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Complete report of Animal Structure practicum with title Connective Tissue that arranged by:
Name : Andi Nurhidayah
ID : 1114040171
Class : ICP of Biology A
Group : III (three)
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was accepted.
Makassar, April 24th 2012
Asistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Muh. Rizaldy Trias Jaya Putra Muh. Rizaldy Trias Jaya Putra
ID. 081404024 ID. 081404024
A. Preview of Literatur
Connective tissue consists of cells and extracellular material secreted by some of those
cells. Thus, unlike the other basic tissues (epithelia, muscle, nervous), the cells in CT may be
widely separated from one another within the extracellular matrix. In many types of connective
tissue, the matrix-secreting cells are called fibroblasts. Frequently, an abundance of other cell types
(eg. macrophages, mast cells, lymphoid cells) may also be present (Anonym a, 2012).
Based on the bone structure and its matrix, bones can be divided into cartilages and
osteon. Cartilages consist of chondrocyte that produce matrix of chondryn. Based the composer
material, cartilages is devided into hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Osteon or
bone consists of osteocyte, which are formed by osteoblast (bone cells composer). The bone matrix
contains collagen and calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. Based on its shape, bones can be
divided into long bones, flat bones, and short bones (Riandari, 2009: 117-118).
Connective tissues are classified on the basis of types and relative abundance of cells,
fibres and ground substance, and on the organization of fibres. Loose (or areolar) connective
tissue, This is a cellular type of connective tissue, with abundant ground substance and thin and
relatively sparse fibres. It has a viscous gel-like consistency and is important for the diffusion of
oxygen and nutrients from small vessels, and the diffusion of metabolites back to the vessels. The
primary location of loose connective tissue is beneath epithelia that line the internal surfaces of the
body, in association with the epithelia of glands and around small vessels. Dense irregular
connective tissue, collagenous fibres make up the bulk of the tissue. Fibroblasts are scarce and
usually the only cell type present. Little ground substance is present. Dense irregular CT is found
on the outside of many organs, in the dermis of the skin and as a distinct layer, called the
submucosa, within various organs. Adipose tissue, which are specialized to store fat, are found
throughout loose connective tissue. When adipocytes are the predominant cell present, the tissue is
called adipose tissue. In white or unilocular fat, adipocytes contain a single, large lipid inclusion
surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm. The lipid mass compresses the nucleus to an eccentric
position, producing a "signet ring" appearance. Cartilage is a connective tissue whose cells, called
chondrocytes, secrete a very specialized matrix. The basophilia of the matrix is due to the GAGs in
its ground substance, specifically hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate. Collagen
(type II) fibrils are also present in the matrix, but are not distinguishable as their refractive index is
almost identical to that of the ground substance. The chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae,
which they fill during life. The matrix is secreted by cells called osteocytes. It consists mostly of
mineralized collagen fibres arranged in lamellaeIt functions in bringing nutrients and oxygen to
tissues, removing waste products, transporting a large number of products including hormones and
immunogenic agents, and maintaining homeostasis (Anonym b, 2012).
Connective tissue especially have function to bind and to support other tissues.
Connective tissue have a commulation of cells which is rare and scattered in aextracellular matrix.
Commonly, matrix consist of a many fibrosa that there are in asimilar basement and can as
liquid,such as gelatin or solid. For several case, matrixsubstances to secretion by the cells of the
connective tissue. Fiber of connective tissuethat made by protein consist of three kinds,that is
collagenous fiber, elastic fiber andreticular fiber. Collagenous fiber made by collagen,which
possible is the mostabundant protein in animals kingdom.Collagenous fiber havent characteristic
thatelastic and not easily tore or broke if pull it to follow its long. If you pinch your skinand to pull
your skin, so collagen that have function to kept your meat so it not loose from your bone. Elastic
fiber is long chain or dangle that made by protein calledelastin. Elastic fiber gave a character like
as a rubber that to completed the strong of collagenous fiber that not elastic. Reticular fiber is a
thin fiber and have branch.Composed by collagen and connected with collagenous fiber, this fiber
to formed abunch that to pleat with good which to connected connective tissues with other tissues
in next it (Champbell, 2004:5-7).
B. Purpose
This experiment has purpose to observe the various kinds of connective tissue.
C. Work Procedure
1. Prepared the microscope according the way to use it.
2. Took the durable preparate various kinds of connective tissue.
3. Observed the preparation accurately.
4. Drew the preparation in the paper.
5. Compared your observation result with that picture.
D. Result of Experiment
The Comparison Picture Picture Notes
1. Compact Bone Magnification:10x10 1. Haversial canal
2. Lamella

