History Colorado - Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation

COLORADO CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY

Historic Archaeological Component Form Instructions

This form should be completed for each historical resource with archaeological
potential and attached to a completed Management Data Form. Additional copies of
the form may be used to describe individual features. Please note at the top of the
form if the form pertains to the historical archaeological component in general or to
a particular feature. Please see the Colorado Cultural Resource Survey Manual for
detailed information concerning many of these categories.

1. Resource Number: Please put the resource number (Smithsonian trinomial

number) here, as it appears on the Management Data Form.

2. Temporary Resource Number: List any temporary numbers assigned in the field.

3. Site Name: Please put the site name here, as it appears on the Management
Data Form.

4. Site or Feature: Check if this form pertains to the entire site in general. If no,
please supply a feature/structure number or name to which the form applies.

5. Site, Component, or Feature Type: Describe the type of site/feature, specifying

function if known. Examples of site, component, or feature types can be found
in Appendix A of these instructions.

6. Narrative History: The narrative history should be focused on the history of this
property and directly pertain to the property's historic significance and integrity.
The description should include both a synthesis of the artifacts and features and
any additional important information. You may wish to complete parts 19, 22,
and 24 before writing this section. Please see National Register Bulletin: How to
Complete the National Register Registration Form page 47,
http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb16a/

This narrative is the most important section of the form. Please be as complete
as possible.

7. N.R.H.P. Historic Landscape: Indicate, by checking the appropriate box, whether

the resource is located in a cultural or historic landscape. A cultural landscape is
defined as "a geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and
the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event,
activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values." There are
four general types of cultural landscapes, which are not mutually exclusive:
historic sites, historic designed landscapes, historic vernacular landscapes, and
ethnographic landscapes. (see
http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb30/nrb30_8.htm - National
Register Bulletin 30 Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic
Landscapes for more information).

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8. Component or Feature Description: If the form pertains to a particular
component or feature of the overall site, please describe it here in full. Be as
specific as possible concerning the component or feature function, and location
within the overall site.

9. Historic Component Date(s) and/or Sociopolitical Period: Give date or range of

dates of the historic component, being as specific as possible (e.g., 1810-1830,
rather than the early 1800s). It may be appropriate to also reference the
sociopolitical period (The Depression, The Civil War, etc.) corresponding to these
dates here. Describe the criteria used to date the site (e.g., diagnostic artifacts,
patent dates, map). Provide the citation for the source(s) where data was
gathered.

10. Component Function(s): If possible, identify the original and present uses of the
site, being as specific as possible. If the site has been abandoned, indicate that
in present use. If a site has had multiple uses or has multiple components with
different uses, please elaborate.

11. Ethnic Affiliation of Occupants: When known, indicate the ethnic affiliation of
site occupants (e.g., Euroamerican, Hispanic, etc.). The preference is for
Historic for generic historic cultural affiliation over Euroamerican (or its
variants). Although Historic is not a culture it is recommended as a
placeholder that demonstrates that consideration of culture has taken place. In
cases where an ethnic affiliation has been identified though historical records or
site elements, the culture should be identified by country of association such as
Germany, other comparable ethnic identifier (such as Basque, Hispanic, or
African American), or Native American group. Describe the criteria you used to
determine affiliation (e.g., artifacts or architectural features, historic references,
etc.)

12. Historic Boundary: Select boundaries that encompass the entire resource, with
historic and contemporary additions. Include any surrounding land historically
associated with the resource that retains its historic integrity and contributes to
the property's historic significance. The historic boundary may not match the
legal property ownership.

For more information on historic boundaries, see:

http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Programs/SI_Camera
Clipboard24.pdf
13. N.R.H.P. Area of Significance: List the aspect of historic development in which
this property made contributions for which it meets the National Register
criteria, such as agriculture or politics/government. See
http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb16a/nrb16a_III.htm#statement
for a listing of areas of significance. Provide the citation for the source(s) where
data was gathered.

14. N.R.H.P. Period of Significance: List the span of time in which a property attained
the significance for which it meets the National Register criteria. This could be a

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 specific date or a date range. A property can have multiple periods of
significance based on the appropriate areas of significance. If this is the case,
list the multiple periods of significance. Provide the citation for the source(s)
where data was gathered.

15. Theme: List the themes found in Appendix A of this document that pertain to
the site.

16. Eligibility Support: If you are using this component form to document only a
portion of the site, please check whether or not the portion you are recording
supports the N.R.H.P. eligibility of the entire site. Justify your selection below. If
you are using this component form to record the site in its entirety, check the
N/A box.

17. Recorder(s): Enter the full name of the recorder(s). Do not use initials.

18. Date: Enter the last day that you were in the field. The date should be in a
MM/DD/YYYY format.

19. Presence and Quantity of Artifacts: Use this table to denote what artifacts you
are seeing, and how many. Note that many of the artifact types have dates
associated with them. Use approximations for large quantities of artifacts. Use
this information to help you fill out field 9 above.

20. Assemblage Size: Enter the total number of artifacts on the site, or check the
appropriate estimated box.

21. Artifact Density: Check high, medium or low for artifact density. In description,
indicate if there are differences in artifact distribution (e.g., heavy in some areas
and light in other areas).

22. Unique Artifact Descriptions: List specific artifact types and the important
attributes in the description field. The form contains prompts concerning the
important descriptors for each artifact class. All of these items should be
included in the counts of the Artifact table above in item 19 Presence and
Quantity of Artifacts. This gives you the opportunity to call attention to the
really cool stuff.

For a detailed discussion of the different artifact classes and their important
diagnostic characteristics, please see Appendix B, Historic Artifact Handbook, to
these instructions. It will be very helpful to those inexperienced in recording
historic archaeology sites and you are encouraged to consult it.

23. Standing structures: Indicate whether or not there are standing structures on
the site. If there are, please complete an Architectural Inventory Form(s) (OAHP
1403) in addition to this form. If there is enough of the structure left to describe
its architectural features (e.g., architectural style, number of stories, or presence

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 of chimneys, doors, windows, etc.) you should also complete an Architectural
Inventory Form(s).

If you complete an Architectural Inventory Form(s) please reference them here.

You don't need to repeat any descriptive data that is redundant to the 1403
forms.

24. Features: List and describe each feature on the site. Be as specific as possible
about function (e.g., is trash related to domestic or construction activities? Use
cabin or barn vs. structure). In the case of trash scatters, artifacts should also
be accounted for under the artifact section(s) of this form. The "Feature/Number
Name" is a symbol or identification number referring to a feature on the sketch
map.

For architectural features, include available information on construction material

(e.g., wood, stone, etc.) and feature dimensions (preferably in feet and inches
rather than metric). Include building footprint or groundplan here when it is
discernible.

25. Archaeological Potential: Note whether or not there is the potential for
archaeological deposits. If there is, describe the location and summarize the
potential nature, depth, and research potential for those deposits. If it is
unknown, document those areas that might have potential, which only further
work would confirm.

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 Appendix A
List of Themes, Site Components and Features to consider when filling out the
Historical Archaeological Component Form.

Theme
Subtheme
-Delineator

Historic Native American

(Named Native American Group)

Transportation
Trail
Road
Railroad

Water Control and Distribution

Dam
Head
Works
Canal
Ditch
Flume
Pipeline
Siphon

Communication
Telegraph
Telephone

Settlements
Household
Camp
Town
Company Town
Plaza

Rural Agriculture
Farming
Ranching

Industry
Fur and Hide Trade
Mining and Mineral Processing
-Stone Quarrying
-Cement
-Smelting
-Coal
-Uranium
-Placer Mining
-Precious Metals and Industrial Minerals Mining
Industry (cont.)

