TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO TITLE PAGES

1. CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 2-3

2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4

3. CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY 5

4. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION 6-10

5. CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION 11

6. REFERENCES 12

7. ATTACHMENTS 13

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this project, we are running a simple experiment which is related to the Momentum
Equation. The momentum equation is a statement of Newtons Second Law and relates the
sum of the forces acting on an element of fluid to its acceleration or rate of change of
momentum. The purpose of running this experiment is to measure the forces acting on faucet.
The momentum equation is used to determine the forces associated with fluid flow. In
addition, we are only focus on linear momentum equation.

Newtons laws are the relations between motions of bodies and the forces acting on them
while Newtons second law states that the acceleration of a body is proportional to the net
force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.

For a rigid body of mass m, Newtons second law is expressed as :

Where F is the net force acting on the body and a is the acceleration of the body under the
influence of F. The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is called the linear
momentum. Other than that, Newtons second law can also be stated as the rate of change of
the momentum of a body is equal to the net force acting on the body.

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In studying the forces generated as a result of velocity changes of fluid streams and usually
referred to as the linear momentum equation.

Forces acting on a control volume

The total forces acting on the control volume is determined by use :

In most cases, the total force F consists of weight, pressure forces and reaction forces. The
forces acting on a control volume consists of body forces and surface forces which is body
forces that act throughout the entire body of control volume like gravity force, electric and
magnetic forces . Besides, surface forces is forces that act on the control surface

Forces acting on the faucet

This figure is in 2D problem which is Qin is in positive x direction and Qoutis in negative y
direction. In this case, for convenience, each forces can be resolved into x and y components.

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
There are many different kind of faucet like screw a knob to turn on, pull a lever to turn on,
push a button to turn on and even does not need touch to turn on. Faucet is a simple machine
such as a screw or a lever in order to produce the force necessary to stop water from
continuously flowing. The faucet must hold back the water flow when turned off and regulate
water flow when turned on.

For our project, we use faucet with just one knob by using water container like figure below.

We will start fill the water container, through the faucet and out into beaker slowly. The
pressure from outside press the molecule water surface to flow out water through the faucet
that will contact with a small circular opening about a quarter of inch diameter. When faucet
is turned on, the pressure inside the pipe will drop to allow water through the opening. When
faucet is turned off, the screws work in the other direction and close the opening to stopping
water flow. That basically how the water gets through the faucets. The motive of the project
is to determine the force to hold back all the water in the faucet when the faucet is turned off.
This is expressed by common equation:

F=P A

Where P is pressure of water, A is area of opening and F is force of the water on the stopper.
The stopper is not moving, the force of water on the stopper must equal to the force of the
stopper on the water.

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3.0 METHODOLOGY
The aim of this experiment is to calculate the Reaction Force (Fr) reacting at the
faucet of a 5liter tank. So we choose the faucet of the tank as our control volume (CV). Thus,
this will make our experiment and calculation only focus at the faucet. The experiment was
held at a laboratory because there are complete materials and apparatus that we want to use.

The method of experiment that we were using was taken from Fluid Mechanic,
Equation of Momentum. From the experiment that was conducted, we managed to compute
all the data that we need to find the Reaction Force (Fr) at the faucet. The materials and
apparatus that we use are a 5 litre tank with a faucet, 1000ml beaker, 500ml beaker, 100ml
beaker, electronic laboratory weighing scale, vernier calliper, stopwatch and lastly pipe
water with specific gravity 1.0 .

Firstly, the inner and outer diameter of the faucet (CV) is measured due to calculate the area
of the (CV). The apparatus that we need to record their initial weight are faucet and 100ml
beaker and we must make sure that all the apparatus that we want to record their initial
weight must in a dry and clean condition before we measure their weight because we want
the result collected to be precise.

The among of water in the tank is not compulsory to be 4 litre, but to make the
calculation more easier, we set the initial volume of water in the tank was 4 litre and the
faucet is set to be the datum, z2. The initial height of the water surface from the datum was
10.5 cm and it is set to be z1. To determine the volume flow rate of the water through the
faucet, we randomly letting out water to flow through the faucet into a beaker while the
stopwatch start counting. After a while the pipe is closed and the stopwatch stop, and the time
taken had been recorded. Thus, the volume flow rate of the water through the faucet can be
obtained and by calculating using the continuity equation, we also can get the velocity of the
water.

The Reaction Force ,FR is obtained by calculating all the data that had been gathered
and finding the total force acting on the faucet in X and Y direction using Bernoullis
Equation combine with Continuity Equation. The pressure in the tank is assume to be zero
because the tank is in open condition so the pressure inside the tank is equal to the
atmospheric pressure. Thus, the Reaction Force (FR) acting on the faucet (CV) is obtained.

