Notes Sect1 Eng

HKDSE
Interactive Geography
Notes
Section 1
Opportunities and risks

Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
HKDSE Interactive Geography

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2009
Unit 1 Where can we find tectonic hazards?
Natural hazard
A natural hazard is an unusual ____________ phenomenon or process that could
cause loss of _______ and damage to ____________.

Section 1
In general, there are four types of natural hazards:
Examples
____________ hazards _________________, volcanic eruption and Tsunami
________________ hazards Landslide and Avalanche
Climatic hazards Typhoon, _____________ and _____________
______________ hazards Disease and locuts
2
Section 1
Global distribution patterns of the tectonic hazards

Refer to Fig.1.4 and Fig.1.5 in Section 1 p.9
Scientists have identified two regions where tectonic hazards are most active. They
are:
This runs around the __________ Ocean. Most of the
earthquakes, volcanoes and sources of tsunamis on the
Earth can be found here.

1. The Circum-Pacific
It is known as the ___________________________
Belt
because many volcanoes are distributed in a circular
pattern around the Pacific Ocean.
This runs from the _______ in Europe to the
2. The Alpine- ________________ in South Asia. It is a zone with a

Himalayan Belt very active occurrence of earthquakes.
Tectonic hazards can be found as well in _________________ and the middle of
____________ Ocean.
The distribution of tectonic hazards coincides with
___________________________.
Refer to Fig.1.6 in Section 1 p.10
3
Section 1
Unit 2 What are the causes of tectonic hazards?
Structure of our Earth

Refer to Table 2.1 in Section 1 p.15
Our Earth can be divided into three main layers:
It is the ________________ part of the Earth, which is also the layer
of the Earths surface we _______ on.

It is a thin layer of brittle rock which consists of _________________
Crust
crust and ___________ crust.
Continental crust is ___________ and less _________ than oceanic
crust and it forms all continental landmasses on Earth.

It is the layer between the _________ and the _________.
It can be divided into two layers, the _________ mantle and the
_________ mantle.
Mantle The ____________________ of the upper mantle is in semimolten
state, while the rest of the upper and lower mantle is _________.
The uppermost part of the mantle, together with the crust on top, is
called the __________________.

It is the _________ of the planet, which is made of extremely dense
materials under high _________________ and ______________.

Core
The core is divided into two layers: the solid _________ core and
the molten _________ core.
4
Section 1
Plate tectonics theory

It is the study of plate __________________ and interaction, as well as crustal
formation and destruction which results in many ______________ we commonly find
on earth.
The theory also provides reasonable explanations of the causes of many __________
_____________.
Plates
The Earth is completely covered by a layer of _________. According to the plate
tectonics theory, the crust is made up of different pieces called tectonic plates or
_________.
The plates are large pieces of solid landmass floating on the __________________
which form the Earths surface.

A plate may be composed of ___________ crust or __________________ crust, or
both.
Some plates such as the ___________ Plate are dominated by oceanic crust. Other
plates such as the ____________ Plate are composed mainly of continental crust.
5
Section 1
Movement of plates
The movement of plates is driven by the _______________________________ in the
mantle.
Owing to the high temperature of the core, mantle material near the core is heated
and _______ up. As it comes closer to the top of the mantle, it cools slowly and
_____________. It is then heated again when it gets closer to the core.

In this way, the convection currents in the mantle are formed, providing strong forces
to drive the plates to _____________, _____________ or move _____________.
Different types of plate boundaries
It is formed where two adjacent plates move ________ from
each other, creating _______________ force in between.
1. Constructive _______________ is produced here as magma rises to the

plate boundaries Earths surface, cools and solidifies.
It is also called a _______________ plate boundary.
It is formed where two adjacent plates move ____________
each other, creating _______________ force in between.

