Volcanic Products: Fragmental

Igneous Rocks
(Batuan Beku Fragmental)

Dr. Lucas Donny Setijadji

McPhie et al. (1993)
Volcanic products

Pyroclastic is commonly used to refer only

to volcanic materials ejected from a
volcanic vent

Volcaniclastic includes all volcanic

particles regardless of their origin
 Generic types of Volcaniclastic Particles

Pyroclastic particles (pyroclasts) form by disintegration of magma, as

gases are released by decompression and then ejected from a volcanic vent
either in air or beneath water.

Hydroclasts form by steam explosions from magma-water interactions.

Autoclastic fragments form by mechanical friction during movement of lava

and breakage of cool brittle outer margins, or gravity crumbling of spines
and domes.

Alloclastic fragments form by disruption of pre-existing volcanic rocks by

igneous processes beneath the Earth's surface.

Epiclasts are lithic clasts and minerals released by ordinary weathering

processes from pre-existing consolidated rocks. Volcanic epiclasts are
clasts of volcanic composition derived from erosion of volcanoes or
ancient volcanic terrains.
SCOPE OF VOLCANOCLASTIC IGNEOUS ROCKS

Autoclastic Extrusive Flow breccia

Intrusive Intrusion breccias

Pyroclastic Subterranean Explosion breccias

Intrusive breccias

Surface Pyroclastic fall deposits:

>64 mm bombs
2-64 mm lapilli
<2 mm ash

Pyroclastic flow Ignimbrite: pumice; ash

deposit Scoria and ash
Vesicular andesite and ash
Block and ash

Pyroclastic surge Base surge

deposit Ground surge
Ash cloud surge

Submarine Pillow breccia and hyalotuffs

Subaqueous pyroclastic flow

Epiclastic Subaerial and Volcanic sediments and lahars

subaqueous
SCOPE OF VOLCANOCLASTIC IGNEOUS ROCKS

Autoclastic Extrusive Flow breccia

Intrusive Intrusion breccias

Pyroclastic Subterranean Explosion breccias

Intrusive breccias

Surface Pyroclastic fall deposits:

>64 mm bombs
2-64 mm lapilli
<2 mm ash

Pyroclastic flow Ignimbrite: pumice; ash

deposit Scoria and ash
Vesicular andesite and ash
Block and ash

Pyroclastic surge Base surge

deposit Ground surge
Ash cloud surge

Submarine Pillow breccia and hyalotuffs

Subaqueous pyroclastic flow

Epiclastic Subaerial and Volcanic sediments and lahars

subaqueous
Izu-Oshima, Japan
 Izu-Oshima, Japan

Auto breccia

Massive Lava
 Izu-Oshima, Japan

Auto breccia
lava
SCOPE OF FRAGMENTAL IGNEOUS ROCKS
VOLCANOCLASTIC

Autoclastic Extrusive Flow breccia

Intrusive Intrusion breccias

Pyroclastic Subterranean Explosion breccias

Intrusive breccias

Surface Pyroclastic fall deposits:

>64 mm bombs
2-64 mm lapilli
<2 mm ash

Pyroclastic flow Ignimbrite: pumice; ash

deposit Scoria and ash
Vesicular andesite and ash
Block and ash

Pyroclastic surge Base surge

deposit Ground surge
Ash cloud surge

Submarine Pillow breccia and hyalotuffs

Subaqueous pyroclastic flow

Epiclastic Subaerial and Volcanic sediments and lahars

subaqueous
 Pyroclastic falls (1)
Sedimentation of clasts through the atmosphere
from an eruption jet, plume or laterally moving
turbulent ash cloud during an explosive eruption
Heavy material (blocks, bombs) follow a balistic
trajectory
 Pyroclastic falls (2)

