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The total land area is 147,570 sq. km. consists mostly of Floodplains (almost 80%) leaving major part of the
country (with the exception of the north-western highlands) prone to flooding during the rainy season.

Climatic Impacts:
Bangladesh experiences different types of Natural Disasters almost every year because of the Global
Warming as well as Climate Change impacts, these are:
Floods / Flash Floods (Almost 80% of the total area of the country is prone to flooding).
Cyclones and Storm Surges (South and South-eastern Parts of the country were hit by Tropical Cyclones
during the last few years).
Salinity Intrusion (Almost the whole Coastal Belt along the B0ay of Bengal is experiencing Salinity
problem).
Extreme Temperature and Drought (North and North-western regions of the country are suffering
because of the Extreme Temperature problem).

The fisheries sector contributes about 3.5% of the GDP in Bangladesh


There are around 260 species of fish in the country
With the rise of Sea-level up to one meter only, Bangladesh could lose up to 15% of its land area
under the Sea water and around 30 million people living in the coastal areas of Bangladesh could
become Refugees because of Climate Change impacts.
Salinity Intrusion from the Bay of Bengal already penetrates 100 kilometers inside the country
during the dry season and the Climate Change in its gradual
Since most of the country is less than 10 meters above Sea level and almost 10% of the population of
the country is living below 1-meter elevation - the whole coastal area is Highly Vulnerable to High
Tides and Storm Surges
The Sundarbans a World Heritage, is the largest Mangrove Forest in the world, comprising 577,00
ha of land area along the Bay of Bengal. A total of 425 species have been identified there,
In the last 35 years, salinity had been increased around 26 percent in this country
12 districts of Bangladesh as salinity affected
The coast of Bangladesh consists of 19 districts, covers 32% of the country and accommodates more
than 35 million people
The basin of three river systems with an area of 1.6 million square kilometers passing through India,
China, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh, drains to Bay of Bengal through Meghna estuary.
sea level rise is one of the major causes for salinity intrusion in the coastal belt of Bangladesh
World Bank (2000) showed 10 cm, 25cm and a 1.0 m rise in sea level by 2020, 2050 and 2100;
affecting 2%, 4% and 17.5% of total land mass respectively [10]. Milliman et al. (1989; cited in
Frihy, 2003) reported 1.0 cm per year sea level rise in Bangladesh [11]. UNEP (1989) showed 1.5 m
sea level rise in Bangladesh coast by 2030, affecting 22,000 Sq. km (16% of total land mass) area
with a population of 17 million (15% of total population) [12]. World Bank (2000) showed 10 cm,
25cm and 1 meter rise in sea level by 2020, 2050 and 2100 [13]. In a recent study, IWM (2006)
predicted that flooding of coastal lands may increase by 21% by the year 2001 while it is 10.3% for
the year 2050 with respect to the ordinary flooding condition when approximately 50% lands go
under flood.
Bangladesh faces semi diurnal tide i.e., two flood tide and two ebb tides in a day in a 6 hour
consecutive time interval.
During the monsoon period it make high tide and overflow saline water surrounding the coastal
region
the Meghna River estuary, through which about 90% of the river water in the country discharges into
the Bay of Bengal.
Bangladesh has 5,017 km embankment protecting the polders in coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal.
The primary goal of launching polderization in Bangladesh was to protect the coastal inhabitant from
regular natural disasters and to boost the agricultural production
the Farakka Barrage was commissioned in April 1975.
Maximum salinity levels occur during March-April.
'Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan' (BCCSAP) of 2009.
It is estimated that 50 percent of the worlds population lives within 100km of a coastline
9 In the 1960s and 1970s, 123 polders (49 of which are sea-facing) were constructed to protect low-
lying coastal areas in Bangladesh against tidal floods and salinity intrusion. Regulators and other
structures to control water intake and drainage of the poldered area were put in place with the
primary goal of improving agricultural productivity. Today 1.2 million hectares of land (15 percent
of the countrys total arable land) under agriculture is within the coastal embankment system.
salinity increased from 2ppt to 20ppt at Mongla in the Pussur River from 1962 to 2008.
i. The southwest zone contains the Sundarbans, which is bounded by Baleswar River in the east,
Raimongal River, and the border with India in the west. The Gorai River, a distributary of the
Ganges, is the main source of freshwater for this zone. This area is part of the Ganges Delta and
therefore dependent on the tributaries of the Ganges River.
ii. The south-central zone is situated between the southeast zone and southwest zone of the coastal
area. This part of the coastal area receives considerable freshwater from the Padma River and the
