This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

C H A P T E R
24 Figure 24-1.
Elevations are two-dimensional projections of a three-dimensional surface. (3D-DZYN)

Drawing Rear

Elevations Left

Pictorial

Learning Objectives Front Right

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

Draw exterior and interior elevations. Figure 24-2.
Use xrefs to get information needed from floor plans for creating elevations. Exterior elevation views and the directions they face.
Define terminology related to construction and elevation design.
Use the HATCH tool to add detail to your elevations. North Elevation East Elevation
(Rear Elevation) (Right Side Elevation)
Edit hatch patterns.
Improve boundary hatching speed. South Elevation West Elevation
(Front Elevation) (Left Side Elevation)
Place notes and dimensions on elevations and use keynotes.

elevation: A
Elevations graphically provide information about the face of a building or interior drawing view
features such as cabinets. Exterior and interior elevations are an important part of representing an West Elevation South Elevation
exterior face of East Elevation North Elevation
the construction documents. They provide information that cannot be found on other a structure or an (Left Side Elevation) (Front Elevation) (Right Side Elevation) (Rear Elevation)
sheets in the set of documents. Elevations contain information such as the exterior interior feature.

building materials; overall dimensions not found on other drawings; and specific
detailing elements, such as brickwork or cabinetry. Creating Elevations
Similar to a floor or foundation plan, an elevation is a two-dimensional projection
of a three-dimensional building, as shown in Figure 24-1. This chapter discusses the Elevations can be created in one of two ways: direct projection or dimensional
process of creating both exterior and interior elevations. direct projection:
A method for laying
layout. Elevations created with the direct projection method use floor plans as a refer-
out elevations in ence to project exterior building lines and jogs onto lines representing the floor and
which exterior
building lines and ceiling heights. This aids in accurately establishing the jogs in the building and begins
Exterior Elevations jogs are referenced
from the floor plans.
laying out the elevations. Figure 24-3 shows how elevations are created using the
direct projection method.
dimensional
Elevations are typically created from the four main faces of the building: front, layout: A method The dimensional layout method is similar to direct projection in that the floor and
for laying out
rear, right, and left. These views are typically named north, south, east, and west elevations in which
ceiling lines are laid out first. Then, referencing the dimensions from the floor plans,
referring to the general direction the building faces. See Figure 24-2. The names of the
dimensions are vertical lines are drawn over the top of the floor and ceiling lines representing the jogs
referenced from the
elevations refer to the direction the building is facing, not the direction in which you floor plans. in the building. This creates the basic shape of the building as shown in Figure 24-4.
are looking. Either method is commonly used in architectural offices. Both methods are used
In some cases where the building is not a rectangular shape, such as a building in the construction of exterior elevations as well as interior elevations.
with an angled wall, an elevation of the skewed side is drawn. The skewed side is
also projected onto one of the cardinal direction elevations as an auxiliary view.

647 648 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

Figure 24-3.
Projecting the building lines from the floor plan to create elevations.
Choosing a Scale
When choosing a scale for elevations, the largest practical scale that fits on the sheet
should be selected. The following are the most common scales used in the construc-
tion of exterior and interior elevations.
Exterior Elevations. 1/4 = 1-0 for most plans, or 1/8 or 1/16 = 1-0 for
larger structures.
Interior Elevations. 1/2 = 1-0, 1/4 = 1-0, and 1/8 = 1-0 are all commonly used.
No matter which scale is selected, the determining factors for a scale should be how
accurately and clearly the elevations can be presented on the size of paper selected.
In residential design, a scale of 1/4 = 1-0 is typical for small to average size homes.
In commercial and industrial design, a scale of 1/8 = 1-0 is customary because the
buildings tend to be large.

Drawing Elevations for Odd-Shaped Buildings

As mentioned earlier, not all buildings are rectangular in shape. In these cases, the
four cardinal elevations (north, south, east, and west) are drawn. Any odd-shaped sides
are projected onto these elevations. In addition to the cardinal elevations, an eleva-
tion is drawn so it appears to be perpendicular to the odd-shaped edge. Figure 24-5
displays the elevations for an odd-shaped building.

Creating Elevations for the House

The direct projection method will be used to draw the elevations of the house
project discussed in previous chapters of this text. A new drawing is started, and the
main floor plan is externally referenced into the drawing to be used as a reference
for the projection. Once the drawing file has been referenced, lines representing the
subfloor (floor line) and the plate line (top of the wall) need to be drawn around the
referenced floor plan. Make sure to use appropriate layers.
With direct projection, a line representing the subfloor is first drawn on each side
of the building. Place the subfloor line far enough away from the floor plans to leave
Figure 24-4.
Using dimensions taken from the floor plans to establish the building lines.
Figure 24-5.
Each side of an odd-shaped building has its own elevation. The angled sides of the building
are also projected onto the cardinal elevations where they are seen.

West
elevation

Southwest
elevation
Angled
("skewed")
sides
South
elevation

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 649 650 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

enough room for the elevations. A line representing the plate is also drawn above Figure 24-7.

MAIN SUBFLOOR LINE

the subfloor line. The distance between the two lines is the total height of the wall. Project building jogs

MAIN PLATE LINE

A typical main floor to upper floor height is 10-1 1/8. This takes into consideration and corners onto MAIN SUBFLOOR LINE
a 9-1 1/8 main floor height, and 12 thick floor joists between the top plate of the the main subfloor
line. Then, trim MAIN PLATE LINE
main floor and the subfloor of the upper floor. The distance between the floors can be the projection lines
measured to 1/8 precision, but is often rounded to the nearest 1. Trim projection lines
away from the main back to plate line
Once the main subfloor line is drawn, use the OFFSET tool to offset the line toward floor plate line.
the center of the drawing a distance of 9-1, as shown in Figure 24-6. This establishes
the top plate of the main floor. Do this for each side of the building. This gives you the
floor and ceiling locations as well as the wall heights for the elevations.
Once the subfloor and plate lines have been established, refer to the main floor wall,
window, and door layers. Then, begin projecting the main floor building jogs to the
main subfloor line. Use the LINE tool to draw a line from the endpoint of a corner of the
building. Draw the line perpendicular to the main subfloor line. Once all of the jogs have
been projected to the main subfloor line, use the TRIM tool to trim the projected lines
from the main plate line. This establishes the main floor building jogs. See Figure 24-7.
If you have a multistory building, after the main floor jogs and corners have been
projected and trimmed, you need to reference the upper floor for any jogs or corners
that can be projected to the upper subfloor and plate lines. Project the upper floor jogs to

MAIN SUBFLOOR LINE

MAIN PLATE LINE

the upper subfloor line. If the upper floor aligns with the main floor, you do not need to
MAIN PLATE LINE
project the line down. The main floor wall line can be used in this case. When finished
projecting the upper floor lines, trim the projection lines from the upper plate line. MAIN SUBFLOOR LINE

Project building corners

Professional In a multistory building, if the upper floor of the to subfloor line
Tip building aligns with the main floor, the projected lines
from the main floor can also be used in the layout of the
upper floor. This eliminates the need to trim the projected Architectural Templates
lines from the main plate. Instead, trim the projection lines Specific layers are used for drawing elevation plan features.
from the upper plate. Template Go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD for
Development detailed instructions to add common elevation plan layers to
Figure 24-6. your architectural drawing templates. These layers are used in
MAIN SUBFLOOR LINE