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 Timber
Food Processing
-Meat
-Dairying
-Sugar Beet
-Fresh Produce: Fruits and Vegetables
-Grains and Milling
-Canning and Bottling of Agricultural Produce
-Beverage
Oil and Gas
Oil Shale
Electrical Generation
-Water-powered
-Gas, Coal, or Nuclear-powered
-Wind-powered
-Solar
Steel and Iron
Chemical Manufacturing
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
-Brick
-Concrete and Cement
-Stone Finishing
-Cans, Bottles, and Stone Manufacture
Transportation and Freighting (e.g., automobile or wagon manufacturers or sites
associated with freighting business)
Arms and Ammunition
Textile Working
Leather Products (e.g., saddle, harness, or clothing manufacture)
Rubber and Plastic Products
Other Specialized Manufacturing

Recreation
Outdoor
Government Managed
Health Resorts
Entertainment: Civic and Seedy
Social and Industrial (Corporate)
Developed Sport Auto and Railroad

Government
Exploration
Land Survey and Distribution
Indian Agencies
U.S. and State Military
Land Management
Public Works
Public Service
Transportation (for sites associated with government policy or funding)

Ethnicity (Use only as an adjunct to another theme or alone only if another theme cannot
be identified)
Named ethnic group

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Unknown
(May have subthemes associated with it)

Features

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Adit Inscription (on tree or Spring development
Air shaft stone) Stock tank
Artifact scatter (trash Marker Stone circle
scatter, trash Mill tailings (use Stone quarry (use
dump) tailings) quarry)
Basement Mine shaft Surface stain
Beacon Outhouse hole Tailings
Berm Oven (bread) Tailings pile (use
Bridle path Path tailings)
Bridle trail (use bridle Peeled tree Tent platform (use
path) Penstock (pipeline campsite)
Cairn (purposeful used to transport Tent site (use
stone marker) water, usually under campsite)
Campfire ring (use pressure) Tipi ring (use stone
hearth) Picnic table circle)
Campsite Pipeline Tramway (aerial,
Cemetery Pit cable,
Chute (log, ore) Playing field funicular)
Cinder pile Pond Trash disposal pit
Construction debris Pool (swimming, hot (use pit)
(brick, stone, springs) Trash dump (use
lumber) Portal artifact scatter or
Cribbing Post (upright piece of dump)
Depression wood, metal, or Trash scatter (use
Drinking fountain concrete) artifact scatter)
Dump Prospect hole (use Tree art (without
Farm equipment prospect pit) writing)
Fence Prospect pit Trench
Fire hearth (use Quarry Tunnel (two open
hearth) Ramp ends)
Fire pit (use hearth) Reservoir Vision quest
Fire ring (use hearth) Retaining wall Walkway
Fireplace Rifle pit Wall
Flag pole Rock alignment Waste rock
Foundation Rock art (without Water fountain (use
Fur press writing) drinking fountain)
Game-hanging rack Rock pile (not cairn) Water wheel
Grave Sawdust pile Well (lined hole or
Grave marker Sign pipe)
Hearth Slag pile
Hunting blind Soil stain (use
surface stain)

Site Component or Feature Type

Administration Airport Art studio

building Amphitheater Assay office
Airfield Art gallery Auto dealership

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Auto showroom (use Fairground Kitchen (outdoor,
auto dealership) Farm community)
Camp (CCC, Fire lookout Landing strip (use
construction, health, Fire watch tower (use airfield)
internment, logging, fire lookout) Laundry
lumber, military, Fish hatchery Lodge (use resort)
mining, mobilization, Fitness club (use Meat processing (use
organization, stock, health club) slaughterhouse)
training) Flume Military base
Campfire circle (use Food locker (cold Mill (ball,
amphitheater) storage) concentration, flour,
Campground (use Fort (use fortification) hammer, planning,
camp) Fortification stamp, tube)
Campsite (use camp) Foundry (lead, steel, Mine (clay, coal,
Canal/Ditch iron) hard-rock, placer,
Cannery Fueling facility precious metal)
Cantonment (use (usually use service Motel
military camp) station) Motor court (use
Carriage works Gambling hall motel)
Casino (use gambling Garden Movie house (use
hall) Gas station (use theater)
Clubhouse service station) Museum
Coal washery Gazebo Nursery
Coke oven Golf course Observation tower
Communication Grade (use railroad Office
building or road) Opium den
Communication Grange hall (use Ore loading facility
tower community building) Overlook (use
Communication line Gristmill viewpoint)
Community building Guard station Packing house (use
Company office (use Gymnasium packing plant)
office) Hall (concert, dance, Packing plant
Country club dining, music, Parade ground
Creamery recreation) Park (amusement,
Dairy Hangar city, municipal,
Dam Health club theme, national,
Depot (bus, railroad, Highway (use road) state)
freight) Homestead (if it Patrol cabin
Distillery represents Pavilion
Ditch (use acquisition from the Penstock
canal/ditch) public domain) Picnic area
Dock (loading, boat) Hospital Picnic ground (use
Dormitory Hotel picnic area)
Dude ranch House (caddy, Pier (use dock)
Elevator (grain or customs, opera, Pipeline
other product) pump; for personal Plant (cement,
Entrance gate home use residence) chemical, crushing,
Factory (munitions, Infirmary (use packing, power,
sugar, other hospital) steam)
industries) Playground

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Playing field (usually Station (check-in,
use sports field) comfort, entrance,
Post office ranger, toll)
POW camp (use Stock driveway
prison) Stockade (use
Power line fortification)
Prison Stockyard
Racecourse Stone yard
Racetrack (use Store
racecourse) Target range
Radio tower (use Tennis court
communication Terminal (usually use
tower) depot)
Railroad Theater
Ranch Town
Residence Trading post
Resort (fishing, Trail (cattle, foot,
health, hot springs, interpretive, ski)
hunting, ski) Viaduct (use bridge)
Restaurant Viewpoint
Road (toll, wagon, Vineyard
automobile) Visitors center
Ruts (use trail or Vista point (use
road) viewpoint)
Saloon Water tower
Sanatorium (use Winery
hospital) Winter resort (use
Sawmill resort)
School
Schoolhouse (use
school)
Service station
Shaft house
Shelter (fisherman,
ice skating, picnic,
trail)
Signal station
Skating rink
Slaughterhouse
Smelter
Spa (use resort)
Splash dam (use
dam)
Sports
complex/facility
Sports field
Stadium (use sports
complex)
Stage (use theater)
Stage stop

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 ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
Amphitheater Head gate Smokehouse
Animal pen Head works Spring house
Arrastra Hogan Stable
Assay Office Hoist house Still (use distillery)
Bandstand Hospital Stockyard
Barn (hay, dairy, horse, Ice house Storage building (use
etc.) Infirmary shed)
Barracks Jail Storehouse (use
Bathhouse Kiln (charcoal, line, brick, warehouse)
Bin (ore, coal) etc) Supply house (use
Blast furnace Kitchen (outdoor, warehouse)
Boarding house community) Sweat lodge
Boat house boiler house Latrine (use outhouse) Tank (leaching, fuel,
Bridge Laundry water, tipple)
Bunkhouse Lean-to Tram house
Butcher shop Loading chute Tram terminal (use tram
Cabin Loading dock house)
Canal/ditch Log cabin (use cabin) Tree house
Cattle pen (use animal Mess hall Tree platform
pen) Office Trestle
Cellar (potato, root, cold Ore bin Vat (chemical, treatment)
storage) Ore mill Wall
Chicken coop Outhouse Warehouse
Chicken house (use Powder house Water diversion (use dam
chicken coop) Power plant or head gate)
Church Privy (use outhouse) Water tank
Cistern Public building Water tower
Clubhouse Pump house Well (standing walls)
Commercial building Railroad depot Wickiup
Community building Ramada Windmill
Concentrating mill Refinery Workshop (use shop)
Cookhouse Residence
Corral Resort
Crane (use derrick) Rock crusher
Dam Room
Derrick Root cellar (use cellar)
Distillery Sawdust burner
Ditch (use canal/ditch) Sawmill
Dock dugout School
Factory Schoolhouse (use school)
Fire lookout Shaft house
Flour mill Shed (general storage,
Flume hay, machinery, tack,
Fortification coal, packing, etc.)
Garage Shop (blacksmith,
Gazebo carpentry, craft, machine,
Grade (use railroad, road) printing, etc.)
Grain bin (use granary) Silo (cement, grain,
Grain elevator missile)
Granary Siphon
Guard house Slaughterhouse
Head frame Smelter
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 Appendix B

HistoricArtifactHandbook

by

JonathonC.Horn
AlpineArchaeologicalConsultants,Inc.
POBox2075
Montrose,CO81402

March2005

The intent of this handbook is to provide site recorders with little or no background in historic artifact
identification sufficient information so that they can provide consistent descriptive information about the
artifactsandsitefeaturestheyareobserving.Gooddescriptionofobservedfeaturesandartifactsisessential
forfunctionalandchronologicaldeterminationstobemade,therebyinsuringthatsitesorsitecomponentsare
evaluatedforsignificanceusingtheproperthematiccontext.Regardlessofwhetherornotanindividualhas
theexpertisetointerprettheevidencepresentataparticularsite,anyonecarryingoutsiterecordationhasthe
obligationandshouldhavetheabilitytoprovidegooddescriptiveinformation.

Alargeportionofthishandbookiscomposedofillustrations.Forthemostpart,theseareselfexplanatoryand
littletextwillbewritten toaccompany them. Many artifactswillnotbedescribed whatsoever. Alist of
references is also provided. The focus of the handbook will be on commonly found artifacts that are
particularlyusefulinprovidingdatinginformation.Historicartifactsfromthelatenineteenthandtwentieth
centuriesareparticularly timesensitive,becauseoftherapidgrowthandchangeoftechnology. Usingan
assemblageofhistoricartifacts,itisnotuncommontobeabletodateasitetoa5or10yeartimeperiod.
Functional interpretations can also be quite accurate using the artifacts alone. When coupled with well
directedhistoricalresearch,theinformationthatcanbelearnedfromahistoricsitecanbeveryilluminating,
notonlyfromahistoricalperspective,butfromanthropological,behavioral,technological,andsocioeconomic
viewpointsaswell.

Whenclassifyinghistoricartifacts,thepreferredmethodisbyfunction.Classifyingartifactsbymaterialtype
makesfunctionalinterpretationsverydifficultandisinherentlytroublesomebecausemanyhistoricartifacts
arecomposedofavarietyofmaterials.Aclassificatorysystemforartifactsinmuseumcollectionswasdevised
RobertG.Chenall(1978)andupdatedbyBlackabyandGreeno(1988).ThissystemisusedbytheNational
ParkServicefortheirmuseumcollectionsandworksverywell,especiallywhenreferenceismadetoSprague
(1981).Reuseofartifactsforpurposesotherthantheiroriginalintentionisveryimportantdataandshouldbe
recorded,butisproblematic.

VesselGlass

Vessel glass includes all glass containers such as food and household chemical bottles and jars, beverage
bottles,andcanningjars.Italsoincludesglassservicewaressuchasdrinkingglassesanddishes.Glasscolor
isaverygoodindicatorofavessel'sage.

WhiteMilkglass ca.1890spresent
Aqua ca.18001920s
Green ca.1860spresent
AmberorBrown ca.1860spresent
CobaltBlue ca.1890spresent
Purple ca.18851920
Yellowish ca.19181950s

Purple glass is one ofthe best timemarkers to be found on archaeological sites. Use ofmanganese asa
clearingagentinglassbecameverycommonplaceby1885,perhapsbeginningasearlyas1880.Althoughthe

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vesselsstartedoutclearincolor,exposuretothesunresultedinapurpletint,varyinginintensitydepending
ontheamountofmanganeseused.Themainsourceofmanganese,Germany,wascutoffasaresultofWorld
War I. Supplies on hand may have lasted into the very early 1920s, though in very limited quantities.
Seleniumreplacedmanganeseasaclearingagent.Italsochangedcolorwithexposuretothesun,thistimeto
ayellowishhue,nevergettingdarkenoughtobeconfusedwithamberorbrownglass.

Care must be taken when assigning a disposal date for a particular piece of glassware. Common food or
householdvesselsweremostusuallydisposedofimmediatelyorsoonaftertheircontentshadbeenusedup.
Canning jars and table service, especially fancy glassware, were used over and over again and were not
discarded until unusable. Other glassware fragments, such as lamp chimneys or lantern globes, may be
mistakenforshortlivedvesselsbutinrealitywereuseduntilbroken.

Makersmarksareverycommonlyfoundonthebasesoffoodorhouseholdbottlesandjarsandthenameor
trademarkoftheproductmanufacturerisalsofrequentlyembossedoncontainersorlids. Thesemarksand
namesshouldalwaysberecordedasaccuratelyaspossible,eveniffragmentary,becausetheycanbelookedup
withrelativeease,providingdatesandotherinformation.Herearefourofthemostcommonmakersmarks:

MarkoftheIllinoisGlassCompanyofAlton,Illinoisinusebetween1916and1929(Toulouse1971:264268).

MarkoftheOwensBottleCompanyinusebetween1911and1929(Toulouse1971:393).

MarkoftheOwensIllinoisGlassCo.ofToledo,OhiouseduponthemergeroftheOwensBottleCompany
andtheIllinoisGlassCompanyin1929anduseduntil1954(Toulouse1971:403406).Associatedwiththismark
willbenumberstotheleft,right,andbottom.Thenumbertotheleftindicatesthemanufacturingplant. The
numbertothebottomisthemoldnumber.Thenumbertotherightisthedatenumberandcanusuallybeadded
to1930togettheyearofmanufacture.Bottlesfromtheearly1940sweremarkedwithasingledatedigittothe
rightofthemarkthatmaycauseconfusionwithbottlesmanufacturedintheearly1930s.Althoughsomebottles
from1940weresimplymarkedwitha0,othersweremarkedwithadotfollowingthe0. Thisuseofadotto
designate a 1940s age continued until a two digit date mark was instituted. Still, the single digit and dot
designation may be found on bottles through 1946, though the two digit markings began in 1943. Further
confirmationofa1940sageisthatstipplingiscommonlyfoundonthebaseofthesebottles,whichisanindication
thattheglassisDuraglas,whichbegantobeusedin1940(Lockhart2004,2006). Anexceptiontothedating
formulawasonverysmallmedicinebottleswhereaccompanyingnumberswereleftoffentirelyoronlyasingle
datedigitwasusedintothe1950s(Lockhart2004,2006).

MarkoftheHazelAtlasGlassCo.ofWheeling,WestVirginia.Thismarkwasinusefrom1920to1964
(Toulouse1971:239).AccordingtotheU.S.PatentOffice,thetrademarkwasregisteredin1924.

Othermarksalsoseemtohavedatenumbersinassociation,particularlybeerbottlesbeginninginthe1940s.
Thesearenotwelldocumented,soassumptionsofdatesbynumbersonbottlebasesshouldbeconsideredrelative
tootherartifactsonasite.Plasticbottlesmayalsohavedatenumbers.

Vesselmanufacturingattributesshouldberecordedaswell.Theattacheddatingkeyandillustrationsprovide
thetechnicalinformationnecessaryforprovidingthisinformation.

Depressionglasscomesinavarietyofcolorsandshapes.Itwasusuallyinexpensivedimestoredishwareand
was often given away in advertising promotions. Patterns can often be identified and frequently have
restrictedperiodsofproduction. Onoccasion,decorativeglasstableserviceorhousewarescameinpurple.
Considerationshouldbeofthetypeofvesselanditsusewhenpurpleglassisconcernedascurateditemsor
itemsconsideredforlonguseweresometimesmanufacturedofpurpleglassthat,withoutcloseobservation,
canbeconfusedwithfragmentsofjarorbottlesofanearlierage.

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Ceramics

CeramicsfoundonarchaeologicalsitesintheWestcangenerallybecategorizedintooneofthreebasictypes:
stoneware,earthenware,andporcelain.

Stonewareisaclayceramicfrequentlyusedforutilitarianvessels,suchascrockeryorsewerpipe.Itisfiredat
ahighenoughtemperaturethattheclaybecomesvitrifiedsomewhat,resultinginimpermeabilitytoliquids.It
isfrequentlyglazed.Thefiredclayhasaratherporousappearanceandisfrequentlytantobrown.

Earthenwareisprobablythemostcommontypeofceramicfoundonhistoricalarchaeologicalsites.Itiseasily
manufacturedintoavarietyofshapeswithfairlythinwallsandisimpermeabletoliquids. Thefiredclay
appears very fine in texture, ranges in color from white to yellowish, and sticks to the tongue to varying
degreesdepending onhow vitrifiedtheceramic isfromfiring. Earthenwares arecommonly glazedwitha
whiteorclearslipandareoftenwelldecorated.Decorationcanrangefromblueonwhiteorientalpatternsto
polychromehandpainted, transferprinted, ordecal decoration, toreliefmoldedpatterning withgilding, or
anycombinationoftheabove.Ingeneral,themorerefinedthedecoration,themoreexpensivetheware.This
makessomeeconomicscalingpossible. Anothergeneralizationthatshouldbeconsideredisthatdecorated
waresfrequentlyindicateafamilyunitoratleastthepresenceofawoman.Plainwhiteearthenwares,often
knownashotelware,arefrequentlyfoundatlaborcamps.

Porcelainisthemostrefinedoftheceramics. Itisgenerallyverythinwalledandhighlyvitreous. Incross

section,porcelainlooksverymuchlikeroughglassandwillnotsticktothetongue.Itisalmostalwaysvery
fancytablewareandwelldecoratedinthemannerdescribedaboveforearthenware. Theexpensivenessof
porcelainisindicativeofacertainlevelofaffluenceand,again,thelikelihoodofawoman'spresence.

