In this practice you should develop the next project to

apply the concept seen in the previous class.

You should test the code and explain each line.

Use mic to hear sound, that get of demodulate signal.

AM Radio Superhetrodryne Receiver (MATLAB Signal

Extraction)
1. Objective:
The main purpose of this lab is to understand how Superhetrodryne
Receiver works for AM radio. Also, to extract signal using MATLAB
using this principle for the given center frequency.

2. Theory:
Whenever the signal is received by the antenna it receives bunch of AM
signal. We can adjust the center frequency and hear the desired
station we want. So, in order to hear the desired center frequency we
have to eliminate other frequency components which involves step by
step method. For Superhetrodryne Receiver this is the block diagram
how it works on the receiver side.

After many signal is received by an Antenna; in this case four station

s1(t), s2(t), s3(t) and s4(t) with different station frequency f1 = 35.5
Khz, f2 = 48 KHz, f3 = 60.5 KHz and f4 = 71.5 KHz respectively is
passed through 5 stages and described down below.

RF BPF:

After signal is received on antenna it goes to first filter called

Radio frequency filter. This is band pass filter which filters the
image station. A designer can design this filter in such a way that
the upper cutoff frequency of the band pass filter should be less than

F_up < fc+2If ---1

Where f_up is the upper cut of frequency, fc is center frequency and

If is intermediate frequency. In, this was we can make sure that image
station (fc+2If) in cutoff. Whereas for lower cut off has to be at
least

F_lower =fc-B_band --- 2

Where B_band is the baseband for voice. Since, voice has spectrum up
to 4 KHz, B_band can be set as 4Khz. After the upper and lower limits
are set up we can use butter function in MATLAB to create a bandpass
filter to select the desired center frequency fc, and cutoff the image
station.

Signal mixture

In this block output form RF band pass filter is mixed with and local
oscillator. Local oscillator frequency is chosen in such a way that

fL0 = fc + fIf ----3

Where fL0 is oscillator frequency. The output of the mixer is in
frequency domain is
fIF = fL0 - fc ----4
fIF = fL0 + fC -----5

Equation 4 and 5 shows the amplitude spectrum of signal which is

shifted to intermediate frequency. Equation 4 is desired station
frequency whereas equation 5 is the image station created by the local
oscillator. Also, during the state the amplitude of the signal is
reduced in half, so we need amplifier to amplify the signal.

Intermediate Frequency band pass filter (IF BPF) :

The third part of the design is IF filter. This filter is responsible

to filter out the noise and the neighboring station. The upper limit
and lower limit of this band pass filter is chosen in such a way that
it would filter out everything except the signal. For this filter the
upper and lower cutoff frequency is given by

fF_upper = fc + B_band ---6

fF_lower= fc-B_band -----7

The reason we need to add and subtract B_band which is voice signal
spectrum because we can hear the voice signal up to 4 kHz. Due to this
reason the B_band would have a bandwidth of

f2*B_band= 8Khz ----9

So the audible bandwidth of B_band is 8 Khz. Therefore, any signal

after and before 4 KHz need to added and subtracted in order to remove
noise and neighboring station.
 Envelop Detector:

The fourth block of the design is Envelop detector. This block is made
up of a diode and a RC circuit in parallel which acts a low pass
filter. The output of the IF BPF filter is taken to diode. The reason
we use diode because diode gets rid of the negative amplitude, since
diode are forward biased. And during the negative cycle the charged
capacitor is discharged through the resistor making a ripple effect,
creating an envelope. Also, during this envelop detection process high
frequency component is taken off by low pass filter.

A+m2(t) cos(wIFt) ----10

A+m2(t) ----11

A is the DC component m2(t) is the signal need to be extracted and cos

(wIFt) is the high frequency component. Here, equation 10 shows the
signal before passing though envelop detector and after passing though
the detector the high frequency cos (wIFt) is cut off.

Mean/ DC component:

In this part of the DC component is taken off. The reason we need to

take DC component off because at the time of signal modulation the DC
component was used to offset the amplitude so, the signal was shifted
up in positive Y axis. In order to filter DC component we need to use
capacitor since capacitor acts as open circuit for DC. And in MATLAB
we can use mean function at the output of envelop detector to filter
out the DC component. The average of data is DC so mean gives the DC
component. Thus subtracting with equation 11 filters the desired
signal. In this case m2(t) is the desired signal.