Coarser material falls out closer to the eruption

point than the finer material
Finer material is moved upwards by expanding
gases and then taken by the wind (direction!)
Pyroclastic fall deposits: TEPHRA
Study of tephra: Tephra-chronology
Isopach map: information about distribution
and thickness of pyroclastic fall
 Pyroclastic flows
Flow (density current) of volcanic material
consisting dominantly of vesiculated, low-
density pumice and glass shards and gases
Also includes flows consisting of poorly-
vesiculated, dense lava clasts
Pyroclastic flow deposits: Predominantly
massive, poorly sorted
Generation of
pyroclastic flows
(MacDonald, 1972)
a) Lava-dome
collapse (Merapi
type)
b) Explosive
disruption of lava
dome (Peleean
type)
c. Collapse from
eruption column
(Soufriere type)
 Pyroclastic Surge

A turbulent, low-density, dilute high-

velocity pyroclastic density current.
Commonly part of a pyroclastic flow
Less constrained by topography than a
pyroclastic flow.
Pyroclastic surge deposits: strongly bedded
(laminated, low angle cross-bedded)
McPhie et al. (1993)
Sorting in pyroclastic
deposits.
Fall deposits are well sorted
At any one locality most
grains fall, within a narrow
size range, so the histogram
shows a strong central peak
Pyroclastic flow deposits
are much more poorly
sorted, so their histograms
lack clear peaks.
 Volcanic mudflows/Lahars

Mixture of volcanic debris (every size!) and water.

Water content (low<>high) influences mobility.
Source of water: (crater)lake,
rain (also eruption rains!),
glacier-ice or snow.
Source of debris: pyroclastic fall deposits,
pyroclastic flow deposits
material from the valley sides
Eruption lahars (hot!) & Rain lahars
Pyroclastic Falls
Volcanic Bomb (Miyakejima museum, Japan)
Ashfall (Galunggung, Java, 1982)
 Great Ash Fall Deposits
Izu-Oshima Volcano, Japan
 Great Ash Fall Deposits
Izu-Oshima Volcano, Japan
 G. Slamet
Pyroclastic Fall Deposit
(Scoria Cone)
Pyroclastic flows
Deposits Related with Pyroclastic
Flows Type:

a) Lava-dome collapse (Merapi type):

Block and ash flow deposit or hot
avalanche deposit
b) Explosive disruption of lava dome
(Peleean type):
small volume (scoria and ash flow deposit)
large volume (ignimbrite)
Lava-dome collapse (Merapi type)
 Block and ash flow deposits or hot avalanche
deposits: produced by collapse of lava dome

Merapi,
2006
 Block and ash flow deposits or hot avalanche
deposits: produced by collapse of lava dome

Merapi,
2006
 Block and ash flow deposits or hot avalanche
deposits: produced by collapse of lava dome

Merapi,
2006
Unzen Volcano
Kyushu Island,
Japan
Kubah lava, Mt. Unzen, Japan
Unzen Volcano
Kyushu Island,
Japan
Unzen Volcano, Kyushu Island, Japan
Unzen Volcano, Kyushu Island, Japan
Pyroclastic flows
generated by collapse
of eruption column
 Calderas
in
Kyushu Island,
Japan
Ata Caldera, Japan
Ignimbrite, Ata Caldera, Japan
Ignimbrite, Ata Caldera, Japan (non-welded)
Aso Caldera
Aso Caldera (Columnar Joints)
Columnar Joints
Aso Caldera
Close-up: Welded Ignimbrite, Aso Caldera
Ngebel Lake caldera, Wilis Complex, East Java
Ngebel lake ignimbrite
Pyroclastic Surge
 Jalur
Cirebon Hari ke-3

Setu Patok
Geology of Setu Patok
(modified from Silitonga et al., 1996)
Maar Setu Patok
Pyroclastic Surge
deposit
Maar Setu Pato
Bomb Impac
Izu-Oshima, Japan

Pyroclastic
Surge
Deposit
Volcanic Mudflows / Lahars
Pyroclastic Flow Vs. Lahar
Merapi
Distances from the eruption point, reached by
volcanic eruption products,
Merapi
Lahar deposits:
not well sorted
Agung volcano,
Indonesia
Unzen Volcano, Kyushu Island, Japan