As with vessel glass, makers marks are very commonly found on the bases of earthenware and porcelain
vessels and on the sides of stoneware vessels. These are either printed on or impressed into the vessel.
Makersmarksareverytimediagnosticandoccasionallycanbedatedtothemonthandyearofmanufacture.
Becauseceramicvesselswereintendedforlonguse,thedateobtainedfromceramicsmayindicateaslightly
earlier date than is the actual case for a site. Ceramic dates should be considered as only one piece of
informationinthetotalartifactassemblagefromasitewhenascribingadate.

Cans

Canscomeinawidevarietyofshapes,sizes,andstyles.Changesincanmanufacturingtechnologyinthelate
nineteenthcenturyandearlytwentiethcenturymakecansfairlygoodtimeindicators. Themostcommonly
encounteredcansarethosewhichcontainedfreshfoods. Thesecanbebrokendownintothreebasictypes:
Holeincap,holeintop,andsanitary(modernstyle)cans.

Holeincap cans are leadsealed cans having a separate filler cap, soldered in place, with a pin hole vent
covered with a spot of lead solder. These cans were manufactured at first entirely by hand and later by
machine.Theendsofthecanshaveflatlipsthatfitaroundtheoutsideofthecansides.Theconnectionisnot
interlockedinanyway.Oneendofthecanhasafillerholelargeenoughforthecontentsofthecantoenter.
Thefillerholewascoveredbyasheetmetaldiscsolderedinplaceformingacharacteristicringoflead.The
fillercaphasapinholewhichallowedsteamtoescapeduringprocessing.Onceprocessingwascompleted,the
pinholewassealedwithaspotofleadsolder.Thesideseamofthecanswasalsocoveredwithalineofsolder.
Ingeneral,cansfromtheearly1880sandbeforetendtohaveheavieramountsofsolderontheirsideseams,
lessneatlyapplied,thanlatercans. Sideseamsbegantobesolderedbymachineinthe1880s,resultingin
more uniform and regular solder seams. Aberrations may be observed on holeincap cans that may be
noteworthy.Onoccasion,cansmaybefoundthathavethesidesfittedaroundtheends.Morefrequently,cans
withtwoventholesandtwoleadspotsonthefillercapsmaybeobserved.

Holeincapcanswereinproductionbythe1820s.Astampingmachineforthemanufactureofcanendswas
patentedin1847.Canendsbeganbeingsolderedbymachineinthemid1870sandamachineforsoldering
sideseamswasintroducedin1883. Rectangularholeincapcansforcannedcornedbeefwereintroducedin
1875(Rock1984:102103).Inventionsforcrimpingtheseamsofcans,eliminatingtheneedforsolder,leading
tothedevelopmentof"sanitary"cans,beganin1888,butsanitarycansasweknowthemdidnotcomeontothe

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marketuntil1904. By1911,sanitarycanshaddominatedthecanmarket(Rock1984:105106).Ingeneral,
holeincapcansonasiteindicateadateofoccupationpriorto1914andanabsenceofsanitarycanssuggestsa
pre1904 date. One exception should be noted. Large holeincap bulk food cans provided by the U.S.
governmenttoCivilianConservationCorpscamps,andpossiblyformilitaryuse,havebeennoteddatingtothe
1930s.

Holeintopcanscloselyresembleholeincapcansbutdonothavefillerholes.Thetopsofthesecansmaybe
stampedwithridgesthatmimicfillerholes,butlackthesolderring.Theydohaveapinholeventsealedwith
aspotoflead. Holeintopcanswereintroducedin1900byCarnationforevaporatedmilk(Rock1984:104).
Thesecanswerestillinuseuntiltheearly1990s. Priortotheintroductionofholeintopcans(by1885),
evaporatedmilkwascannedinholeincapcans.

Sanitarycansarethecansinusetoday.Theseweretheresultofinnovationsinseamcrimpingmachinery.In
1897,machinerywasdevelopedthatcouldcrimpthecanendstothesideswithadoubleseamsealedwitha
rubbercompound.By1904,sanitarycanswereinfullproduction,completelydominatingthemarketby1911.

OtherCanInnovationsofNote

Duringthelate1890sandearly1900s,manynewinnovationswereattemptedtomodernizefoodcans.These
innovationsappearascanswithunusualattributes.Forinstance,someleadsealedcanshavebeenobserved
withcrimpedendssimilartosanitarycanswithleadspotsoverventholessimilartoholeintopcans.Some
holeincapcanshavebeenobservedwithleadspotsovertwoventholesthroughthefillercaps.

PrinceAlberttobaccotinsappeartohavebeenfirstmanufacturedin1907or1908(Rock1989:166;Periodical
PublishersAssociation1934:74).Theyhadasimplefrictiontypelidwithaloosepinhinge.In1948,thelidwas
changedtobemoreairtight.TheedgeofthecanwasdoubledoverandthelidwasmadewithaUshapedlipinto
whichthecanedgefitandranthefulllengthofthelid. Thisistheclosurestillused(KirkpatrickandDuran
1981:53).

Roundquartsizedmotoroilcanswereintroducedin1933(Rock1989:147).

Sardinecans:threepiecebody18101880;onepiecebody18801918;depressedlid1884present;double
seamed1918present(Gillioetal.1980:9)

Distributionofcannedbeerdidnotbeginuntil1935. Conetopcanswithcrowncapfinisheswereusedona
limitedbasisfrom1935to1959(Rock1981:25).SeeBeerCanTableforadditionalinformation.

Softdrinkswerenotsuccessfullycanneduntil1953(Rock1981:27).

CanOpenings

Thewayinwhichfoodcanshavebeenopenedisanindicationofwhatmayhavebeeninside.Thereappearsto
beacorrelationofthesizeofthefillerholeonholeincapcanstothetypeofopeningtechniqueused.Thisis
notsurprisingbecausebotharerelatedtothesizeoftheitemsinside. Theopeningtechniquemayindicate
whetherthefoodinsidewasliquid,solid,orcomposedofsmallorlargepieces.Condensedmilkcanstendto
havetwosmallpunchedholesorslitsforpouringoutthecontents.Keywindopeningswerefirstintroducedin
1866, though they were not widely used. In 1895, the technology was refined for use on meat tins that
incorporatedascoredstrip(Rock1984:105;Gillioetal.1980:9).Thisistheopeningtechniqueuseduntilvery
recentlyonsardineandcoffeecans. Gearedrotarycanopenerswereintroducedin1925foruseonsanitary
cans.Churchkeyopenerswereintroducedin1935(Gillioetal.1980:9).

MarksonCans

For the most part, food cans were identified with paper labels and others with painted labels that rarely
surviveinarchaeologicalcontexts. Certaincantypes,suchasbakingpowdercans,coffeecans,andothers,
haveembossingidentifyingtheircontentsand/ormanufacturer.Itisfrequentlypossibletolooktheseupand

Page 15 of 45
refinethedateoftheartifact. AnunusualexampleisKCBakingPowdercansthatgiveanumberofyears
thattheproductcostthesame. Theyearofmanufacturecanbedeterminedbyaddingtheyearsto1890.
Latercans,suchasholeintopandsanitarycans,occasionallyhavemarkingsorcodeswhichmayprovetobe
informativeandshouldberecorded.Forinstance,theSANITARYmarkfoundonsomeearlysanitarycans is
probably the mark of the Sanitary Can Company, which beganbusiness in1904and was purchased bythe
AmericanCanCompanyin1908(Rock1989:65).

Plastic

Moldedplasticscrewcapsbegantobemanufacturedinquantityin1927.Initially,theywereusedonhighpriced
toiletriesandcosmeticsandwereblack,darkred,orbrownincolor.Newplasticsenabledawidevarietyofcolors
tobemanufacturedinafewyears,aswellasawidervarietyofapplications. Withimprovementsinmolding
equipment,plasticscrewcapscouldbeproducedatpricescompetitivewithmetalcaps(Lief1965:30).

Nails

Nailsarethemostfrequentlyencounteredhardwarefastenersathistoricalarchaeologicalsites. Thebasic
identificationofwire(round)andcut(square)nailsandtheirrelativefrequenciestoeachotherisanimportant
datingtool.