Sampling down

We need to sample down the given signal to human hearing frequency. IN

order do that we need to down sample the given signal to 8000Hz. The
reason we have 8 kHhz is because the bandwidth of base band of the
sound is 4000K. As we know

Fs=2B----12
Fs=2*4000=8Khz
Sound play

After the signal is sampled down the signal is played with the
function sound(x).

3 Matlab code
%%AM demodulation
%Superheterodyne Receiver
%Parameter Setting
%Lab4
clc; % Clear command window
clear all; %Clear variablesand functions from memory
close all;
load AM_DATA; %loading Matlab data samples
%https://www.dropbox.com/s/lcz31ewtiqp702d/S16_RF_data_for_lab4.mat?dl=0
Fs=400*10^3; % sampling rate
N=length(x); %size of the data
f_if= 23.5*10^3; %intermediate Frequency
f2=48*10^3; %desired Am station frequency also centre freqeuncy
b_band=4*10^3 ; % baseband for voice
dt=1/Fs; %sampling interval
t=(0:N-1)*dt; %time duration for the data
%figure (1);
%plot(t,x);
%title('Time domain Signal ');
%xlabel('Time domain signal');
%ylabel ('Amplitude');
%grid on;
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%seeing Amplitude Spectrum in frequncy domain
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

df=Fs/N; %FFT resolution

Nfft=Fs/df; %Total samples in freqeuncy domain based on FFT resolution
f=(0:Nfft-1)*df; %freqency vector for one period
X=fft(x,Nfft)/N; %calculating spectrum of x
figure (2);
title('Amplidute Spectrum of x in one period (Fs)');
xlabel('Frequency in Hz');
ylabel('Amplitude');
plot (f,abs(X));
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%RF Band pass filter taking image station off
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

L_cutoff_freq=(f2-f_if);
U_cuttoff_freq=(f2+f_if);
l_limit_coefficient= L_cutoff_freq/(Fs/2);
u_limit_coefficient= U_cuttoff_freq/(Fs/2);
[b,a]=butter(5,[l_limit_coefficient u_limit_coefficient]);
RF_out=filter(b,a,x);

%Checking if the signal is filtered or not

X1=fft(RF_out,N)/N; %fft with N samples for filtered signal
figure(3);
title('RF band pass filter response ');
xlabel('Frequency in Hz');
ylabel('Amplitude');
plot(f, abs(X1)); %plot magnitude of frequency spectrum; only positive
ones
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%mixer containing oscillator and upper convertor
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

f_local_oscillator=f2+f_if; %local oscillator frequency

f_gen=cos(2*pi*f_local_oscillator*t);
f_mixer=3.*RF_out.*f_gen;
%verifying fft
X2=(1/N)*fft(f_mixer,N);
figure(4);
title('Response after mixing signals ');
xlabel('Frequency in Hz');
ylabel('Amplitude');
plot(f, abs(X2));
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%IF bandpass filter removing adjacent station
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

l_cutoff_cof= (f_if-b_band)/(Fs/2); %removing lower adjacent station

u_cutoff__cof= (f_if+b_band)/(Fs/2); %removing upper adjacent station
[b1, a1] = butter(6,[l_cutoff_cof,u_cutoff__cof]);
If_out = filter(b1,a1,f_mixer); %Remove the neighboring stations

%cheking in frequency domain

X3 = fft(If_out, N)/N; %Freq Response of Filtered Stations
figure(5)
plot(f, abs(X3));
title('IF Filter Response ')
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('Magnitude')

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Envelope detector
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Diode_out=abs(If_out); %getting only positive values

Normalized_freq= (b_band)/(Fs/2); % Normalized cutoff frequency
[b2,a2] = butter(4,Normalized_freq,'low'); %
RC_LPF=filter(b2,a2,Diode_out); %low pass filter output

%cheking in frequency domain, verifying fft

X4 = fft(RC_LPF, N)/N; %Freq Response of Filtered Stations
figure(6);
plot(f, abs(X4));
title('Envelop detector output ')
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('Magnitude')

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%take DC compnent off by capacitor
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Capacitor_out=RC_LPF-mean(RC_LPF); %Capacitor

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Down sample and play
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

sample_rate=(400*10^3)/(8*10^3); % sound sampling rate is 8Khz but

this signal is sampled to 400Khz
extract_signal=downsample(Capacitor_out,sample_rate);
sound(extract_signal);%play sound