Industrial and Commercial Training

The role of truck driver on sustainable transportation and logistics

Rameshwar Dubey, Angappa Gunasekaran,
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Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 47 Issue: 3, pp.127-134, https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-08-2014-0053
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 The role of truck driver on sustainable
transportation and logistics
Rameshwar Dubey and Angappa Gunasekaran
Downloaded by Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology At 21:55 06 November 2017 (PT)
Rameshwar Dubey is
Professor at Symbiosis
Institute of Operations
Management (Constituent of
Symbiosis International
University), New Nashik, India.
Angappa Gunasekaran is
Professor at Charlton College
of Business, University of
Massachusetts, Dartmouth,
Massachusetts, USA.
The authors are most grateful to
two anonymous reviewers for their
constructive and helpful comments
which helped to improve the
presentation considerably.
DOI 10.1108/ICT-08-2014-0053
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify traits and skills of a truck driver for sustainable
transportation, develop a theoretical framework and outline further research directions.
Design/methodology/approach The present study undertakes a review of extant literature and
appreciative inquiry, a quasi-ethnographic approach to identify traits and skills of a truck driver. Further,
using a pragmatic approach, a theoretical framework has been developed.
Findings The study proposes a theoretical framework, which can be further used for formulating training
modules for truck drivers for sustainable transportation and logistics.
Research limitations/implications The present framework needs to be statistically validated using
survey data and second, the proposition of the theoretical framework needs to be tested using hierarchical
regression analysis. Second, in the study the authors have used AI. However, the authors have only
interviewed selected senior police officials. This may lead to bias and to further strengthen the present study,
one needs to identify other regulatory authorities and human resource managers of transportation
companies. However, in Indian subcontinent situation the trucks are primarily owned by unorganized sector.
Hence, the owners may have five to ten trucks and this case there is no human resource manager. However,
in such case an interview with truck owners may provide a useful insight.
Practical implications The study has outlined recommendations on the basis of a literature review of
extant literature and appreciative inquiry. The recommendations can further help policy makers or technical
bodies run by a government agencies or privately managed to develop a training module for truck drivers to
meet the future challenges of sustainable transportation.
Social implications This research is related to truck drivers and their welfare as well as how they can
contribute to sustainable transportation and logistics.
Originality/value This research attempts to identify traits and skills of a truck driver for a sustainable
transportation and logistics, and develops a theoretical framework and outline further research directions.
This particular study ventures into new domain (the role of truck drivers role in sustainable logistics and
transportation).
Keywords Appreciative inquiry, Institutional pressures, Sustainable transportation and logistics,
Top management commitment, Truck driver
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
The steep rise in contributions in the field of sustainable transportation demonstrates active
debate in this area (Black, 1996; Steg and Gifford, 2005; Litman and Burwell, 2006; Shafiee and
Topal, 2009; Amekudzi et al., 2009; Eyring et al., 2010; Rogers and Weber, 2011; Lai et al.,
2013), especially related to environmental impacts and drivers and support staffs quality of life.
However, there remains scant empirical research which critically focusses on the role of truck
drivers and their skills development, which are important for achieving sustainable
transportation goals. The trucking industry is the backbone of transportation and logistics
sector (Londono-Kent, 2009) with a vital role in developing economies, especially in the Indian
subcontinent, although this remains a largely unorganized sector (Parkan and Dubey, 2009).
Most research focusses on clean energy use in transportation (e.g. Shafiee and Topal, 2009;
VOL. 47 NO. 3 2015, pp. 127-134, C Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ISSN 0019-7858 j INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL TRAINING j PAGE 127
 Windecker and Ruder, 2013; Acciaro, 2014). In contrast, there is hardly any research which
focusses on the skills of a truck driver, who has a major influence on carbon emissions. The present
study is motivated by this research gap and is guided by three research objectives:
1. to identify the traits and skills required by the truck driver, as an integral component of
sustainable transportation;
2. to propose a theoretical framework to create a talent pool for truck drivers; and
3. to outline further research directions.
To achieve this, the next section focusses on a review of extant literature. Section three deals
with our theoretical framework and its building blocks. In the fourth section we discuss the
implications of the proposed theoretical framework and provide recommendations. The final
section deals with conclusions, unique contributions, managerial implications, limitations and
further research directions.
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2. Related research
In this section, we have classified our literature based on satisfaction and frustration of truck drivers,
their traits and skills, training requirements and driver-related skills gaps in the present trucking
industry. An exhaustive literature survey has been undertaken to answer our first research objective.

