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Module 3
Vertical Transportation (Building Services)
Mr. Ramesh Nayaka, (M.Tech. - IITM)
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala
India - 673601
Vertical Transportation ??
To provide an accessible path, leading from one level to
another by targeting to meet the needs of all target groups.
Outline
Stairs
Elevators
Escalators
Ramps
What is a stair and its components??
A stair is a series of steps, each elevated a measured distance,
leading from one level of a structure to another.
Stair parts and terms
Headroom
Tread
Riser
Unit rise
Unit run
Total rise
Stringer
Stair well
Total run
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Contd
Platform
Winding stairs
Run of stairs or flight
Straight run
Winders
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Contd..
Handrail
Wall rail
Baluster
Balustrade
Newel Post
Nosing
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Terminologies
1. Headroom: The clear space between the floor line and ceiling.
2. Tread: Horizontal walking surface of a stair
3. Riser: The vertical stair member between two consecutive stair treads.
4. Unit rise: The height of the stair riser; the vertical distance between two treads.
5. Unit run: The width of a stair tread minus the nosing.
6. Total rise: Vertical distance from one floor to another
7. stringer: A stringer to which blocking has been added to form a base for adding treads and risers.
8. Stairwell: The rough opening in the floor above to provide headroom for stairs.
9. Total run: The horizontal distance occupied by the stairs; measured from the foot of the stairs to a point directly
beneath where the stairs rest on a floor or landing above.
1. Platform: A horizontal section between two flights of stairs. Also called a landing.
2. Winding stairs: A curving stairway that gradually changes direction; usually circular or elliptical in shape. Also called
geometrical.
3. Run of stairs: A series of steps that is a continuous section without breaks formed by landings or other constructions.
Also called a flight of stairs.
4. Straight run: A stairway that does not change direction.
5. Winders: Wedge-shaped treads installed where stairs turn.
6. Handrail: A pole installed above and parallel to stair steps to act as a support for persons using the stairs. also called
a stair rail.
7. Baluster: The vertical member (spindle) supporting the handrails on open stairs.
2. Newel: The main post at the start of a stair and the stiffening post at the landing.
3. Nosing: The part of a stair tread that projects beyond the riser
Balustrade: An assembly with a railing resting on a series of balusters that, in turn, rest on a base, usually the treads
Wall rail: In closed stairs, the support rail that is
Types of Stairs
STRAIGHT STAIRS:-
All steps lead in one direction
This may be continuous with two flights
with an intermediate landing
Adopted when staircase is narrow and
long
Provided mostly in porch, entrance etc.
DOG-LEGGED STAIRS:-
Consist of two straight flights running in
opposite directions
There is no space between the flights in
plan
Landing is provided at level which
direction of flight changes
Types of Stairs
GEOMETRICAL STAIRS :-
These stairs may have any geometrical
shape and they require no newel post
This type of stair is similar to open newel
stair except the well formed between
forward and backward flight is curved
Change of direction in such stairs is
achieved by winders and not by landings
CIRCULAR STAIRS:-
all the steps are radiate from a
newel post or well hole
all the steps are winders
this is provided where space is
limited and traffic is casual
mostly located at rear of building
Types of Stairs
QUARTER TURN NEWEL:-
A stair turning through 90 with the
help of level landing
Used in shops and public buildings
Width of stairs
Residential:-0.8 to 1 m
Public :- 1.8 to 2 m
Tread
Residential:-220-250 mm
Public:- 250-300mm
Not less than 200mm in any case
Riser
residential:-150-180 mm
Public:- 120-150mm
Not more than 200mm in any case
Pitch
Should not be more than 38
Dimensions of a Step
Comfortable ascent and descent
Thumb Rules
(2 x Rise in cm) + (Going (tread) in cm) = 60
(Rise in cm) + (Going in cm) = 40 to 45
(Rise in cm) x (Going in cm) = 400 to 450
Adopt Rise = 14 cm and Going = 30 cm as standard;
then for every 20 mm subtracted from going, add 10 mm to the
rise.
Residential building = 16 cm x 26 cm
Public building = 17 cm x 24 cm
Requirements of a Good Stair
Provide easy, quick and safe mode of communication between the floors.
Following are the general requirements which a stair should fulfill.
Location :
It should be so located as to provide easy access to the occupants
building.
It should be so located that it is well lighted and ventilated directly from
the exterior.
It should be so located as to have approaches convenient and
spacious.
Width of Stair:
It should be wide enough to carry the user without much crowd
and in convenience.
Contd.
Depends upto its location in the building and type of the
building.
In a domestic building, a 90cm wide stair in sufficient while in
public building, 1.5 m to 1.8 m width may be required.
Length of flight:
The number of steps are not more than 12 and not less than 3.
Pitch of stair:
a comfortable slope is achieved when twice rise plus going is
equal to 60 cm approx. pitch should however, be limited to 30o
degree to 45O
Head Room:
Clear space between tread and soffit of the flight immediately
above it should not be less than 2.1 to 2.3 m.
Contd..
Balustrade:
Open well stair should always be provided with balustrade, to
provide safety to users.
Step dimensions:
the rise and tread should be of such dimensions as to provide
comfort to the users. Their proportion should also be such as
to provide pitch of the stair. The going should not be less than
25 cm, though 30 cm going is quite comfortable. The rise
should be between 10 cm to 15 cm. The width of landing should
not be less than width of stair.