Draw subfloor and plate lines Chapter 24

Layout of the subfloor for the other elevations this chapter for developing elevation plans.
MAIN PLATE LINE

and plate lines for the MAIN SUBFLOOR LINE

main floor. Establish
subfloor and plate
lines for each side of
the building, as well
as for each floor in the
building. The house
project is a single-
story structure.
MAIN PLATE LINE
Adding a Roof to the Elevations
The roof of a structure is generally constructed in one of two waysframed or
framed roof: A type trussed. Framed roofs are built with structural members known as rafters. When
of roof that uses
rafters as framing creating a framed roof, the rafters sit on top of the plate line. The rafter is notched
members.
so the bottom of the rafter is placed on the inside of the wall. The notch in the rafter
rafter: Structural is called a birdsmouth, which sits on the top plate. See Figure 24-8. Rafter construc-
member used in roof
construction. tion is similar to floor joist construction, except the joists are elevated. The angle at
birdsmouth: A which the rafter is placed is based on the roof pitch. Pitch is usually based on a run
notch cut where the
rafter bears on the
of 12 of horizontal distance. For example, a 6:12 roof pitch means that for every 12
top plate. of horizontal distance, the vertical elevation of the rafter is 6 higher. The roof pitch is
Draw the roof pitch: The rise commonly indicated on drawings with a roof pitch symbol. Refer to Figure 24-8.
subfloor line in roof elevation
for a given unit of Trusses do not use a birdsmouth. Instead, they sit directly on the top plate. See
horizontal distance. Figure 24-9. Truss roof pitches are measured in the same way as pitches for rafters.
MAIN SUBFLOOR LINE

MAIN PLATE LINE

MAIN PLATE LINE

truss: The roof for this project is constructed with rafters. It has been determined that
Preconstructed rafter
that includes a ceiling 2 8 rafters are to be used. The roof pitch is 6:12. With these specifications, the first
MAIN SUBFLOOR LINE joist and diagonal thing to do is determine where the starting point of the rafter is located. The rafter sits
web member
Offset the floor line 91 supports between the on the top, inside corner of the top plate. A line representing the bottom of the rafter
rafters and the joist.
to establish the plate line
Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 651 652 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD
Figure 24-8. Roof pitch Figure 24-10.
A partial section Run symbol When laying out the rafter and roofline, the rafter sits on the top plate of the structure (the
view of a framed ss example at left is a two-story structure).
e
roof using rafters.
thickn
Notice where the ter 4. Offset bottom
birdsmouth (notch) Raf rafter line to
is located in relation Rise create upper
to the wall.
rafter line

Rafter
Ceiling joist 3. Endpoint
@ 12",6"
Top plate Plate line
Notch
(Birdsmouth)
Inside of
Studs building
Outside
wall line 2. Bottom of
rafter begins at
intersection of
plate line and
inner wall line
1. Offset outer
Figure 24-9. Run wall line to create
A partial section inner wall line
view of a trussed
roof. Notice there is
no birdsmouth in a Figure 24-11.
truss. Rise Finishing the end of the roof and establishing the fascia board.
2. Extend rafter lines
Truss to fascia line

Top plate

is drawn on the inside of the building corner. The exterior walls of the house are 6
thick, so the start point of the rafter is 6 from the outside corner of the building. See
Figure 24-10. To draw the roofline with the correct pitch, draw the second endpoint of
the rafter line using the relative coordinates @ 12,6.
After the bottom of the rafter has been determined, offset the rafter line the thick-
ness of the rafter, 8 in this case. You now have the angle and thickness of the rafter in
the elevation. Offset the outside building line the distance the roof overhangs past the
outer edge of the wall. A fascia board is often added at the end of the rafters. Extend
the rafter lines to the fascia line. Trim the rafter lines to clean up the end of the rafter,
as shown in Figure 24-11.
When the roof pitch, rafter, and fascia have been drawn, the rafter layout can be
copied or mirrored to other parts of the building. When mirroring the rafter layout, it
is often necessary to establish a mirror line half the distance of the roof span. In the
Outer
wall line 3. Draw line
for fascia 1. Offset outer wall line
overhang distance
case of the elevation layout, the span is the distance from the outside of one exterior
wall to the outside of the opposite exterior wall at the top plate.
When mirroring the rafter layout, you can use the Mid Between 2 Points snap
option in the Object Snap shortcut menu to locate the midpoint between the two exte-
rior walls. First, access the MIRROR tool. Then, use the Mid Between 2 Points option to
establish the mirror line. The shortcut menu option allows you to select two points in
the drawing and determine the middle point between the two points.
When you access the MIRROR tool, you are prompted to select objects. Select
span: The distance
between any two each of the lines making up the rafter layout as the objects to mirror. Then, specify
supports.
the mirror line. Use the Mid Between 2 Points option and select the endpoints of the

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 653 654 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

Figure 24-12. the subfloor, and other options are possible depending on your design. Before laying
Finding the middle between two endpoints with the Mid Between 2 Points option. out the locations of the doors and windows, first determine the header height. For the
1. Enter the MIRROR house drawing, a header height of 7-0 is used.
tool and select To create the header line, offset each subfloor line up 7-0. This is the top of the
the rafter layout. doors and windows. To determine the locations of the openings, project lines for the
2. Press the [Shift] key and windows and doors from the floor plans. Project the lines as you did when projecting
right-click to access the Span the exterior wall lines. Once the header lines and locations have been drawn, deter-
Object Snap shortcut menu distance mine the heights of the windows. Use the OFFSET tool to offset the header lines down
at the Specify first point of sill line: A line to create the bottom window line. This bottom window line is called the sill line.
representing the
mirror line: prompt. location of a window Use the Properties palette to place the header and sill lines on the door and window
Then, select the sill on an elevation
layer. Next, use the TRIM tool to trim the header and sill lines. Figure 24-14 displays
Mid Between 2 Points view.
option. the process for laying out doors and windows.
3. Pick the 4. Pick the
first endpoint. second endpoint.
8. Use the
Exercise 24-2
FILLET tool
Go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD to complete
6. Pick the second 7. The mirrored with a radius set Exercise 24-2.
point of the rafter layout. to 0 to join the
mirror line. rafter lines.

5. The mirror Establishing the Foundation and Grading Lines

line is drawn.
The final step in the layout of an exterior elevation is drawing the foundation
locations and finished grading lines. In Chapter 23, three types of foundation systems
were created for the house drawing. All three systems, to some degree, determine the
exterior wall lines. See Figure 24-12. Finally, using ortho mode, pick the second point
to establish the mirror line. This mirrors the layout. Figure 24-14.
Once the rafter layout has been mirrored or copied, the rafter lines can be joined The process of laying out doors and windows.
together. The FILLET tool with a radius of 0 can be used to join the rafter lines to form
the ridge lines and gable roof ends. Figure 24-13 shows the layout of the front elevation
for the house drawing.

Exercise 24-1
Go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD to complete Header line
Exercise 24-1.

