphs form the shape of every piece of the puzzle (tabs and pockets).
The double interlocking paragraphs connect with both the previous and following paragraphs through
these connecting words and the context.
The single interlocking paragraphs connect with either the preceding or the succeeding one, again
through the connecting words and the context. The side that doesnt connect usually ends with a
statement or a description of a fact. The subsequent paragraph usually starts talking about a different
aspect of the topic in hand.

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 FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF LINKING AND CONNECTING WORDS THAT
LINK BACK OR FORWARD TO SOMETHING IN THE PREVIOUS OR
FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH, RESPECTIVELY.
YOU NEED TO DECIDE WHAT THEY LINK TO
Above all : most importantly.
Above all, I'd like to thank my family.
Above all, I'd say I value kindness.

Absolutely :
Used to express and emphasize ones assent or agreement:
Did they give you a free hand when you joined the band? Absolutely!

Accordingly : In a way that is suitable or right for the situation:

When we receive your instructions we will act accordingly.
She's an expert in her field, and is paid accordingly.

Actually : used for emphasizing what is really true or what really happened
I need to talk to the person who actually made the application.
Weve spoken on the phone but weve never actually met.
Theres a big difference between saying youll do something and actually doing it.

After all :
1) despite earlier problems or doubts:
The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all.
2) used to add information that shows that what you have just said is true:
I do like her - after all, she is my sister.

All the more : even more than before

Several publishers rejected her book, but that just made her all the more determined.

Also : used for adding another fact or idea to what you have already said
Khaled is a keen photographer who also loves to paint.
The electric drill can also be used as a screwdriver.
Not only is it a comfortable and stylish hotel, its also a popular meeting place.

Although : used for introducing a statement that makes your main statement seem surprising
Although hes got a good job now, he still complains.
She used to call me Tiny, although I was at least as tall as she was.
Davidson fought bravely, and although badly wounded, he refused to surrender

Another : one more person or thing of the same type as before

Theres another news programme at ten oclock.
Peters mum is expecting another baby in June.
These sandwiches are delicious. Would you like another?

As a consequence/in consequence : used for saying that one thing is the result of another
She has lived in France, and as a consequence speaks French fluently.
Scientists think it is unlikely that any species will actually become extinct as a consequence of the oil spill.

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As a result : A thing that is caused or produced by something else; a consequence or outcome.
The tower collapsed as a result of safety violations
Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.

As opposed to : used for referring to something that is very different from what you have just mentioned
The cost of these planes is 3 million, as opposed to the 2 million charged by their competitors.

As well (as) : also; too:

They advertised the new movie on television, and in newspapers as well.
A shop that sold books as well as newspapers.
As well as teaching supplies, each school kit contains materials for up to 80 children.

At least :
1) used to emphasize that something is good in a bad situation:
It's a small house but at least there's a garden.
2) used to say that someone should do something small, even if they do nothing else:
Even if she didn't want to send a present, she could at least have sent a card.

at that point (in time) : Then

At that point we had finished the first batch of cookies and begun the second. This phrase refers to a particular time
when an event or circumstance occurred, as opposed to "now" (see at this point). [Second half of 1900s]

at that stage (of the game) :

Fig. at a point in time in the past in some event or situation.
We'll had to wait and see. There wasnt much we could do at that stage of the game.
At that stage, we were better off not calling the doctor.

Be down to : to be or be considered the essential or most important factor or thing.

Our success was down to our persistence and precise planning.
He says that much of his success is down to two teachers at the school, Dave Wiggett and Derek Faulds, who were
passionate about the sport.

Because: used for introducing facts that explain why you believe that something is true
George was obviously in a bad mood, because he didnt even say good morning.

Besides: In addition to; apart from.

I have no other family besides my parents. /Besides being a player, he was my friend.
The maps provide you with helpful info on winter sports locations. Besides that, you can see the nearby mountain
peaks.
By virtue of something : because of, or as a result of
She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent

Consequently : as a result of a reason previously stated

I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat by the end of the holiday.
Theyve increased the number of staff and consequently the service is better.

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Conversely : from a different and opposite way of looking at this.
He was regarded either as too imitative to be considered original or, conversely, as being overly original.
Some wrong answers were marked right and, conversely, some right answers had been rejected.