As two plates collide, the higher-density plate will ________
2. Destructive
beneath the lower-density plate. The denser plate is then
plate boundaries
pushed into the mantle and __________.
It is also known as a _______________ plate boundary.
6
Section 1
It is formed where two adjacent plates ______________ one
3. Conservative another laterally along a transform fault.

plate boundaries _________ stress is created along the boundary but no crust is
formed nor destroyed.
Types of plate boundaries
Processes associated with plate movements
3.1 Folding
When ___________________ forces are applied to rock, the rock will be folded and
deformed.
Folding takes place on different scales:
- Small-scale folds can be found in various places in Hong Kong, such as
___________________ and ___________________.
- On a global scale, we can find __________________________ such as the
Himalayas and the Andes, which are formed by the collision of two landmasses.
7
Section 1
Rock before folding
Rock after folding
3.2 Faulting
Faulting occurs along the ____________________________ of rocks.
When tensional force, compressional force or shear stress is greater than the rock
can withstand, the rock will break along the __________________ and faulting
occurs. This causes the rock to _______________ either vertically or horizontally.
Rock after faulting
___________________ and _________________________ are the most typical
large-scale landforms that are formed by faulting.
8
Section 1
Formation of rift valley
Before After
Tensional
force
Compressiona
l force
Formation of block mountain
Before After
Tensional
force
Compressiona
l force
9
Section 1
3.3 Vulcanicity
Plate movements and their associated tectonic forces produce _________________
________________ in the crust. As a result, magma and gases in the mantle either
___________ onto the Earths surface or ___________ into the Earths crust. This
process is called vulcanicity.

The most conspicuous landform related to vulcanicity on the Earths surface is a
___________.
Landforms can be found at constructive plate boundaries
1. Rift valleys
When two continental crusts are _________________ by tensional forces,
__________ are formed in the middle and the crust is split into huge blocks.
As the two crusts move further apart, the huge blocks of crust _______ due to
gravity. A rift valley is thereby formed.

Example: ______________________________________
______________ can be found along the rift valley as magma rises up through lines
of weakness, while ________ are also created at some deeper locations of the rift
valley.
10
Section 1
Formation of a rift valley
Refer to the case study of East African Rift Valley in Section 1 p.30
2. Mid-oceanic ridges
Under the sea, when two oceanic crusts _________________ from each other,
___________ rises up from the mantle through lines of weakness to the surface.
Then it cools and solidifies to form _______________.

As the uprising of magma continues, newly formed crust is gradually pushed away
from the plate boundary. This process is called
______________________________.
Repeated uprising and solidification of magma form
__________________________.
Examples: _________________________________ and the East Pacific Rise
11
Section 1
Crust moves __________
Formation of a mid-oceanic ridge
Refer to the case study of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Section 1 p.31

Refer to the case study of the East Pacific Rise in Section 1 p.32
3. Volcanoes and volcanic islands

Volcanoes are often found at the ______________________ where hot magma can
rise to the Earths surface through lines of weakness.

Volcanic islands are formed when volcanoes on the sea floor emerge at the
___________________ after repeated eruptions.

Examples: ___________ and Easter Island
Formation of a volcanic island

12
Section 1
Landforms can be found at destructive plate boundaries
When a continental crust collides with an oceanic crust, the crust with higher density
(___________ crust) is pushed beneath the crust with lower density
(_______________ crust).
The denser crust then sinks into the hot mantle and melts. This process is known as
_________________ and a subduction zone is created.
Crust of ___________
density is subducted
Cross section of a subduction zone
When two _______________ crusts collide, no subduction zone is formed. Instead,
sediments and crustal materials at the plate margin are pushed up to form ________
_______________.
13
Section 1
1. Ocean trenches
Along subduction zones, long and narrow undersea ___________ are formed,
running ______________ to plate boundaries. These are known as ocean trenches.
2. Volcanoes and island arcs

Volcanoes are also common on the Earths surface above _______________ zones.
Melted crustal materials at a subduction zone are _______________ than the
mantle. Therefore, they rise to the Earths surface along cracks in the crust and form
______________.
These volcanoes usually form a curved chain running parallel to the plate
boundaries, therefore known as _________________ (over the sea) or
_____________________ (over a continent).
Refer to the case study of Island arc - Japan in Section 1 p.34
Ocean trench, volcano and island arc are formed when two oceanic
crusts collide
14
Section 1
3. Fold mountains
a. Oceanic- continental collision

When a continental crust collides with an oceanic crust, the oceanic crust
_____________ into the mantle due to higher density.

The sedimentary rocks on the ocean floor are compressed, __________ and pushed
up to form a mountain belt called a ______________________ range. It runs parallel
to the _________________________.
Example: _______________ in South America
Refer to the case study of the Andes in Section 1 p.35
b. Continental- continental collision
When two continental crusts collide, ___________ one is pushed into the mantle
because of similar density.

The __________________ rocks and crustal materials are crushed,
_______________ and pushed upward to form a huge fold mountain range.

As there is no subduction, _______________ and volcanic eruptions are absent at
this type of plate boundary (continental-continental collision), but ________________
are quite common.

Example: ______________________
Refer to the case study of the Himalayas in Section 1 p.36
15
Section 1
50 million
years ago
Present
Formation of the Himalayas
Landforms can be found at conservative plate boundaries
Transform faults
When two plates slide past each
other ___________, _________
stress builds up along the plate
boundary.
If the stress is too great, the plates
will ______________ and produce a
transform fault along which many
________________ occur.
Example: _______________________
Structure of a transform fault
Refer to the case study of San Andreas Fault

16
Section 1
in Section 1 p.38
17
Section 1
Natural hazards found along plate boundaries
1. Earthquakes
An earthquake is a _______________________ of the ground.
As plates move, __________________ and _______________ force or _________
stress will develop along plate boundaries.

Stress is created and accumulated at the plate boundary until the plate
______________. This sudden release of stress produces ____________________
which propagate in all directions, causing the ground to shake (earthquake).

The point where the crust suddenly fractures and releases seismic waves is called a
_________, and the point on the Earths surface vertically above the focus is known
as an _______________.
Earthquakes which occur at _________________ and _________________ plate
boundaries are limited to the areas along the plate boundary, and they are mainly
shallow-focus earthquakes.
At _________________ plate boundaries, subduction of one plate creates an
earthquake zone deep in the crust. Earthquakes of various depths can be found
here. The area affected by earthquakes is also much _________.
18
Section 1
2. Volcanic eruptions
Convection currents in the mantle drift the plates to converge or diverge. As a result,
strong tensional and compressional forces are exerted on the crusts at the plate
boundaries, creating __________________________.

When the _____________ beneath the Earths surface becomes very high, magma
and gases are pushed up to the surface through lines of weakness or vents, causing
a _______________________.
When a volcano erupts, ________ (such as sulphur dioxide), _______ and
__________________ are ejected.

Violent eruptions may also cause __________________ and _______________.
3. Tsunamis
Tsunamis are very __________________ caused by geological activities.

Most tsunamis are triggered by strong __________________ that occur under the
sea floor, whereas some are caused by particularly violent ________________
______________ or landslides under the sea.

The dramatic tremor in the sea produces big waves, but they are usually not
noticeable in deep sea. The waves become prominent when they reach the
_______________, causing devastating effects on the coastal areas.

As the earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are most frequent at the plate boundaries,
most of the __________ of tsunamis are also found there.

The coastal areas around the _________ Ocean are especially vulnerable to
tsunamis due to active tectonic activities in the region.
19
Section 1
Reasons that some earthquakes located far away from plate boundaries
Intraplate earthquakes are earthquakes which occur
within the ___________ part of plates.

The causes of intraplate earthquakes:
- In general, many of these earthquakes are the

1. Intraplate earthquakes
result of fault rupture or
____________________ in fault zones.
Human activities and artificial structures may trigger
earthquakes due to exertion of ____________ on
land.
Examples:
2. Human activities - the heavy weight of water stored in a large
______________
- violent explosions caused by humans, such as
__________________________
20
Section 1
Reasons that some volcanic eruptions not happen along plate

boundaries
Hot spots
The formation of hot spots is caused by _________ heat distributions in the mantle.
______________ of hot material are buoyant enough to rise from the mantle to the
Earths surface through an opening. Therefore, ______________ activities are
common at hot spots.

Hot spots can be found both at plate boundaries and in the ___________ of plates.
The positions of some hot spots remain relatively ________.

As tectonic plates move over a fixed column of hot mantle material, a chain of
______________ following the direction of plate movement will be formed.

Example: ______________
Refer to Fig.2.52 and 2.53 in Section 1 p.48
21
Section 1
Unit 3 What are the effects of tectonic hazards?
Factors affecting the power of tectonic hazards
1.1 Characteristics of the hazard events
Magnitude:
- the ___________ released by an earthquake
- usually measured on the __________________

Intensity:
- the ______________ caused by an earthquake
to human settlements and natural environment
- usually measured on the __________________
_____________________________________
- The higher number of the scales, the
___________ the destruction.

1. Magnitude
a. Earthquakes Refer to Table 3.1 in Section 1 p.53
and intensity
The intensity of an earthquake depends on two
factors:
- distance from the _______________
- _________ of the earthquake

Usually the closer to the epicentre, the
__________ the intensity an area will experience.

An earthquake with a _____________ focus brings
more destructive effects than a deep earthquake.
22
Section 1
The _______ that a volcano erupts affects its power of
destruction.
In general, volcanic eruptions can be classified as
b. Volcanic ______________ and ___________.

eruptions Most explosive volcanic eruptions are found along
_______________ plate boundaries, and they usually
cause greater damage than gentle eruptions.
The power of a tsunami is determined by the
______________ of its sources.

If the tsunami is triggered by an earthquake, the
1. Magnitude
and intensity greater the _______________ of the earthquake, the
bigger the tsunami.

Coastal regions with _______________ relief will be
damaged more significantly by the big waves.

c. Tsunamis
The intensity of a tsunami is usually represented by its
___________________, i.e. the maximum height of
the waves.
In general, the greater the run-up height, the further
___________ the waves will reach, leading to more
damage and casualties.
23
Section 1
Frequency of occurrence means how ________ a hazard recurs.

A volcano may remain _____________ for decades since its previous
2. Frequency eruption.
of
occurrence
Earthquakes recur more often especially along the area of plate
_______________.
Refer to Table 3.2 in Section 1 p.54

Duration measures how _______ a hazard event lasts.
3. Duration In general, the __________ the duration, the more damage can be
possibly brought.
Areal extent refers to the ______ of an area impacted by a hazard
event.
4. Areal
While volcanic eruptions are usually ______________ events,
extent
earthquakes under oceans may trigger tsunamis that affect all coastal
regions around the ocean.

Speed of onset means how ______ a hazard event occurs.
5. Speed of
Tectonic hazards usually occur in a ___________ and this makes
onset
prediction and warning difficult.
1.2 Societal conditions of the affected areas
The ___________ the population density of an affected area, the

1. Population
greater the casualties and economic loss that will be caused by
density
the event.
2. Preparedness If citizens of an affected area ________________ for the hazard,
of people they will know how to react properly when a hazard occurs.
24
Section 1
If a place is equipped with ______________________________
_______________ systems for hazards, scientists can give

3. Monitoring
and warning warnings before a hazard occurs.
system
This can help reduce the ________________ and economic
losses through earlier evacuation and proper preparations.
The effects of earthquakes
1. Primary effects
effects that happen ________________ and directly as a result of ground shaking.
Along the active fault line where an earthquake occurs, ground

a. Fault rupture
and deformation of surfaces may rupture and ___________, causing cracks and
ground
_________________.
_________________________ is a direct result of energy
released from the focus when seismic waves reach the ground
b. Ground shaking surface.

Such shaking may destroy buildings and other structures at the
_______________ or areas nearby.

_________________ often follow an earthquake.
These tremors may continue for several _________________
c. Aftershocks
____________, causing further destruction to affected areas.
Refer to the case study in Section 1 p.58
25
Section 1
2. Secondary effects
the impacts and damage caused by the primary ____________
_______________effect
When there is a violent shaking of ground, _________
materials and debris on slopes may move down.

a. Landslides
Large-scale landslides will be triggered in areas with ________
relief and unstable slopes.

During an earthquake, the pressure of
____________________ increases.
If the soil is poorly compacted, ____________
_________________ may occur when soil particles mix with

b. Soil liquefaction
ground water.
The strength of the soil in supporting the ________________
of buildings will be severely weakened. Therefore, buildings
may ________ and collapse.

A strong earthquake may damage ________ or other
waterworks along a river.
c. Flooding The water from the river or reservoir would then __________
downstream areas in a very short time, leading to casualties
and economic losses.

If the earthquake occurs under the sea, the tremor may cause
d. Tsunamis
a _______________.
26
Section 1
Cities are linked by many highways, railways and road
networks. All these transport networks form important
e. Disruption of ______________ to a city.

transport Any damage to the lifelines will make ________ more difficult
and delay resumption of normal life.
______________________ through telephone and Internet
may be interrupted if the earthquake damages underground
f. Disruption of cables.
communications This reduces the ______________ of rescue and contributes
to further economic loss.
If an urbanised area is struck by an earthquake,
______________ and ________________ networks will be
damaged.
g. Fire hazards
________ may break out as a result of gas leakage or
electrical short circuits. This may lead to more casualties.
If there is no prompt action to bury dead bodies and maintain
supplies of clean water after an earthquake, ____________

h. Disease and
and ____________ like malaria may spread among victims
epidemics
which cause further casualties and suffering.
27
Section 1
The effects of volcanic eruptions
1. Short term effects

Lava flow can endanger our lives and cause extensive
___________________ loss.
Less ____________ lava can move at speeds of up to 50 km
a. Lava flows per hour on steep slopes, and can spread quickly over tens of
kilometres from the volcano. The lava will _______
everything it passes through.
When a volcano erupts, mixtures of ______________,
_____________ rock fragments and ______________
_______ are ejected from the volcano.

These pyroclastic materials, together with hot gases, travel
downhill at high speed due to gravity. This is known as a
________________________.
b. Pyroclastic
The high temperature of gases and large pieces of rock
flows and ash fall
(________________________) may kill people.
The volcanic ash blows into the atmosphere to form
________________________. Areas around the volcano will
be covered with __________________ _______ when it is
deposited. Daily lives of people are seriously disturbed.
28
Section 1
Active volcanoes produce large amounts of _________
___________ and gases such as _______________
____________, ________________________, hydrogen
sulphide and carbon monoxide.

Carbon dioxide can drive oxygen away, making humans and
c. Gases animals ____________.

Acid gases like sulphur dioxide may attack our
________________ system and also cause
__________________ which damage the environment.

Some gases emitted are even _______________, such as
hydrogen sulphide.
When large amounts of volcanic ash and dust are injected
into the atmosphere, they act as
___________________________________ which speed the
d. Thunderstorms formation of water droplets, causing heavy rainstorms and

and mudflow __________________.
____________ occurs when volcanic materials are mixed
with rainwater and flow quickly through river valleys and low-
lying areas.
Landslides may occur when the slope of the volcano is
e. Landslides ________ and ____________, or when the eruption is
particularly violent.
29
Section 1
Before or during a volcanic eruption, the release of
accumulated ____________ and gases under the ground
f. Earthquakes may cause violent shaking of the crust, resulting in
__________________.
If a volcanic eruption occurs under the sea, the great shock
generated may trigger a ____________.
g. Tsunamis __________________________ regions may suffer severe
damage as a result.
2. Long term effects
During a volcanic eruption, large amounts of volcanic ash are
ejected into the stratosphere where it reflects
____________________________________________ back
to space. This leads to a regional or even a global _______

a. Drop in global
in air temperature.
temperature
As it takes a very long time for the ash to settle, local and
global ___________ may be affected for several years as a
result of a volcanic eruption.
30
Section 1
When a volcano erupts, ______________________ in
magma are released. When these gases, particularly sulphur
dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, are mixed with rainwater,
b. Acid rain ________________ results.

This may destroy natural ___________ and damage human
___________________.
A volcanic eruption often destroys nearby ___________
c. Destruction of ____________ directly.

natural habitats Ecological ___________________ may take decades.
Apart from the deaths caused by direct hazards like
pyroclastic flow, a volcanic eruption may bring further deaths

d. Famines and
due to ___________ and epidemic, particularly in _______
epidemics
developed countries.
31
Section 1
Benefits brought by volcanic eruptions
The volcanic ash and lava ejected during an eruption
are rich in _____________.
a. Fertile soil This makes the farmlands near volcanoes more
___________ and good for farming.
Volcanic eruptions may produce different landforms,
such as ______________________ and
_________________.
b. Attractive landforms
These scenic landforms, together with
for tourists
__________________ near them, are attractive to
tourists.
The high temperatures brought by underground magma
flows make the use of ___________________________

c. Geothermal energy
possible, which is beneficial to humans.
32
Section 1
The effects of tsunamis
1. Short term effects
When a series of tsunami waves rush ashore, the strong
__________ actions will sweep everything on the shore
towards inland.
This causes direct destruction of ___________
__________________ and the environments along the
__________. Most deaths are caused by ________________

a. Sweep effect
when the waves sweep ashore.
The destruction caused by sweep effect is more significant
along coastal areas with _________ relief.

Sea waves may reach several kilometres ___________ in
case of large-scale tsunami, causing massive destruction.
A tsunami may also bring temporary _______________ to the
affected areas when a lot of sea water rushes inland.
b. Flooding Most flooding ends when the _______________ returns to
normal.
33
Section 1
2. Long term effects
After a devastating tsunami, the ____________ of affected

a. Change of
areas may be changed permanently.
coastline
The ________________________ may also be seriously
affected.
b. Damage of the Example: ________________ may be destroyed by large

ecosystem waves during the passage of a tsunami. Such damage may
take decades to recover.
After a tsunami, _________________ activities in affected
areas will be interrupted or even halted.

The more serious the damage to ___________________, the
c. Interruption of slower the resumption of normal economic activities.
the local
economy
Tourists may also avoid visiting places where a tsunami has
just occurred. This slows economic recovery of the affected
areas, especially for those that rely heavily on ____________.
Refer to the case stud of 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Section 1 p.72
34
Section 1
Measures used to reduce the impact of tectonic hazards
3.1 Preparatory measures before hazard events
Advanced __________________ allows us to better
understand how and what precursors may take place before
the onset of hazards.

Earth scientists can use different instruments and technologies
to monitor the _______________ before a volcanic eruption,
such as changes in the underground water level,
_____________ of the volcano, or volcanic gas emissions.

1. Monitoring and
predicting Although it is still very difficult to predict the exact time and
systems
place of an earthquake, a network of __________________
stations may give scientists up-to-date information on crustal
activities for further research.

This also helps locate the ________________ of earthquakes
more accurately and increase the efficiency of rescue
operations.
2. Issue warnings With the help of monitoring and predicting systems, scientists
are able to issue timely ____________, especially for volcanic
eruptions and tsunamis.

Governments can ______________ affected populations
before the hazard occurs to reduce the number of casualties.

To monitor tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean region, the ________
____________________________________ has been set up.
- The centre monitors the earthquakes occurring around the
Pacific Ocean and assesses their possibilities of triggering

35
Section 1
____________.
- It will issue ____________ to the governments of affected
countries when necessary.

Scientists have analysed the chance of hazards occurring at
different places. Such information can be presented in the form

3. Risk
of ____________________.
assessment
mapping The ________________________ mapping can help people
prepare better for possible hazards in the future.

Risk assessment mapping done on a local scale can be used
by governments for ________________________.

Areas with a higher risk of hazards can be identified on a
hazard map. Planners can zone these areas for
________________ development with fewer human

4. Land use
settlements and activities.
zoning
Example: Along the coastal areas vulnerable to tsunami
attacks, _________ zones such as green belts can be
designated. This can reduce the impact of hazards when they
occur.
36
Section 1
A government should ____________ its citizens about potential
hazards and their signs and impact.

5. Education and
____________________ should be conducted so that people
drills
know what actions (e.g. evacuation) should be taken to protect
themselves if a hazard occurs.

Casualties can be reduced by improving building designs with
reinforced structures, such as _______________,
6. Improve _______________ and base isolators.

building design Governments should set up ______ and _______________ to
and set up
building ensure all new buildings are built with designs that can
regulations withstand strong earthquakes, especially in
____________________ regions.
Refer to Fig.3.37a and b in Section 1 p.82

We can buy _______________ in advance to reduce economic
losses caused by the hazard.

7. Buy insurance
The money recovered can be used for __________________
after the hazard.
3.2 Immediate actions after hazard events
After a hazard, prompt __________ actions can save many
lives and good ___________ services can ensure a greater

1. Prompt rescue chance of survival.
and medical
services
The government should organise efficient __________
_______ equipped with the most advanced tools to minimise
casualties.
37
Section 1
Survivors of a hazard event are often ________________ and
lack basic necessities.

Therefore, it is important for the government to provide them
2. Efficient aid with ____________________ such as shelters, clean water,

and clean-up food and other necessities. ___________ must be maintained
in affected areas.
These measures can help prevent deaths caused by
___________ and outbreak of ___________ after a hazard.
3.3 Remedial measures after hazard events
After a hazard, _____________________ and human

1. Implementation settlements may be severely damaged.
of rehabilitation
programmes
The government needs to carry out comprehensive
________________ programmes to rebuild the affected areas.

While physical damage can be recovered in a short period of
time, ___________________________ of the survivors may
last for a long time.

Many people may have lost family members and friends in the
2. Help people
overcome hazard, or have suffered great economic losses. Such
traumatic ______________ experiences make it difficult for them to
experiences
return their lives to normal.
_______________ services should be provided to help them
recover from such painful experiences.

Refer to the case study of 1995 Kobe earthquake in Section 1 p.85
38
Section 1
Factors affecting the effectiveness of these measures

Sometimes scientists may issue false warnings due to
_______________ predictions, while in other cases hazards
come unexpectedly and cause serious casualties.

This is especially true for the prediction of ________________,
1. Technological as the technologies available today are still unable to predict

limitations the exact location, magnitude and time of potential
earthquakes.
For volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, the warnings are
relatively more accurate but still not entirely ___________.
Many administrative measures such as defining building
regulations and formulating evacuation plans should be done
by the _________________.
2. Government Therefore, the effectiveness of these measures depends

enforcement heavily on ___________________ by government officials.
If they do not fully implement the measures, _______________
will be reduced.
________________ and regular ________ are important
measures to help citizens become familiar with actions to take
3. Participation when hazards occur.

by the public However, this requires ___________________________ by
the public.
39
Section 1
Even if an advanced prediction system can give accurate
predictions of dangerous hazard events, casualties cannot be

4. Adoption of reduced if there is no proper plan of ____________________
appropriate
measures or ___________________ are too weak to withstand the
hazards.
Adequate ___________________ are very important to make

5. Adequate
measures effective.
preparations
The success of all measures used to minimise the impacts of
natural hazards depends on the ________________ strength
of the government.
If the government does not have enough money to fully carry
6. Financial
out the programmes and measures needed, their effectiveness
constraints
will be _____________.
This explains why _______ developed countries are more
vulnerable to natural hazards.
40
Section 1
Unit 4 The choice to live in hazard-prone areas
Reasons for less developed areas suffer more from natural hazards
Less developed areas are usually ___________.
Although there are many measures to reduce the impact of
natural hazards, most of them are too __________________
for the less developed areas to adopt.
1. Socio-economic The lack of _______________ also leads to other problems,

gap such as inadequate medical services and inefficient rescue
after hazards.
The governments are also unable to have their properties
insured due to ______________ limitations.
Many less developed areas lack ______________ to buy or
develop the equipment needed.

This creates a __________________________ between the
2. Technological
less developed and the more developed areas. Therefore,
gap
the less developed areas are poorly prepared for the
hazards.
Communication and infrastructure such as transport networks
are less _____________ in less developed areas, especially

3. Poor
in remote villages.
communication
and infrastructure This makes prompt ___________ more difficult and
increases the number of casualties when hazards occur.
41
Section 1
Citizens in less developed areas usually have _______
education. Some of them are even _____________.

4. Low literacy
level and lack of Therefore, they have little knowledge about natural hazards
awareness
and they are unable to _____________ for and ___________
themselves from the hazards properly.

Many government officials in less developed areas do not
_________ very well how to prepare for natural hazards.

________ and regulations that can reduce the impact of
hazards (such as land use zoning and emergency plans) may

5. Poor governance
be absent.
________________ is often common in less developed
areas, which makes enforcement of regulations against
hazards less effective.
International cooperation helping less developed areas tackle hazards

International organisations, science agencies and more developed areas can help the
less developed areas better prepare for hazards through ____________________
______________, _______________ transfers and _____________ aid.

Other _____________ organisations such as International Federation of Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies, Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF) and World Vision also
pay attention to hazards around the world, particularly in less developed areas.
They provide immediate _________________ and _______________ to the people
who suffer from hazards. Community _________________ programmes are also
offered.
42
Section 1
Causes driving people leave a hazard-prone area

People who have _________________ a major disaster in
the past may feel scared of having another one in the future.
1. Past experience To avoid this frightening experience, they may choose to

of hazards leave that location and move to a place where they feel
__________.
With the help of advanced technology and past hazard
records, we can identify _____________ locations.

2. High probability
People can choose to move to the low-risk region so as to
of having hazards
___________ their exposure to natural hazards.
Reasons for people still live in hazard-prone areas

There are many _______________________ in areas
along the plate boundaries.

Deposition of volcanic ash and the weathering of
solidified lava around volcanoes form ____________
soil.
1. Supply of natural
___________ deposits are formed in areas with large-
resources
scale active tectonic activities.
___________________ energy resources can also be
developed in volcanically active regions.

Landforms such as hot springs and volcanoes, are also
good attractions for ____________.
43
Section 1
Some hazard-prone areas lie within climatic zones
which are good for _____________ activities and

2. Good climate
_________________ to live in, i.e. tropical and
subtropical regions.
Some high-risk areas, such as big cities in the USA and
Japan, have a long ____________ of development.
They are well-developed with good infrastructure and
facilities, giving a higher

3. Well-developed with
___________________________ and attract a lot of
good facilities
people.
These cities usually have developed a good mechanism
to _____________ natural hazards. People are less
willingly to move to other places.

In less developed areas, such as the Philippines and
Indonesia, people are too ________ to migrate to other

4. _________________
places. They have no choice but to stay and live with the
risk of natural hazards where they are.

People often do not want to change their living places
because of established ___________ networks, career
and ________________ ties.

5. _________________
Unless a threat is ______________ and serious, they
will choose to stay in the place where they are used to
living.
44
Section 1
Many people think it is unlikely for them to experience a
big natural hazard event.

However, the possibility of a big one does exist, and
6. __________________
past records cannot provide accurate
of hazards
_________________ for the time and magnitude of
future events.
There is no place that is completely free of natural
hazards.
7. __________________ Therefore, many people think there is very ________
____________________ they can do to avoid hazards. They will remain where
____________________ they are as long as the risk of hazards is acceptable to
them.
45

Notes Sect1 Eng

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Notes Sect1 Eng

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

HKDSE

Opportunities and risks

HKDSE Interactive Geography

cause loss of _______ and damage to ____________.

In general, there are four types of natural hazards:

____________ hazards _________________, volcanic eruption and Tsunami

________________ hazards Landslide and Avalanche

Climatic hazards Typhoon, _____________ and _____________

______________ hazards Disease and locuts

Global distribution patterns of the tectonic hazards

This runs around the __________ Ocean. Most of the

earthquakes, volcanoes and sources of tsunamis on the

Earth can be found here.

pattern around the Pacific Ocean.

This runs from the _______ in Europe to the

2. The Alpine- ________________ in South Asia. It is a zone with a

Tectonic hazards can be found as well in _________________ and the middle of

The distribution of tectonic hazards coincides with

Refer to Fig.1.6 in Section 1 p.10

Unit 2 What are the causes of tectonic hazards?

Structure of our Earth

Our Earth can be divided into three main layers:

It is the ________________ part of the Earth, which is also the layer

of the Earths surface we _______ on.

crust and it forms all continental landmasses on Earth.

Mantle The ____________________ of the upper mantle is in semimolten

called the __________________.

materials under high _________________ and ______________.

the molten _________ core.

Plate tectonics theory

formation and destruction which results in many ______________ we commonly find

The Earth is completely covered by a layer of _________. According to the plate

which form the Earths surface.

The movement of plates is driven by the _______________________________ in the

_____________. It is then heated again when it gets closer to the core.

to drive the plates to _____________, _____________ or move _____________.

Different types of plate boundaries

It is formed where two adjacent plates move ________ from

each other, creating _______________ force in between.

1. Constructive _______________ is produced here as magma rises to the

It is formed where two adjacent plates move ____________

each other, creating _______________ force in between.

It is formed where two adjacent plates ______________ one

3. Conservative another laterally along a transform fault.

formed nor destroyed.

Types of plate boundaries

Processes associated with plate movements

- Small-scale folds can be found in various places in Hong Kong, such as

___________________ and ___________________.

- On a global scale, we can find __________________________ such as the

Rock before folding

Rock after folding

occurs. This causes the rock to _______________ either vertically or horizontally.

Rock after faulting

___________________ and _________________________ are the most typical

large-scale landforms that are formed by faulting.

Formation of rift valley

Formation of block mountain

Refer to Fig.2.16 in Section 1 p.25

Plate movements and their associated tectonic forces produce _________________

process is called vulcanicity.

Landforms can be found at constructive plate boundaries

gravity. A rift valley is thereby formed.

Formation of a rift valley

cause loss of _ and damage to ______.

hazards _____, volcanic eruption and Tsunami

Climatic hazards Typhoon, _ and _

materials under high ___ and .

to drive the plates to _______, _ or move _______.

_ and _.

_ and _______ are the most typical

other ___, _

. This sudden release of stress produces ______

Earthquakes which occur at _ and _ plate