Header line
Layout of the Doors and Windows header line: A line
representing the
1. Offset the subfloor line to determine 2. Project the door and window
location of a header
The next step in the elevation layout is to place properly sized doors and windows on an elevation view. the header location. locations.
in their correct locations. The line at the top of the doors and windows is called the header: A
construction member
header line. A construction member, known as a header, is placed over the opening. placed over a door or
Typically, in a building with 8 high walls, the tops of doors and windows are placed window opening to
support the wall and
6-8 from the subfloor. High walls that are 9 generally start the header line 7-0 from roof above.

Sill lines
Figure 24-13.
The layout of the
front elevation.

MAIN PLATE LINE

3. Offset the header line to create the sill 4. Trim the door and window openings.
MAIN SUBFLOOR LINE
line for windows. Place the header and
sill lines on the door and window layer.
Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 655 656 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD
final appearance of an elevation. In addition, the finished grade line is 8 below the top Figure 24-16. Threshold Header line
of the stem wall for each system. Examples of door
In a floor joist system, the floor joists sit on top of the foundation stem wall. This and window blocks.
height must be reflected in the total height of the elevation. So far, the wall lines have
been projected to the subfloor line. With the floor joist system, the top of the stem wall
is an additional 13 below the subfloor. This value (13) is calculated by adding a 1
thick subfloor, plus 10 tall floor joists, plus a 2 thick mudsill. The calculated value 2'-8"6'-8" 3'-0"6'-8" 3'-0"6'-8" 3'-0"6'-8" 3'-0"6'-8"
may vary, depending on construction specifications.
With a post and beam foundation, the top of the stem wall is 4 below the subfloor.
This value (4) is calculated by adding a 2 thick tongue and groove floor plus a 2 thick
mudsill. An elevation for a post and beam foundation is shorter than an equivalent
elevation for a floor joist foundation. This is because the tongue and groove subfloor
sits directly on the mudsill. Figure 24-15 illustrates these differences.
3'-0"6'-8" 3'-0"7'-0" 3'-0"7'-0" 3'-0"7'-0" 5'-0"7'-0"
The exterior wall lines can now be extended to the top of the stem wall line using
the EXTEND tool. The stem wall line also becomes the bottom of the exterior siding. Header Hinge Hinge
line side line Opening
Therefore, draw it on the exterior wall layer. side
The top of the footing is generally at least 12 below the finished grade, or the Opening
side
distance below grade to the bottom of a basement floor. The bottom of the footing is Sill
offset the thickness of the footing. Picture Casement Single hung Sliding
To determine the corners of the foundation, project lines down from the founda- window window window window
tion plan as you did for the main floor. The stem wall and footings are drawn with a
dashed or hidden linetype because they are underground.
Half-round
Awning window picture window Double casement window
Exercise 24-3
Go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD to complete
Exercise 24-3.

Detailing the Elevations Trapezoidal Elliptical picture Half-round

picture window window with "grids" picture window
Casement with
half-round
Now that the elevations have been laid out, you can begin detailing the drawings to with "grids" picture window
make them appear more realistic. For example, windows can be detailed to represent the

Figure 24-15.
The heights of
elevations for a floor
joist system versus
a post and beam
system will cause
the elevation height
to vary.
Top Plate
Single-hung window Sliding window Double sliding window
with "grids" with awning with half-round picture
Subfloor window above window and "grids"
Finish Grade Top of Stem Wall
exact type of window called for in the design. Or, a special type of door may be called for
Floor Joist System and can be added at this time. In addition, frames can be drawn around the doors and
windows. Figure 24-16 shows some examples of different types of door and window
blocks used in architectural drawings. The frames around the openings are typically 2
thick. Create window and door blocks to reduce the amount of drawing time.
Top Plate
Professional Try using dynamic blocks for different types of doors
Tip and windows. For example, create an elevation door block
Subfloor with visibility states defined for multiple design options.
For windows, try to establish different elevation window
Finish Grade Top of Stem Wall sizes by using the stretch action with the linear parameter.

Post and Beam System

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 657 658 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

Figure 24-17. Figure 24-19.
Using different The Hatch tab of the Hatch and Gradient dialog box.
combinations of
elements to create
different elevations. Select Pick the
the hatch area to
pattern be hatched

Check to
Adjust the update hatches
angle and automatically
scale of when editing
the hatch
pattern

Set the
orgin point
for the Pick to select
Other details can be added at this time as well, such as corner boards at the corners hatch pattern an existing
of the building or window/flower boxes under windows. Also, place trim boards on large hatch pattern
in drawing
walls to break up the mass. Draw any decorative elements on the walls. By using different
combinations of trim, windows, and doors, several different elevations can be created from Pick to Pick for
the same floor plans. Figure 24-17 shows different elevations created from the same house verify more options
drawing. Adding the siding and roofing patterns is discussed in the next section. settings

Exercise 24-4 The HATCH tool is used to draw a hatch by automatically filling an enclosed area

HATCH
Ribbon
Home
Go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD to complete >Draw with the selected pattern. The Hatch and Gradient dialog box, shown in Figure 24-19,
Exercise 24-4. appears when you access the HATCH tool. The Hatch tab is used to apply common
patterns, including material symbols.
Hatch
Type
HATCH

Adding Patterns to the Elevations BHATCH

Using AutoCAD, you can add patterns representing building materials or shading
to your drawing. These patterns are called hatch patterns. Hatch patterns can be used
to symbolize siding, roofing, or shading on the elevations. They can also be added
as patterns in sections or in walls. Figure 24-18 shows some of the different hatch
patterns available in AutoCAD.
Figure 24-18.
A few of the predefined hatch patterns supplied with AutoCAD.
BH
Selecting a Hatch Pattern
H
Use the Type and pattern area of the Hatch tab to select a hatch pattern. Hatch pattern
categories are available in the Type: drop-down list. Hatch types include Predefined,
hatch patterns:
AutoCAD material User defined, and Custom. Once you select the pattern type, specific options become
symbols and graphic enabled for selecting a pattern and controlling pattern characteristics.
patterns.
Predefined hatch patterns
The Predefined hatch type provides patterns stored in the acad.pat and acadiso.pat
files. Use the Pattern: drop-down list to select a predefined hatch pattern by name.
Alternatively, pick the ellipsis () button next to the Pattern: drop-down list or
pick in the Swatch: preview box to display the Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box. See
Figure 24-20. The ANSI, ISO, Other Predefined, and Custom tabs divide the hatch
patterns into groups. The name and an image identify each pattern. Select the pattern
from the appropriate tab and pick the OK button to return to the Hatch and Gradient
dialog box. The selected pattern appears in the Pattern: text box and the Swatch:
preview box.
Predefined hatch patterns use specific angle and scale characteristics. You can
modify these settings for unique applications using the options in the Angle and scale
area. Specify a value in the Angle: text box to rotate the pattern. Specify a value in the
Scale: text box to change the pattern size.

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 659 660 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

 Figure 24-20. Figure 24-21.
The Hatch Pattern Examples of different hatch angles and spacing for a user-defined hatch with the continuous
Palette dialog box linetype.
contains image tiles
of the predefined Angle 0 45 0 45
hatch patterns
supplied with Spacing .125 .125 .250 .250
AutoCAD.

