Sunteți pe pagina 1din 3

Formula Sheet for Physics 131

General Kinematics Definitions


∆ always signifies the change in a quantity, i.e the difference between the final and the initial
value; e.g. time interval ∆t = tf − ti and displacement ∆~r = ~rf − ~ri
average speed = distance traveled / time interval spent traveling
∆~r ∆~r d~r
average velocity ~vavg = instantaneous velocity ~v = lim =
∆t ∆t→0 ∆t dt
instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity
∆~v ∆~v d~v
average acceleration ~aavg = instantaneous acceleration ~a = lim =
∆t ∆t→0 ∆t dt
Motion in a straight line
The direction of motion is generically called s; it can be replaced with x or y when appro-
priate.
ds
instantaneous velocity: vs = = slope of position vs time graph
dt
dvs
instantaneous acceleration: as = = slope of velocity vs time graph
Z tf dt
final position sf = si + vs dt = si + area under the velocity curve from ti to tf
tZi
tf
final velocity vf s = vis + as dt = vis + area under the velocity curve from ti to tf
ti

Equations for constant acceleration in one dimension:


1
vf s = vis + as ∆t sf = si + vis ∆t + as (∆t)2 vf2s = vis
2
+ 2as ∆s
2

magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at Earth’s surface: g = 9.8m/s2

Dynamics
X
Newton’s Second Law: F~ = m~a
Newton’s Third Law: F~A on B = −F~B on A

force of gravity on earth’s surface: |F~g | = mg, g = 9.8 sm2 , |F~g | is also called weight
Friction: static friction: fs,max = µs · n, kinetic friction:fk = µk · n

v2
uniform circular motion - centripetal acceleration: a =
r
s dθ
angular position θ = , measured in radians angular velocity ω = vt = ωr
r dt

angular acceleration α = at = rα
dt
2πr 2π
period: T = =
v ω
1
Non-uniform circular motion: θf = θi + ωi ∆t + α(∆t)2 ωf = ωi + α∆t
2
Rt
impulse J~ = tif F~ dt
momentum p~ = m~v impulse - momentum theorem: J~ = ∆~p
kinetic energy K = 21 mv 2 gravitational potential energy Ug = mgy
elastic potential energy Us = 12 k(∆s)2 Hooke’s Law (Fsp )s = −k∆s
m1 − m2
perfectly elastic collision, ball 2 initially at rest: (vf x )1 = (vix )1
m1 + m2
2m1
(vf x )2 = (vix )1
m1 + m2 )
Z sf
work: W = Fs ds, for a constant force W = F~ · ∆~r
si
work - kinetic energy theorem: ∆K = Wnet = Wc + Wdiss + Wext
∆Eth = −Wdiss
energy equation: ∆K + ∆U + ∆Eth = ∆Esys = Wext
dEsys
power P =
dt
mM 2
Gravitational force between two masses: F = G 2
, G = 6.67 · 10−11 Nkgm2
r
GmM
gravitational potential energy (general form): Ug = −
r
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + . . . mn xn
location of the center of mass (CM): xcm =
m1 + m2 + . . . m n
torque τ = rF sin φ
τ
Newton’s Second Law for rotational motion: α =
I

Geometry: area of a circle of radius r: A = πr2 circumference of a circle of radius r:


C = 2πr
surface area of a sphere of radius r: S = 4πr2 volume of a sphere of radius r: V = 43 πr3

2 −b ± b2 − 4ac
Quadratic equation: ax + bx + c = 0, x =
2a

Unit vectors: î in x-direction ĵ in y-direction k̂ in z-direction

Dot Product (or Scalar Product) of two vectors: ~a · ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz = ab cos θ, θ


angle between the two vectors
Trig and right triangle:

Theorem of Pythagoras: (leg adjacent)2 + (leg opposite)2 = (hypotenuse)2

physical quantity symbol SI unit abbreviation for unit


displacement, distance ~r, x, y, ... meter m
m
velocity ~v , vs meter/second
s
m
acceleration ~a, as meter/second/second
s2
mass m kilogram kg
kgm
force F Newton N= 2
s
angular displacement θ radians rad
rad
angular velocity ω “omega” radians/second
s
rad
angular acceleration α ”alpha” radians/ second /second
s2
m
momentum p kilogram meter/second kg
s
energy, work E, U, K, W Joule J = Nm
J
power P Watt W =
s

S-ar putea să vă placă și