2. Human Brown Skin Magnification:10x10 1. Stratum

B corneum
2. Stratum
germanitivum
3. Epidermis

3. Hyaline Cartilago Magnification:10x10 1. Condroblast

2. Matrix
extracelluler
E. Discussion
1. Compact Bone
In this observation about the structure of histology of the compact bone. Its consist of
haversial canal and lamella. Compact bone consists of numerous units called osteons or
Haversian systems, one of which is shown entirely. Havers canal is contains nerve fibre, blood
vessels andlimfa vessels. Havers canal have function to gave food to the bone. Lamella is
slabsof bone that composed with consentris in around of canal.Consentris lamella that is
toformed of collagenous fiber that composed with cinsentris to surrounded a canal thatcalled
havers canal. Each osteon consists of a central Haversian canal which contains its vascular and
nerve supply around which lamellae of collagen fibres are concentrically arrayed. Osteocytes
lie in lacunae between the lamellae and make contact with other osteocytes, and ultimately the
Haversian canal, via cell processes which they extend in little channels or canaliculi. steons
run parallel to the long axis of long bones. Different osteons are connected to one other
by transverse channels which run between Haversian canals and ultimately make contact with
the bone's marrow cavity. Most of the nourishment for the bone is supplied by vessels in the
marrow cavity.
2. Human Brown Skin
In this observation that observed about irregular connective tissue thatcomposed by fat
tissue, fibroblast, magrofag, and fibroblast cell. Irregular connectivetissue has fibers that are
not arranged in parallel bundles as in dense regular connective tissue. This tissue comprises a
large portion of the dermal layer of skin.This type of tissue is also in the protective white layer
of the eyeball and in the deeper skin layers. It consists primarily of collagenous fibers.
In irregular connective tissue, there are number of its collagenous fiber isincrease but its
sellular liquid and its number of cells more less. A connective tissuecalled adipose tissue, if its
fat tissue located with abundant and to organization inlobula. In connective tissue there are
also magrofag cell. The nucleus of magrofagrather have shape that like as kidney and located
in a cell pole with its dome shapesurface that to face to side of cell.
3. Hyaline Cartilage
In this observation about hyaline cartilage. Hyalin cartilage consist of matrix extracelluler
and condroblast. The chondrocytes are seen in clusters, called isogenous groups. The outer
surface of cartilage is covered with a dense connective tissue called the perichondrium, which
is seen at the top of the field of view. Cartilage cell that called condrocytlocated in the small
room which limited by matrix that called lacuna. In several placesaw lacuna to contains a
condrocyt and the other place to contain by two or morecondrocyt. If lacuna contains many
condrocyt, so that the place called cell nest and itscells called isogen cell because comefrom a
mother cell. Sometimes saw the thinintercellular block between cells, so the big primary
lacuna consist of several thesmall secondary lacuna. Hyalin cartilago tissue have flexible
character, semi-transparant and white. cytoplasm of cartilage cell (condrosit) included many
fat andglycogen. Hyalin cartilage many found in the part of animal vertebrate, such as
jointsurface,points of costae, bronchy, larynx and trachea. Its function is flexible,provides
support, allows movement at joints.
F. Conclution
According to the experiment had done, we can conclude that There are many kinds of
connective tissue. These are loose connective tissue,dence regular connective tissue, dence
irregular connective tissue, hyalinecartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage and compact bone.
Irregular connective tissue consist of fat tissue, fibroblast, magrofag andfibroblast cell.
Fibrocartilage consist of group lacuna, single lacuna, inrows lacuna, reticula fiber,reticular fiber,
 capsula, lacuna, and condrocyt. Hyalin cartilage consist of reticular fiber, condroblast, and lacuna
capsula. Intramembrane ossification consist of osteoid, osteoblast, mesenchym cell,osteocyt,
osteoclast, and bone matrix.
G. Sugestion
1. For the apprentice should be carefull to do this observation, especially when used microscope.
We have to carefully cause this microscope is very easy to broken.
2. For assistant to please watch out and contiguous, so the result of observation can be good and
process of observation can be fast.
Bibliography
Anonym a. 2012. Epithelial Tissue. http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa122807a.htm. Accessed
at April 20th 2012.
Anonym b. 2012. Epithelial Tissue. http://www.courseweb.uottawa.ca/medicine-
histology/english/ss_basictissues/connective_tissue.htm. Accessed at April 20th 2012.
Campbell, Neil A. 2004. Biologi Jilid III Edisi kelima. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Riandari, Henny. 2009. Biology 2. Jakarta: PT Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri.