284

Xam idea BiologyXII

alleles are added to the new population and these are lost from the old
population.Sometimes the change in allele frequency is so different in
the new sample ofpopulation that they become a different species. The
original drifted population becomes founders and the effect is called
founder effect.
SETIII
SECTIONA 1.
Banana does not produce seeds, therefore fertilisation is not possible.
2.
To determine the genotype of F
2
generation.
4.
The pioneer species invade a bare area and pave way for other species.
6.
Useful drug

morphine. Harmful drug

heroin.
SECTIONB 9.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, natural killer cells and
macrophages.
12.
(
i
)
z
,
y
and
a
are structural genes. (
ii
)
p
is the promoter gene. (
iii
)
i
is the regulatory gene.
15.
Biofortified maize had twice the amount of amino acids, lysine and
tryptophan, comparedto existing hybrids and the wheat variety had
increased protein content.
OR
Each antibody molecule has four polypeptide chains. The two smaller ch
ains are calledlight chains while the two longer chains are called heavy
chains. Therefore an antibodyis represented as H
2
L
2
.
SECTIONC

19.
Transcription in Prokaryotes
O
In prokaryotes, the structural gene is polycistronic and continuous.
O
In bacteria, the transcription of all the three types of RNA (
m
RNA,
t
RNA and
r
RNA)is catalysed by single DNA-dependent enzyme, called the
RNA polymerase
.
O
In
E. coli
bacterium, the RNA polymerase has co-factors

,
,

a
,
a
and
w
along with
s
(sigma) factor, to catalyse the process.
Examination Papers

285
O
The transcription is completed in three steps: initiation, elongation and
termination.
O
Initiation:

s
(sigma) factor recognises the start signal and promotor region on
DNAwhich then along with RNA polymerase binds to the promoter to
initiate transcription.
O
Elongation:
The RNA polymerase after initiation of RNA transcription loses the
s
factor but continues the polymerisation of ribonucleotides to form RNA.
O
Termination:
Once the RNA polymerase reaches the termination region of DNA,the
RNA polymerase is separated from DNA

RNA hybrid, as a result nascent RNAseparates. This process is called
termination which is facilitated by a terminationfactor
r(
rho
)
.
O
Inprokaryotes,
m
RNAdoesnotrequire anyprocessing,sobothtranscriptionandtranslation occur in the
cytosol. It can be said that transcription and translation arecoupled together.
OR
Methodology and Technique (
i
) DNA is isolated and extracted from the cell or tissue by centrifugation. (
ii
) By the process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), many copies are
produced. Thisstep is called
amplification
.(
iii
) DNA is cut into small fragments by treating with restriction
endonucleases. (
iv
) DNA fragments are separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. (
v
) The separated DNA fragments are visualised under ultraviolet radiation
afterapplying suitable dye. (
vi
) The DNA is transferred from electrophoresis plate to nitrocellulose or
nylonmembrane sheet. This is called
Southern blotting
.(
vii
) Probes are now added which bind to specific nucleotide sequences that
arecomplementary to them. This is called
hybridisation
.(
viii
) The hybridised DNA fragments are detected by autoradiography. They are
observedas dark bands on X-ray film.
24.
 Downs syndrome
Cause:
Additional copy of chromosome number 21 or trisomy of chromosome
21.
Symptoms:
(
i
) Short statured with small round head. (
ii
) Partially open mouth with protruding furrowed tongue. (
iii
) Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease. (
iv
) Slow mental development.
SECTIOND 30.
(
a
)
Charles Darwin
, based on his observations during a sea voyage around the world inthe
ship H.M.S. Beagle. He observed varying degrees of similarities between
existinglife forms and those that existed millions of years ago. He gave
the theory of nturalselection. According to it those populations which are
better fit (reproductively fit)in an environment will be selected by nature
and will survive more. Adaptability isinherited and fitness is the end
result of ability to adapt and get selected by nature.

286

Xam idea BiologyXII

(
b
) Natural selection is based on following factual observations:
O
Limited natural resources.
O
Stable population size except seasonal fluctuation.
O
Varying characteristics of members of a population.
O
Most of the variations are inherited.
Q
Example of natural selection.
Industrial melanism:
O
In England, before industrialisation, white-winged moths were more in
numberthan dark-winged moths.
O
But after industrialisation dark-winged moths became more in number
thanwhite-winged moths.
O
This is because during industrialisation, the tree trunks covered by white
lichens became dark due to dust and coal particles.
O
As a result, white-winged moths could be easily picked up by predators
from thedark background and dark-winged moths survived.
OR
(
a
)
ParentsBlood groupF ge n e r a t i o n
1
A
I
O
I

B
I
O
I
A
I
B
I
O
I
O
I
Gamets
AB
B
I
O
 I
A
I
O
I
A
I
B
I
Blood group AB
B
I
O
I
Blood group B
A
I
O
I
Blood group A
O
I
O
I
Blood group O
(
b
) Alfred Sturtevant used the frequency of recombination between gene
pairs on thesame chromosome as a measure of the distance between
genes and mapped theirposition on the chromosome.
zzz
Important Diagrams
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