Select icon Single

for desired Hatch
hatch pattern

Double
Hatch
Pick to return
to Hatch and
Gradient dialog box

2 Setting the Hatch Pattern Size

AT S S
AC C
0"
2 2 "x 3T I C
E You can control the ISO pen width for predefined
C LO
S
NO T E ISO patterns using the ISO pen width: drop-down list. Predefined and custom hatch patterns can be scaled by entering a value in the
Scale: text box. The drop-down list contains common scales broken down in 0.25
.
ME D .
C AB
9
7

M BA
TH 9

B
increments. The scales in this list start with 0.25 and go up to a scale of 2. However,
L IN .

you can type any scale in the drop-down list text box. Figure 24-22 shows examples
8

HB

of different scales.

Professional An object can be hatched solid by selecting the SOLID 2

Tip predefined pattern. 0"

2 2 "x 3T I C
AT S S
AC C
E Use a smaller hatch size for small objects and a larger
C LO
S
NO T E hatch size for larger objects. This makes material symbols
.

look appropriate for the drawing scale. Often you must

ME D .
C AB
9
7

M BA
TH 9

B
use your best judgment when selecting a hatch size.
8 L IN .

HB

User-defined hatch patterns
The User defined hatch type creates a pattern of equally spaced lines for basic
hatching applications. The lines use the current linetype. The options in the Angle and
scale area allow you to form a specific pattern of lines. Specify a value in the Angle:
text box to rotate the pattern relative to the X axis. Use the Spacing: text box to specify
the distance between lines in the pattern. Check Double to create a pattern of double
lines. Figure 24-21 shows examples of user-defined hatch patterns.
The drawing scale is an important consideration when you select the hatch pattern
scale or spacing. You must use an appropriate hatch size in order to make sure the
hatch pattern appears on screen and plots correctly. You can calculate and manually
apply the scale factor to the hatch pattern scale or spacing, or you can allow AutoCAD
to calculate the scale factor by using annotative hatch patterns.
Figure 24-22.
The effect of different hatch pattern scale factors.

Custom hatch patterns

You can create custom hatch patterns and save them in PAT files. The Custom
hatch type allows you to specify a pattern defined in any custom PAT file you add to
the AutoCAD search path. Use the Custom pattern: drop-down list to select a custom
pattern name, or pick the ellipsis () button or the Swatch: preview box to select the
pattern from the Custom tab of the Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box. You can set the
angle and scale of custom hatch patterns using the same techniques for predefined Hatch pattern: BRICK Hatch pattern: BRICK Hatch pattern: BRICK
hatch patterns. Scale: 12 Scale: 24 Scale: 36

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 661 662 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

Scaling hatch patterns manually Figure 24-24.
AThe default Use
To adjust hatch size manually according to a specific drawing scale, you must current origin setting.
calculate the drawing scale factor and then multiply the scale factor by the desired BThe Specified
origin option is
plotted hatch scale or spacing to get the model space hatch scale or spacing. Enter the
selected and the Click
adjusted scale of predefined or custom hatch patterns in the Scale: text box. Enter to set new origin
the adjusted spacing of a user-defined hatch pattern in the Spacing: text box. Refer to button is used to
Chapter 9 for information on determining the drawing scale factor. select the lower-left
corner (endpoint) of
Annotative hatch patterns the rectangle. Notice
how the pattern, or in A B
Check the Annotative check box in the Options area to make the hatch pattern
this example the first
annotative. AutoCAD scales annotative hatch patterns according to the annotation To start hatch here,
brick, starts exactly
scale you select, which eliminates the need for you to calculate the scale factor. When pick endpoint as
at the corner of the
the origin point
you select an annotation scale from the Annotation Scale flyout button on the status hatched area.
bar, AutoCAD determines the scale factor and automatically applies it to annotative
hatch patterns, or any annotative object. The result is a hatch pattern that displays
left option to create the pattern shown in Figure 24-24B. Check Store as default origin
the proper size regardless of the drawing scale. For example, if you enter a value in
to save the custom origin point.
the Scale: text box or Spacing: text box that is appropriate for an annotation scale of
1/4 = 1-0, and then change the annotation scale to 1 = 1-0, the appearance of the
hatch pattern relative to the drawing scale does not change. It looks the same on the Specifying the Hatch Boundary
1/4 = 1-0 scale drawing as it does on the 1 = 1-0 scale drawing.
The Add: Pick points button often provides the easiest method of defining the
Scaling relative to paper space hatch boundary. Pick the Add: Pick points button to return to the drawing and pick
The Relative to paper space check box in the Angle and scale area allows you to a point within the area to hatch. AutoCAD automatically defines and highlights the
scale the hatch pattern relative to the scale of the active layout viewport. You must enter boundary around the selected point. You can select more than one internal point.
a floating layout viewport in order to select the Relative to paper space check box. The Press [Enter] or the space bar, or right-click and select Enter to return to the Hatch and
hatch scale automatically adjusts according to the viewport scale. Layout viewports Gradient dialog box. See Figure 24-25.
are discussed in Chapter 29. Use the Add: Select objects button to define the hatch boundary by selecting
objects, rather than picking inside an area. See Figure 24-26. Closed objects include
circles, polygons, closed polylines, rectangles, and ellipses. The Add: Select objects
Setting the Hatch Origin Point button can also be used to exclude an object lying inside the area to hatch from the
pattern. An example of this is the text shown inside the hatch area of Figure 24-26.
The Hatch origin area includes options that control the position of hatch patterns.
The Remove boundaries button is available after you select a point or objects to
The default setting is Use current origin, which refers to the current UCS origin, to
define a boundary. If necessary, pick the Remove boundaries button to return to the
define the point from which the hatch pattern forms and how the pattern repeats. In
drawing and select objects to remove from the hatch boundary. Press [Enter] or the space
some cases, it is important that a hatch pattern align with, or originate from, a specific
bar, or right-click and select Enter to return to the Hatch and Gradient dialog box.
point. A common example is hatching the representation of bricks.
To specify a different origin point, select the Specified origin radio button. See
Figure 24-23. Pick the Click to set new origin button to return to the drawing and select Previewing the Hatch
an origin point. Figure 24-24 shows an example of the difference between applying the
Use current origin setting and picking a specific origin point. The Hatch and Gradient Use preview tools to be sure the hatch pattern and hatch boundary settings are
dialog box reappears after you select an origin point. correct before applying a hatch pattern. The View Selections button is available after
You can align the hatch origin point with a specific point on the hatch boundary you define a hatch boundary. Pick this button to return to the drawing window to
by checking Default to boundary extents. Then use the corresponding drop-down
list to select Bottom left, Bottom right, Top right, Top left, or Center. The hatch origin
positions at the selected point on the boundary. For example, you could use the Bottom
Figure 24-25. Using the cursor, pick a point
Defining the hatch inside an area to hatch.
boundary by picking
an internal point.
Figure 24-23.
The Specified origin
setting in the Hatch Pick to specify
origin area of the a different
Hatch tab activates origin point
the other hatch
origin settings. The hatch pattern is applied
inside the enclosed area.

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 663 664 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

Figure 24-26. 1. Select the closed the hatch pattern. Use the Bring to front option to bring the hatch pattern in front of,
Using the Add: object to hatch or on top of, all other objects in the drawing. Any objects that are in the hatching area
Select objects appear as if they are behind the hatch pattern.
button to select an
object to hatch and
exclude an internal 2

object from the

AT S S
AC C
0"
2 2 "x 3T I C
E If the draw order setting needs to be changed after
hatch pattern.
C LO
S
NO T E the hatch pattern is created, use the DRAWORDER tool.
.
ME D .
C AB
9
7

TH
M BA
9

B
8 L IN .

HB

2. Pick the object to be Result

removed from the
hatch pattern Hatching Objects with Islands
When defining a hatch boundary using the Add: Pick points button, you may need
islands: Boundaries to adjust how AutoCAD treats islands, like those shown in Figure 24-27. By default,
view the selected hatch boundary. Press [Enter] or the space bar, or right-click to return inside another
boundary. islands do not hatch, as shown in Figure 24-27B. One option to hatch islands is to use
to the Hatch and Gradient dialog box.
the Remove boundaries button after selecting the internal point. Then pick the islands
Pick the Preview button, located in the lower-left corner of the Hatch and Gradient
to remove and press [Enter] or the space bar, or right-click and pick Enter to return to
dialog box, to temporarily place the hatch pattern on the drawing. This allows you to see
the dialog box and create the hatch. See Figure 24-27C.
if any changes are required before the hatch is drawn. Press [Enter] or right-click to accept
Another method is to adjust island detection in the Islands area. Pick the More
the preview and create the hatch. To make changes after previewing the hatch, press [Esc]
Options button in the lower-right corner of the Hatch and Gradient dialog box to
or the space bar to return to the Hatch and Gradient dialog box. Change hatch pattern
expand the dialog box to show the Islands area and additional hatch settings. See
settings as needed and preview the hatch again. Apply the hatch when you are satisfied
Figure 24-28. Select the Island detection check box to adjust the island display style.
with the preview. Pick the OK button in the Hatch and Gradient dialog box to create the
The island display style images illustrate the effect of each island detection option.
hatch pattern without previewing, or at any time after you define the boundary.
Pick the Normal radio button to hatch every other boundary, stepping inward
from the outer boundary. If AutoCAD encounters an island, it turns off hatching until
Hatch Pattern Association Options it encounters another island, and then reactivates hatching. Another way to look at
this is every other closed boundary has hatching applied. For example, a window in
The HATCH tool creates an associative hatch pattern by default. To create a associative hatch an elevation may have many islands. The Normal option hatches every other island on
pattern: Pattern
nonassociative hatch pattern, deselect the Associative check box in the Options area that updates the window.
automatically when
of the Hatch and Gradient dialog box. An associative hatch is appropriate for most appli- the associated
Select the Outer radio button to hatch only the outermost area inward from the
cations. If you stretch, scale, or otherwise edit the objects that define the boundary of an objects are edited. outer boundary. AutoCAD stops hatching when it encounters the first island. This is a
associative hatch, the pattern automatically adjusts and fills the modified boundary. A nonassociative
hatch pattern:
nonassociative hatch pattern does not respond this way. Instead, nonassociative hatch A pattern that is
boundary grips are available for changing the extents of the hatch, separate from the independent of Figure 24-27.
objects; it updates Hatching objects with internal boundary areas. The internal areas are known as islands.
original boundary objects. when the boundary
changes, but not AThe original objects before hatching is applied. BUsing the Add: Pick points button to
You can select multiple points and objects during a single hatch operation. By when changes are hatch an internal area leaves the islands unhatched. CAfter picking an internal point, pick
default, multiple boundaries form a single hatch object. Selecting and editing one of made to objects.
the Remove boundaries button and pick the islands. The hatch is applied to islands.
the hatch patterns selects and edits all patterns created during the same operation.
Hatch fills islands
If this is not the preferred result, check the Create separate hatches check box in the Pick an Hatch is applied once the boundaries
Options area before applying the hatch patterns. Individual hatch patterns will then internal point around islands are removed
form for each boundary.

Controlling the Draw Order

The Draw order drop-down list in the Options area provides options for control- Islands
ling the order of display when a hatch pattern overlaps other objects. The Send
behind boundary option is the default and makes the hatch pattern appear behind
the boundary. Select the Bring in front of boundary option to make the hatch pattern
appear on top of the boundary. Select the Do not assign option to have no automatic
drawing order setting assigned to the hatch.
Use the Send to back option to send the hatch pattern behind all other objects in
the drawing. Any objects that are in the hatching area appear as if they are on top of A B C

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 665 666 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

Figure 24-28. Figure 24-29.
Picking the More Options button in the Hatch and Gradient dialog box accesses additional The Boundary set area
options for island display and boundary creation. provides options for
improving hatching
Boundary object efficiency, including
and boundary Island
the ability to define a
set options display options
boundary set.

set area specifies what is evaluated when hatching. See Figure 24-29. The default
setting is Current viewport. If you want to limit what AutoCAD evaluates, pick the New
button before selecting objects or internal points to hatch. Then, at the Select objects:
prompt, draw a window enclosing the features to be hatched. You do not have to be
very precise as long as all features to be hatched are enclosed in the window. This is
demonstrated in Figure 24-30. After selecting the object(s), the Hatch and Gradient
dialog box returns. The drop-down list in the Boundary set area now displays Existing
set, as shown in Figure 24-29. Only the objects inside the existing set are evaluated
when the hatch is drawn. The existing boundary set remains defined until another
is created or Current viewport is selected.

Boundary Object Options

When you use the HATCH tool and pick an internal area to be hatched, AutoCAD
automatically creates a temporary boundary around the area. If the Retain boundaries
check box in the Hatch and Gradient dialog box is unchecked, the temporary boundaries
are automatically removed when the hatch is applied. However, if you check the Retain
boundaries check box, the hatch boundaries are kept when the hatch is applied.
region: A closed,
When the Retain boundaries check box is checked, the Object type drop-down
two-dimensional list is enabled. See Figure 24-31. The drop-down list has two optionsPolyline (the
area with mass,
similar to a piece of default) and Region. If Polyline is selected, the boundary is retained as a polyline object
paper. around the hatched area. If Region is selected, the boundary is retained as a region.
Inherit Pick to display
hatch options fewer options
Figure 24-30.
A boundary set limits the area evaluated by AutoCAD during a boundary hatching
good option when hatching siding on a building and AutoCAD detects several islands operation. (3D-DZYN)
on a window or door. The outer frame of the window is detected and AutoCAD does
not place a hatch on the window. Set boundary Window blocks Second corner of
area the boundary
Select the Ignore radio button to ignore all islands and hatch everything within the set window
selected boundary. Any islands within the boundary are filled with the hatch pattern.
Area to be
hatched
Exercise 24-5
Go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD to complete First corner
Exercise 24-5. of the
boundary
set window

Improving Boundary Hatching Speed

Normally, the HATCH tool evaluates all geometry visible on screen to establish
the boundary. In most situations, boundary hatching works with satisfactory speed.
However, this process can take some time on a large drawing or if a large amount of
geometry is visible. You can improve the hatching speed by limiting the amount of
geometry that needs to be evaluated for hatching. The drop-down list in the Boundary

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 667 668 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

 Figure 24-32.
Professional There are several techniques to help save time when An open boundary may not be visible at the current zoom level. However, when you zoom in
Tip hatching, especially when working with large and complex on the area, the error is obvious. If a small gap is causing the error, AutoCAD displays circles
drawings. These include: to identify the gap.
Zoom in on the area to be hatched to make The boundary does not
defining the boundary easier. close in this area. Extend
Preview the hatch before you apply it. This allows the lines to hatch the area.
you to make adjustments without undoing or
editing the hatch.
Turn off layers containing objects that might Circles identifying gap
interfere with defining hatch boundaries.
Create boundary sets of small areas within a
complex drawing.

Hatching Unclosed Areas and Correcting Boundary Errors

The HATCH tool works well unless there is a gap in the hatch boundary or you
pick a point outside a likely boundary. When you select a point where no boundary
can form, an error message states that a valid boundary cannot be determined. Close
the message and try again to specify the boundary. When you try to hatch an area that
does not close because of a small gap, an error message displays and circles enclosing
the area appear to identify where the gap exists. See Figure 24-32. Close the message
and eliminate the gap to create the hatch.
Figure 24-32 shows an object where the corner does not close. The error is too small
to see at the current zoom level. However, using the ZOOM tool reveals the problem. The
error can be fixed by using the EXTEND tool to close the gap. For most applications, it
is best to fix the gap. However, you can hatch an unclosed boundary by setting a gap
tolerance in the Gap Tolerance area of the Hatch and Gradient dialog box. AutoCAD
ignores any gaps in the boundary less than or equal to the value specified in the
Tolerance: text box. Before generating the hatch, AutoCAD displays a message allowing
you to hatch the unclosed area or return to the Hatch and Gradient dialog box.
Professional When you create an associative hatch, it is often best
Tip to specify a single internal point per hatch. If you specify
more than one internal point in the same operation,
AutoCAD creates one hatch object from all points picked.
This can cause unexpected results when you try to edit
what appears to be a separate hatch object.
Reusing Existing Hatch Properties
You can specify hatch pattern characteristics by referencing an identical hatch pattern
from the drawing. Pick the Inherit Properties button in the Hatch and Gradient dialog box
Figure 24-31.
There are two
options for the
Select an
boundary object
object type
type. These options
are only available
if the Retain
boundaries check
box is checked.
Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations
Look around the edges to make Hatch the area after fixing the
boundary edges.
sure that the geometry creates a
closed area.
and select an existing hatch pattern. The crosshairs appear with a paintbrush icon. Pick
a point inside a different area to define the boundary, and then press [Enter] or the space
gap tolerance: bar, or right-click and pick Enter to return to the Hatch and Gradient dialog box. The dialog
The amount of gap
allowed between box displays the settings of the selected pattern. Pick the Preview button to preview the
segments of a settings. Pick the OK button to apply the hatch pattern to the selected boundary.
boundary to be
hatched. The Inherit options area in the Hatch and Gradient dialog box controls the hatch
origin. Refer to Figure 24-28. The default Use current origin option uses the origin
point setting specified in the Hatch origin area in the Hatch tab. Select the Use source
hatch origin option to originate the new hatch pattern from the origin of the hatch
selected with the Inherit Properties button.
Editing Hatch Patterns
A hatch pattern is a single object that you can edit with tools such as ERASE,
COPY, and MOVE, grips, or the Properties palette. You can also use the HATCHEDIT
tool to adjust the characteristics of an existing hatch pattern. A quick way to access
the HATCHEDIT tool is to double-click the hatch pattern to be edited. The HATCHEDIT
tool opens the Hatch Edit dialog box shown in Figure 24-33. The Hatch Edit dialog
box is identical to the Hatch and Gradient dialog box except for the available Recreate
boundary and Select boundary objects buttons in the Boundaries area.
You can use the Recreate boundary button to trace boundary objects over the
original objects defining the boundary. However, a more practical application is to
recreate the geometry if you have erased the original boundary object. Pick the button
and follow the prompts to create the boundary objects as a region or polyline. You can
also specify whether to associate the hatch with the objects. The Hatch Edit dialog box
reappears after you select the desired options.
Pick the Select boundary objects button to exit the Hatch and Gradient dialog
box and select the hatch pattern and associated boundary object or nonassociated
669 670 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD
Figure 24-33.
The Hatch Edit Pick to create Exercise 24-6
dialog box is used to new hatch Go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD to complete
edit hatch patterns boundary Exercise 24-6.
and appears very
similar to the Hatch
and Gradient dialog
box. Notice that
only the options
related to hatch
Finishing the Elevations
Pick to grip
characteristics edit hatch
are available. The Direct projection was used to create the house elevations, so the views need to be
pattern or rotated for all of the elevations to be right side up. Use the MOVE tool and move the
Recreate Boundary nonassociated
and Select Boundary boundary elevations to the side of the drawing. Then, rotate each elevation the appropriate rota-
Objects buttons are tion angle. For example, the right-side elevation is rotated 270 (90), the rear elevation
also available. is rotated 180, and the left-side elevation is rotated 90 (270). Make sure all objects
on all elevation layers are being moved and rotated. Figure 24-35 displays the house
elevations moved and rotated for readability.
After the elevations have been repositioned, notes reflecting the type of building
materials are added. Any building-specific notes are also added to the elevations, such
as the subfloor and plate line locations. Dimensions can be added to the elevations. The
wall height can be dimensioned from the subfloor to the plate line. The roof overhangs
are dimensioned on the elevations, and the chimney height is dimensioned as needed.

boundary. This allows you to use grips to make changes to the size and shape of the Exercise 24-7
associated object or the nonassociated boundary. Go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD to complete
Exercise 24-7.

Adding and removing boundaries

Use the Add: Pick points, Add: Select objects, and Remove boundaries buttons in
the Hatch Edit dialog box to add boundaries to and remove them from existing asso- Using Gradient Fills
ciative and nonassociative hatch patterns. In Figure 24-34, for example, a rectangle is
drawn to create a window. To add the window as an island in the boundary, double- As previously discussed, hatch patterns can be used to create shaded features. In
click the hatch pattern to open the Hatch Edit dialog box. Pick the Add: Select objects Figure 24-35, a hatch pattern is used for the shading in the front elevation. Another way to
button to return to the drawing and pick the rectangle. Return to the Hatch Edit dialog
box and complete the operation. Figure 24-35.
The house elevations organized for readability.
1'-0" 4'-0" 1'-0"
17'-3" 21'-9" 10'-0" 9'-0"
Figure 24-34.
Objects can be added to a hatch pattern boundary after the pattern is created.
12

Pick to add the rectangle

6
12
6

to the hatch boundary TOP PLATE

HEADER LINE

9'-1"
7'-0"
Rectangle FLOOR LINE

Front Elevation Left Side Elevation

1'-0" 4'-0" 1'-0" 1'-6" 4'-0" 1'-6"
9'-0" 10'-0" 21'-9" 17'-3" 21'-0" 17'-0"
10'-0"

2'-0"
1 X 8 TRIM
BOARD
1 X 6 TRIM
12 BOARD
CEDAR SHAKE 6
ROOF 12
6
1 X 8 TRIM
BOARD

TOP PLATE
1 X 4 CORNER
BOARDS
HEADER LINE

1 X 6 HORIZ.

9'-1"
LAP SIDING

7'-0"
5'-9"
1 X 8 TRIM
BOARD
FLOOR LINE

Hatch pattern with a Hatch Edit dialog box Rectangle is now associated
rectangle drawn inside with the hatch pattern
Right Side Elevation Rear Elevation

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 671 672 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

Figure 24-36. Check the Centered check box to apply a symmetrical configuration. If you do not
The use of gradient select this option, the gradient fill shifts to simulate the projection of a light source from
fills in this elevation the left of the object. Use the Angle text box to specify the gradient fill angle relative
provides the illusion to the current UCS. The default angle is 0. Once you specify gradient characteristics,
of light hitting the
building.
create gradients using the same boundary selection process, options, and settings you
would use to apply a hatch pattern. Gradient fills are associative by default and can be
edited using the same methods as those for other hatch patterns.

