E2-E3

Consumer Fixed Access

OVERVIEW OF OFC NETWORK

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 WELCOME
This is a presentation for the E2-E3 Consumer
Fixed Access Module for the Topic: Overview of
OFC Network
Eligibility: Those who have got the Upgradation
from E2 to E3.
This presentation is last updated on 15-3-2011.
You can also visit the Digital library of BSNL to
see this topic.

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 AGENDA

OPTICAL FIBER CONCEPT &TYPE

OFC ROUTE & OPTICAL BUDGET

IMPORTANT OFC TEST INSTRUMENT

USE OF OFC in BSNL& LAYING PRACTICE

For BSNL Internal Circulation only

OPTICAL FIBER CONCEPT&TYPE

1. Main job of optical fibre is to guide light waves

with a minimum attenuation.
2. Optical fibers are composed of fine threads of
glass in layers. The fine threads are of silica
glass mix with some dopant material.
3. Two main layers are known as core (central, of
8 to 50 m ) & cladding (outer ,50 to125 m)
4. Core is having 1% more R.I. than Cladding
5. It transmits the Optical waves (Light) through it
at the speed of 2/3 of speed of light in vacuum
observing the total internal reflection principle.

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 The Optical Fibre structure

8-50 m
Core 125 m

Cladding

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1. Light is either reflected or refracted depending
upon the angle of incident at which it strikes the
layer of separation.

2. It refracts away when it goes from denser to a

rearer medium

3. It reflects when it crosses the critical angle,

which is known as phenomenon of
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

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 1
n1 = 1.48
n2 = 1.46

INCIDENT RAY 1
2 Reflected Ray
3
3
N1 core i
2

N2 cladding
r
Refrected Ray
1

(Principal of total internal reflection)

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 Jacket Jacket

Cladding
Core

Cladding (n2) Cladding

Core (n2) Jacket

Light at less than Angle of Angle of
critical angle is
incidence reflection
absorbed in jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection

Fig. Total Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre

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CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRE

Classification based on Mode of propogation

Fibres can be classified based on numbers

available for propagation :
1- Single-mode (SM) fiber.
2.- Multi-mode (MM) fiber.

Classification based on refractive index profile :

1. Step index (SI)
2. Graded index (GRIN) fiber.

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SINGLE MODE FIBER DESIGNS:-

.NON DISPERSION SHIFTED FIBRE-NDSF-G652

. DISPERSION SHIFTED FIBRE-

DSF-G653

.NON ZERO DISPERSION SHIFTED FIBRE-

NZDSF-G655

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MULTIMODE( LARGE CORE DIA.)

Number of modes results in delay in receiving end :

1. Modal dispersion
2. Resulting reduction in bandwidth- width.
3. Resulting limits the distance of transmission.
4.To overcome modal dispersion core gradded
refractive index fibres are used.

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Two main types of cables

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Advantage of optical comm.

High speed of transmission >10ghz

Low loss system can work >1okms
Large no.Channels signal can be
amplified in single fibre trans.
Low cost of transmission
Light in weight
Immune to EMI being non conductive

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Loss FIRST Attenuation Curve
dB WINDOW

3.0
SECOND WINDOW
2.5

2.0

1.5 THIRD WINDOW

1.0 RAYLEIGH
SCATTERING
0.5

0
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wave Length (Lemda) in nm

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TRANSMISSION WINDOWS

First Window (800-900 nm)

Transmitter laser GaAs and LED and
Receiver -Silicon APD
It is suitable for Short distance
Transmission(due to high loss in this region)

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TRANS WINDOW-Contd

SECOND WINDOW (1250 to 1350 nm)

Moderate loss of Fiber in this region

Chromatic Dispersion is very weak

Suitable for Long Distance Transmission

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Transmission Window -Contd

Third Window(1500 nm C-band)

Widely used as FIBER LOSS are very low

Euro doped Fibre Amp. available in this

Region

Mostly used for WDM & DWDM applications

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FURTHER CLASSIFIED BAND
SECON & THIRD WINDOWS FURTHER CLASSIFIED
IN FOLLOWING BAND OF SPECTRUM

O band Original 1260-1360 nm

E band Extended 1360-1460 nm
S band Short wavelengths 1460-1530 nm
C band Conventional 1530-1565nm
L band Long Wave length 1565-1625 nm
U band Ultra long wavelength 1625-1675 nm

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 TRANSMISSION CHALLENGES

Several challenge that must be dealt with

(1) ATTENUATION: Decaying of signals.
i) INTERINSIC
ii) EXTRANSIC
(2)DISPERSION: Spreading of light pulses.
i) MODAL,
ii) MATERIAL,
iii) WAVE GUIDE

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Length of the OFC route &
optical budget

Tx.power=Loss in cable(.35db)+splice loss(.1db)

Spliter loss+min.power reqd.at receiver.

For Calculating The HOP Length (in kms)

Tx power(dbm)- Rx sensivity(dbm)/0.35
Cable length in kms=6db(total
loss)/0.35=17.14kms.

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 APPLICATION

1.Non Dispersion Shifted Fibre :

a) TDM :1310 nm
b)DWDM :1550 nm. supports 10gbs up to 300 mtrs.
2.Dispersion shifted fibres suitable for TDM but not
for DWDM.
3.Non Zero DSF :for TDM & DWDM 1550 nm.
4.Newer generation fibre : It allows energy to travel
further in cladding creating small amount of
dispersion to counter four wave mixing .

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MAIN TESTS ON OPTICAL FIBRE
CABLES

Cable Loss.
Splice Loss.
Connector Loss.
Fibre Length.
Continuity of Fiber.
Fault Localizations/Break Fault.

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INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

Optical Power Meter.

Calibrated Light Source.
Optical Attenuator.
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR).
Optical Talk Set.

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CALIBRATED LIGHT SOURCE

Generates Light signals of known power and

wavelength (LED or LASER).

Wavelength variations to match Fiber's

Wavelength.

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 OPTICAL ATTENUATORS
TYPES:-
Fixed Attenuators.
Variable Attenuators.

APPLICATIONS:-
To Simulate the Regenerator Hop Loss at the
FDF.
To Provide Local Loop Back for Testing.
To measure the Bit Error Rate by varying the
Optical Signal at the Receiver Input.
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY
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 OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN
REFLECTOMETER (OTDR)

Used for measuring :

Fiber Loss.
Splice Loss.
Connector Loss.
Fiber Length.
Continuity of Fiber.
Fault Localization.

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 Laying of OFC Cable

HDPE Pipe 75mm appx.5mtr.length

18-20ft.
HDPE Pipe 50mm appx.5mtr.length
18-20ft.
PLB HDPE Pipe 40 mm
appx.1km/200mtr.length
GI Pipe for PLP 50mm of 6 mtr. In length.

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Measurements of cable Depth.
i)Cross country route:
Above HDPE 1.5mtr/1.65 trench/.9 rocky area.
ii) In built up route (City/Town/Urban)
iii)Existing duct / HDPE /RCC/GI Pipe
iv) Along the Bridge side walls.
v) Along rail bridge or crossing 1.5 mtrs HDP in
RCC
vi) Road Crossing 1.5 in RCC along 3 mtrs side
of rd.

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 Route Indicators

1.At every 200 mtr.: Yellow

2.At every Joint : Red.

3. Branch : at route diversions.

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 Conclusion

OPTICAL FIBER CONCEPT &TYPE

OFC ROUTE & OPTICAL BUDGET

IMPORTANT OFC TEST INSTRUMENT

USE OF OFC in BSNL& LAYING PRACTICE

For BSNL Internal Circulation only

For BSNL Internal Circulation only