Lower Meghna rivers.
iii. The southeast zone extends from the Feni River to Badarmokam, the southern tip of the
mainland. The Lower Meghna River is the western boundary of this region. As most of the combined
flow of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system is discharged through the Lower Meghna River,
heavy sediment inputs from the rivers result in a morphologically dynamic coastal zone. The Lower
Meghna River is highly influenced by tidal interactions and consequential backwater effects.
iv. The Eastern-Hill zone is characterized by flat beaches comprised of clay and sand. In this region,
the Karnaphuli, Matamuhuri, Sangu, and Naf Rivers discharge freshwater through the plain. This
region is in the Chittagong and Coxs Bazar Districts.
The water from the Ganges River, which flows through its tributary, the Gorai River, is the only
major source of freshwater to the southwest zone
The land topography of the region is very flat; strong tidal effects at times travel up to 200km
upstream of the coast.
The low salinity level in the south-central zone (less than 2ppt)
In the eastern-hill zone, the water stretching from Chittagong to Coxs Bazar is always saline near
the sea; it is saline in the downstream stretches of the Karnaphuli and Sangu Rivers throughout the
wet season; and, with the onset of the dry season, the salinity diffuses northward. T
The water is not usable for domestic purposes if salinity is higher than 1ppt, though it is still
favourable for crop and livestock agriculture unless salinity exceeds 2ppt. Some freshwater
aquaculture is still possible when the salinity is below 4ppt. However, in the south and western part
of the study region salinity is higher than 4ppt during the dry season which has intrigued brackish
water shrimp farming in Satkhira, Khulna and Bagerhat districts (IWM, 2014).
only 0.06% of global carbon dioxide emission since her birth in 1971;
During the last half century at least 8 nos. of extreme flood events occurred affecting 50% of land
area.
Average rainfall is 2200-2500 mm but the range of which is between 1200 to 6500 mm. 80% of the
rainfall occurs during monsoon i.e. from June to September
Major Rivers: 300 to 120,000 cumec e.g Ganges, Brahmaputra, Padma, Meghna ii) Semi major
Rivers: 100 to 15000 cumec e.g. Old Brahmaputra, Dhaleswari, Gorai, Arial Khan, Surma,
Kushiyara, Teesta etc. iii) Minor River: 1 to 1000 cumec e.g. Sitalakhya, Buriganganga, Khowai,
Manu, Gumti, Dharla, Dudkumar, Karnafuli, Halda, Sangu etc.
Major rivers having length of 500 to 2500 km and width range from 1km to 20 km can also be found
in this country. Water surface slo
pes of the major rivers are also very flat e.g. av. slope of Ganges is 5-6 cm/km, av. slope of
Brahamaputra is 8-9 cm/km and av. slope of Meghna is 4-3.5 cm/km. Annual flow volume of the
rivers is to the tune of 1200 billion cum. Rivers of Bangladesh carries huge sediment annual amount
of which is between 1.8 to 2.0 billion tons.
i) Flash Flood ii) Rain fed Flood iii) River Flood iv) Flood due Cyclonic Storm Surges
Flash flood starts occurring in these areas from mid-April
Rain-fed Flood: This kind of flood generally occurs in the moribund Gangetic deltas in the south-
western part of the country
Normally, 25-30% of the area is inundated during monsoon season along the river. In case of
extreme flood events 50-70% of the country are inundated extending the areas far beyond the
riverbanks. T
1998 was the severest one in terms of magnitude and duration
Bangladesh which has a coast line of about 800 km
Continental self in this part of the Bay is shallow and extended to about 20-50 km.
In case of super cyclones hitting coast of Bangladesh maximum height of the surges were fond to be
10-15 m, which causes flooding in the entire coastal belt. Worst kind of flooding occurred on 10
Nov. 1970 and 30 April 1991 caused loss of 300,000 and 130,000 human lives respectively. Apart
from the effect of cyclone, coastal areas are also subjected to tidal flooding during the months from
June to September when the sea is in spate due to southwesterly monsoon wind. Incidence of this
kind of flooding is now on increase.
1987, 1988 and 1998 are 66%, 68% and 70% respectively.
Total basin area is 1.72 miillion sq. km. Only 7 percent of these three basin area lies within
Bangladesh
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Cyclones in Bangladesh are presently classified according to their intensity and the following
nomenclature is in use: depression (winds upto 62 km/hr), cyclonic storm (winds from 63 to 87
km/hr), severe cyclonic storm (winds from 88 to 118 km/hr) and severe cyclonic storm of hurricane
intensity (winds above 118 km/hr).

the storm surge is reinforced considerably and can rise as high as 12m
Storm surges accompanying cyclones hitting Bangladesh have been noted to be 3m to 9m high
1970 (12-13 November) The most deadly and devastating cyclonic storm that caused the highest
casualty in the history of Bangladesh. speed of the 1970 cyclone was about 222 km/hr and the
maximum storm surge height was about 10.6m

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