Cut nails have a long history of manufacture. Both handmade and machinemade cut nails were
manufacturedinthenineteenthcentury.Transitionfromcutnailstowirenailstookplacebetweenthe1880sto
the early 1900s. Wire nails began to be imported in small numbers to America in the 1850s, and the
manufactureofwirenailsinAmericabeganin1873;largescaleproductiondidnotbeginuntilthe1880s.Wire
nailswereinitiallymostcompetitivewithcutnailsinthesmaller,finersizes. Ithasbeenestimatedthatby
1890,approximately50%ofthenailsproducedwerewirenails.In1894,70%ofthenailsproducedwerewire
nails;in1900,82%werewirenails;andin1913,95%werewirenails(Clark1929:Vol.2:351355,Vol.3:126;
Buckles1978).Ingeneral,ifcutnailsarefoundonasite,adateof1900orbeforecanbepresumed.Therate
atwhichwirenailsreplacedcutnailsmayvarythroughoutthecountrydependinguponthesourceofsupply.
InColorado,itiscommonforsitesasearlyas1890tohaveanailassemblagedominatedbywirenails.This
seemstobebecausetheColoradoFuel&IronCompanyofPueblohadthecapabilityofproducingwirenailsby
thattimeandhadtheabilitytoshipthembyrailroadbywayoftheDenver&RioGrandeRailway. The
sphere of their marketing area is currently unknown, but probably covers all of Colorado and may have
extendedintonorthernNewMexico,westernKansas,andsouthernWyoming.

WindowGlass

Windowglassisflatglass,usuallylightgreenincolor,frequentlywithlines,airbubblesorotherflawsinolder
examples. Thepresenceofwindowglassusuallyindicatesthatafairlysubstantialstructurewaspresentat
thatlocation.Often,nootherphysicalevidenceremainsofastructurebesideswindowglassandnails.

Cartridges

Cartridgescanbecategorizedintothreetypes:Pinfire,rimfire,andcenterfire.

Pinfirecartridgesaretheoldestofthepatentignitiontypecartridges. Thehammerofthegunstruckapin
projectingfromnearthebaseofthecartridgeengagingaprimerthatsetofftheenclosedload. Thesesaw
fairlywideuseandwerestilladvertisedafter1900.

Rimfirecartridgeswereignitedbyablowtothebasebythegun'sfiringpinorhammer.Thesecartridgeswere
introducedinthe1850sandarestillpopulartoday.

Centerfirecartridgeshaveaprimerincorporatedintotheirbasewhichignitestheloadwhenstruckbythe
gun'sfiringpin. Thesecartridgesweredevelopedinthe1860s,butdidnotbecomegenerallyavailableuntil
1873withtheintroductionofthe.4570Governmentcartridge.Centerfirecartridgesarestillinusetoday.

Page 16 of 45
Itisveryimportanttorecordanymarkingsonthebaseofcartridges.Onoccasion,cartridgesmaybefound
thathavenomarkings. Theseshouldbecollectedsothattheycanbemeasuredandidentified. Ingeneral,
cartridgeswithnomarkingsareoldervarieties,possiblydatingpriortotheearly1880s.Centerfirecartridges
arereusable.Originalprimersarebrass,replacementprimersareusuallychrome.Reloadedcartridgesmay
notbeverygoodindicatorsofsiteage.Introductionofrecentcartridgesbyhunterstoanotherwiseoldersite
is not uncommon and should be expected and accounted for when considering the occupational history
indicatedbysurfaceartifacts.

Somebasicchronologicalinformationaboutmarksoncartridges:

U.M.C.UnionMetallicCartridgeCo.beforeitmergedwithRemingtonin1912.

RemUMCRemingtonUnionMetallicCartridgeCo.aftermergerin1912.

RPRemingtonPetersafterPetersCartridgeCo.wasabsorbedbyduPontandRemingtonin1934.

W.R.A. Co. WinchesterRepeating ArmsCompany priorto1934whenthemarkwaschangedtosimply

W.R.A.

Militaryammunitionismarkedwiththemonthandyearofmanufactureaswellasthemanufacturer.

Other gun related items to look for are percussion caps and gun flints. Gun flints may be mistaken for
prehistoriclithicmaterial buthasacharacteristicsquareshape. Bulletsandgunpartsarealsofoundon
occasion.

OtherArtifacts

Buttons and Fasteners Buttons and other clothing fasteners are commonly found on historical
archaeologicalsites.Describebuttonsbyhowtheyareattachedtoclothingandthematerialtheyaremadeof.
Commonshirtbuttonsshouldbedescribedastwoorfourholesewthroughbuttons.Whatareusuallythought
tobewhitemilkglassbuttonsareinrealityProsserceramic.Onoccasion,thebacksofbuttonswillhavethe
name ofthemanufacturer orotherinformation. Metal buttonssimilar tothose onLevi'sfrequently have
product names stamped or embossed on them. These are generally from overalls or other work clothes.
Overallandsuspenderbucklesaregenerallymadeofwire,sometimespartlycoveredwithsheetmetal. Old
catalogsofclothingareveryhelpfulintheiridentification.

BeadsBeadsarefoundatbothhistoricandpostcontactaboriginalsites.Beadsshouldbedescribedbyhow
theyweremadedrawnorspun(wound),bycolor,andanyothermanufacturingattributestheymightpossess
suchasgrinding,etching,engraving,enameling,orpainting.Beadstylescanbesomewhattimesensitive.

WireProductsWireproductssuchasbarbedwire,balingwire,andwireropebecamewidespreadafterthe
developmentoftheBessemersteelmanufacturingprocessin1876.PriortotheBessemerprocess,wirecould
notbemadeintolongstrandsofconsistentstrengthandquality. Theabilitytomakelonglengthsofgood
quality wireenabled alargenumber ofproducts tobeproduced. Oneofthe most frequently encountered
productsisbarbedwire.Thenumberoftypesofbarbedwiremanufacturedisastounding.Thevarietiesare
very well documented, however, and patent dates ascertained if good descriptions are made in the field.
Balingwirealsobecamequiteprevalent. Earlybalingmachinesrequiredhandtyingoffoftheendsofwire
around a bale of hay. To facilitate this, a variety of bale ties with distinctive premade loop ends were
marketed. Howlongthesewereavailableisnotknown,buttheywerecertainlyinusethroughthe1890s.
Wirerope(commonlyreferredtoas"cable")consistsofnumerousstrandsofwirebraidedortwistedintoa
single unit, sometimes around a core of hemp rope. Wire rope replaced natural fiber rope for use with
machinery,especiallywiththeexpansionofuseofsteampowerinthelate1880sand1890s. Consequently,
whenwireropeisfoundonasite,itcanbepresumedthatsomesortofmotivepowerwasinusethere.

AnimalShoesHorse,mule,andoxenshoesareeasytoidentify.Whenexaminingthem,however,besureto
noteanymodifications,especiallyofhorseshoes. Suchmodificationsmayindicateuseforworkorpleasure,

Page 17 of 45
orthopedic problems the animal may have had, and use in icy, snowy, or muddy conditions indicating
seasonality.

StovePartsVerylittleinformationiscurrentlyavailableaboutstovemanufacturers.However,stoveparts
areusuallywellmarkedwithcastingmarks,thenameofthestoveanditsmanufacturer,anddecorations.
Frequentlythesemarkscanbeidentifiedorinterpreted. Forinstance,somemarksmayindicatethesizeof
theburnerplatesandoven.Certainpartsmayindicatewhetherastovewasintendedtoburncoalorwood.It
mayalsobepossibletotellifastovewasacookstoveorheatingstove.Evenwhenpiecesofanactualstove
arenotpresent,piecesofstovepipemayrevealthatonewasthereandwhereitwaslocated. Ashandcoal
cindersareotherindicators.

Hardware Hardwareisavery diverseartifactcategorythatmustbehandledonanitembyitembasis.

Artifactsinthiscategoryincludeallsortsoftools,equipment,andfasteners. Frequentlypiecesofalarger
itemarefoundwhichcannotbeidentifiedfromwhatisleft.Sometimesasingleitemwillbeveryinformative.
Thebestthatcanbedoneistodescribehardwareartifactsaswellaspossible. Ifthefunctionofanitemis
unknowntoyou,photographordrawit.Itisusuallypossibletotellifsomethingishandormachinemade.
On machine made items, look for casting marks. These will usually be numbers but occasionally are
manufacturer'smarks,patentdates,ornames.

Page 18 of 45
Bottleseamsindicativeofmoldtype,bottlenomenclature,cantypes,andcanopeningstyles.

Page 19 of 45
DatingkeyforbottlesfromD.StellNewman,1970,ADatingKeyforPostEighteenthCenturyBottles.
HistoricalArchaeology4:7275.