Despite : used for saying that something happens even though something else might have prevented it
Three more nuclear power stations were built despite widespread opposition.
Despite the fact that: He still loves her, despite the fact that she left him.

Ensuing : an ensuing event or activity happens after something else, often as a result of it
An argument broke out and in the ensuing fight, a gun went off.
He lost his job and in the ensuing months became more and more depressed.

Even so : despite what has just been said:

I had a terrible headache, but even so I went to the concert.
An immediate interest cut might give a small boost to the economy. Even so, any recovery is likely to be very slow.

Eventually :
In the end, especially after a long delay, dispute, or series of problems:
eventually, after midnight, I arrived at the hotel.

Far from : 1) not at all: We were far from disappointed when they told us they couldn't come to visit.
2) used to describe something that is almost the opposite of something else:
She insisted that, far from being easy, it would be a difficult period for all concerned.

For example : used when mentioning something that shows the type of thing that you are talking about and
helps to explain what you mean
There are plenty of good deals available people under 25, for example, can get fare discounts of up to 50%.

Finally : after a long time or some difficulty:

We finally got home at midnight.
After months of looking he finally found a job.

For all : 1) n spite of something. For all his complaining, I think he actually enjoyed the day.
2 considering how large or small an amount is
For all the trouble hes caused her, youd think shed be happy to see him go.

For someones part : used for emphasizing who you are referring to in a statement about something.
For my part, I would prefer to continue with the current plan.
Napoleons army was weakened and the British, for their part, were eager to attack.

Granted :
1) used to mean "because". Granted (that) the story's true, there's not a lot you can do about it.
2) used when you are admitting that something is true. He is a good player, granted, but no better than Williams was.

Hence :
1) As a consequence; for this reason:
many vehicle journeys (and hence a lot of pollution) would be saved
2) From now (used after a period of time)
two years hence they might say something different

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However : introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something that has been said previously:
People tend to put on weight in middle age. However, gaining weight is not inevitable.
Diamond mining is a highly profitable industry. There are, however, certain risks involved.

In fact :
Used to emphasize the truth of an assertion, especially one opposite to what might be expected or what has been
asserted:
He claims to be highly educated - in fact he left school when he was 16.

Indeed :
1) Used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested:
It was not expected to last long, and indeed it took less than three weeks
She should have no trouble hearing him. No indeed.
2) Used to emphasize a description:
It was a very good buy indeed.

In essence: relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of something.

In essence, both sides agree on the issue.
In detail the class system is complex but in essence it is simple.

In other words: used to introduce an explanation that is simpler than the one given earlier, that is to say.
The new cat treat has a 90-plus palatability level. In other words, cats like it
He was economical with the truth - in other words, he was lying.

In the end : finally, after something has been thought about or discussed a lot.
We were thinking about going to Switzerland, but in the end we went to Austria.

In the process : As an unintended part of a course of action:

She would make him pay for this, even if she killed herself in the process
I stood up to say hello and spilled my drink in the process.

In the meantime : until something expected happens, or while something else is happening.
Your computer won't arrive till Thursday. In the meantime, you can use Jude's.
In any event, the mortgage interest relief regime might change in the meantime.

Let alone : used after a negative statement to emphasize how unlikely a situation is because something much
more likely has never happened:
Some people never even read a newspaper, let alone a book.

Likewise : Used to introduce a point similar or related to one just made.In the same way, or in a similar way
The character of the lake has changed and the character of the surrounding area likewise.
The banks advise against sending cash. Likewise, sending British cheques may cause problems

Moreover :
used for introducing an additional and important fact that supports or emphasizes what you have just said
More and more people are opposed to the idea of increasing university fees. Moreover, there is now evidence that it
discourages many students from coming to the UK.
The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate.

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Namely :
used for introducing more detailed information about a subject that you are discussing
Some groups, namely students and pensioners, will benefit from the new tax.
I learned an important lesson when I lost my job, namely that nothing is a hundred percent guaranteed.

Next : something which follows immediately after something before.

To convert your old cassette tapes to CDs, first you will need a cable to connect your cassette player to your computer.
Next, you will need some sort of software to convert your music to a digital format such as MP3.

Not at all : 1) used for emphasizing a negative statement.

My parents were not at all pleased with my exam results.
2) used as a polite reply when someone has thanked you for something
Thank you for all your help. Not at all.

