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Oumuamua
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1I/Oumuamua
Eso1737a-shorter.jpg
Artist's impression of Oumuamua, the first confirmed interstellar asteroid[1]
Discovery?[2][3]
Discovered by Robert Weryk using Pan-STARRS 1
Discovery site Haleakala Obs., Hawaii
Discovery date 19 October 2017
Designations
MPC designation 1I/2017 U1 (Oumuamua)[4]
Pronunciation /o?'mu??'mu??/ (About this sound listen)
Named after
(Hawaiian name)[4]
Alternative designations
1I/Oumuamua
1I/2017 U1 A/2017 U1?[5]
C/2017 U1?[3] P10Ee5V
Minor planet category
Interstellar object[4]
hyperbolic asteroid (JPL)[6]
Orbital characteristics?[6]
Epoch 2017-Oct-31 (JD 2458057.5)
Observation arc 34 days
Aphelion n/a
Perihelion 0.255340.00007 AU
Semi-major axis
-1.27990.0009 AU[n 1]
Eccentricity 1.199490.00019
Average orbital speed
26.330.01 km/s (interstellar)[7]
Mean anomaly
35.060
Mean motion
0 40m 48.72s / day
Inclination 122.69
Longitude of ascending node
24.599
Argument of perihelion
241.70
Earth MOID 0.0958 AU 37.3 LD
Jupiter MOID 1.455 AU
Physical characteristics
Dimensions 180??30??30 m (est. at albedo 0.10)[8][9]
200 m (est. at albedo 0.060.08)[10]
Rotation period
8.100.02 h[11]
8.100.42 h[10]
Geometric albedo
0.1 (spectral est.)[8]
0.060.08 (spectral est.)[10]
Spectral type
RR (red, featureless)[12]
D?[8]
P?[10]
BV = 0.70.06[8]
V-R = 0.450.05[8]
g-r = 0.470.04[10]
r-i = 0.360.16[10]
r-J = 1.200.11[10]
Apparent magnitude
19.7 to >27.5[7][n 2][13]
Absolute magnitude (H)
22.080.45[6]
Oumuamua (formally designated 1I/2017 U1; previously C/2017 U1 (PANSTARRS) and
A/2017 U1) is the first known interstellar object to pass through the Solar System.
[14][15][16] It was discovered on a highly eccentric hyperbolic trajectory by
Robert Weryk on 19 October 2017, 40 days after turning around the Sun. The first
observations were made by the Pan-STARRS telescope[2] when the object was 0.2 AU
(30,000,000 km; 19,000,000 mi) from Earth,[citation needed] heading away from the
Sun. Initially assumed to be a comet, it was reclassified as an asteroid a week
later. It is the first of a new class of interstellar objects. As a result of its
strongly hyperbolic trajectory, it will pass Neptune's orbit in 2022 and leave the
Oort cloud in roughly 20,000 years. The amount of time the object has been drifting
among the stars in the galactic disc is unknown.

Based on a 34-day observation arc, Oumuamua's orbital eccentricity is 1.20, the

highest of any object yet observed in the Solar System.[6][7] The previous record
holder was C/1980 E1 with an outbound-orbit eccentricity of 1.057.[17][18][n 3] The
high eccentricity of Oumuamua's orbit, both inbound and outbound, indicates that
it has never been gravitationally bound to the Solar System and is an interstellar
object due to its high incoming velocity, which is faster than the Sun's escape
velocity. It is moving in the opposite direction to the orbits of the planets, at
an inclination to the ecliptic of about 60 degrees. The direction of motion[19] of
Oumuamua is 6 from the solar apex.[20]

Contents [hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 Observations
2.1 Trajectory
2.2 Asteroidal nature
2.3 Appearance and shape
3 Hypothetical space missions
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Nomenclature
As the first known object of its type, Oumuamua presented a unique case for the
International Astronomical Union, which assigns designations for astronomical
objects. A new designation, I, was established for interstellar objects, with
Oumuamua being designated 1I, with rules on the eligibility of objects for I-
numbers and the names to be assigned to these interstellar objects yet to be
codified.[4] "Correct forms for referring to this object are therefore: 1I; 1I/2017
U1; 1I/Oumuamua; and 1I/2017 U1 (Oumuamua)."[4]

The name comes from Hawaiian ou.mua.mua, meaning "scout",[21] (from ou, meaning
"reach out for", and mua, reduplicated for emphasis?, meaning "first, in advance
of"[4]) and reflects the way this object is like a scout or messenger sent from the
distant past to reach out to us.[4][22] The first character is a Hawaiian okina,
not an apostrophe, and is represented by a single quotation mark. The name was
chosen by the Pan-STARRS team[23] in consultation with Kaiu Kimura and Larry
Kimura of the University of Hawaii at Hilo.[24]