Page 20 of 45
Page 21 of 45
Page 22 of 45
Page 23 of 45
Bottleneckfinishesfrom:Fike,RichardE.
1987 TheBottleBook:AComprehensiveGuidetoHistoric,EmbossedMedicineBottles.PeregrineSmith
Books,SaltLakeCity.

Page 24 of 45
Bottlebaseshapesfrom:Fike,RichardE.
1987 TheBottleBook:AComprehensiveGuidetoHistoric,EmbossedMedicineBottles.PeregrineSmith
Books,SaltLakeCity.

Page 25 of 45
 CHRONOLOGYOFSTYLISTICDEVELOPMENTOFTHEBEERCAN
Date FeatureIntroduced
1980s UPCcomputercodesstandardfeatureonallcans.
Multipleneckinchimespresentoncansproducedintheearlyyearsofthedecade.
Single,longerneckinchimesprevalentduringlatteryearsofthedecade.
1989 Governmentalcoholwarninglabelsintroduced.
1984 Straightsidedsteelcansceaseproduction.
1983 Productionofringpullcansceases.
1970s ProductionofIIoz.,15oz.,andgalloncansceases.
UPCcomputercodesintroduced.
1977 Coorsphasesoutpushbuttoncans.
1975 AmericanCanCompanybeginsproducingpushbuttoncans.
19741979 CansissuedcommemoratingtheU.S.bicentennial.
1972 Oregonbanstheuseofringpullcans.PushbuttoncanopeningsintroducedbyCoors.
Canswithspecializedshapesfirstmarketed.
1967 Tinfreesteel(TFS)cansintroduced.
1966 Weldedseamcansintroduced.
"Neckinchime"cans(lidsmallerthancanbody)introduced.
1965 First"ringpull"canmarketed.
1964 ContinentalCan's"Utab"designintroduced.
Tabtopswith"smile"beadsintroduced.
Galloncansintroduced.
1963 InJanuary,Schlitzbecomesfirstnationalbrewertousetabtopcans.ByAugust,65brands
areavailableinthisdesign.
First12oz.allaluminumcanissued.
Plasticsixpackholder(yoke)introduced.
1962 Firstselfopeningcan("snaptop"or"tabtop")introducedbyPittsburghBrewingCompany.
1960 Conescompletelyphasedoutbythistime.
1950s Crowntainersphasedoutbymiddecade.Coneslargelyphasedoutbymiddecade.
Oddsizecansmarketedinclude7,8,10,II,14,and15oz.sizes.
Aluminumlidsusedonsteelbodiedcans.Theseareoftendescribedoncanlabelsas"soft
tops."
Pastelsandmetalliccolorsbecomecommonfeaturesofcanlabels.
1959 Coorsmarkets7oz.allaluminumcan.
1958 PrimomarketsIIoz.paperlabeled,allaluminumcan.
1954 Schlitzmarketsthefirstl6oz.punchtopcan.
1950 "InternalRevenueTaxPaid"markingremovedfromcan(andbottle)labels,March30.
19421947 DomesticcannedbeerproductionceasedduetoWorldWarII.Over18millioncansofbeer
producedformilitaryuse.
Militarybeercansaresilverorolivedrabincolor.
Militarycansarenotmarked"InternalRevenueTaxPaid"but,rather,"WithdrawnFreeof
TaxforExportation."
1940 Jspoutcansphasedoutofproduction.
Introductionofcrowntainer,whichreplacestheJspout.
1930s Mostcansfeatureheavypaintandlacquer,resultingingoodlabelpreservation.
Theword"beer"isusuallyasprominentasthebrandname,owingtothenoveltyofhaving
beerincans.
Openinginstructions,usuallywithillustrations,areincludedaspartofthelabel(usually
neartheseam).
Contentsareoftendescribedas"contains12fluidouncessameasabottle."
1937 Conesproducedafterthisdatehaveconcavebottomsandlongcones("highprofile").
Jspoutcansintroduced.
QuartsizeconesintroducedinJuly.
1935 FirstcanmarketedonJanuary24inRichmond,Virginia.Eighteenbreweriesarecanning
beerbyendofyear.
BeginningJune28,allcansproducedaremarked"InternalRevenueTaxPaid."
ConetopcansfirstmarketedinSeptember.Thesehaveflatbottomsandshortcones("low
profile").
Note. Itisoftendifficult(ifnotimpossible)todocumentthedateswhenvariousfeaturesareeliminatedor
removedfromuse, dueprimarilytothefactthatoldstockisfrequentlyutilizedafterchangeshavebeen
made. The presence of multiple suppliers (and in some cases, brewery locations) will also result in the
simultaneoususageofdifferentstylesofcans(i.e.,asinglebrewingcompanymayproducealuminumand
crimpedsteelcansindifferentplants).

From:Maxwell,D.B.S.
1993 BeerCans:AGuidefortheArchaeologist.HistoricalArchaeology27(1):95113.

Page 26 of 45
Page 27 of 45
Pocketknives,animalshoes,cartridgetypes,andbaleties.

Page 28 of 45
Screwnomenclaturefrom:Brownell,AdonH.
n.d. HardwareAgeBuilders'HardwareHandbook.ChiltonCompanyBookDivision,Publishers,
Philadelphia.

Page 29 of 45
Cabinandarchitecturalinformationadaptedfrom:Wilson,Mary
1984 LogCabinStudies,theRockyMountainCabin,LogCabinTechnologyandTypologyandLog
CabinBibliography.U.S.ForestService,IntermountainRegion,CulturalResourceReportNo.
9.

Page 30 of 45
Page 31 of 45
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Adams,WilliamH.
1977 Silcott, Washington: Ethnoarchaeology of a Rural American Community. Reports of
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Adams,WilliamH.,LindaP.Gaw,andFrankC.Leonhardy
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Richardson,M.T.
1998 PracticalBlacksmithing.2Vols.AstragalPress,Mendham,NewJersey.

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Barnes,FrankC.
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Bearse,Ray
1966 CenterfireAmericanRifleCartridges18921963. A.S.BarnesandCo.,Inc.,SouthBrunswick,
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Brinckerhoff,SidneyB.andP.A.Chamberlain
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Datig,FredA.
1956 CartridgesforCollectors,Vol.I(Centerfire).FADCOPublishingCo.,BeverlyHills,California.

1958 CartridgesforCollectors,Vol.II.FADCOPublishingCo.,BeverlyHills,California.

Kass,GeorgeG.,editor
1979 RimfireHeadstampGuide:PartI.GeorgeG.Kass,Okemos,Michigan.

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Clifton,RobertT.
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Page 35 of 45
 1999 The Clorox Bottle Guide: An Aid for Collectors. The Clorox Company
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Page 36 of 45
 1968 400TrademarksonGlass.WashingtonCollegePress,TakomaPark,Maryland.

Rock,Jim
1981 GlassBottles:BasicIdentification.U.S.DA,KlamathNationalForest,Yreka,California.

Schulz,PeterD.,BettyJ.Rivers,MarkM.Hales,CharlesA.Litzinger,andElizabethA.McKee
1980 The Bottles of Old Sacramento: A Study of Nineteenth Century Glass and Ceramic Retail
Containers,PartI.CaliforniaArcheologicalReportsNo.20.StateofCalifornia,Departmentof
ParksandRecreation,Sacramento.

Seamans,BernaMackey,andMertieMackeyRobb
1969 ColoradoBottleHistory:WhenandWhere?R&SPublication,Denver.

Switzer,RonaldR.
1974 TheBertrandBottles:AStudyof19thCenturyGlassandCeramicContainers. NationalPark
ServicePublicationsinArcheologyNo.12.GPO,Washington.

Toulouse,JulianHarrison
1971 BottleMakersandTheirMarks.ThomasNelsonInc.,NewYork.

1977 Fruit Jars: A Collector's Manual with Prices. Thomas Nelson Inc., Publishers, Nashville,
Tennessee.

Watson,Richard
1965 BittersBottles.ThomasNelsonandSons,NewYork.

White,JamesSeeley
1974 TheHedden'sStoreHandbookofProprietaryMedicines.Durham&Downey,Portland,Oregon.

Wilson,Bill,andBettyWilson
1968 SpiritsBottlesoftheOldWest.HeningtonPublishingCompany,WolfeCity,TX.

Wilson,RexL.
1981 BottlesontheWesternFrontier.TheUniversityofArizonaPress,Tucson.

Zumwalt,Betty
1980 Ketchup, Pickles, Sauces: 19th Century Food in Glass. Mark West Publishers, Fulton,
California.