2.1 Satisfaction and frustration of long distance truck driving

Satisfaction may be regarded as the ultimate source of motivation to choose and remain in a tough
profession like truck driving; conversely, frustration from various sources may prevent one
selecting truck driving as a profession. Here, we explore possible sources of satisfaction and
frustration using a critical review of extant literature. According to Johnson et al. (2009), sources of
satisfaction include self-dependence, opportunity to travel, decent income, and most importantly
the pleasure of driving; while sources of frustration include being away from home, rising fuel
prices, lack of proper training, local government pressures and issues around loading and
unloading. Williams and George (2013) adopted the appreciative inquiry (AI) method to reveal the
factors which determine the degree of satisfaction among the truck drivers community. Their
study found that important satisfaction factors are: passion for driving, opportunity to travel and
the independent nature of the job. Major deterrent factors are: boredom, poor job respect
and stress resulting from long driving. These observations corroborate Johnson et al.s (2009)
findings. Spielholz et al. (2008) explored the level of risk associated with long distance truck
driving, and Shibuya et al. (2010) quantified specific risks associated with loading and unloading
activities. These findings indicate that truck drivers needs different skills to handle work-related
stress and avoid frequent injuries (Spielholz et al., 2008; Shibuya et al., 2010).
Appropriate training may eliminate some of the discomfort factors (long working hours, long
absence from home and high risk of injury) which lead to frustration among truck drivers (Beilock
and Capelle, 1990). However, it may also be observed that drivers lack sensitivity toward
environment and society, as reflected in their casual approach, and therefore need skills which
prepare them to become more environmentally aware. Developing the necessary skills set will
help position truck drivers as the most important link in a sustainable supply chain network.

2.2 Traits and skills needed for sustainable transportation and logistics
We have attempted to answer this question using appreciative enquiry (AI), a qualitative research
method that focuses on interpreting the meanings, purposes and intentions of people who share

[y] drivers lack sensitivity towards environment

and society, as reflected in their casual approach,
and therefore need skills which prepare them to
become more environmentally aware.

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PAGE 128 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL TRAINING VOL. 47 NO. 3 2015
 their feelings and experiences. In our study, due to insufficient literature focussing on the traits
and skills of a truck driver in the context of sustainable supply chain networks, a qualitative
methodology is appropriate (Williams and George, 2013). AI, termed a discipline of positive
change, has emerged in recent years as one of the most respected qualitative research
technique (Cooperrider et al., 2008).
We conducted studies at various locations in India, spending time with state police, who are
responsible for monitoring truck emissions, age, condition and traffic laws; drivers themselves;
and ten different police commissioners and deputy commissioners in Nashik, Pune, Mumbai,
Kolkata and Delhi. We asked their opinion about recent challenges in terms of carbon emissions;
their perceptions of drivers quality of life; the extent to which drivers are responsive toward
environmental practices; and what traits and skills a driver should possess.
2.2.1 Traits of a truck driver. We identified the following skills set of an ideal truck driver.
1. Maturity. Maturity is an important criterion, supported by extant literature (Min and Emam,
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2003; Suzuki et al., 2009; Williams et al., 2011). Mature truck drivers respect local
government rules and generally take more responsibility for environmental practices like
regular engine cleaning, proper maintenance and driving within speed limits, whereas
younger drivers are more irresponsible and enjoy breaking rules (Min and Emam, 2003;
Suzuki et al., 2009; Williams et al., 2011; Saldanha et al., 2013; Williams and George, 2013).
2. Education level. Education level is an important criterion that differentiates responsible from
irresponsible truck drivers. According to senior police officers, most truck drivers are not even
high school graduates. A lack of proper scrutiny over how drivers obtain their heavy vehicle
licenses was reported. However, there was a belief that tightening up on this could lead to an
acute shortage of truck drivers. We also identified a lack of respect among Indians toward the
truck driving profession. This finding of our AI contradicts findings from the USA and other
developing economies (Saldanha et al., 2013; Williams and George, 2013); in fact, in western
countries truck driving professions are well respected. This could be linked to country culture,
which may further impact on driver education level (Min and Emam, 2003). Education may be
regarded as a major constraint in India due to popular perception of truck driving.
3. Endurance. Endurance is regarded as a key criterion for determining the longevity of a driver,
as poor endurance may lead to frustration (Min and Emam, 2003; Williams and George,
2013). Our AI suggested that endurance may be linked to drivers demographic profiles
(age, educational background, experience), socio-economic status and Indian culture by
state. Experienced drivers with proper training from Indian states like Punjab, Bihar and UP
tend to have more endurance than those with less experience from states like West Bengal,
Kerala and Assam.
2.2.2 Skills of a truck driver.
1. Technical knowledge. Technical knowledge includes basic automobile engineering,
fundamentals of logistics and transportation and basic instrumentation awareness for
environmental testing and basic engine diagnostics and maintenance. These AI findings are
corroborated by extant literature (Kuncyte et al., 2003; Raftery et al., 2011) and this is an area
that needs urgent attention. Indian truck drivers almost entirely lack the skills set of US drivers
(Williams and George, 2013), possibly due to lack of proper motor training schools or institutes.
2. Behavioral skills. The AI reveals that due to poor communication skills and inappropriate
attitudes, drivers often end up in direct confrontation with regulatory authorities in a large
country where different languages are spoken. Truck drivers from states like Punjab, Bihar
and UP and are well conversant in Hindi, but find it difficult to communicate in the South
(Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala) where English is more widespread.

