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  • 7issues of Line Current Harmonics, Power Factor, Distortion Factor of AC To DC Converters

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    vamsi prasanna
    853 vizualizări3 pagini
    This document discusses issues related to line current harmonics, power factor, and distortion factor in AC to DC converters. It defines harmonics as sinusoidal components of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. Power factor is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current, with lagging power factor in inductive circuits and leading in capacitive circuits. Distortion factor refers to distortion of a waveform from a pure sine wave. Sources of non-unity power factor and harmonic distortion include non-linear loads such as switch mode power supplies, UPS systems, and electronic ballasts.

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    7Issues of Line Current Harmonics, Power Factor, Distortion Factor of AC to DC Converters

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    This document discusses issues related to line current harmonics, power factor, and distortion factor in AC to DC converters. It defines harmonics as sinusoidal components of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. Power factor is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current, with lagging power factor in inductive circuits and leading in capacitive circuits. Distortion factor refers to distortion of a waveform from a pure sine wave. Sources of non-unity power factor and harmonic distortion include non-linear loads such as switch mode power supplies, UPS systems, and electronic ballasts.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    853 vizualizări3 pagini

    7issues of Line Current Harmonics, Power Factor, Distortion Factor of AC To DC Converters

    Încărcat de

    vamsi prasanna
    This document discusses issues related to line current harmonics, power factor, and distortion factor in AC to DC converters. It defines harmonics as sinusoidal components of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. Power factor is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current, with lagging power factor in inductive circuits and leading in capacitive circuits. Distortion factor refers to distortion of a waveform from a pure sine wave. Sources of non-unity power factor and harmonic distortion include non-linear loads such as switch mode power supplies, UPS systems, and electronic ballasts.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 3

    10/30/2016 IssuesoflineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactorofACtoDCConverters

    IssuesoflineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactor
    ofACtoDCConverters
    gradestack.com/gateexam/electrical/powerelectronics/issuesoflinecurrentharmonics/

    11/27/2015

    IssuesoflineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactorofACtoDCConverters

    Aharmoniisasinusoidalcomponentofaperiodicwaveorquantityhavingafrequencythatisanintegermultipleof
    thefundamentalfrequency.

    AnACperiodicvoltageorcurrentcanberepresentedbyaFourierseriesofpuresinusoidalwaveswhichcontain
    thebasicorfundamentalfrequencyanditsmultiplescalledharmonics.

    Powerfactor:PowerfactorisdefinedasthecosineoftheanglebetweenvoltageandcurrentinanACcircuit.Ifthe
    circuitisinductive,thecurrentlagsbehindthevoltageandpowerfactorisreferredtoaslagging.However,ina
    capacitivecircuit,currentleadsthevoltageandthepowerfactorissaidtobeleading.Theratiobetweentrue(active)
    powerandapparentpoweriscalledthepowerfactorforthiscircuit.

    HarmonicDistortionreferstothedistortionfactorofavoltageorcurrentwaveformwithrespecttoapuresinewave.

    Distortionfactor(Harmonicfactor):Itistheratiooftherootmeansquareoftheharmoniccontenttotherootmean
    squarevalueofthefundamentalquantity,expressedasapercentofthefundamental.

    Harmonicdistortionisdividedintotwoclasses,voltagedistortion
    andcurrentdistortion.Sincethevoltageiscommontoallloadsin
    asystem,anyvoltagedistortionwillresultinacorresponding
    currentdistortionassumingthesourceimpedanceisverylow.
    Ontheotherhandcurrentdistortionresultsinvoltagedistortion
    onlytotheextentthatthesourceimpedanceprovidescommon
    couplingimpedance.

    Theeffectsofharmoniccurrentsfromnonlinearloadsarenot
    widelyunderstood.Duetothelowimpedanceofmostpowersystems,thepowersystemcangenerallyabsorb
    signicantamountsofharmoniccurrentwithoutconvertingthesetounacceptablevoltagedistortionlevels.Harmonic
    distortioncanbecausedbytheutilityorbytheload.Typicalexamplesofnonlinearloadsincludearcingdevices
    (suchasarcfurnacesanduorescentlighting),ferromagneticregulators,andsiliconcontrolledrectiersandswitch
    moderectiers.