Professional Another way to insert hatch patterns is to use the

Tip SUPERHATCH tool available with the AutoCAD Express
Tools. If the Express Tools are installed, this tool can be
accessed from the Express Tools ribbon tab. You can also
type SUPERHATCH. Using the SUPERHATCH tool is similar
to normal hatching. However, instead of using predefined
patterns, it allows you to use an image, block, external
reference, or wipeout as a hatch pattern. Sample image files
(TGA files) for hatching can be found in the Texture Maps
Search Path location specified in the Files tab of the Options
apply shading is to use gradient fills. See Figure 24-36. Gradients create the appearance gradient fill: A
shading transition dialog box. Access the Express Tools Help window for more
of a lit surface with a gradual transition from an area of highlight to a filled area. Gradient between the tones
of one color or two information about the SUPERHATCH tool.
fills can be added by accessing the Gradient tab in the Hatch and Gradient dialog box. See separate colors.
Figure 24-37. You can create a gradient fill based on one color, or you can use two colors to
simulate a transition from light to dark between the colors. Several different fill patterns
are available to create linear sweep, spherical, radial, or curved shading.
The One color option is the default and creates a fill that has a smooth transition
Creating Interior Elevations
between the darker shades and lighter tints of one color. To select a color, pick the At the beginning of this chapter, two different techniques for creating elevations
ellipsis () button next to the color swatch to access the Select Color dialog box. When were discussed. The direct projection method was used to create elevations for the house
the One color option is active, the Shade and Tint slider appears. Use the slider to tint: A specific color
mixed with white. project. The following discussion explains how to lay out interior elevations for the
specify the tint or shade of a color used for a one-color gradient fill. Pick the Two color house using the dimensional layout technique. Either technique can be used to lay out
shade: A specific
option to specify a fill using a smooth transition between two colors. A color swatch color mixed with interior or exterior elevations.
gray or black.
with an ellipsis () button is available for each color. Interior elevations are used to show how the interior of a structure is to appear. If
each room design in a commercial or office building is different, interior elevations are
drawn for every room. Otherwise, a single room elevation, noted as typical, may be
Figure 24-37.
The Gradient tab sufficient. In residential work, it is common to draw interior elevations of the kitchen,
in the Hatch and bathrooms, and any walls that have a special feature. Special features may include a
Gradient dialog box built-in bookcase, fireplace mantle, paneling, or archway entrance.
allows you to add
gradient fills into an Color
options
enclosed area. Interior Elevation Names
There are two methods of identifying interior elevations. The first involves
the cardinal direction to which the viewer is facing while looking at the wall. See
Figure 24-38A. The cardinal direction plus the room name is the title of the elevation.
Fill
options If the location of an interior elevation is obvious by identification of the room from
where it is created, the elevation may simply be labeled as KITCHEN, or BATH 1. The
other practice is to place an elevation callout on the floor plan that identifies the direc-
tion, elevation, and drawing sheet number. This method is inherent when sheet sets
are used. Sheet sets are discussed in Chapter 30. See Figure 24-38B.
Gradient
configuration
options Interior Elevation Layout
The dimensional layout technique uses a series of layout lines similar to the direct
projection system. However, elevations are not created around the floor plans, as in the

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 673 674 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

Figure 24-38. Figure 24-40. Soffit Finished ceiling
Naming interior elevations. AUsing the cardinal direction. BUsing elevation callouts. The outline of an
interior elevation.
Upper Edge of
Elevation cabinet
callout wall

Countertop

Base
Drawing Direction cabinet
sheet of
number elevation
Toe kick Finished floor
Kitchen Elevation

Once you have a reference for the elevations, lay out the finished floor and ceiling
lines as you did for the exterior elevations. This establishes the wall height for the
A B interior elevations and is the beginning of the layout lines. You are not creating the
elevations around the floor plans, so all floor and plate lines can be initially drawn
parallel, as shown in Figure 24-41.
direct projection system. Instead, the dimensions of the floor plans are referenced to
locate the walls, doors, and windows in the elevations.
The first step in the dimensional layout method is to reference the drawing. This Figure 24-41.
can be done by either printing copies of the dimensioned floor plans to use as refer- As the different
ences or by using xrefs. This discussion uses xrefs to reference the house floor plan. rooms are
The interior elevations include only the interior wall lines, the finished floor and referenced, lay out
floor and plate lines
ceiling lines, and any detail on the wall itself. The location of the floor and ceiling lines for each room.
is important and helps you paint the picture of how the interior of the building looks.
The types of cabinetry, sizes and heights of counters, and finishing materials should
be known before creating the interior elevations. Typical kitchen counters are 36 high,
and bathroom counters are 30 to 33 high. Figure 24-39 shows typical kitchen and
bathroom cabinetry with dimensions for reference.
When creating the interior elevations, the elevation boundary represents the outer-
most edge of the interior of the room. When components such as cabinetry, beams, and
soffits project toward the viewer, a line is drawn around the outermost edge of the
component. Anything within the wall boundary line represents items along the wall
being viewed, as shown in Figure 24-40.

Figure 24-39.
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets.

9'-1"
Upper
cabinet
KITCHEN KITCHEN KITCHEN
1 Scale:1/8" = 1'-0"
2 Scale:1/8" = 1'-0"
3 Scale:1/8" = 1'-0"

Countertop

9'-1"
Countertop
Base 1
BATHROOM
2
BATHROOM

cabinet Base Scale:1/8" = 1'-0" Scale:1/8" = 1'-0"

cabinet
Toe kick

9'-1"
Toe kick

MASTER BATHROOM MASTER BATHROOM

Kitchen Bathroom 3 Scale:1/8" = 1'-0"
4 Scale:1/8" = 1'-0"

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 675 676 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

 After the floor and plate lines are drawn, sketch the wall placements. Draw a Figure 24-43.
vertical line through each of the floor and plate lines for each elevation. This line Openings are added to the interior elevations in their respective locations.
represents one edge of one of your elevations. Using the floor plan dimensions or
the MEASUREGEOM tool as a reference, offset the vertical line the distance to each
of the other interior corners of the room. Next, draw lines for the floor and ceiling,
connecting the wall lines for each elevation. Figure 24-42 shows the interior elevation
wall, floor, and ceiling lines laid out for the kitchen and two bathrooms.