2.3 Research gaps

To further corroborate our AI data we have undertaken review of extant literature, identifying
many gaps which require urgent attention. There is a dearth of literature focussing on the
sustainable transportation and logistics training needs of truck drivers. The logistics and

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VOL. 47 NO. 3 2015 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL TRAINING PAGE 129
 supply chain literature has also failed to address truck drivers skills and future training
requirements to meet complex sustainable supply chain network requirements (exceptions:
Min and Emam, 2003; Williams et al., 2011; Williams and George, 2013). There is thus a lack
of a comprehensive theoretical training framework for truck drivers, and thus a pressing need
to develop the training modules required to meet the future challenges of sustainable
transportation and logistics.

3. Theoretical framework
The foundation of our theoretical framework comprises three elements: training, skills and
institutional theory (see Figure 1). In recent years, institutional theory (DiMaggio and Powell,
1983) has emerged as a powerful explanation for the influence of external institutions on
organizational decision making and outcomes. We argue that due to the institutional pressures
detailed below, transport firms must embrace sustainability within their corporate strategy.
However, successful implementation is determined by several external and internal factors. Our
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conceptual framework is grounded in the proposition that institutional forces can only affect
truck drivers skills after they are mediated by proper training and moderated by successful top
management intervention.
Coercive pressures are external pressures created by stakeholders (government agencies,
regulatory norms, etc.) due to varying expectations from society (DiMaggio and Powell,
1983). Coercive pressures, mediated through rigorous training and moderated by top
management commitment, result in the desired technical and behavioral skills of the
truck drivers.
Normative pressures are due to professional codes, which expect professionals to follow
specific guidelines. In India, trucking unions play an important role in creating a sense of
environmental responsibility and safe driving. In our study we have identified, based on extant
literature and AI, the impacts of normative pressure on the technical and behavioral skills of truck
drivers when mediated by proper training and moderated by top management commitment.
Mimetic pressures result from the mimicking action of an organization. When an organization
lacks clarity in terms of goals, or environmental uncertainty is high (i.e. poor supply of trained and
responsible drivers in the market), top management tends to replicate existing industry trends.
Thus mimetic pressure tends to impact how the technical and behavioral skills of truck drivers
are mediated by training and moderated by top management.

Figure 1 Theoretical framework

Top management commitment

Coercive Pressures Technical Skills

Personality Traits

Normative Training
Pressures

Behavioral Skills

Mimetic Pressures

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PAGE 130 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL TRAINING VOL. 47 NO. 3 2015
 Training can help to translate these institutional pressures into the desired technical and
behavioral skills of a truck driver. As discussed earlier, lack of appropriate training leads to
frustration, sometimes resulting in drivers quitting the profession (Johnson et al., 2009; Williams
and George, 2013) and is reflected in psychological and physical stress. There is a high risk of
injury during consignment loading and unloading, thus driver training modules should be
developed which mediate between institutional pressures and the sustainable transportation
and logistics skill of truck drivers (i.e. technical skills and behavioral skills). Mismatch between
driver personality traits and the truck driving profession can limit longevity in the profession,
therefore training must ensure proper fitment between personality traits and the truck driving
profession and must include psychological training to build endurance. Training should also
include a mentor-mentee program to help young drivers mature under the effective guidance of
a senior driver; and technical training should be provided including fundamental engineering,
environmental awareness, basic logistics and transportation management, as well as the law
(Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act, Motor Vehicle Act).
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Technical skills clearly reflect the responsible behavior of the truck drivers. Many drivers lack of
adequate knowledge related to engine and transmission systems, or control of carbon
emissions. Due to lack of legal awareness drivers come into confrontation with regulatory
authorities, especially when lack of computer skills means they cannot track modifications in the
regulations. Poor reading and writing skill in English may also cause difficulties.
Behavioral skills may determine the longevity of the truck driver. Poor communication skills or
negative attitude may reflect on their performance and impacts their perception by society.
Behavioral skills of truck drivers require urgent attention, including communication, teamwork,
leadership, positive attitude, community feeling and environmental responsibility.
Personality traits are included as confounding variables to fully account for the difference in
learning outcomes and the level of skills acquired by truck drivers through training. This avoids
the risk of compromising the internal validity of the constructs of the framework. We identified
maturity (i.e. age), education level and endurance level as confounding variables.