Materials of Construction :
The materials used for stair construction should be such as to
provide a) Sufficient strength and b) fire resistance
Stairs of Different Materials
TIMBER
Light in weight and easy construct, but poor fire resistance
Used for small rise residential buildings, unsuitable for high rise
residential and public buildings. Hardwood ( oak, mahogany etc.)
It should be free from fungal decay and insect attack.
STONE
Widely used where ashlar stone is readily available.
Quite strong and rigid, though they are very heavy.
Stone should be hard, strong and resistance to wear and fire
resistance also.
Stone stairs may have following types of steps:
1. Rectangular steps with rebated joint.
Contd..
2. Spandril steps
3. Tread and riser steps
4. Cantilever tread steps
5. Built up steps
BRICKS
Very common except at entrance.
It contains either solid wall or arched openings may be left for
obtaining storage space.
Frequent maintenance.
STEEL
Mild steel or cast iron steel are used only as emergency stairs.
Not common, though they are strong and fire resistant.
Contd..
R.C.C
R.C.C stairs are the one which widely used for residential, public
and industrial buildings.
Strong, hard wearing and fire resisting.
Usually cast in situ, and a variety of finishes can be made on
these.
R.C.C stairs may be divided into two categories
1. Stair with slab spanning horizontally.
2. Stair with slab spanning longitudinally.
Design of a staircase.
Plan a dog legged stair for a building in which the vertical
distance between the floor is 3.6 m. the stair hall measures 2.5 m
x 5m.
Hydraulic
Limited to heights of about 60 ft. (6 stories)
Lower speeds
Lower initial cost higher power consumption
Major Components
Machine Room
Cabs
Hoistway
Hoistway/Pits
/Pits
Telescoping Plunger
Above-Ground
Cylinder
Hydraulic Tank /
Controller
Car Buffer
Elevator Components & Descriptions
Machine Room
Hoist Machine
Can be geared traction machines
in which the power from the
motor is transmitted to the drive
sheave through reduction gears,
or a gearless machine in which
the hoist ropes pass over a
traction drive sheave which is an
integral part of the armature.
The grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting machine over which
the hoist ropes pass, and by which motion is imparted to the car and
counterweight by the hoist ropes.
Elevator Components & Descriptions
Machine Room
Hoist Machine
Hoist Motor
Machine Room
Hoist Machine
Hoist Motor
Generator
Generators are electro-
mechanical devices that
convert mechanical energy
to electrical energy (usually
direct current).
Elevator Components & Descriptions
Machine Room
Hoist Machine
Hoist Motor
Generator
Governor
Machine Room
Hoist Machine
Hoist Motor
Generator
Governor
Controllers
Machine Room
Hoist Machine
Hoist Motor
Generator
Governor
Controllers
Disconnects
Switches to disconnect the power to the controller and cab lights and
located in the machine room.
Elevator Components & Descriptions
Hoistway / Pits
Roller Guides
Hoistway / Pits
Roller Guides
Counterweights
Hoistway / Pits
Roller Guides
Counterweights
Door Interlocks
Hoistway / Pits
Roller Guides
Counterweights
Door Interlocks
Top--of
Top of--Car Station
Hoistway / Pits
Roller Guides
Counterweights
Door Interlocks
Top of Car Station
Buffers
A device designed to stop a descending car beyond its normal limit
of travel by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic
energy of the car. Spring buffers are used for elevators with speeds
less than 200 fpm. Oil buffers (for speeds greater than 200 fpm) use a
combination of oil and spring to cushion the elevator.
Elevator Components & Descriptions
Elevator Cabs
Cab Finishes
Decorative features in a
passenger elevator including
carpet or other flooring, wall
panels, door finishes, ceilings
and lighting.
Elevator Components & Descriptions
Elevator Cabs
Cab Finishes
Cab Controls
A car-operating panel with a
faceplate that is mounted in a fixed
(non-swing) panel or sidewall.
Elevator Components & Descriptions
Elevator Cabs
Cab Finishes
Cab Controls
Safety Features
Phones
Door Safety Edges
Two way communication devices in the
cab required by ADA and national
elevator codes for safety.
Elevator Components & Descriptions
Elevator Cabs
Cab Finishes
Cab Controls
Safety Features
Phones
Door Safety Edges
Elevator Cabs
Cab Finishes
Cab Controls
Safety Features
Phones
Door Safety Edges
The Door Operator monitors the
Door Operators speed and position of the car
doors and compares performance
against standards. Deviations in
kinetic energy during door travel
is corrected within milliseconds.
Preliminary Design or Design Consideration
Quality of service
Traffic peak
Capacity
The minimum size of car recommended for a single purpose buildings
is one suitable for a duty load of 884 kg. Generally, for large office
buildings cars with capacities up to 2040 kg are recommended
according to the requirements.
Design Consideration
Speed
Layout
Design Consideration
Preliminary Design of Elevator
The handling capacity is calculated by the following formula:
H=(3OOXQX1OO/(
H=(3OOXQX1OO/(TxP TxP))
where
H = Handling capacity as the percentage of the
peak population handled during 5 min period,
period,
Q = Average number of passengers carried in a car,car,
T = Waiting interval in seconds, and
P = Total population to be handled during peak
morning period. (It is related to the area served by a
particular bank of lifts).
Preliminary Design of Elevator
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