    Percentimpedance(%Z)isanimportantparametertospecifywhendeningtheacsupplysource.Thiswill
    determinethevoltageregulationattheloadandtheabilitytosourcehighpeakcurrentdemandfromloads.

    Alow%Zindicatesastiffsourceandahigh%Zindicatesasoftsource.

    Asoftsourcewillpresentgreatervoltagedistortionalbeitattheloadconnections.

    %Z=(Irated/Isc)100

    where%ZisthepercentimpedanceTM,Iratedistheloadordevicefullratedcurrentinamperes,andIscisthe
    maximumshortcircuitcurrentavailablefromthesupplyinamperes.

    http://gradestack.com/gateexam/electrical/powerelectronics/issuesoflinecurrentharmonics/ 1/3
    10/30/2016 IssuesoflineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactorofACtoDCConverters

    Agoodisolationtransformershouldbeinthe3%to5%range.

    Recommendeddistributionsystemimpedanceshouldnotbemorethan3%forsmallbranchcircuitsandnotmore
    than5%forlongbranchcircuits.

    SourcesofNonunityPowerFactorandHarmonicdistortion:

    Linearreactiveloads(inductiveorcapacitive)drawcurrentfromthepowersourcewhichisatthesamefrequencyof
    thepowersystem(50or60Hzforexample).

    Largeinductivedevicessuchasmotorsexhibitlaggingcurrentsandpowerfactorcanbedeterminedbythephase
    anglebetweenthevoltageandcurrent.Motorloadsaremostlylinearbutalsohavenonlinearcharacteristics.
    Capacitorsandsynchronousmotorsareusedinindustrytocompensateforthelargeinductiveloadinginfactories
    causedbymotors.Theyexhibitaleadingcurrentandcanadjustpowerfactorwithinabuildingorsystemtokeep
    reactivepowerowprovidedbythenetworktoaminimum.Thereactivepowergeneratespowerlossesinthe
    transmissionsystemcablesandreducestheoverallefciencyofthepowersystem.

    Nonlinearloadsgenerallydonotcausereactivepowertoowatthefundamentallinefrequency.Theycan,
    however,drawhigherRMScurrentsandhenceaddtodistributionsystemlossesforagivenload.

    Thenonlinearnatureoftheseloadsthendrawsnonpuresinewavecurrentsthuscausingharmonicsofthe
    fundamentalcurrenttobepresent.

    Sinceharmonicdistortioniscausedbynonlinearelementsconnectedtothepowersystem,anydevicethathas
    nonlinearcharacteristicswillcauseharmonicdistortion.

    Examplesofcommonsourcesofpowersystemharmonics,someofwhichnevercauseseriousproblems,are

    1.Transformersaturationandinrush
    2.Transformerneutralconnections
    3.MMFdistributioninACrotatingmachines
    4.Electricarcfurnaces
    5.Fluorescentlighting
    6.Computerswitchmodepowersupplies
    7.BatterychargesImperfectACsources
    8.Variablefrequencymotordrives(VFD)Inverters
    9.Televisionpowersupplies.

    Switchmodepowersupplies,UninterruptablePowerSupplies(UPS)andelectroniclightingballastsmayhavelow
    powerfactorandcangenerateharmonicdistortion.

    NextChapter:IntroductionofPowerElectronics

    Previous:CharacteristicsofSemiconductorPowerDevices

    TOPICS

    IntroductionofPowerElectronics
    CharacteristicsofSemiconductorPowerDevices

    http://gradestack.com/gateexam/electrical/powerelectronics/issuesoflinecurrentharmonics/ 2/3
    10/30/2016 IssuesoflineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactorofACtoDCConverters

    DCtoDCConversion
    SingleandThreePhaseConfigurationofUncontrolledRectifiers
    LineCommutatedThyristorBasedConverters
    BidirectionalACtoDCVoltageSourceConverters
    IssuesofLineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactorofACtoDCConverters
    SinglePhaseandThreePhaseInverters
    SinusoidalPulseWidthModulation

    ViewCompleteEEStudyNotes

    http://gradestack.com/gateexam/electrical/powerelectronics/issuesoflinecurrentharmonics/ 3/3

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