NAME OF THE VESSEL: M.V.

RTM COLUMBUS

PROJECT TITLE: ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

DATE COMMENCED: 16-08-2013

DATE COMPLETED: 25-08-2013

VERIFIED BY:

MR.SUBODH. K., 2/E MR. N.K.PRASAD, C/E

 Electrical system

Safety
Dos and Donts to be followed before attempting any maintenance on
electrical equipment.

DO
Know the ships electrical system and equipment. Familiarize with the
normal indications on the switchboard instruments so that any
abnormal change can be identified easily.
Operate the equipment according to manufacturers instructions.
Ensure appropriate personnel protective equipment is used.
Ensure that all doors, covers and guards are secured and tight.
Inform the officer in watch before shutting down equipment for
maintenance.
Switch off and display warning signs on the breakers before opening up
any equipment.
Understand and Use the Lock Out Tag Out kit available.
Confirm and double check that the circuit is dead using a voltage tester.

DONT
Touch any live conductor without proper isolation.
Touch rotating parts
Leave any live conductor exposed without appropriate warning signs
Overload the equipment
Work on any equipment without proper knowledge

Electrical Isolation Certificate

Whenever any person is going to work on any equipment where there

could be a hazard of electric shock or accidental start / auto start of
machinery or equipment, if the electrical part is not isolated, an
Electrical Isolation Certificate is required. All sections of the certificate
must be completed.

The Electrician or duty engineer is responsible for electrical isolation of

such equipment and/or circuits.
The responsible officer will carry out a check to ensure isolation before
tagging out the starter panel/switch of disconnected item. Where

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feasible, a lock shall also be placed on the disconnected circuit breaker

and locked in the open position

No work shall be performed on live electrical circuits or equipment

where there can be direct exposure to more than 50 volts.

The isolated equipment shall not be reconnected or put into service by

any other person except the Responsible Officer.

If the time required for the work necessitates a change in personnel, a

full discussion of the safety steps taken shall be discussed with the
incoming personnel.

The responsible officer has full responsibility to see that all personnel
are clear of any involved circuits before re-energizing the circuit

Insulated tools and specialized tools such as fuse pullers shall be used
when carrying out maintenance on electrical equipment, even if
isolated.

Emergency Work
In the event of an emergency situation, work may be carried out on live
equipment or circuits only after careful review of the job is made and
no safer alternative can be found.

The following conditions shall be followed and must be thoroughly

documented in the Engine Log.

The Chief Engineer must supervise the task including the preparation
stages and initial testing.

A person carrying out the work shall wear electricians gloves, which
must be in good condition, clean, dry and have not been used for any
other purpose. The gloves must be rated for a higher voltage than the
live equipment being worked on, face shield or goggles shall be worn.

Rubber blankets shall be used to isolate the immediate work area from
live components.

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A fire extinguisher approved for electrical fires shall be close by.

At least one additional person must at all times standby to observe the
work, assist in assuring the safety of the person doing the work and
respond in case of an accident.

Crew members involved shall be chosen for their knowledge of the

electrical circuits involved, the work to be done and the appropriate
and safe response and use of rescue methods and equipment involved in
electrical accidents.

A. C. Generator
The AC generator (Alternator) is a machine that converts Mechanical
Energy into Electrical Energy using the principle of Electromagnetic
Induction.

The basic principle is when conductor is moved within a magnetic field

so that the conductor cuts across the magnetic lines of force, an
electromotive force (emf) is generated in the conductor.

Brushless A. C. Alternator

Stator Frame and Winding: The stator frame is of welded design. The
stator winding is of a two layer coil design with an insulation class F.
The insulation is made up of mica and enamel coated impregnated
with cast resin. It has a high dielectric strength, resistance to moisture,
gasses and vapors as well as rigidity and long life.

Rotor and Windings: The rotor core of the main machine is mounted on
the shaft, tensioned axially and supports the field and damper
windings. The damper winding bars lie in the slots of the rotor core and
are welded to the rings
(Damper windings are necessary for alternators that run in parallel.
The frequency of an alternator must not change. These damper
windings prevent hunting during parallel operation. They are short
circuited at each end so as to allow currents to circulate so a magnetic
field can be produced to oppose any change in prime mover motion.)