Buttons

Adams,JaneFord,andLillianSmithAlbert
1965 A Descriptive Catalog of Pictorial Buttons Worn on Work Clothing 19001935. Sullivan
Lithographics,Wichita,Kansas.

Brown,DorothyFoster
1968 TheNewEnlargedandRevisedButtonParade.MidAmericaBookCompany,Leon,Iowa.

CenturyHouse
1959 MilitaryUniformsandTheirButtons.CenturyHouse,WatkinsGlen,NewYork.

Page 37 of 45
Houart,Victor
1977 Buttons:ACollector'sGuide.CharlesScribner'sSons,NewYork.

Johnson,DavidF.
1948 Uniform Buttons: American Armed Forces 17841948, Vol. I: Descriptions & Value. Century
House,WatkinsGlen,NewYork.

1959 UniformButtons:AmericanArmedForces17841948,Vol.II.CenturyHouse,WatkinsGlen,New
York.

QuartermasterGeneral,U.S.Army
1889 U.S. Army Uniforms and Equipment, 1889 Specifications for Clothing, Camp and Garrison
Equipage, and Clothing and Equipage Materials. Reprinted 1986, University of Nebraska
Press,Lincoln.

Sprague,Roderick
2002 ChinaorProsserButtonIdentificationandDating.HistoricalArchaeology36(2):111127.

Cans

BeerCanCollectorsofAmerica
1975 TheBeerCanCollectorsofAmericaGuidetoUnitedStatesBeerCans. GreatlakesLivingPress,
Matteson,Illinois.

Maxwell,D.B.S.
1993 BeerCans:AGuidefortheArchaeologist.HistoricalArchaeology27(1):95113.

May,EarlChapin
1937 TheCanningClan:APageantofPioneeringAmericans.TheMacmillanCompany,NewYork.

Rock,Jim
1981 TinCans,NotesandComments.U.S.DA,KlamathNationalForest,Yreka,California.

1984 CansintheCountryside.HistoricalArchaeology18(2)97111.

Ceramics

Barber,EdwinAtlee
1904 MarksofAmericanPotters.Patterson&WhiteCompany,Philadelphia.

ButlerBrothers
1930 China&Glassware1930. 1968reprintofButlerBrothersCatalog#2749. AntiqueResearch
Publications,Chattanooga,Tennessee.

Chaffers,William
1946 Marks & Monograms on European and Oriental Pottery and Porcelain. Borden Publishing
Company,London.

Cushion,J.P.

Page 38 of 45
 1961 PocketBookofGermanCeramicMarksandThoseofOtherCentralEuropeanCountries. Faber
andFaber,London.

Gates,WilliamC.,Jr.,andDanaE.Ormerod
1984 The East Liverpool Pottery District: Identification of Manufacturers and Marks. Historical
Archaeology16(12).

Godden,GeoffreyA.
1991 EncyclopaediaofBritishPotteryandPorcelainMarks.Barrie&Jenkins,London.

Kovel,RalphM.,andTerryH.Kovel
1953 DictionaryofMarks,PotteryandPorcelain.CrownPublishers,Inc.,NewYork.

Kowalsky,ArnoldA.,andDorothyE.Kowalsky
1999 Encyclopedia of Marks on American, English, and European Earthenware, Ironstone, and
Stoneware(17801980):Makers,Marks,andPatternsinBlueandWhite,HistoricBlue,FlowBlue,
Mulberry, Romantic Transferware, Tea Leaf, and White Ironstone. Schiffer Publishing Ltd.,
Atglen,Pennsylvania.

Lehner,Lois
1978 OhioPotteryandGlassMarksandManufacturers. WallaceHomesteadBookCo.,DesMoines,
Iowa.

1980 CompleteBookofAmericanKitchenandDinnerWare. WallaceHomesteadBookCompany,Des

Moines,Iowa.

1988 LehnersEncyclopedia ofU.S.MarksonPottery,Porcelain&Clay. CollectorBooks, Paducah,

Kentucky.

McKee,FloydW.
1966 The Second Oldest Profession: A Century of American Dinnerware Manufacture. Privately
published,n.p.

Ramsey,John
1939 AmericanPottersandPottery.ColonialPressInc.,Clinton,Massachusetts.

Thorn,C.Jordan
1947 HandbookofOldPotteryandPorcelainMarks.TudorPublishingCompany,NewYork.

Weatherbee,Jean
1980 ALookatWhiteIronstone.WallaceHomesteadBookCompany,DesMoine,Iowa.

Glassware

Florence,Gene
1986 ElegantGlasswareoftheDepressionEra.CollectorBooks,Paducah,Kentucky.

1987 KitchenGlasswareoftheDepressionYears.CollectorBooks,Paducah,Kentucky.

1989 PocketGuidetoDepressionGlass,RevisedSixthEdition.CollectorBooks,Paducah,Kentucky.
Page 39 of 45
 1998 FlorencesGlasswarePatternIdentificationGuide.CollectorBooks,Paducah,Kentucky.

2000 Florences Glassware Pattern Identification Guide, Volume II. Collector Books, Paducah,
Kentucky.

Lee,RuthWebb
1936 RuthWebbLee'sHandbookofEarlyAmericanPressedGlassPatterns.RuthWebbLee,Publisher,
FraminghamCentre,Massachusetts.

Mauzy,BarbaraandJimMauzy
2001 MauzysComprehensiveHandbookofDepressionGlassPrices,3rdEdition.SchifferPublishing
Ltd.,Atglen,Pennsylvania.

McKearin,GeorgeS.,andHelenMcKearin
1941 AmericanGlass.CrownPublishers,NewYork.

Revi,AlbertChristian
1964 AmericanPressedGlassandFigureBottles.ThomasNelsonInc.,NewYork.

Hardware

Adams,WilliamHampton
2002 MachineCutNailsandWireNails:AmericanProductionandUseforDating19 thCenturyand
Early20thCenturySites.HistoricalArchaeology36(4):6688.

Barnes,FrankT.
1988 Hooks, Rings & Other Things: An Illustrated Index of New England Iron, 16601860. The
ChristopherPublishingHouse,Hanover,Massachusetts.

D'Allemagne,HenryRene
1968 DecorativeAntiqueIronwork:APictorialTreasury.DoverPublications,Inc.,Nework.

Eastwood,Maudie
1976 TheAntiqueDoorknob.TimesLitho,ForestGrove,Oregon.

Forney,MatthiasN.
1974 TheRailroadCarBuildersPictorialDictionary.DoverPublications,Inc.,NewYork.

RussellandErwinManufacturingCompany
1865 IllustratedCatalogueofAmericanHardwareoftheRussellandErwinManufacturingCompany.
Reprinted1980bytheAssociationforPreservationTechnology,Lisle,Illinois.

Wells,Tom
1998 NailChronology:TheUseofTechnologicallyDerivedFeatures.HistoricalArchaeology32(2):78
99.

HorseEquipmentandHarness

Ahlborn,Richard

Page 40 of 45
 1980 Man Made Mobil Early Saddles of Western North America. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington.

Fitzgerald,WilliamN.
1875 TheHarnessMakers'IllustratedManual. Wm.N.FitzGerald,NY. Reprinted1974byNorth
RiverPress,Inc.,CrotononHudson,NewYork.

Fox,CharlesPhilip
1987 Horses in Harness: A Pictorial Recollection of the HorseDrawn Decades. Reiman Associates,
Greendale,Wisconsin.

Keegan,Terry
1973 TheHeavyHorse:ItsHarnessandHarnessDecoration.A.S.BarnesandCompany,NewYork.

Lungwitz,A.andJohnW.Adams
1966 ATextbookofHorseshoeingforHorseshoersandVeterinarians. OregonStateUniversityPress,
Corvallis.

Moseman,C.M.,andBrother
1987 Mosemans'IllustratedCatalogofHorseFurnishingGoods:AnUnabridgedRepublicationofthe
FifthEdition.DoverPublications,Inc.,NewYork.

Insulators

Hill,JamesL.,andEdwardPickett
1968 AnInsulatorBookforCollectors,SketchesandPrices.TheMailPrinters,MyrtleCreek,Oregon.

Kareofelas,GregA.,GaryG.Cranfill,andJohnC.Fountain
1969 ACatalogueandReferencetoInsulatorsandOtherRelatedMaterials. OleEmptyBottleHouse
PublishingCompany,AmadorCity,California.

Milholland,MarionC.
1971 MilhollandsCompleteGlassInsulatorReferenceBook.SequimPress,Sequim,Washington.

