ME-110 BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURER # 5-6

Theory Teacher :
Samiullah Qureshi

Department of Mechanical Engineering

NED University Of Engineering And Technology
Karachi Pakistan
 Pressure
A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
It has the unit of newtons per square meter (N/m2), which is
called a pascal (Pa)

= ( )

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 Contd..
Pressure of local atmosphere is known as atmospheric pressure.

At sea level, 1 atm

Most of pressure gauges

measure the pressure above the
atmospheric pressure.

That pressure is known as Gage

Pressure.
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 Contd..
Pressures below atmospheric pressure are called Vacuum

Pressures and are measured by vacuum gages.

The actual pressure at a given position is called the Absolute

Pressure, and it is measured relative to absolute zero pressure.

These pressure related to each other by

= +

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Contd..
 Variation of Pressure with
Depth
Pressure does not change in the horizontal direction in a fluid at
rest
But, Pressure in a fluid increases with depth because more fluid
rests on deeper layer

Change in pressure
= ( )

Absolute pressure at given point

= + ( )

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 Contd..
EX # 155 : Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at 30 m
below the free surface of the sea. Assume a atmospheric pressure
of 101 kPa and a specific gravity of 1.03 for seawater. (Cengel)
Ans: 404 kPa

EX # 138: As shown in Fig, an

underwater exploration vehicle submerges
to a depth of 1000 ft. If the atmospheric
pressure at the surface is 1 atm, the water
density is 62.4 lb/ft3, and g = 32.2 ft/s2,
determine the pressure on the vehicle, in
atm. (Moran) Ans: 404 kPa
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 Pressure Measurement
THE MANOMETER
Small and moderate pressure difference
Consist of a glass or plastic U-tube
containing one , two or more fluids like
Mercury, water , alcohol or oil.

Consider a Manometer is use to

measure pressure in a Cylinder.
As pressure doesnt change in
horizontal direction so,
=

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 Contd..
At Point b, Pressure can be given as
= +
So, Pressure of gas is

= +

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 Contd..
Example # 1-6 A manometer is used to measure the pressure
in a tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and the
manometer column height is 55 cm, as shown in Fig. If the
local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa, determine the absolute
pressure within the tank. (Cengel) Ans: 100.6 kPa

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 Contd..
EX # 159: Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a
gas tank to measure its pressure. If the reading on the
pressure gage is 80 kPa, determine the distance between the
two fluid levels of the manometer if the fluid is (a) mercury
( =13,600 kg/m3) or (b) water ( =1000 kg/m3) (Cengel)

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 Contd..
EX # 137: Figure shows a tank within a tank, each containing
air. The absolute pressure in tank A is 267.7 kPa. Pressure gage
A is located inside tank B and reads 140 kPa. The U tube
manometer connected to tank B contains mercury. Using data on
the diagram, determine the absolute pressure inside tank B, in
kPa, and the column length L, in cm. The atmospheric pressure
surrounding tank B is 101 kPa. The acceleration of gravity is g 5
9.81 m/s2. (MORAN)

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 Barometer
Used to measure the atmospheric pressure.
The barometer is formed by a closed tube filled with liquid
mercury and a small amount of mercury vapor inverted in an
open container of liquid mercury.
Atmospheric pressure is
= +

So,
=

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Bourdon Tube Gage

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 Temperature
Degree of hotness and coldness
Also defined as average kinetic energy of molecules.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other
Replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can be
restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same
temperature reading even if they are not in contact

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 Temperature Scales
Temperature scales enable us to use a common basis
for temperature measurements
Based on Freezing and Boiling point of Water
Celsius Scale
Fahrenheit
Kelvin Scale
Rankine Scale

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