4. Discussions and recommendations

The theoretical framework (Figure 1) clearly indicates how the institutional pressures, under the
mediation effect of training and moderation effect of top management commitment, can
successfully help to develop required skills, so that truck drivers can respond to the pressing
need of sustainable transportation and logistics. Based on this, we offer the following
recommendations so that truck driving can become a respected profession and truck drivers
can be a part of a sustainable supply chain network:
1. The training must help to assimilate external pressures into technical and behavioral skills.
Four levels of training are required:
psychological training;
mentor-mentee program;
technical knowledge; and
behavioral dynamics laboratory exposure.
2. Top management commitment towards training can further help to create a pool of skilled truck
drivers, e.g. by recognizing the contribution of the truck driver, perhaps nominating responsible
drivers for citizenship awards through professional bodies (Chartered Institute of Logistics
and Transport (India), Asian Council of Logistics Management (India), Confederation of Indian
Industry Institute for Logistics). Top management must offer high incentives to boost morale of
the truck drivers and provide excellent regular training opportunities and health check facilities.
3. Driver skills identification must be correlated with their personality traits to allow proper
recruitment for the truck driving profession. Proper awareness needs to be created among
young people of the truck driving profession to create respect for truck driving among local
communities.

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VOL. 47 NO. 3 2015 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL TRAINING PAGE 131
 5. Conclusions
In response to our first research objective, we have undertaken an in-depth exhaustive literature
review and used AI as a quasi-ethnographic approach to identify traits and skills of a truck driver
from a sustainable transportation and logistics perspective. Our findings corroborated those of
past scholars (Johnson et al., 2009; Williams and George, 2013) and we have attempted to
extend past research (Jabbour, 2011; Jabbour and de Sousa Jabbour, 2014).
In response to our second research objective, we proposed the theoretical framework (Figure 1)
that shows how training can translate institutional pressures with support of top management into
skills for sustainable transportation and logistics. Current skills of truck drivers in the Indian
subcontinent are not up to expected international levels. However, the framework is based on our
pragmatic approach guided by extant literature and AI data, and needs to be empirically validated.

5.1 Unique contributions

This may be the first attempt to propose a theoretical framework for truck driver skills from a
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sustainable transportation and logistics perspective. The present study has attempted to
contribute to institutional theory. It has further validated the studies of Johnson et al. (2009) and
Williams and George (2013). The role of sustainable transportation and logistics in sustainable
supply chain networks has attracted major attentions from scholars in past. Truck drivers,
regarded as the heart of the road transportation system, somehow received little attention from
researchers. Past research failed to connect two very important aspects of SCM (i.e. human
resource and sustainable supply chain network) (Ellinger and Ellinger, 2014). Our present study
used literature review and AI to explore the traits and skill for truck driving from a sustainable
transportation and logistics perspective, thus contributing to supply chain management literature.

5.2 Managerial implications

The present study can help practitioners and policy makers to formulate training modules for
truck drivers for sustainable transportation and logistics. Second, it may attract an urgent
attention from specialized institutions from developing countries. Existing training needs a
complete overhaul to address the pressing needs of the time. The framework can help to further
outline the personality traits and skills of the truck drivers as per the needs of sustainable
transportation and logistics. Professional societies can further respond to our call by
institutionalizing awards for truck drivers in local and national forums and companies may reward
and recognize the true contributions of truck drivers toward achieving sustainable development.
Regulatory authorities and other members of the supply chain network must pay due respect to
truck drivers as equal, or perhaps even the most, important members of the supply chain
network. Imagine how our lives would be without them.

5.3 Limitations and further research directions

The present study has limitations, but we feel these provide impetus for further research. The
study proposed a theoretical framework based on literature review and AI outcomes; this needs
to be statistically validated using survey data. Moreover, the proposition of our theoretical
framework needs to be tested using hierarchical regression analysis. In using AI in our study, we
only interviewed selected senior police officials, leading to a risk of bias, which can be reduced
by including other regulatory authorities and managers from transportation companies.
However, this is difficult in this unorganized sector in the Indian subcontinent characterized by
small companies (five to ten trucks) with no human resource manager. However, interviews with
truck owners may provide useful insights.

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Corresponding author
Professor Angappa Gunasekaran can be contacted at: agunasekaran@umassd.edu
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