Adding the Doors and Windows

After the walls have been laid out, the doors and windows are added to the eleva-
tions. Refer to the floor plan dimensions for locations. Place the doors and windows on
the elevations at their correct sizes. Use the MEASUREGEOM tool if needed to measure
the width of doors on the floor plans.
Previously, in the exterior elevations, it was determined that the door and window
headers would be 7-0 from the floor. Offset the floor lines up 7-0 to be used as a
reference for the door and window heights. Refer to the exterior elevations for the
height of the windows where required.
If doors are included in the elevations, detail them appropriately. In the case where an
opening is present along a wall without a door, draw the opening as it should appear, such
as arched or rectangular. You can also include trim boards and other details, if you desire.
Figure 24-43 displays the interior elevations with door or window openings added.

Adding Detail
Now that the wall, door, and window locations have been added to the interior
elevations, additional details such as casework, plumbing fixtures, and appliances can be added. This will help tell the story of how the interior of the building will look.
Begin offsetting the wall, floor, and ceiling lines as required to establish casework,
Figure 24-42. soffit, and appliance locations. Figure 24-44 provides an example of different heights
Reference the floor plan for the placement of walls. Use the MEASUREGEOM tool with the and widths for casework and appliances.
OFFSET tool to lay out the walls. After the casework locations have been placed, use the TRIM and EXTEND tools
as needed to clean up the detail. Notice in Figure 24-44 the exterior boundary of each
elevation follows the outlines of items that are being projected or coming toward the
viewer (such as casework). This provides an odd-shaped elevation but displays to the
viewer items that are viewed against the wall being viewed.
The next step, after the layout of the casework and appliances, is the detailing to be
done on the casework and appliances. Add door and drawer locations to the casework.
Add special casework detailing such as door configurations, trim, and glass. Tile can
be added with hatching along the backsplash and counter edges. This provides the
viewer with the sense of how the finished interior elevations will appear when the
building is constructed.

Adding Notes and Dimensions

After the interior elevations are completed, notes and dimensions are added to
complete the drawings. Many architectural offices use a keynote noting system. A
keynote system:
A system of
keynote system uses a number with a leader line pointing to an area or object that has
identification tags an associated note. The number relates to a keynote legend. This legend explains the
designed to annotate
a drawing through type of note the number is referencing. Figure 24-45 displays the final interior eleva-
the use of symbols. tions for the house noted with keynotes and a keynote legend.

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 677 678 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

 Figure 24-44.
Associates, Inc.)

Material
Supplemental
Exercise 24-8.

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations

Exercise 24-8
floor plans are dimensioned in an elevation.

Using Keynotes

www.g-wlearning.com/CAD.
Interior elevations of a kitchen and bathroom with casework. (Alan Mascord Design

Go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD to complete

For examples and information about using keynotes and

keynote legends on drawings, go to the student Web site at
floor and plate heights. In addition, any features that cannot be dimensioned on the
Dimensions are also placed on elevations. These dimensions show the different

679
680
09300.A1 12300.A5
1'-0"

1'-0"

1'-0"

06200.A2 12300.A5
1'-9"

1'-11"

11400.A1
3'-1"

06200.A2 09200.A4
09200.A4
06400.B3 09300.A1
9'-1"

09300.A1
4'-8"

2'-0"

06400.E1
09200.A4 11400.C1
Figure 24-45.

6'-0"

11400.B1
3'-0"
1'-8"

8'-0" 2'-5" 3'-0" 2'-6" 5'-0" 2'-0"1'-5"

KITCHEN KITCHEN KITCHEN

1 2 3
Scale: 1/8" = 1'-0" Scale: 1/8" = 1'-0" Scale: 1/8" = 1'-0"

09200.A4
KEYNOTE LEGEND
10800.E3 08800.D3 06200.A2 1 X 4 TRIM
06400.B3 COUNTERTOP W/ INTEGRAL BACKSPLASH
09200.A4
06400.E1 DRAWER
15400.C1
9'-1"
9'-1"

15400.C4 08800.D1 1/4" TINTED TEMPERED FLOAT GLASS

15400.C3
08800.D3 1/4" GLASS MIRROR
15400.C3 09299.A4 GYPSUM PLASTER
12300.A5
09300.A1 CERAMIC TILE
10800.E3 SHOWER CURTAIN ROD
11400.A1 OVENS
5'-0" 1'-0" 3'-0" 2'-7" 3'-5" 11400.B1 DISHWASHING EQUIPMENT
11400.C1 REFIGERATOR
12300.A5 RESIDENTIAL CASEWORK
13100.C5 SPA TUB
BATHROOM BATHROOM 15400.C1 LAVATORY
1 2
Scale: 1/8" = 1'-0" Scale: 1/8" = 1'-0" 15400.C3 WATER CLOSET
15400.C4 BATHTUB

09200.A4 09200.A4
08800.D1
Dimensions and keynotes have been added to the interior elevations.

08800.D3
08800.D3
13100.C5
9'-1"

15400.C1
12300.A5
6'-0"

15400.C3
2'-3"

4'-10" 7'-2" 3'-0" 6" 4'-0" 2'-7" 4'-9"

MASTER BATHROOM MASTER BATHROOM

3 4
Scale: 1/8" = 1'-0" Scale: 1/8" = 1'-0"
Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD
Chapter Test 1.

Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper or
go to the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD to complete the electronic
chapter test.
1. Briefly describe elevations and the type of information they provide.
2. Describe the direct projection method of creating an elevation.
3. Explain the dimensional layout method of creating an elevation.
4. What is the determining factor when selecting a scale for elevations?
5. Name the two common roof framing methods.
6. In one of the common roof framing methods, a notch is cut in the rafter. What is
this notch called?
7. Define span.
8. Name the construction member placed over door and window openings to support
the wall and roof above.
9. Which AutoCAD tool is used to automatically fill an enclosed area with a hatch
pattern?
10. What are islands, as related to hatching?
11. Define associative hatch patterns.
12. What happens if you edit the boundary of a nonassociative hatch pattern?
13. What happens if you attempt to hatch an area inside of a boundary that is not
completely closed?
14. Define region.
15. Name the tool used to edit hatch patterns.
16. What is a gradient fill?
17. What is the purpose of interior elevations?
18. What is a keynote system?

Drawing Problems
The problems in this chapter continue the process of developing a set of working drawings for
the four projects, started in Chapter 16. In this chapter, you will create elevation plans for the
projects. Place all objects on appropriate layers.
For Problems 14, create elevations for the projects as shown on the following pages. Use the
following general procedure:
A. Start a new drawing using your Architectural-US template, or the Architectural-US
template available from the student Web site at www.g-wlearning.com/CAD, unless
otherwise instructed.
B. Use the selected floor plan drawing or drawings from the floor plan chapter and
the given elevation drawings for reference.
C. Draw and dimension the elevations for the assigned project.
D. Save the completed drawing as 24-ResA, 24-ResB, 24-Multifamily, or 24-Commercial,
Drawing Problems

Drawing Problems

whichever is appropriate for the project.

Chapter 24

Chapter 24

(Alan Mascord Design Associates, Inc.)

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 681 682 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

 2. 3.

Drawing Problems

Drawing Problems
Chapter 24

Chapter 24

(3D-DZYN)
(3D-DZYN)

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 683 684 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD

 4.

Roof framing details. (Mark Hartman)

Drawing Problems

Drawing Problems
Chapter 24

Chapter 24

(Cynthia Bankey Architect, Inc.)

Chapter 24 Drawing Elevations 685 686 Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD