UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE

NUEVO LEON
PREPARATORIA NO. 22
INTEGRATING ACTIVITY
STAGE 3
 08/11/2017

Introduction

At present more than one hundred chemical elements are known and to organize
them and facilitate their study it was necessary to group them according to their
characteristics and properties. The elements have not always been represented as
they are known today; A long time ago it was thought that there were only four
elements: earth, air, water and fire. But as humanity evolved and became more
acquainted with the matter, other elements were discovered such as gold, silver,
mercury, oxygen, sulfur and many more that appear in the periodic table.

The periodic table is a useful tool for studying the properties of chemical elements
and for predicting their behavior. These elements are organized and grouped in
three different ways according to their metal character, their location and their
physical state.

Groups and periods: the columns are called groups and the periods rows.

Metals, non-metals and metalloids: most of the chemical elements are metals.

Solids, liquids and gaseous: they are identified with black, blue and red letters.

Most of the substances that we find in nature are formed by different kinds of
atoms. These substances are called compound substances or chemical
compounds.

Chemical compounds are represented by formulating chemicals, which indicate the

type and quantity of atoms present in them. For example, the water formula is
(H2O), which means that it is formed by two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom.

In this case we will see a description of the properties of the chemical elements
present in everyday materials.
Carbon: Carbon is an element of the periodic table which has an atomic number 6
and its symbol C, is in the group of carbonides or IV A, is solid at room
temperature, but is not a metal and is not magnetic

It can be found in nature in different alotropic forms, carbon in the form of graphite
and crystalline as diamond respectively are the 2 most common forms in which it is
(solid). In its form as graphite it conducts the electric current but in bottom of
diamond and carbon it can not.etic.

The carbon, when it is graphite, has a black color and when it is in the shape of a
diamond it is colorless. These are the two ways in which he is best known.

There are different carbon isotopes that are 12C, 13C, 14C. Although the most
abundant on earth is 12C with 98.89% and 13C with 1.11%, 14C is in infimate
proportions.
Carbon, as we already know, is a component of hydrocarbons, especially fossil
fuels, gas stations, kerosene and oils. It is also the raw material used in the
production of plastics.

A well-known use of carbon is the radioactive isotope of carbon 14, which is used
to measure the age of things, since this isotope is the hardest.

Other uses of carbon, is carbon fiber, is added to polyester resins, where they
improve the mechanical resistance without increasing the weight, it is used in the
bodies of cars, vests, bulletproof, etc.

Elemental carbon is of very low toxicity. The data presented here of health hazards
are based on the exposure to carbon black, not elemental carbon. The continued
inhalation of carbon black may highlight temporary or permanent damage to the
lungs and heart.
Among the physical properties of carbon, we have:

In general theyre solids.

it is insoluble in water.
They are denser than water
Except for the diamond, they are black, fragile and unctuous to the touch.
In its elemental form, carbon is found in the forms carbon graphite, diamond,
fullerene and nanotubes. These are materials with very different properties,
but at the microscopic level they differ only by the geometrical dispositions
of the carbon atoms.
State of solid matter (non-magnetic)
Melting point 3823 K (diamond), 3800 K (graphite)
boiling point 5100 K (graphite)
Evaporation enthalpy 711 kJ / mol (graphite, sublima)
Fusion enthalpy 105 / kJ / mol (graphite) (sublima)
Steam pressure_Pa
Sound speed 18.350 m / s (diamond)

Among the main chemical properties of carbon we have:

It is combined with metals and metalloids, originates diversity of solid, liquid

and gaseous compounds
When combined with metals, it forms hydrides
When combined with hydrogen, it forms different compounds called
hydrocarbons
When combined with sulfur, it forms a liquid with the smell of "rotten
cabbage", widely used as a solvent
 The carbon sulphide with chlorine forms the CCI, a liquid of great solvent
power
It is combustible, it is combined with oxygen with the release of light and
heat, so it is used as an artificial source of heat
Valencia 2, +4, -4
Oxidation state +4
Electro negativity 2.5
Covalent radius (A) 0.77
Ionic radius (A) 0.15
Atomic Radio (A) 0.914
Electronic configuration 1s22s22p2

Silicon: silicon is an element that is metalloid and has an atomic number 14, is
located in group 14 or IV a of the periodic table and its symbol is Si. The silicon in
its pure form belongs to a family of semiconductors; this means that combining it
with another element can become conductor or insulator

In its natural form (solid) it is not magnetic. It is the second most abundant element
on planet earth with a percentage of 27.7%, the only thing that is more than silicon
is oxygen.
It occurs in an amorphous and crystallized form; the first one is a brownish powder,
more active than the crystalline variant, which is presented in octahedral blue-gray
color and metallic shine.

The silicon has nine isotopes. The most abundant is the 28Si that has a
percentage of 92.33% of all the earth silicon, secondly the 29Si has an abundance
of 4.67% of the silicon that exists and finally the 30Si with a 3.1% of silicon, the
other isotopes are in infamous proportions.

Silicon is one of the materials with greater use; it uses both alloys, as in the
preparation of silicones, technical ceramics, among others. Silicon is a
semiconductor of great abundance; it is used in the electronics and
microelectronics industry, etc. In the industry it is used in concrete and bricks.

Elemental silicon is an inert. Mild pulmonary lesions have been documented in

laboratory animals subjected to intra-cellular injections of silicon powder.

Crystalline silicon is a powerful danger for breathing.

Physical properties of silicone

solid ordinary state (not magnetic)

density 2330 kg / m3
Melting point 1687 K (1414 C)
boiling point 3173 K (2900 C)
Vaporization enthalpy 384.22 kJ / mol
Fusion enthalpy 50.55kJ / mol
Steam pressure 4.77 Pa to 1683 K
Chemical properties of silicon

is a non-active metal at room temperature

dissolves easily in solutions of strong bases
when attacked by halogens form halides
it is tetravalent in its compounds

Calcium: Calcium is a Chemical element, Ca, of atomic number 20; its the fifth
element and the third most abundant metal in the earth's crust. The calcium
compounds constitute 3.64% of the earth's crust. The metal is trimorph, harder
than sodium, but softer than aluminum.

Calcium has 24 isotopes, from 34Ca to 57Ca. There are five stable isotopes
(40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca and 46Ca), plus one isotope (48Ca) with such a long
half-life that for all practical purposes it can be considered stable. The most
abundant isotope, 40Ca, as well as the rare 46Ca, are theoretically unstable on
energetic grounds, but their decay has not been observed.
 Physical Properties of calcium:

Color Silvery-white metallic

Phase Solid
Hardness Relatively soft metal
Crystalline structure Cubic
It can be beaten into extremely thin sheets. It can be pressed, rolled, and
Ductility
cut
Malleability Capable of being shaped or bent
Melting point Melting point is 851C
Boiling point Boiling point is 1482C

Chemical Properties of Calcium:

Chemical Formula Ca
Oxidation Used as a deoxidizer in steel
Isotopes Six
Compounds Compounds include limestone, marble, and gypsum
Flammability When heated in air or in oxygen it ignites
Reacts with cold water rapidly at first, but the reaction is then slowed due
Reactivity with water
to the formation of a film of Calcium hydroxide - Ca(OH)2.
Reactivity with acids Highly reactive
 Calcium is an important element on the earth.

Chemically it is a listed at 20 position in periodic table which is its atomic

number.

It is classified as metallic element and its oxides are alkaline in nature.

It combines with many other elements to forms various compounds.

Calcium is one of the important substance man uses in daily life.

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM
Calcium is an excellent conductor of electricity. It is very soft and easily
scratched
Color Silvery-white metallic
Phase Solid
Hardness Relatively soft metal
Crystalline structure Cubic
Ductility It can be beaten into extremely thin sheets
Melting point 851 C
Boiling point 1482 C

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM

Atomic number 20
Atomic mass 40.08 g.mol -1
Electro negativity according to Pauling 1.0
Mass volume 1.6 g.cm-3 at 20C
Melting point 840 C
Boiling point 1484 C
Vanderwaals radius 0.197 nm
Ionic radius 0.099 nm
Isotopes 10
Electronic configuration [ Ar ] 4s2
Energy of first ionization 589.6 kJ.mol -1
Energy of second ionization 1145 kJ.mol -1
Standard potential - 2.87 V
Conclusion

We have come to the conclusion that these three elements have positive and
negative effects in the improvement of the quality of life of people, in terms of
carbon; this plays a special role in our planet. In fact, a branch of chemistry
focuses on the study of compounds that contain carbon, which is organic
chemistry. In food: The three main classes of foods-carbohydrates, fats and
proteins-are organic.

Silicon is another fundamental element in nature, all living beings need silico acid.

Calcium has an indispensable function for the human body, calcium is the material
of the bones contributing directly to the proper functioning of the body.

The proportions in which we can find the elements in nature can vary, for example,
an element that is abundant in the earth will not necessarily be in living beings, that
is, not all elements are present in the composition of the living beings. But even so
these elements are indispensable for life.

https://www.livescience.com/28698-facts-about-carbon.html

https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=illYOc7eQHMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=c
alcium&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB3uyYrq7XAhUH5IMKHQTKCkoQ6AEIKDAA
#v=onepage&q=calcium&f=false

https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele014.html