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AbstractParameters estimation of internal waves is one of (EMD) [6] and wavelet analysis [7]. Most of these methods are
the most important applications of oceanic synthetic aperture based on the signals affected by the uncorrelated and additive
radar (SAR) images. Several methods are widely applied to random noise. However, the multiplicative noise model of SAR
estimate internal waves parameters such as wavelet analysis
method, curve tting method and empirical mode decomposition images is not applied to these methods. The result is that these
(EMD) method. Most of these methods suppose the signals methods could not reach the CRB. Therefore, these methods
processed are affected by the additive random noise. However, could not ensure the precision and the effectiveness of the
the multiplicative noise model of SAR images is not applied internal waves parameters estimation, which restricts the study
to these methods. The result is that these methods could not and application of internal waves.
reach the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). This paper assumes that
SAR images are affected by speckle noise, and take the speckle This paper assumes that SAR images are affected by speckle
signal described by a gamma distribution as an example. In this noise, and take the speckle signal described by a gamma
model, this paper derives the CRB for internal waves parameters distribution as an example. In this model, this paper derives
estimation. Based on the multiplicative noise model and the CRB, the CRB for internal waves parameters estimation and the
this paper proposes an optimal parameters estimation method of
internal waves, and the results could reach the CRB. The real
conditions of reaching the CRB. Based on the multiplicative
image experiments can prove that the proposed method is more noise model and the CRB, this paper proposes an optimal
accurate and effective than other methods. parameters estimation method of internal waves, and the
results can reach the CRB through numerical iteration. In order
Index TermsParameters estimation, internal waves, SAR
images, Cramer-Rao bound. to conrm the accuracy of the results, this paper takes the
internal waves wavelength and location as an example of the
internal waves parameters, and takes the experiments of all
I. I NTRODUCTION
methods mentioned.
In the eld of parameters estimation, Cramer-Rao bound
(CRB) is one of the most important criterions for parameter
II. T HE C RAM ER -R AO B OUND AND THE O PTIMAL
evaluation. Under given conditions, CRB is usually applied
PARAMETERS E STIMATION M ETHOD OF I NTERNAL WAVES
to unbiased estimator of unknown parameters to derive the
IN SAR I MAGES
lower bound of their variances. It places a benchmark against
which we can compare the performance of any unbiased Internal wave is a kind of nonlinear waves which happens in
estimator. Therefore, in many areas such as radar, sonar, the inner ocean. The backscattering intensity of internal wave
wireless communication and satellite positioning, CRB has a was described in [5] by
wide application in the performance evaluation of parameters
estimation. In the area of parameters estimation in synthetic x xc x xc
aperture radar (SAR) data, CRB is also applied to determine Is = I0 Bsech2 tanh + I0 (1)
the accuracy of the estimated parameters, such as Doppler fre-
quency estimation [1], coherent shift estimation [2], evaluation where I0 is average intensity of background, B is amplitude of
of texture extraction from SAR images [3], vegetation height internal wave intensity in SAR images, xc is central location
estimation [4] and so on. and is wavelength of internal wave.
Parameters estimation of internal waves is one of the The primary parameters of internal wave to be estimated are
most important applications of oceanic SAR images. Several xc and . Supposing the SAR image was effected by speckle
methods are widely applied to estimate internal waves param- noise described by a gamma distribution, the probability
eters such as curve tting [5], empirical mode decomposition distribution function (p.d.f) of SAR image is as follow, which
978-1-4673-7297-8/15/$31.00 2015
c IEEE 696
can be seen in literature [8], [9].
2
L n
1 L
2
ln P L Ii
P (yi |) = yiL1 E = 3 (xi xc ) (10)
(L) Is xi x c xc i=1 Ii2
(2)
Lyi The conditions of reaching the CRB for parameter estima-
exp xi xc
Is tion of internal wave is as follows
where from the second differentiation of (5) we can get the = G1 ()g() (17)
mathematical expectation
2 It can be justied by (12) that G is a symmetric matrix, so
2
n
Ii the error matrix can be obtain
ln P L
E = 2 (8)
x2c i=1 Ii2
2 xc xc
2 = = E ( ) ( )T (18)
n
Ii xc
ln P L 2
E = 4 (xi xc ) (9)
2 i=1 Ii2 Together with (12), (13) and (18), enables us to state the error
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Location, x (pixel)