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 CHAPTER 4 .0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Diameter Pipe Exit ,mm

a Area Pipe Exit , A2 (m2)
b

a = 15.29
(15.29x10-3) x (7.82x10-3 ) = 11.96 x 10-5
b = 7.82

Diameter Pipe Enter ,mm

Area Pipe Exit , A2 (m2)

10.01 = (10.01 x 10-3)-5
4
= 7.87 x 10-5

Mass of water in Mass of water= (mass water in

Mass of faucet, kg Mass of empty beaker, kg
beaker, kg beaker empty beaker), kg

= 54.07x 10-3 49.95 x 10-3

18.98 x 10-3 49.95 x 10-3 54.07 x 10-3
= 4.12 x 10-3

Velocity exit, V2 Velocity enter

Volume in Time A2V2
(m s-1) V1 = A , ms-1
beaker, f taken , Q= , m3 s-1 Q 1
V2 =
(L) (s)
2

0.319
= (11.96 x 10 5 m2 )( 0.215 ms 1)
12.39 2.57 105 7.87 x 10 5 m2
=
0.319 12.39 = 25.75 x 10-3 11.96 x 105
= 0.327
Ls-1
= 0.215
= 2.57 x 10-5
m3 s-1

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By using equation of momentum,

Solve in x-y direction,

Note: assume the water flow steadily

Volume enter = area x distance

= A1 Vin dt

Mass enter = volume enter x density

= in x

= A1 Vin dt

Momentum of water enter = mass enter x velocity

= x Vin

= 1 A1 V1 dt x V1

Momentum of water leaving = 2 A2 V2 dt x V2

= rate of change of momentum

(2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 )
F=

Continuity equation, Q = A1V1 = A2 V2

= 1 = 2 =

So, = Q (V2- V1)

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In this experiment ,

= rate change of momentum through CV

1) Calculate the total force

X- direction

x = Q (V2x- V1x)
V1x = V1

V2x = V2 cos 90

x = Q ( 0 - V1x)

x = (1000)(2.57x 10-5)(-0.327)

= -8.40 x 10-3 N

Y- direction

y = Q (V2y- V1y)
V1y = V1 sin 0 = 0

V2y = V2 sin 90 = - V2

x = Q (-V2y )

y = (1000)(2.57x 10-3)(-0.215)

= -5.53 x 10-3 N

2) Calculate the pressure force

Px = P1 A1 cos 0 - P2 A2 cos 90 = P1 A1 = 0 (P atm = P1)

Py = P1 A1 sin 0 - P2 A2 sin 90 = P2 A2

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By using Bernoulli equation,

1 1 2 2
+ + 1 = + + z2
2 2

(V1 2V2 2 )
P2 = + h1
2

(1000)(0.3272 0.2152 )
= + (10.5x10-2)(1000)(9.81) = 1060 Pa
2

FPY= (1060) (7.87 x 10-5)

= 83.45 x 10-3 N

3) Calculate the gravitional force

gy = WH20 + W faucet
= -9.81 (18.98 x 10-3 + 4.12 x 10-3)

= -226. 61 x 10-3 N

4) Calculate the resultant force

x = FRX + FPX + FGX

FRX = x - FPX

= -8.40 x 10-3 N 0

= -8.40 x 10-3 N

Y = FRY + FPY + FGY

FRY = Y + P2A2 ( WH20 + W faucet)

= -5.53 x 10-3 N + 83.45 x 10-3 N-226. 61 x 10-3 N

= -148. 69 x 10 -3 N

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FR = 2 + 2

FR = (8.40 103 ) 2 + (148.69 103 )2

FR = 148.69 N

148.69 103
= 1 ( ) = 86.77
8.4 103

As the water falls vertically, the amount of water moving from top the stream at any time will
be same amount of water leaving the bottom of the stream for continuous steady-state flow.
As the continuity principle applied , we were able to find flow rate. Since the force of gravity
acts on all mass include water, the water falls in any time and amount of water in volume will
be same at top and bottom of the stream. For water falling freely in air the pressure at top of
container will be atmospheric pressure because water flowing is not flowing in a closed or
pressurized container . When equation of momentum had been applied, we were able
determine the forces acting on the faucet especially the reaction force with the magnitude
was 148.69 N and the direction is 86.77 under negative x-axis

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5.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, we manage to run this group project smoothly and complete it in

time. The objectives of this project are successfully obtained by the time it was finished
whereas we were able to determine the forces associated with fluid flow and we have been
exposed to know clearly about studying the forces generated which velocity changes of fluid
streams due to the area .The most important, we can study the forces acting on control
volume (faucet) . The outputs that we get through all the time doing this project are
absolutely useful especially for future life as an engineer. At the end of this project, we can
know how to calculate the rate of change of momentum, the total force in x-direction and y-
direction, the pressure force, the gravitational force, and the resultant force in the faucet as
the control volume based on the data that can be took from the faucet such as the mass, area,
diameter and others. On the academic front, this project increased our knowledge and gave
opportunities to strengthen our understanding about the fluid mechanic analysis of a faucet.
Actually, it was very important to know since this small analysis will be a good basic
knowledge for a bigger analysis in the future as an engineer. Lastly, since the final exam is
just around the corner, this project was really helps us a lot as our preparation.

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6.0 REFERENCES

1. Fundamental of fluid mechanics (6th Edition) Munson, B.R Young, D.F & Okiishi ,T.H.
(2006) .

2. Incompressible Flow, R.L . Panton ,3rd ., Wiley , 2005 .

3. Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers with Microfluids and CFD , J.O Wilkes , 2nd Ed ,
McGraw-Hill , 2008 .

4. Fluid Mechanics, Fundamental and Application , Y.A. Cengel ,J.M Cimbala

5.Computational Fluid Dynamics , the Basics with Application , J. D Anderson Jr. McGraw-
Hill , 1995

6. Journal of Non-Neutonian Fluid Mechanics , Elsevier S&T ,2010

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7.0 ATTACHMENTS

i) Measuring Cylinder ii) beaker

iii) Faucet iv) vernier calliper

v) Water Container

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