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The rotor core of the exciter is mounted on the shaft and supports the 3
phase exciter winding; also the rectifier support wheel is mounted on
the dynamically balanced shaft.

A.C. Exciter: The exciter is of the revolving armature type. The

armature is installed on the rotating shaft where A.C. power is
generated and the output of the static excitation device for control is
connected to the field winding of the exciter on the fixed end.

Rotating Rectifier: The rotating rectifier is a silicon rectifier connected

to compose a 3-phase full wave rectification circuit. This is mounted on
the rotor shaft.

Excitation System: The excitation unit supplies a load dependent field

current slightly higher than required to produce the rated voltage. The
regulator variably reduces the field current as necessary to obtain
constant alternator voltage.

Safeties Employed:
o OCIT (Over Current Inverse Time relay)
The Over Current Inverse Time relay monitors general balanced
overloading and has current/time setting determined by the overall
protective discrimination scheme.

o OC (INST) (instantaneous trip)

"Instantaneous" trip to protect against extremely high overcurrent
caused by a short-circuit fault. Typical setting ranges are: I >> : 2-
10.ln, and t: 0.1-1s

o NPS (Negative Phase Sequence)

A Negative Phase Sequence relay determines the amount of
unbalance in the stator currents that is an indirect measure of the
generator stator and rotor temperature. A relatively small degree of
unbalance causes a significant temperature rise so the NPS current
setting is low at around 0.2.ln.

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o DIFF (Differential current)

This is a differential measurement of current at each end of a stator
phase winding. This comparison of current is to detect an internal
fault in the stator windings that may be caused by partially short-
circuited coil turns and/or earth faults.
Current settings for this very serious fault are very low e.g. about
0.1.In.

o DEL (Earth Leakage)

An Earth Leakage relay (sometimes called Zero Phase Sequence)
detects an earth fault current returning back through the earthed
neutral connection. In a ship's HV generator system the earth fault
current is limited by a high impedance NER (neutral earthing
resistor) or earthing transformer so the pick-up current setting is
very low, e.g. 1-5A with a time delay of 0.1- 0.5 s.

o UV /OV (Under Voltage and Over Voltage)

Under Voltage and Over Voltage functions are monitored by these
relays with settings of around 0.8. Un and 1.2. Un respectively (Un =
rated voltage) with time delays of about 2s. An overvoltage function
may not be required in many protection schemes.

o UP/OF (Under & Over Frequency)

Under and Over Frequency settings are typically 58 Hz and 62 Hz for
a 60 Hz system.

o RP (Reverse Power)
Generators intended to operate in parallel must have Reverse Power
protection (RP).

A reverse power relay monitors the direction of power flowing

between the generator and the load. If a prime-mover failure
occurred the generator would act as a motor. The reverse power
relay detects this fault and acts to trip the generator circuit breaker.

The pick-up power level setting and time-delay setting are adjustable
and are pre-set to suit the prime mover. If the prime mover is a
turbine, very little power is absorbed when motoring and a reverse-
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power pick-up setting of 2-3% is usual. If the prime mover is a diesel

then a setting range of 5-15% is usually adopted. A time delay range
of about 0.5-3 sec is usual.

The RP relay operation is easily checked during a generator

changeover. The outgoing generator is gradually throttled down so
that it motors causing the reverse power relay to trip its generator
circuit breaker.

o Preferential Trip
To maintain generator operation during an overload, a preferential
load shedding arrangement is employed. This is achieved by a special
overload relay, called a 'preference trip relay'.

If a generator overload develops, the preference trip sets an alarm

and acts to trip selected non-essential loads. This reduces the
generator load so that it may continue to supply essential circuits.

Each generator will have its own circuit breaker that is typically high
set at 150% with a 20 seconds delay.
In addition, each generator has its own preference overload trip, this
being low set generally at 110% current, instantaneous operation.

If a generator overload condition develops, its preference overload trip

will operate to energise the timing relay. The timing relay then
operates to disconnect non-essential services in a definite order at set
time intervals, e.g.

1st trip - air conditioning and ventilation - 5 seconds

2nd trip - refrigerated cargo plant - 10 seconds
3rd trip - deck equipment - 15 seconds

Working: The alternator has two separate coils of wire. One will carry
D.C. and produce a magnetic field for use inside the alternator. This coil
of wire is wrapped around an iron core so as to concentrate its
magnetic effects. This coil is called as the Field and is the Rotor.

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The other coil is the Armature and is called as a Stator. This consists of
six individual windings. Two windings as a pair are connected to each other.
Each of this winding pair is then connected to the other two pairs in wye or
delta combination and spaced 120 degrees apart. Each pair of winding
produces a single phase emf, so the three pairs produce three phase output
from armature windings.

An emf is induced in this stator when its conductors cut the rotor flux
(field). As the armature windings are directly connected to the electrical
system through the main switch board the AVR receives its input which in
turn controls the input to the exciters stationary field.

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STARTING AND STOPPING A GENERATOR

o Pre-starting checks
Visual inspection of machinery & confirm all in order and no one is
working nearby.
Confirm lube oil levels in the sump tank, governor and alternator

pedestal bearing are normal.

Confirm cooling fresh water expansion tank level is normal.

Confirm cooling fresh water lines are set correctly.

Confirm fuel line is set correctly.

Set stand by selector switch for the generator on M.S.B to manual.

Set engine control switch on engine to engine side.

Open all indicator valves.

Confirm lube oil priming pump is on auto / running.

Set governor speed knob to min to prevent fuel entering.

Turn engine a few revolutions with the turning bar.

Remove the turning bar and place it in its housing.

Check Ready to start lamp ON.

Press the START button to blow through the engine.

Shut the indicator cocks

o Local Starting At The Aux Engine

Set governor speed knob to max position.
Check Start ready lamp ON.
Press Start button.
Confirm all parameters are normal.

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Starting From ECR (Remote)

Confirm governor speed knob is in max position.
Confirm selection control switch on the engine to be started is in the
Remote position.
Ensure mode selector on MSB, A/E panel is set on auto.
Press start button on the MSB panel of the A/E to be started.

o Remote Stopping Aux. Engine From M.S.B Panel

Press stop button of the generator to be stopped.
Generator will stop after offloading automatically.

o Local Stopping Of The Aux. Engine

Confirm the generator to be stopped is off loaded (ACB open light
ON) & is running for 10 minutes on No Load.
Press stop button of the local panel of the A/E to be stopped.

PARALLELLING OF ALTERNATORS
The main generator will have to be run in parallel to share a total load
that exceeds the capacity of one generator. The three main conditions
essential for synchronising are

Same Voltage
Same Frequency
Same Phase Sequence

The generator already on the bus bar is called the Running Generator
and the generator to be synchronised is the Incomer.

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o Auto Operation
Confirm the voltage & frequency of the incomer is normal.
Confirm Mode Select switch is in AUTO position.
Turn the engine control knob to AUTO position the incoming
alternator will come on load and auto load sharing takes place

o Manual Operation
Confirm mode select switch is in manual position
Confirm the voltage & frequency of the incomer is normal. Switch ON
the Synchroscope by bringing its selector switch to the incomer.
Raise/lower the frequency to match with frequency on the bus bar.
Pull the ACB control switch outwards and turn towards CLOSE
when Synchroscope is at 11oclock position.
The incomer will be on load on the bus bar.
Operate the governor control switch of the alternator towards raise
to increase the load on it and operate towards lower to decrease the
load on them.

o Load Sharing
Automatic load sharing in a power management system compare
the kW loading of each generator, and any difference is used to
provide an Error Signal to raise or lower the governor signal of
each prime mover as necessary.
Manual load sharing is achieved by raising the governor setting of
the incoming machine while lowering the setting on the running
machine.

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