LampsandLanterns

Bright,ArthurA.,Jr.
1949 TheElectricLampIndustry:TechnologicalChangeandEconomicDevelopmentfrom1800to1947.
TheMacmillanCompany,NewYork.

Freeman,Larry
1944 LightonOldLamps.CenturyHouse,WatkinsGlen,NewYork.

Hobson,Anthony
1991 Lanterns ThatLitOurWorld:HowtoIdentify, Date,andRestoreOldRailroad, Marine,Fire,
Carriage,Farm,andOtherLanterns.GoldenHillPress,Inc.,Spencertown,NewYork.

1996 LanternsThatLitOurWorld,BookTwo:OldRailroad,Marine,Fire,Carriage,Farm,&Other
Lanterns.GoldenHillPress,Inc.,Spencertown,NewYork.

Page 41 of 45
Myers,DenysPeter
1978 GaslightinginAmerica:APictorialSurvey,18151910.DoverPublications,Inc.,NewYork.

PynePress
1972 LampsandOtherLightingDevices18501906.PynePress,Princeton,NewJersey.

WallaceHomesteadBookCo.
1972 Lamps&OtherLightingDevices18501906.WallaceHomesteadBookCo.,DesMoines,Iowa.

Woodhead,E.I.,C.Sullivan,andG.Gusset
1984 LightingDevicesintheNationalReferenceCollection,ParksCanada. StudiesinArchaeology,
ArchitectureandHistory. NationalHistoricParksandSitesBranch,ParksCanada,Ottawa,
Ontario.

Silver

Rainwater,DorothyT.
1966 American Silver Manufacturers, Their Marks, Trademarks and History. Everybodys Press,
Hanover,Pennsylvania.

Rainwater,DorothyT.andJudyRedfield
1998 Encyclopedia of American Silver Manufacturers, Fourth Edition. Schiffer Publishing Ltd.,
Atglen,Pennsylvania.

Wyler,SeymourB.
1937 TheBookofOldSilver,EnglishAmericanForeign,WithAllAvailableHallmarksIncluding
SheffieldPlateMarks,ProfuselyIllustrated.CrownPublishers,NewYork.

Tools

Cope,KennethL.
1993 AmericanMachinistsTools:AnIllustratedDirectoryofPatents,Over1000Diagrams. Astragal
Press,Mendham,NewJersey.

1994 MoreMakersofAmericanMachinistsTools:AHistoricalDirectoryofMakersandTheirTools.
AstragalPress,Mendham,NewJersey.

1998 MoreMakersofAmericanMachinistsTools:AHistoricalDirectoryofMakersandTheirTools.
AstragalPress,Mendham,NewJersey.

Kijowski,GeneW.,editor
1990 Directory of American Tool Makers, Colonial Times to 1899, Working Draft Edition. Early
AmericanIndustriesAssociation,Albany,NewYork.

Pollak,Emil,andMartylPollak
1987 AGuidetoAmericanWoodenPlanesandTheirMakers. TheAstragalPress,Morristown,New
Jersey.

Salaman,R.A.

Page 42 of 45
 1975 DictionaryofWoodworkingToolsandToolsofAlliedTrades. TauntonPress,Inc.,Newtown,
Connecticut.

1986 Dictionary ofLeatherworking Tools, c.17001950andtheToolsofAllied Trades. Macmillan

PublishingCompany,NewYork.

Sellens,Alvin
1990 DictionaryofAmericanHandTools:APictorialSynopsis.AlvinSellens,Augusta,Kansas.

Smith,H.R.Bradley
1966 Blacksmith'sandFarrier'sToolsatShelburneMuseum:AHistoryoftheirDevelopmentfrom
Forge to Factory. Museum Pamphlet Series, Number 7. The Shelburne Museum, Inc.,
Shelburne,Vermont.

Toys

Baumann,Paul
1981 CollectingAntiqueMarbles.WallaceHomesteadBookCo.,DesMoines,Iowa.

Best,CharlesW.
1973 Cast Iron Toy Pistols 18701940: A Collector's Guide. Rocky Mountain Arms & Antiques,
Englewood,Colorado.

Carskadden,Jeff,andRichardGartley
1990 APreliminarySeriationof19thCenturyDecoratedPorcelainMarbles. HistoricalArchaeology
24(2):5569.

Grist,Everett
1992 Antique&CollectibleMarbles:Identification&Values,ThirdEdition.CollectorBooks,Paducah,
Kentucky.

Pina,Ravi
1995 CrackerJackCollectibleswithPriceGuide.SchifferPublishingLtd.,Atglen,Pennsylvania.

TradeGoods

Fike,RichardE.,andH.BlainePhillipsII
1984 ANineteenth CenturyUteBurialFromNortheastUtah. BureauofLandManagement, Utah,
CulturalResourceSeries,No.16.

Hanson,JamesAustin
1975 MetalWeapons,Tools,andOrnamentsoftheTetonDakotaIndians.UniversityofNebraskaPress,
Lincoln.

Woodward,Arthur
1976 IndianTradeGoods.Binford&Mort,Portland,Oregon.

Wagons

Rittenhouse,JackD.

Page 43 of 45
 1948 AmericanHorseDrawnVehicles.FloydClymer,LosAngeles.

Spivey,Towana,editor
1979 AHistoricalGuidetoWagonHardware&BlacksmithSupplies.ContributionsoftheMuseumof
theGreatPlainsNumber9.Lawton,Oklahoma.

Miscellaneous

Anderson,Adrienne
1968 TheArchaeologyofMassProducedFootwear.HistoricalArchaeology2:5665.

Anderton,Mark
1999 EncyclopediaofPetrolianan:IdentificationandPriceGuide.KrausePublications,Iola,Wisconsin.

Brown,MartinR.,andJohnW.Dunn
1966 A Guide to the Grading of United States Coins (Illustrated). Whitman Publishing Company,
Racine,Wisconsin.

Bull,DonaldA.,andJohnR.Stanley
1999 JustforOpeners:AGuidetoBeer,Soda,&OtherOpeners.SchifferPublishingLtd.,Atglen,PA.

Cope,KennethL.
2000 KitchenCollectibles:AnIdentificationGuide.AstragalPress,Mendham,NewJersey.

Goins,JohnE.
1982 Pocketknives:MarkingsofManufacturersandDealers.KnifeWorldPublications,Knoxville,
Tennessee.

Gurcke,Karl
1987 BricksandBrickmaking:AHandbookforHistoricalArchaeology.TheUniversityofIdahoPress,
Moscow.

Hillier,Mary
1968 DollsandDollMakers.G.P.PutnamsSons,NewYork.

Jacobs,Celia
1970 American Pewter Marks & Makers: A Handbook for Collectors. The Stephen Greene Press,
Brattleboro,Vermont.

Klenman,Allan
1990 AxeMakersofNorthAmerica.WhistlePunkBooks,Victoria,BritishColumbia,Canada.

Lewis,JackandB.R.Hughes
1979 GunDigestBookofFoldingKnives.FollettPublishingCompany,Chicago.

Martin,Andy
1991 BlastingCapTinCatalog,Over200TinsIllustrated.OldAditPress,Tucson,Arizona.

Mott,J.L.,IronWorks

Page 44 of 45
 1987 Mott'sIllustratedCatalogofVictorianPlumbingFixturesforBathroomsandKitchens. Dover
Publications,Inc.,NewYork.

MuseumsatStonyBrook
1986 TheCarriageCollection.TheMuseumsatStonyBrook,StonyBrook,NewYork.

Nelson,LeeH.
1968 NailChronologyasanAidtoDatingOldBuildings. AmericanAssociationforStateandLocal
HistoryTechnicalLeaflet48.

Schroeder,Bill
1970 1000RazorsPricedandIllustrated.CollectorsBooks,Paducah,Kentucky.

1977 Collector'sIllustratedPriceGuide,PocketKnives.CollectorsBooks,Paducah,Kentucky.

Sprague,Roderick
1985 GlassBeads:AProgressReport.HistoricalArchaeology19(2):87105.

Storino,Louis
1995 ChewingTobaccoTinTags18701930.SchifferPublishingLtd.,Atglen,Pennsylvania.

Thompson,HelenLester
1997 SewingToolsandTrinkets:CollectorsIdentification&ValueGuide.CollectorBooks,Paducah,
Kentucky.

Townsend,GeorgeE.
1971 AlmostEverythingYouWantedtoKnowAboutAmericanWatchesandDidn'tKnowWhotoAsk.
N.p.,n.p.

Weber,Carl
1965 Weber'sGuidetoPipesandPipeSmoking.RutledgeBooks,Inc.,NewYork.

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