Not necessarily : not always, or not in every situation

Individual symptoms are not necessarily typical of the disease.
Headings within the text should be bold but not necessarily bigger.
Our clients wont necessarily understand why we are raising our prices.

On account of : because of .
They had closed early on account of the snow
Mrs. Popper's vacation in Frankfurt had to be cancelled on account of her husband's illness.

On the one hand on the other hand

Used for giving two different opinions about something
Many of these garden pests cause little real damage. On the other hand, aphids can infect raspberries with incurable
diseases.
On the one hand, expansion would be good, but on the other hand it would be sad to lose the family atmosphere.

Similarly: used for showing that two ideas are related or connected
High inflation usually leads to high interest rates. Similarly, interest rates decline when inflation is low.
Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles have to stop too.

Since, since then :

In the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present.
His father doesnt talk to him. They had an argument a couple of years ago and they havent spoken since.
They bought the house in 2006 and theyve done a lot of work on it since then.

So : And for this reason; therefore.

it was still painful so I went to see a specialist.
you know Im telling the truth, so dont interrupt.

So much so (that) : to such a great degree , to such an extent that.

It was a great project, so much so that it won first prize.
I was fascinated by the company, so much so that I wrote a book about it.

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Such : of the type that is being mentioned
Why did this tragedy happen here and now? Such questions are easier to ask than to answer.
Surrender? No one would have dared to suggest such a thing.

Sure enough : as expected.

He said he'd left the book on the desk, and sure enough, there it was.
When X-rays were taken, sure enough, there was the needle.

That (being) said /Having said that:

Even so (introducing a concessive statement): Contrast. despite what has just been said.
I love apples. That being said, I almost never eat them.
He forgets most things, but having said that, he always remembers my birthday.

Thats (the reason) why : the reason for something (reason + result )
He was hurt. Thats why he didnt take part in the game.

Thats because : the reason for something ( result + result)

He didnt take part in the game. Thats because he was hurt.

Then : used for introducing the next thing that happens

He glanced quickly at Sally and then looked away again.
Add the numbers together first then multiply.
First Lewis will give a TV interview. Then comes the main news conference.

Therefore :
for that reason / as a result of the reason that has just been mentioned
We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.

Thus :
1) As a result or consequence of this; therefore:
Burke knocked out Byrne, thus becoming champion
2) In the manner now being indicated or exemplified; in this way:
she rang up Susan, and while she was thus engaged John summoned the doctor.

What's more :
in addition , moreover
Used to add more reasons to what has been said.
Shes ugly and what's more, she's not very nice.

While : (also formal whilst) despite the fact that; although.

While I accept that he's not perfect in many respects, I do actually like the man.
While I fully understand your point of view, I also have some sympathy with Michael's.

Yet : (and) despite that; used to add something that seems surprising because of what you have just said:
He's overweight and bald, (and) yet somehow, he's attractive.
You say that you're good friends and yet you don't trust him. Isn't that a bit of a contradiction?

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ASKING YOURSELF QUESTIONS TO FIND CLUES
Below we have an example of the typical options of a gapped text.
In the next page, we will look for linking and connecting words as well as pronouns
and adverbs whose subject is missing.

13
In this page , as promised , we have highlighted linking and connecting words as well
as pronouns, adverbs and expressions whose subject is missing and which might give
us some clues.

14
Finally , as you can see below, we have asked ourselves questions , the answers to
which will help us find what we are looking for, i.e. the right paragraph.

15
 QUESTIONS
Whenever we come across a question within the paragraph. We need to look for the
answer to this question. The answer is usually and assertion of some kind and like in the
ones below, sometimes it contains a noun or pronoun that links it back or forward to the
question.

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

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EXAMPLE 3

EXAMPLE 4

17
 CONTRAST WORDS
In spite of, despite (the fact that), although, even though, even so, however, nevertheless,
but, yet, whereas, while, but, notwithstanding, on the one hand...on the other hand...as
opposed to, rather than, on the contrary, actually, really,

All these words, as the title of this page suggests, are used to show a contrast. Therefore,
they will be placed between two opposite or contrasting reasons or opinions.

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

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EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4

Quietly and Razzmatazz have opposite meanings.

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EXAMPLE 5 EXAMPLE 6

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 CONNECTORS OF REASON
Due to , owing to , because of, on account of, since , in case (of) , therefore, so ,
consequently, seeing that, seeing as, seeing that.