Observations
Observations and conclusions concerning the trajectory of Oumuamua were primarily
obtained with data from the Pan-STARRS1 Telescope and the Canada-France-Hawaii
Telescope (CFHT), and its composition and shape from the Very Large and the Gemini
South telescopes in Chile, as well as the Keck 2 Telescope in Hawaii. These were
collected by Karen J. Meech, Robert Weryk and their colleagues and published in
Nature on 20 November.[15][25]

Trajectory
Oumuamua is the first known example of an interstellar object, appearing to come
from roughly the direction of the star Vega in the constellation Lyra,[20][26] with
a hyperbolic excess velocity of 26.33 km/s (58,900 mph) with respect to the Sun.[n
4] The direction of motion of Oumuamua is close to the Solar apex, the most likely
direction for approaches from objects outside the Solar System.[20] On 26 October,
two precovery observations from the Catalina Sky Survey were found dated 14 and 17
October.[27][28] A two-week observation arc had verified the strongly hyperbolic
nature of this object's trajectory.[6][14] It has a speed at infinity of 26.33 km/s
(58,900 mph) relative to the Sun when in interstellar space, and as the Sun pulled
it inward the speed peaked at 87.71 km/s (196,200 mph) at perihelion on 9
September.[7][n 5]

Oumuamua speed relative to the Sun[n 6]

Distance Date Velocity
km/s
2300 AU 1605 26.34
1000 AU 1839 26.35
100 AU 2000 26.67
10 AU 2016 29.50
1 AU 9 August 2017 49.67
Perihelion 9 September 2017 87.71[7]
1 AU 10 October 2017 49.67[n 7]
10 AU 2019 29.51
100 AU 2034 26.65
1000 AU 2196 26.36
2300 AU 2430 26.32
Inbound velocity at 200 AU from the Sun comparing Oumuamua's interstellar speed to
Oort Cloud objects[n 6]
Object Year Velocity
km/s # of observations
and obs arc[n 8]
90377 Sedna 1746 2.66 196 in 9240 days
C/1980 E1 (Bowell) 1765 2.98 179 in 2514 days
C/1997 P2 (Spacewatch) 1779 2.99 94 in 49 days
C/2010 X1 (Elenin) 1798 2.96 2222 in 235 days
C/2012 S1 (ISON) 1801 2.99 6514 in 784 days
C/2008 J4 (McNaught) 1855 4.88 22 in 15 days[n 9]
1I/Oumuamua 1982 26.5 115 in 34 days
By mid November, astronomers were certain that it was an interstellar object. An
analysis by Jean Schneider demonstrated that the orbit is almost impossible to
achieve from within our Solar System. The strongly hyperbolic passage of Oumuamua
during the inbound trajectory indicates it has never undergone significant change
due to gravitational forces within the Solar System. It is not possible to
attribute its inbound high speed to gravitational forces of the Solar System.[29]
[30][31]

Extrapolating the orbit backward, the asteroid is calculated to have gone through
perihelion on 9 September, when it was 0.255 AU (38,100,000 km; 23,700,000 mi) from
the Sun, i.e., about 17% closer than Mercury's closest approach to the Sun. While
leaving the Solar System it passed approximately 0.1616 AU (24,180,000 km;
15,020,000 mi) from Earth on 14 October.[6] The object is small and faint, and by
the end of October had already faded to apparent magnitude ~23.[28]
It has been extrapolated that one hundred years ago, the object was 561 0.6 AU
(83.9 0.1 billion km) from the Sun and traveling at 26.33 km/s (58,900 mph) with
respect to the Sun. The object continued to speed up until it went through
perihelion, where it peaked at 87.71 km/s (196,200 mph).[7] By the discovery date
it had slowed down to 46 km/s (100,000 mph)[citation needed] and will continue to
slow down until it reaches a speed of 26.33 km/s (58,900 mph) relative to the Sun.
[7] This interstellar speed is within ~5 km/s of other stars within the Sun's
stellar neighborhood, which also indicates an extrasolar origin.[32] The object is
heading away from the Sun at an angle of 66[n 10] from the direction of its
approach. It will pass Jupiter's orbit in May 2018, Saturn's orbit in January 2019,
and Neptune's orbit in 2022.[30] As it leaves the Solar System, it will be
approximately R.A. 23h51m and declination +2445', in Pegasus.[7] It will take the
object roughly 20,000 years to leave the Solar System,[n 11] given that the Oort
cloud is the furthest reaches of the Solar System.

