CE 309

Structural Analysis

Introduction to Displacement
Methods

07/10/2016
 Outline of Lecture

Basic Approaches difference between Force and Displacement

Methods
Slope Deflection Method
Basic Slope deflection Equations-
Modified Slope Deflection equations for different cases
Beam with pinned end at B
Beam wit pinned end at A
Beam with guided-fixed end at B
Beam with guided-fixed end at A
Application to non-sway problems
 Basic Approaches

ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

FORCE (flexibility) DISPLACEMENT (stiffness)

approach approach

Basic unknowns are redundant forces

Equations of static equilibrium are
Theorem of three moments
inadequate to find unknowns Method of consistent
Required number of additional equations= deformation
ns (degree of static indeterminacy) Flexibility method
Additional equations obtained by invoking
compatibility at the redundant locations
 Introduction
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
FORCE (flexibility)
approach
Slope deflection method
Moment distribution method
Direct Stiffness method
DISPLACEMENT
(stiffness) approach
Basic unknowns are displacements (nk),
the degree of kinematic indeterminacy
Compatibility conditions are inadequate
to find unknowns
Unknown displacements are obtained by
invoking appropriate equilibrium
equations
Slope Deflection Method

Originally proposed by George Maney in 1915

Powerful alternative to the force methods of analysis

Degree of kinematic indeterminacy is first identified, in

terms of unknown displacements (slopes and deflections)

Unknown displacements are solved for, by applying

equilibrium equations
 Basic Approach of Displacement Method
P1 P2 MC P3

A D

B C
Kinematically determinate (primary) structure with applied loads
MFAB P1 MF MF P2 MF MF P3 MFDC
BA BC CB CD

A B B C C D
Equivalent Joint loads
F1 = -MFB F2 = MC - MFC

A D

B C Superposition
Flexural Stiffness (Rotational) of Beam Element
M0=(3EI/L)0
0/2 M0
0
A O

Far end A hinged BMD M0=(4EI/L)0

M0
0
A O

Far end A fixed M0/2

BMD
M0 M0=(EI/L)0
0
A O
BMD
Far end A guided-fixed
 Rotational Slips in a fixed beam
A B

=1

A B

=1
2EI/L
4EI/L 2EI/L

L/3
4EI/L

6EI/L2 6EI/L2 BMD

 Rotational Slips in a fixed beam
A B

=1
=1
A B

4EI/L
2EI/L 4EI/L L/3

2EI/L

6EI/L2 6EI/L2 BMD

Slope Deflection Equations

When a continuous beam or frame is subjected to external

loads, internal moments generally develop at the ends of
the individual members

The slope deflection equations relate these end moments

of the member to the end rotations and displacements and
the external loads applied to the member

In the continuous beam shown below, consider any

arbitrary member AB,
Slope Deflection Equations

Let the beam be subject to external loads and support settlements

Member AB deforms as shown in the figure
A and B Rotations of end A and B with respect to the
undeformed/horizontal position of the member
AB Rotation of the members chord (straight line connecting the
deformed positions of the member ends)
Slope Deflection Equations

Free Body of AB
Internal moments are induced at the member ends

The double subscript notation is used for member end

moments, the first subscript denotes the member end at
which the moment acts and the second subscript indicates
the other end of the member

MAB Moment of the member AB at A

MBA Moment of AB at B
 Slope Deflection Equations

Fixed end moments due to external loading

End moments due to rotation A End moments due to rotation B

Slope Deflection Equations

End moments due to differential settlements

(chord rotation AB )

4 2 6
= + + Basic Slope

2 4 6 Deflection Equations
= + +

Slope Deflection Equations

End moments due to differential settlements

(chord rotation AB )

4 2 Basic Slope
= + Deflection Equations
2 4
in matrix form
 Modified Slope Deflection Equations
-for different end conditions
3 3
= + However, we can afford to
Slope deflection equations take the
above form, considering the modified
stiffness of the beam and modified
fixed end moment MFoAB for the
propped cantilever beam
Beam with pinned end at B
The unknown displacements
are end rotation A and chord
rotation AB
Rotation at the pinned end B
is also an unknown
ignore this rotation since we
are interested in getting force
response from these
unknowns
= /2
 Modified Slope Deflection Equations
-for different end conditions
3 3
= + However, we can afford to
Slope deflection equations take the
above form, considering the modified
stiffness of the beam and modified
fixed end moment MFoBA for the
propped cantilever beam
Beam with pinned end at A
The unknown displacements
are end rotation B and chord
rotation AB
Rotation at the pinned end A
is also an unknown
ignore this rotation since we
are interested in getting force
response from these
unknowns
= /2
 Modified Slope Deflection Equations
-for different end conditions

= +


=

Beam with guided-fixed end at B

The rotation at the guided fixed end, B is zero
The unknown displacement is the end rotation A
By making use of the modified stiffness of a beam element exhibiting
cantilever action, we can ignore the deflections, A (due to known
support settlement) and B(unknown deflection at B)
Application to Non-Sway Problems
Example 1
Analyse the two-span continuous beam by Slope deflection method. Draw
SFD and BMD. Assume constant EI
80 kN
15 kN/m
1.5m
A C
B

4m 2m
Application to Non-Sway Problems
Solution 80 kN
15 kN/m
1.5m

A B C
4m 2m
Degree of kinematic indeterminacy, nk = 1; The unknown displacement is B
Fixed End Moments

()
= = = -20.0kNm

+ ()
= = = 20.0kNm

()(.)(.)
= = = -22.5kNm

() . (.)
= = = 7.5kNm

Application to Non-Sway Problems
Solution
Slope Deflection Equations

Beam AB ( L = 4m ; A = 0 ; B = ? ; AB = 0 )

4 2 6
= + + = 20 +
2
2 4 6
= + + = 20 +

Beam BC ( L = 2m ; B = ? ; C = 0 ; MCB = 0; BC = 0 )

4 2 6
= + + = 22.5 + 2

2 4 6
= + + = 7.5 +

Application to Non-Sway Problems
Solution
Equilibrium Equation

MBA + MBC = MB = 0

20 + + (22.5 + 2 ) = 0

= +0.833kNm
Application to Non-Sway Problems
Example 2
Repeat Example 1, considering the support C to be a roller support. Draw
SFD and BMD. Assume constant EI
80 kN
15 kN/m
1.5m
A C
B

4m 2m
Application to Non-Sway Problems
Solution
80 kN
15 kN/m
1.5m
A C
B

4m 2m
Degree of kinematic indeterminacy, nk = 1 (Actually 2, but take advantage of
the fact that the end moment at the support C is zero, and make use of the
modified slope-deflection equations and propped cantilever fixed end
moment for BC)
The unknown displacement is B
Fixed End Moments

() + ()
= = = -20.0kNm = = = 20.0kNm

()(.)(.) () . (.)
= = = 26.25kNm

Application to Non-Sway Problems
Solution
Slope Deflection Equations

Beam AB ( L = 4m ; A = 0 ; B = ? ; AB = 0 )

4 2 6
= + + = 20 +
2
2 4 6
= + + = 20 +

Beam BC ( L = 2m ; B = ? ; C can be ignored ; MCB = 0; BC = 0 )

3 3 3
= + = 26.25 +
2 2 2
Application to Non-Sway Problems
Solution
Equilibrium Equation

MBA + MBC = MB = 0
3
20 + + (26.25 + ) = 0
2
= +2.5kNm