All these words, again, as the title of this page suggests, are used to give reason and,
therefore, will be linked to some kind of reason. This reason has to be located somewhere
within the previous of the following paragraph.

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

21
EXAMPLE 3

22
 TIME PHRASES /CHRONOLOGY
Time phrases can be very useful to link paragraphs. For example, if we find the word
later , we can ask ourselves later than what ?, or if we read the expression at that
point, we know that previously the writer has to mention a specific point in time.

Typical time phrases are the following : Today, now, in the present , at that stage , at that
point , nowadays, these days, back in 1998, in the future, in the past, those day, then ,
finally , eventually, that year, since then ,the following year, that month , etc..

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

23
EXAMPLE 3

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 PROPER NOUNS
Whenever we notice a proper noun or surname at the beginning of a paragraph or after a
gap , we need to look for the place in the previous paragraph where this person has been
first introduced to the reader.
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

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EXAMPLE 3

26
 PRONOUNS
Whenever we find a pronoun at the end of a paragraph or after a gap , we need to look for
the place in either the previous or following paragraph to find what or who that pronoun
refers to.
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

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EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4

28
 COMMON NOUNS REPEATED
Common nouns can also help us find the matching paragraph to the one we are working
on. They are typically found at the beginning and at the end of the paragraph. Although,
sometimes, they can be found in the middle as well.
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

29
 EXAMPLE 3

EXAMPLE 4

30
 VERBS REPEATED
Like common nouns , verbs can also appear repeated at the beginning and at the end of
the paragraph, and can help us find the matching paragraph too.

31
 4

ADDITION WORDS
Too, also, as well , as well as , not only ...but also, besides, in addition to , moreover, furthermore,
whats more, such as , for example, for instance , apart from , except for , in fact.

Addition words are used to add information to something we are already discussing. Therefore,
whenever we find an addition word at the beginning or at the end of a paragraph, it means that we need
to search into the previous or following paragraph to find the rest of the ideas or reason that the author
is presenting.
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

32
EXAMPLE 3

33
 DESCRIPTION / DEFINITION
OF SOMETHING PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED
This is a one of the most common features of the Cambridge gapped text exercises.
Sometimes while reading we will come across a description of some sort. They are
usually placed at the beginning or at the end of a paragraph. This description usually will
be followed or preceded, as the case may be , by a definition, in other words, something is
described and then it will be defined as something. For example , the description in detail
of a negative experience, could be defined as terrible as in that terrible experience.
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

34
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4

35
EXAMPLE 5 EXAMPLE 6

36
 EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED
This is one is very similar to the description/ definition technique explained in page. Here
we are also going to link a definition of something to something else. In this case, this
something else will be an example of the thing defined instead of a description. Again,
they are usually placed at the beginning or at the end of a paragraph and will be followed
or preceded, as the case may be , by the definition of whatever example we found before
or after the definition. For example , if read something like he was very strong, it could
be followed by an example such as he lifted the car with his bare hands which is clearly
an example of him being very strong which in turn is a definition.
EXAMPLE 1

37
 DEFINING A NOUN
Once again, we are going to link a definition to something. This time, we are going to link
it to a noun. As the example below shows, we can come across a noun of some kind
which will be defined somewhere in another paragraph. It is our job to find that
paragraph. For example, if read something like he had climbed the Everest 21 times, it
could be followed by a definition such as that mountain attracted so many mountaineers
which contains a definition of Everest as that mountain.

EXAMPLE 1

38
EXAMPLE 2

39
 WORDS THAT EXPRESS RESUMPTION
to get back to the point, to resume, anyhow, anyway, at any rate, to return to the
subject, back to,etc.
EXAMPLE 1

40
VERBS THAT LINK BACK TO
THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPH
EXAMPLE 1

41
 PARAPHRASING AND SYNONYMS
Sometimes two paragraphs will be linked, while elaborating on a topic, by synonyms or
by paraphrasing in the second paragraph the idea expressed in the first one. Therefore, we
need to keep an eye out for the words or expressions that are used to do this.

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

Paraphrasing - You dont know Paraphrasing Emotion is related in

is similar in meaning to You are not sure meaning to Emotional force.