It is unknown how long the object has been drifting among the stars in the galactic
disc.[30] The Solar System is likely the first star system that Oumuamua has
closely encountered since being ejected from its birth star system, potentially
several billion years ago.[33] It has been speculated that the object may have been
ejected from a stellar system in the CarinaColumba association, some 45 million
years ago.[34] The CarinaColumba stellar association is now very far in the sky
from the constellation Lyra, the direction from which the object came. About 1.3
million years ago the object may have passed the nearby star TYC4742-1027-1 within
a distance of 0.16 parsecs (0.52 light-years), but its velocity is too high to have
originated from this star, and it probably just passed through the Oort cloud of
that system at a speed of 103 km/s (230,000 mph).[35][n 12]

Asteroidal nature
Initially, Oumuamua was announced as comet C/2017 U1 (PANSTARRS) on 25 October
2017 based on a strongly hyperbolic orbit.[3] In an attempt to confirm any cometary
activity, very deep stacked images were taken at the Very Large Telescope (VLT)
later the same day, but the object showed no presence of a coma.[n 13] Accordingly,
it was renamed A/2017 U1, becoming the first comet ever to be re-designated as an
asteroid.[5]

The lack of a coma limits the amount of surface ice to a few square meters, and
that any volatiles (if they exist) must lie below a crust at least 0.5 m (1.6 ft)
thick.[8] The lack of a coma indicates that it must have formed within the frost
line of the stellar system of origin or have been in the inner region of that
stellar system long enough for all ice to sublime, as may be the case with
damocloids. Analysis of its spectrum indicates that the latter is likely true.[36]
[37]

Oumuamua, imaged here with the William Herschel Telescope on 28 October, is seen
as a stationary light source in the center of the image. Background stars appear
streaked because the telescope is tracking the rapidly moving asteroid.
Appearance and shape
Oumuamua was not seen in STEREO HI-1A observations near its perihelion on 9
September 2017, limiting its brightness to ~13.5 mag.[10]

Spectra recorded by the 4.2 m (14 ft) William Herschel Telescope on 25 October
showed that the object was featureless, and colored red like Kuiper belt objects.
[12] Spectra from the Hale Telescope showed a less-red color resembling comet
nuclei or Trojans.[33] Its spectrum is similar to that of D-type[8] or P-type
asteroids.[10]

Oumuamua has a rotation period of 8.10 hours,[10][11] with a lightcurve amplitude

of 1.52.1 mag.[11] Meech et al. reported a rotation period of 7.3 hours and a
lightcurve amplitude of 2.5 mag.[38] This indicates that it is a highly elongated
object with an axial ratio of 4.1 to 6.9,[10][11] comparable to or greater than the
most elongated Solar System objects.[10][11] According to astronomer David Jewitt,
the object is physically unremarkable except for its highly elongated shape.[9]

Assuming an albedo of 10% (typical for D-type asteroids), Oumuamua has dimensions
of approximately 180 m 30 m 30 m (600 ft 100 ft 100 ft).[8][9] Bannister et
al. have suggested that it could also be a contact binary,[10] although this may
not be compatible with its rapid rotation.[25] One speculation regarding its shape
is that it is a result of a violent event (such as a collision or stellar
explosion) that caused its ejection from its system of origin.[25]

Hypothetical space missions

Hyperbola corresponding to Oumuamua's trajectory, as it looks on a plane, with the

Sun at the focus
'Oumuamua has a velocity which is too fast for any existing craft to reach.[39] The
Initiative for Interstellar Studies (i4is) has suggested options for sending a
spacecraft to Oumuamua within a time-frame of 5 to 10 years, perhaps using first a
Jupiter flyby followed by a close solar flyby at 3 solar radii in order to take
advantage of the Oberth effect.[19] More advanced options of using solar, laser
electric, and laser sail propulsion, based on Breakthrough Starshot technology, are
also considered. The challenge is to get to the asteroid in a reasonable amount of
time (and so at a reasonable distance from Earth), and yet be able to gain useful
scientific information. If the investigative craft goes too fast, it would not be
able to get into orbit or land on the asteroid and would simply fly past it, moving
at many asteroid diameters per second. The authors conclude that, although
challenging, an encounter mission would be feasible using near-term technology.
That said, astronomers estimate that interstellar objects similar to 'Oumuamua pass
inside the orbit of the Earth several times per year, thus providing possible
opportunities for study whatever the given logistics of space travel.[40]

Nominal trajectory of Oumuamua

(click for animation)

Hyperbolic orbit of Oumuamua through the inner Solar System, with position on 25
October 2017

'Oumuamua will fade to 34th apparent magnitude by 2020

Notes
Jump up ^ Objects in hyperbolic orbits have negative semimajor axis, giving them a
positive orbital energy.
Jump up ^ Range at which the object is expected to be observable. Brightness peaked
at 19.7 mag on 18 October 2017, and fades below 27.5 mag (the limit of Hubble Space
Telescope for fast-moving objects) around 1 January 2018. By late 2019, it should
dim to 34 mag.
Jump up ^ Unlike Oumuamua, C/1980 E1's orbit got its high eccentricity due to a
close encounter with Jupiter. Its inbound-orbit eccentricity was less than 1.
Jump up ^ For comparison, comet C/1980 E1 will only be moving 4.2 km/s when it is
500 AU from the Sun.
Jump up ^ Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) peaked at 377 km/s (840,000 mph) at perihelion
because it passed 0.0124 AU from the Sun (20 times closer than Oumuamua).
^ Jump up to: a b Results produced with JPL Horizons. Observer Location: "@sun" /
Table settings: "20. Observer range & range-rate", "22. Speed wrt Sun & observer".
Jump up ^ The solar escape velocity from Earth's orbit (1 AU from the Sun) is 42.1
km/s. For comparison, even 1P/Halley moves at 41.5 km/s when 1 AU from the Sun,
according to the formula v = 42.1219 ?1/r - 0.5/a, where r is the distance from the
Sun, and a is the major semi-axis. Near-Earth asteroid 2062 Aten only moves at 29
km/s when 1 AU from the Sun because of the much smaller major semi-axis.
Jump up ^ Orbits computed with only a handful of observations can be unreliable.
Short arcs can result in computer generated orbits rejecting some data
unnecessarily.
Jump up ^ Other orbital solutions show C/2008 J4 entering the Solar System @ 3.5
1.3 km/s. JPL #10 shows that on 1855-Mar-24 C/2008 J4 was moving 4.88 1.8 km/s.
Jump up ^ According to the formula 2acos(1/e)
Jump up ^ Generically define the edge of the Solar System at 2 light-years (126,000
astronomical units; 18.9 trillion kilometers), note that the comet is moving at
26.33 km/s. It will take the comet 23,000 years to reach 2 lightyears. (1.891013
km / 26.33 km-per-sec / 60 seconds-per-min / 60 minutes-per-hour / 24 hours-per-day
/ 365.25 days-per-year = 22,700 years)
Jump up ^ This is true for the nominal position of the star. However, its actual
distance is not known precisely: According to Gaia Data Release 1, the distance to
TYC4742-1027-1 is 137 13 parsecs (447 42 light-years). It is not known if an
encounter actually occurred.
Jump up ^ According to Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams's CBET 4450, none
of the observers had detected any sign of cometary activity. The initial
classification as a comet was based on the object's orbit.
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Chemical propulsion just doesnt close the case in this scenario.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1I/Oumuamua.
Official website (NASA)
Talk about A/2017 U1 from 31 October 2017. SETI Institute at Facebook Live.
Interstellar Asteroid A/2017 U1 (update 7 November 2017) on YouTube (time 3:31
min.)
"Spitzer DDT observations of the interstellar comet A/2017 U1". Proposal #13249
"Planet 1I/2017 U1". Exoplanet.eu.
Oumuamua at the JPL Small-Body Database
Discovery Ephemeris Orbit diagram Orbital elements Physical parameters
[hide] v t e
2017 in space
Selected NEOs
Asteroid close approaches 2012 TC4 2017 AG13 2014 JO25 2016 WF9 2017 BQ6 2017 BS5
3122 Florence C/2015 ER61 (PANSTARRS)
CST-100 (crop).jpg Artists impression of the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system.jpg
Exoplanets List of Exoplanets discovered in 2017
KELT-18b LHS 1140 b Luyten b NGTS-1b OGLE-2016-BLG-1190Lb OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb Ross
128 b TRAPPIST-1e TRAPPIST-1f TRAPPIST-1g TRAPPIST-1h
Discoveries
2013 SY99 (announced) GW170104 GW170608 GW170814 GW170817 Ring of Haumea Oumuamua
Space exploration
Cassini retirement
Category Category:2016 in space Category:2017 in space Category:2018 in space
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