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FLESTER MARIA

ID ROMANA ENGLEZA

ISTORIE SI CIVILIZATIE EMGLEZA

TEMA NR 1

I.

Henge is a preistoric construction (only known to occur in Britain and Northern Irland)
consisting of a circular enclosure of bank earthwork and ditches inside whice were wooden
buildings and stone circles.

Beaker people were immigrants entered in Britain in the late Neolithic so named from their
distinctive pottery.

Erse is another name for the language spoken from Gaelic Celts settled in the Highlands and the
Islands of Scotland.

Ossianism is a new literary fashion about the legendary Irish bard Ossian , spread in Europe
thanks to James Macpherson translations.

Hadrian's wall - To control their newly won territory in England , the Romans built forts around
the country.one of them is Hadrian's wall , a stone barrier built to separate the Romans and the
Picts tribes in Scotland.

St.Patrick is famous for his extensive misionary work in Ireland . He converted over 100000
people to catholicism and established a lot of churches .

Heptarchy refers to the seven kingdoms into which Anglo-Saxon England is thought to have
been divided from about the 7th to the 9th centuries.

Ceorlas is a word that designated freemen of the lowest class . They had a position above a slave
but below a thane.

Wergild means money paid by a person as compensation for an offense to the injured party or ,
in case of death , to his family.

Augustine was a monk sent by Pope Gregory the Great to re-stablish Christianity in England and
became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.

Domesday Book is a great survey of all the possessions of the kingdom. This documentary
provides records of landholders , their tenants , the amount of land they owned , how many
people occupied the land, etc. .
Homage is the act of respect and allegiance made by a vassal to his lord.

The 13th century Renaissance was the period after the military invasion followed by a more
peaceful one of Normandy s industrial and trading classes that encouraged the development of
culture in Norman England .

Ulster is a province of Celtic origin in the Noth-East of Ireland also named Northern Ireland.

Francisc Drake was an English privateer supported by Queen Elizabeth I to harassed the
Spanish ships.

RAF means the Royal Air Force and refers toUnited Kingdom s aerial warfore force.

Shire is the original term for what is ussually known nowadays as a county e.g. SHROPSHIRE

The Tapestry of Bayeux relates the conquest of England by William the Conqueror , from 1064
to the outcome of the Battle of Hastings.

Caledonia is the name of the land in todays Scotland.

Wedmore means hunting lodge but reminds also about the Treaty of Wedmore ,signed in 878
by Guthrum (Danes leader ) when he was defeated by Alfred the Great , whereby the Vikings
underwent baptism and retired into the Danelaw.

II.

Boadicea ,also known as Boudicca , was the most powerful celt to stend up to the Romans.She
was a Celtic warrior queen who united several British tribes in revolt against the Romans . She
destroyed Colchester , London and Verulanium , so that the Roman rule had a hard time
recovering after that.
Alfred the Great was the king of Wessex . At the age of 21 he was a strongminded but higly
strung battle veteran at the head of remaining resistance to the Vikings in the Southern England
. He defeated the Danes in 878 and forced their leader (Guthrum) to sign the Treaty of Wedmore
whereby the Vikings underwent baptism and retired into the Danelaw.
King Canute was the Viking king of England , Denmark , Norway and parts of Sweden . He
was on the way to found with Scandinavia a Northern Empire reinforcing the cultural bonds
between these cultural spaces.
Edward the Confessor , also called because of his deep piety , was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon
king of England. Much of his reign was peaceful and prosperous . Conflicts with Scots and
Welsh were only occasional and internal administration was maintained.
William I was Duke of Normandy . To establish his power , he launched the Norman Conquest
of England . He was crowned King of England in Edward s church of Westminster Abbey on
Christmas Day. He introduced the Norman feudal system based on two principles : Every man
has a lord , and every lord has land. Were built cathedrals , were introduced new architectural
styles and were founded universities( Oxford and Cambridge University).

III.

The Beaker people inaugurated the Stone Age in Britain. TRUE

The henges were centres of religious, political and economic power during the Stone Age.
TRUE

The Celts settled in Britain in 100 BC. FALSE

The Druids religious rituals were not performed in temples but in sacred (oak) groves, on
certain hills, by rivers or by river sources. TRUE

Ossian is a heroic figure of the Cycle of Ulster. FALSE

The Romans conquered Britain in 43 AD. TRUE

The area of Roman occupation was confined to England and Wales. TRUE

Emperor Constantine the Great brought Christianity to Britain. TRUE

The Anglo-Saxons belonged to a Nordic culture which involved the worship of war
gods.TRUE

In the sixth century, only one Anglo-Saxon kingdom survived the Viking invasion. TRUE

The lowest in the Anglo-Saxon social hierarchy were the slaves. TRUE

In 663, the Synod of Whitby decided in favour of the Celtic Christian Church. FALSE

In 870, England was divided into Wessex and the Danelaw. TRUE

The last Viking invasion took place under King Canute. FALSE

Harold Godwinson was defeated by William of Normandy in 1066. FALSE

The Norman social system represented a transition from the tribal to the feudal organisation.
TRUE

The feudal social system was essentially based on two principles: Every man has a lord, and
Every lord has land.TRUE
England refused to allow Spain to trade freely with the American colonies. FALSE

The Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588 under Queen Elizabeth I. TRUE

In 1940 the German air forces launched a major bombing and raiding campaign over Britain.
TRUE

IV.

Britains geographical position has influenced its climate , its people and history in more than one
direction. The climate in the United Kingdom is defined as a temperate oceanic climate . It is more
temperate than would be the case : winters are mild and summers are warm ,benefiting by the warm
Atlantic Current.Great Britains island geography has defined the character of its inhabitants.People are
restrained and reserved. They are unemotional people , private , independent individuals ,with a
tendency to agressiveness and stubborness. In my opinion , the most significant effect of British
insularity was the history. Historically , the English Channel has been less a barrier than a bridge linking
Britain to continental Europe through trade , conquests and migration.British insularity help easier to
defend.The sea defend the country from foreign invasions from the continent. There have , in fact , been
relatively few invaders of Britain in the past 2,000 years , largely because of that island status . British
insularity turned the English into a naval power , seafaring nation , able to roam the oceans of the world
, into a strong and independent country.

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