42
 EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4

Paraphrasing - Celebrities is similar in Synonyms - Words of the same family

meaning to People in the public eye. Anger (noun) Angry (adjective)

43
EXAMPLE 4

Paraphrasing
This is an astonishing feeding rate , 30 times higher than
is similar in meaning to :
feeding so efficiently that they spend very little time exposed to

44
 TOPIC-SPECIFIC WORDS
There are some words that are usually used only for some particular topics. For example,
if we use the verb premiere, we know that it refers to the world of entertainment. Another
example would be the word coup , which could be linked to something being very
successful or to politics as in coup dtat.
EXAMPLE 1

45
EXAMPLE 2

46
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
Through cause and effect links , we can link paragraphs together. The effect is the
logical conclusion of the cause, therefore, we will have to look for the cause that
creates that effect.
Some common cause and effect are the following :
as a result (of this), consequently, hence, for this reason, thus, because (of this), in
consequence, so that, accordingly, as a consequence, so much (so) that, so, therefore,
for the (simple) reason that, being that, for, in view of (the fact), inasmuch as,
because (of the fact), seeing that, as, owing to (the fact), due to (the fact that), in that,
since, forasmuch as, etc.
EXAMPLE 1

47
EXAMPLE 2

48
 NEGATIVE WORDS REFERRING BACK
TO SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING
Neither, never, hardly, no one, nobody, none, nor, nothing, nowhere,etc.

49
 ORDINAL AND CARDINAL NUMBERS
ORDINAL NUMBERS : THAT WAS THE FIRST TIME, SECOND,ETC..
CARDINAL NUMBERS : BUT NUMBER 150 HAD OTHER IDEAS

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 CONNECTING WORDS WHICH EXPRESS A CONDITION
Conditional linkers tell us that something has to happen or not happen before something
else happens. They express a real or unreal situation.
Some examples of conditional linkers are the following :
If not , if so , otherwise , unless , provided (that) , as long as , so long as , assuming (that)
, on condition (that), supposing (that).

EXAMPLE 1

51
 CONNECTING WORDS WHICH EXPRESS SIMILARITY
These linker express similarity between two ideas. As in :
Life is difficult in extreme polls; similarly, it is horrible near the Equatorial regions.
A rule of thumb is noticing if whatever comes after the linker is negative or positive, and
as the case may be , look for either negative or positive statements in the previous
paragraph. Some examples of these linkers are the following :
Similarly, in the same way, by the same token, in a like manner, equally, likewise,etc.

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 ADVERBS
Adverbs of time : tomorrow, today, yesterday, now, then, never, soon, already, formerly, lately etc.
Adverbs of place : here, there, upstairs, downstairs, everywhere, nowhere, in, out, inside, away.
Adverbs of manner : slowly, terribly, undoubtedly, uncertainly, seriously, well, really, thus etc.
Adverbs of degree : much, very, fully, partly, little, enough, extremely , so, rather etc.
Adverbs of order : at first, initially, first of all , in the first place ,secondly, thirdly, fourthly , lastly, etc.
Adverbs of frequency: again, frequently, always, seldom, hardly, often, once, twice, etc.
Adverbs of (un)certainty : definitely , surely , probably , certainly , perhaps, maybe, possibly,etc.

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VOCABULARY / EXPRESSIONS
RELATED TO THE THEME INTRODUCED IN
THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPH
EXAMPLE 1

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EXAMPLE 2

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 QUOTATION MARKS
Through the use of quotation marks, the writer tell us exactly what the
character at hand expresses. This is another clue, since we can link that
message to the previous or subsequent paragraph , as the case may be.
EXAMPLE 1

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EXAMPLE 2

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 VERB TENSES
Verb tenses are also important in that sometimes , they help us to rule out a
potentially correct answer that otherwise , we might be considering choosing
as the right one. As in the examples below.
EXAMPLE 1

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EXAMPLE 2 (verb tenses that do not connect)

Here is the paragraph correctly fits into the gap

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 REPETITION
In other words , that is to say , simply put , to put it simply, to clarify, put simply,etc.
All the linkers above are used when the writer wants to repeat in different words
or summarize what he said before.

EXAMPLE 1

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 BEING SPECIFIC
TO SHOW DIFFERENTIATION
Using words to be specific and show that what you are talking about is a particular
example of something in contrast to something (previously mentioned).

EXAMPLE 1

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EXAMPLE 2

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